Edocs - VN - 2013 08 Tong Quan Mang 3g1 0994

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LUN VN
ti: tng quan mng 3G
1
MC LC
Chng 1 ........................................................................................................... 3
TNG QUAN MNG 3G WCDMA UMTS ..................................................... 3
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................. 3
1.2. L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG LN 4G ................. 3
1.3. KIN TRC CHUNG CA MT H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
3G .................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. CHUYN MCH KNH (CS), CHUYN MCH GI (PS), DCH V
CHUYN MCH KNH V DCH V CHUYN MCH GI. ................ 6
1.5. CC LOI LU LNG V DCH V C 3GWCDMA UMTS
H TR ......................................................................................................... 9
1.6. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R3 .................................................. 10
1.7. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R4 .................................................. 17
1.8. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6 ........................................ 19
1.9. CHIN LC DCH CHUYN T GSM SANG UMTS .................... 21
1.10. CU HNH A L CA H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G 24
1.11. TNG KT ......................................................................................... 27
Chng 2 ......................................................................................................... 28
CNG NGH A TRUY NHP CA WCDMA ........................................... 28
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG ........................................................................... 28
2.2. TRI PH V A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M................ 28
2.3. IU KHIN CNG SUT ................................................................. 32
2.4. CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG CDMA .................................... 32
2.5. MY THU PHN TP A NG HAY MY THU RAKE ........... 34
2.6. CC M TRI PH S DNG TRONG WCDMA ........................... 35
2.7. TRI PH V IU CH NG LN ........................................... 37
2.8. TRI PH V IU CH NG XUNG ..................................... 39
2.9. TNG KT ........................................................................................... 42
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................... 43
GIAO DIN V TUYN CA WCDMA UMTS ........................................... 43
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG ........................................................................... 43
3.2. M U ............................................................................................... 43
3.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC CA GIAO DIN V TUYN
WCDMA/FDD ............................................................................................. 44
3.4. CC THNG S LP VT L V QUY HOCH TN S ............. 46
3.5. CC KNH CA WCDMA ................................................................. 49
3.6. CU TRC KNH VT L RING ................................................... 57
3.7. S TNG QUT MY PHT V MY THU WCDMA ............ 58
3.8. PHN TP PHT ................................................................................ 59
3.9. IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG WCDMA .................................. 61
3.10. CC KIU CHUYN GIAO V CC S KIN BO CO TRONG
WCDMA ...................................................................................................... 64
3.11. CC THNG S MY THU V MY PHT V TUYN CA UE
..................................................................................................................... 66
3.12. AMR CODEC CHO W-CDMA........................................................... 66
2
3.13. TNG KT ......................................................................................... 67
Chng 4 ......................................................................................................... 68
TRUY NHP GI TC CAO (HSPA) ..................................................... 68
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG ........................................................................... 68
4.2. TNG QUAN TRUY NHP GI TC CAO (HSPA) .................. 68
4.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC GIAO DIN V TUYN
HSPA CHO S LIU NGI S DNG .................................................. 69
4.4. TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG XUNG (HSDPA) ......... 71
4.5. TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG LN (HSUPA) ................ 82
4.6. CHUYN GIAO TRONG HSDPA ....................................................... 88
4.7. TNG KT ........................................................................................... 91
Thut ng v vit tt ......................................................................................... 93
Ti liu tham kho..100

3
Chng 1
TNG QUAN MNG 3G WCDMA UMTS

1.1. GII THIU CHUNG

1.1.1. Mc ch chng

- Hiu l trnh pht trin thng tin di ng ln 4G
- Hiu c kin trc tng qut ca mt mng thng tin di ng 3G.
- Hiu cc kin trc mng 3G WCDMA UMTS: R3, R4 v R5 v chin lc
chuyn dch GSM ln 3G UMTS

1.1.2. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

- L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G
- Kin trc chung ca mt mng thng tin di ng 3G
- Cc khi nim v cc dch v chuyn mch knh v cc dch v chuyn mch
gi
- Cc loi lu lng v cc loi dch v m 3G WCDMA UMTS c th h tr
- Kin trc 3G WCDMA UMTS qua cc pht hnh khc nhau: R3, R4, R5 v R6
- Chin lc chuyn dch GSM ln 3G UMTS

1.1.3. Hng dn

- Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
- Tham kho thm cc ti liu tham kho cui ti liu

1.2. L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG LN 4G

L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G c cho trn hnh
1.1 v l trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP c cho trn hnh 1.2..

4

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
TACS: Total Access Communication System
GSM: Global System for Mobile Telecommucations
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
EVDO: Evolution Data Only
IMT: International Mobile Telecommnications
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electtronics Engineers
WiFi: Wireless Fidelitity
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
LTE: Long Term Evolution
UMB: Untra Mobile Broadband
Hnh 1.1. L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng ln 4G

Hnh 1.2. Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP

Hnh 1.3. cho thy l trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc pht hnh ca 3GPP

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Hnh 1.3. L trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc pht hnh ca 3GPP

1.3. KIN TRC CHUNG CA MT H THNG THNG TIN DI
NG 3G

Mng thng tin di ng (TTD) 3G lc u s l mng kt hp gia cc vng
chuyn mch gi (PS) v chuyn mch knh (CS) truyn s liu gi v ting. Cc
trung tm chuyn mch gi s l cc chuyn mch s dng cng ngh ATM. Trn
ng pht trin n mng ton IP, chuyn mch knh s dn c thay th bng
chuyn mch gi. Cc dch v k c s liu ln thi gian thc (nh ting v video)
cui cng s c truyn trn cng mt mi trng IP bng cc chuyn mch gi.
Hnh 1.4 di y cho thy th d v mt kin trc tng qut ca TTD 3G kt hp c
CS v PS trong mng li.

RAN: Radio Access Network: mng truy nhp v tuyn
BTS: Base Transceiver Station: trm thu pht gc
BSC: Base Station Controller: b iu khin trm gc
RNC: Rado Network Controller: b iu khin trm gc
CS: Circuit Switch: chuyn mch knh
PS: Packet Switch: chuyn mch gi
SMS: Short Message Servive: dch v nhn tin
Server: my ch
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network: mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network: mang di ng cng cng mt t
Hnh 1.4. Kin trc tng qut ca mt mng di ng kt hp c CS v PS

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Cc min chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS) c th hin bng
mt nhm cc n v chc nng lgic: trong thc hin thc t cc min chc nng ny
c t vo cc thit b v cc nt vt l. Chng hn c th thc hin chc nng
chuyn mch knh CS (MSC/GMSC) v chc nng chuyn mch gi (SGSN/GGSN)
trong mt nt duy nht c mt h thng tch hp cho php chuyn mch v
truyn dn cc kiu phng tin khc nhau: t lu lng ting n lu lng s liu
dung lng ln.
3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System: H thng thng tin
di ng ton cu) c th s dng hai kiu RAN. Kiu th nht s dng cng ngh a
truy nhp WCDMA (Wide Band Code Devision Multiple Acces: a truy nhp phn
chia theo m bng rng) c gi l UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network:
mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ca UMTS). Kiu th hai s dng cng ngh a truy
nhp TDMA c gi l GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network: mng truy
nhp v tuyn da trn cng ngh EDGE ca GSM). Ti liu ch xt cp n cng
ngh duy nht trong UMTS c gi l 3G WCDMA UMTS

1.4. CHUYN MCH KNH (CS), CHUYN MCH GI (PS), DCH V
CHUYN MCH KNH V DCH V CHUYN MCH GI.

3G cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh nh ting, video v cc dch v
chuyn mch gi ch yu truy nhp internet.
Chuyn mch knh (CS: Circuit Switch) l s chuyn mch trong thit
b chuyn mch thc hin cc cuc truyn tin bng cch thit lp kt ni chim mt ti
nguyn mng nht nh trong ton b cuc truyn tin. Kt ni ny l tm thi, lin tc
v dnh ring. Tm thi v n ch c duy tr trong thi gian cuc gi. Lin tc v n
c cung cp lin tc mt ti nguyn nht nh (bng thng hay dung lng v cng
sut) trong sut thi gian cuc gi. Dnh ring v kt ni ny v ti nguyn ch dnh
ring cho cuc gi ny. Thit b chuyn mch s dng cho CS trong cc tng i ca
TTD 2G thc hin chuyn mch knh trn trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian trong
mi knh c tc 64 kbps v v th ph hp cho vic truyn cc ng dng lm
vic ti tc c nh 64 kbps (chng hn ting c m ho PCM).
Chuyn mch gi (PS: Packet Switch) l s chuyn mch thc hin phn
chia s liu ca mt kt ni thnh cc gi c di nht nh v chuyn mch cc gi
ny theo thng tin v ni nhn c gn vi tng gi v PS ti nguyn mng ch b
chim dng khi c gi cn truyn. Chuyn mch gi cho php nhm tt c cc s liu
ca nhiu kt ni khc nhau ph thuc vo ni dung, kiu hay cu trc s liu thnh
cc gi c kch thc ph hp v truyn chng trn mt knh chia s. Vic nhm cc
s liu cn truyn c thc hin bng ghp knh thng k vi n nh ti nguyn
ng. Cc cng ngh s dng cho chuyn mch gi c th l Frame Relay, ATM hoc
IP.
Hnh 1.5. cho thy cu trc ca CS v PS.
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Hnh 1.5. Chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS).

Dch v chuyn mch knh (CS Service) l dch v trong mi u cui
c cp pht mt knh ring v n ton quyn s dng ti nguyn ca knh ny trong
thi gian cuc gi tuy nhin phi tr tin cho ton b thi gian ny d c truyn tin
hay khng. Dch v chuyn mch knh c th c thc hin trn chuyn mch knh
(CS) hoc chuyn mch gi (PS). Thng thng dch v ny c p dng cho cc
dch v thi gian thc (thoi).
Dch v chuyn mch gi (PS Service) l dch v trong nhiu u cui cng
chia s mt knh v mi u cui ch chim dng ti nguyn ca knh ny khi c
thng tin cn truyn v n ch phi tr tin theo lng tin c truyn trn knh. Dch
v chuyn mch gi ch c th c thc hin trn chuyn mch gi (PS). Dch v ny
rt rt ph hp cho cc dch v phi thi gian thc (truyn s liu), tuy nhin nh s
pht trin ca cng ngh dch v ny cng c p dng cho cc dch v thi gian
thc (VoIP).
Chuyn mch gi c th thc hin trn c s ATM hoc IP.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ch truyn d b) l cng ngh thc
hin phn chia thng tin cn pht thnh cc t bo 53 byte truyn dn v chuyn
mch. Mt t bo ATM gm 5 byte tiu (c cha thng tin nh tuyn) v 48 byte
ti tin (cha s liu ca ngi s dng). Thit b chuyn mch ATM cho php chuyn
mch nhanh trn c s chuyn mch phn cng tham chun theo thng tin nh tuyn
tiu m khng thc hin pht hin li trong tng t bo. Thng tin nh tuyn trong
tiu gm: ng dn o (VP) v knh o (VC). iu khin kt ni bng VC (tng
ng vi knh ca ngi s dng) v VP (l mt b cc VC) cho php khai thc v
qun l c kh nng m rng v c linh hot cao. Thng thng VP c thit lp
trn c s s liu ca h thng ti thi im xy dng mng. Vic s dng ATM trong
mng li cho ta nhiu ci li: c th qun l lu lng kt hp vi RAN, cho php
thc hin cc chc nng CS v PS trong cng mt kin trc v thc hin khai thc
cng nh iu khin cht lng lin kt.
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Chuyn mch hay Router IP (Internet Protocol) cng l mt cng ngh thc
hin phn chia thng tin pht thnh cc gi c gi l ti tin (Payload). Sau mi
gi c gn mt tiu cha cc thng tin a ch cn thit cho chuyn mch. Trong
thng tin di ng do v tr ca u cui di ng thay i nn cn phi c thm tiu
b sung nh tuyn theo v tr hin thi ca my di ng. Qu trnh nh tuyn ny
c gi l truyn ng hm (Tunnel). C hai c ch thc hin iu ny: MIP
(Mobile IP: IP di ng) v GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol: giao thc ng hm
GPRS). Tunnel l mt ng truyn m ti u vo ca n gi IP c ng bao vo
mt tiu mang a ch ni nhn (trong trng hp ny l a ch hin thi ca my
di ng) v ti u ra gi IP c tho bao bng cch loi b tiu bc ngoi (hnh
1.6).

Hnh 1.6. ng bao v tho bao cho gi IP trong qu trnh truyn tunnel

Hnh 1.7 cho thy qu trnh nh tuyn tunnel (chuyn mch tunnel) trong h
thng 3G UMTS t tng i gi cng (GGSN) cho mt my di ng (UE) khi n
chuyn t vng phc v ca mt tng i gi ni ht (SGSN1) ny sang mt vng
phc v ca mt tng i gi ni ht khc (SGSN2) thng qua giao thc GTP.

Hnh 1.7. Thit lp kt ni tunnel trong chuyn mch tunnel
V 3G WCDMA UMTS c pht trin t nhng nm 1999 khi m ATM l
cng ngh chuyn mch gi cn ng tr nn cc tiu chun cng c xy dng trn
cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin hin nay v tng lai mng vin thng s c xy dng
trn c s internet v th cc chuyn mch gi s l chuyn mch hoc router IP.

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1.5. CC LOI LU LNG V DCH V C 3GWCDMA UMTS
H TR

V TTD 3G cho php truyn dn nhanh hn, nn truy nhp Internet v lu
lng thng tin s liu khc s pht trin nhanh. Ngoi ra TTD 3G cng c s
dng cho cc dch v ting. Ni chung TTD 3G h tr cc dch v tryn thng a
phng tin. V th mi kiu lu lng cn m bo mt mc QoS nht nh tu theo
ng dng ca dch v. QoS W-CDMA c phn loi nh sau:

Loi hi thoi (Conversational, rt): Thng tin tng tc yu cu tr nh (thoi chng
hn).
Loi lung (Streaming, rt): Thng tin mt chiu i hi dch v lung vi tr nh
(phn phi truyn hnh thi gian thc chng hn: Video Streaming)
Loi tng tc (Interactive, nrt): i hi tr li trong mt thi gian nht nh v t l
li thp (trnh duyt Web, truy nhp server chng hn).
Loi nn (Background, nrt): i hi cc dch v n lc nht c thc hin trn nn
c s (e-mail, ti xung file: Video Download)

Mi trng hot ng ca 3WCDMA UMTS c chia thnh bn vng vi
cc tc bit R
b
phc v nh sau:
- Vng 1: trong nh, pico, R
b
s 2Mbps
- Vng 2: thnh ph, micro, R
b
s 384 kbps
- Vng 2: ngoi , macro, R
b
s 144 kbps
- Vng 4: Ton cu, R
b
= 12,2 kbps
C th tng kt cc dch v do 3GWCDMA UMTS cung cp bng 1.1.

Bng 1.1. Phn loi cc dch v 3GWDCMA UMTS

Kiu Phn loi Dch v chi tit
Dch v di
ng
Dch v di ng Di ng u cui/di ng c nhn/di ng dch
v
Dch v thng tin
nh v
- Theo di di ng/ theo di di ng thng
minh
Dch v m thanh - Dch v m thanh cht lng cao (16-64
kbps)
- Dch v truyn thanh AM (32-64 kbps)
- Dch v truyn thanh FM (64-384 kbps)
Dch v
vin thng
Dch v s liu - Dch v s liu tc trung bnh (64-144
kbps)
- Dch v s liu tc tng i cao (144
kbps- 2Mbps)
- Dch v s liu tc cao (> 2Mbps)
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Kiu Phn loi Dch v chi tit
Dch v a
phng tin
- Dch v Video (384 kbps)
- Dch v hnh chuyn ng (384kbps- 2 Mbps)
- Dch v hnh chuyn ng thi gian thc
(> 2 Mbps)

Dch v
Internet
Dch v Internet
n gin
Dch v truy nhp Web (384 kbps-2Mbps)
Dch v Internet
thi gian thc
Dch v Internet (384 kbps-2Mbps)
Dch v internet
a phng tin
Dch v Website a phng tin thi gian thc
(> 2Mbps)

3G WCDMA UMTS c xy dng theo ba pht hnh chnh c gi l R3,
R4, R5. Trong mng li R3 v R4 bao gm hai min: min CS (Circuit Switch:
chuyn mch knh) v min PS (Packet Switch: chuyn mch gi). Vic kt hp ny
ph hp cho giai on u khi PS cha p ng tt cc dch v thi gian thc nh
thoi v hnh nh. Khi ny min CS s m nhim cc dch v thoi cn s liu c
truyn trn min PS. R4 pht trin hn R3 ch min CS chuyn sang chuyn mch
mm v th ton b mng truyn ti gia cc nt chuyn mch u trn IP. Di y
ta xt ba kin trc 3G WCDMA UMTS ni trn.

1.6. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R3

WCDMA UMTS R3 h tr c kt ni chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi:
n 384 Mbps trong min CS v 2Mbps trong min PS. Cc kt ni tc cao ny
m bo cung cp mt tp cc dich v mi cho ngi s dng di ng ging nh trong
cc mng in thoi c nh v Internet. Cc dch v ny gm: in thoi c hnh (Hi
ngh video), m thanh cht lng cao (CD) v tc truyn cao ti u cui. Mt tnh
nng khc cng c a ra cng vi GPRS l "lun lun kt ni" n Internet.
UMTS cng cung cp thng tin v tr tt hn v v th h tr tt hn cc dch v da
trn v tr.
Mt mng UMTS bao gm ba phn: thit b di ng (UE: User Equipment),
mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Network), mng li (CN: Core Network) (xem hnh 1.8). UE bao gm ba thit b: thit
b u cui (TE), thit b di ng (ME) v module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM:
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module). UTRAN gm cc h thng mng v tuyn (RNS:
Radio Network System) v mi RNS bao gm RNC (Radio Network Controller: b
iu khin mng v tuyn) v cc nt B ni vi n. Mng li CN bao gm min
chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi v HE (Home Environment: Mi trng nh).
HE bao gm cc c s d liu: AuC (Authentication Center: Trung tm nhn thc),
HLR (Home Location Register: B ghi nh v thng tr) v EIR (Equipment Identity
Register: B ghi nhn dng thit b).

11

Hnh 1.8. Kin trc 3G WCDMA UMTS R3

1.6.1. Thit b ngi s dng (UE)

UE (User Equipment: thit b ngi s dng) l u cui mng UMTS ca
ngi s dng. C th ni y l phn h thng c nhiu thit b nht v s pht trin
ca n s nh hng ln ln cc ng dng v cc dch v kh dng. Gi thnh gim
nhanh chng s to iu kin cho ngi s dng mua thit b ca UMTS. iu ny t
c nh tiu chun ha giao din v tuyn v ci t mi tr tu ti cc card thng
minh.

1.6.1.1. Cc u cui (TE)

V my u cui by gi khng ch n thun dnh cho in thoi m cn cung
cp cc dch v s liu mi, nn tn ca n c chuyn thnh u cui. Cc nh sn
xut chnh a ra rt nhiu u cui da trn cc khi nim mi, nhng trong thc
t ch mt s t l c a vo sn xut. Mc d cc u cui d kin khc nhau v
kch thc v thit k, tt c chng u c mn hnh ln v t phm hn so vi 2G. L
do chnh l tng cng s dng u cui cho nhiu dch v s liu hn v v th
u cui tr thnh t hp ca my thoi di ng, modem v my tnh bn tay.
u cui h tr hai giao din. Giao din Uu nh ngha lin kt v tuyn (giao
din WCDMA). N m nhim ton b kt ni vt l vi mng UMTS. Giao din th
hai l giao din Cu gia UMTS IC card (UICC) v u cui. Giao din ny tun theo
tiu chun cho cc card thng minh.
Mc d cc nh sn xut u cui c rt nhiu tng v thit b, h phi tun
theo mt tp ti thiu cc nh ngha tiu chun cc ngi s dng bng cc u
cui khc nhau c th truy nhp n mt s cc chc nng c s theo cng mt cch.
Cc tiu chun ny gm:
- Bn phm (cc phm vt l hay cc phm o trn mn hnh)
- ng k mt khu mi
- Thay i m PIN
- Gii chn PIN/PIN2 (PUK)
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- Trnh by IMEI
- iu khin cuc gi

Cc phn cn li ca giao din s dnh ring cho nh thit k v ngi s dng s
chn cho mnh u cui da trn hai tiu chun (nu xu th 2G cn ko di) l thit k
v giao din. Giao din l kt hp ca kch c v thng tin do mn hnh cung cp (mn
hnh nt chm), cc phm v menu.

1.6.1.2. UICC

UMTS IC card l mt card thng minh. iu m ta quan tm n n l dung
lng nh v tc b x l do n cung cp. ng dng USIM chy trn UICC.

1.6.1.3. USIM

Trong h thng GSM, SIM card lu gi thng tin c nhn (ng k thu bao)
ci cng trn card. iu ny thay i trong UMTS, Modul nhn dng thu bao
UMTS c ci nh mt ng dng trn UICC. iu ny cho php lu nhiu ng dng
hn v nhiu ch k (kha) in t hn cng vi USIM cho cc mc ch khc (cc
m truy nhp giao dch ngn hng an ninh). Ngoi ra c th c nhiu USIM trn cng
mt UICC h tr truy nhp n nhiu mng.
USIM cha cc hm v s liu cn nhn dng v nhn thc thu bao trong
mng UMTS. N c th lu c bn sao h s ca thu bao.
Ngi s dng phi t mnh nhn thc i vi USIM bng cch nhp m PIN.
iu ny m bo rng ch ngi s dng ch thc mi c truy nhp mng UMTS.
Mng s ch cung cp cc dch v cho ngi no s dng u cui da trn nhn dng
USIM c ng k.

1.6.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network: Mng truy nhp v tuyn
mt t UMTS) l lin kt gia ngi s dng v CN. N gm cc phn t m bo
cc cuc truyn thng UMTS trn v tuyn v iu khin chng.
UTRAN c nh ngha gia hai giao din. Giao din Iu gia UTRAN v CN,
gm hai phn: IuPS cho min chuyn mch gi v IuCS cho min chuyn mch knh;
giao din Uu gia UTRAN v thit b ngi s dng. Gia hai giao din ny l hai
nt, RNC v nt B.

1.6.2.1. RNC

RNC (Radio Network Controller) chu trch nhim cho mt hay nhiu trm gc
v iu khin cc ti nguyn ca chng. y cng chnh l im truy nhp dch v m
UTRAN cung cp cho CN. N c ni n CN bng hai kt ni, mt cho min
chuyn mch gi (n GPRS) v mt n min chuyn mch knh (MSC).
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Mt nhim v quan trng na ca RNC l bo v s b mt v ton vn. Sau th
tc nhn thc v tha thun kha, cc kho bo mt v ton vn c t vo RNC.
Sau cc kha ny c s dng bi cc hm an ninh f8 v f9.
RNC c nhiu chc nng logic ty thuc vo vic n phc v nt no. Ngi s
dng c kt ni vo mt RNC phc v (SRNC: Serving RNC). Khi ngi s dng
chuyn vng n mt RNC khc nhng vn kt ni vi RNC c, mt RNC tri
(DRNC: Drift RNC) s cung cp ti nguyn v tuyn cho ngi s dng, nhng RNC
phc v vn qun l kt ni ca ngi s dng n CN. Vai tr logic ca SRNC v
DRNC c m t trn hnh 1.9. Khi UE trong chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, tn
ti nhiu kt ni qua Iub v c t nht mt kt ni qua Iur. Ch mt trong s cc RNC
ny (SRNC) l m bo giao din Iu kt ni vi mng li cn cc RNC khc (DRNC)
ch lm nhim v nh tuyn thng tin gia cc Iub v Iur.
Chc nng cui cng ca RNC l RNC iu khin (CRNC: Control RNC). Mi
nt B c mt RNC iu khin chu trch nhim cho cc ti nguyn v tuyn ca n.

Hnh 1.9. Vai tr logic ca SRNC v DRNC

1.6.2.2. Nt B

Trong UMTS trm gc c gi l nt B v nhim v ca n l thc hin kt
ni v tuyn vt l gia u cui vi n. N nhn tn hiu trn giao din Iub t RNC
v chuyn n vo tn hiu v tuyn trn giao din Uu. N cng thc hin mt s thao
tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c s nh "iu khin cng sut vng trong". Tnh
nng ny phng nga vn gn xa; ngha l nu tt c cc u cui u pht cng
mt cng sut, th cc u cui gn nt B nht s che lp tn hiu t cc u cui xa.
Nt B kim tra cng sut thu t cc u cui khc nhau v thng bo cho chng gim
cng sut hoc tng cng sut sao cho nt B lun thu c cng sut nh nhau t tt
c cc u cui.

1.6.3. Mng li

Mng li (CN) c chia thnh ba phn, min PS, min CS v HE. Min PS
m bo cc dch v s liu cho ngi s dng bng cc kt ni n Internet v cc
mng s liu khc v min CS m bo cc dch v in thoi n cc mng khc
bng cc kt ni TDM. Cc nt B trong CN c kt ni vi nhau bng ng trc
ca nh khai thc, thng s dng cc cng ngh mng tc cao nh ATM v IP.
Mng ng trc trong min CS s dng TDM cn trong min PS s dng IP.

14
1.6.3.1. SGSN

SGSN (SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node: nt h tr GPRS phc v) l nt
chnh ca min chuyn mch gi. N ni n UTRAN thng qua giao din IuPS v
n GGSN thng quan giao din Gn. SGSN chu trch nhim cho tt c kt ni PS ca
tt c cc thu bao. N lu hai kiu d liu thu bao: thng tin ng k thu bao v
thng tin v tr thu bao.

S liu thu bao lu trong SGSN gm:
- IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng
quc t)
- Cc nhn dng tm thi gi (P-TMSI: Packet- Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity: s nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi gi)
- Cc a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi)

S liu v tr lu trn SGSN:
- Vng nh tuyn thu bao (RA: Routing Area)
- S VLR
- Cc a ch GGSN ca tng GGSN c kt ni tch cc

1.6.3.2. GGSN

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node: Nt h tr GPRS cng) l mt SGSN
kt ni vi cc mng s liu khc. Tt c cc cuc truyn thng s liu t thu bao n
cc mng ngoi u qua GGSN. Cng nh SGSN, n lu c hai kiu s liu: thng tin
thu bao v thng tin v tr.

S liu thu bao lu trong GGSN:
- IMSI
- Cc a ch PDP

S liu v tr lu trong GGSN:
- a ch SGSN hin thu bao ang ni n

GGSN ni n Internet thng qua giao din Gi v n BG thng qua Gp.

1.6.3.3. BG

BG (Border Gatway: Cng bin gii) l mt cng gia min PS ca PLMN vi
cc mng khc. Chc nng ca nt ny ging nh tng la ca Internet: m bo
mng an ninh chng li cc tn cng bn ngoi.

15
1.6.3.4. VLR

VLR (Visitor Location Register: b ghi nh v tm tr) l bn sao ca HLR
cho mng phc v (SN: Serving Network). D liu thu bao cn thit cung cp cc
dch v thu bao c copy t HLR v lu y. C MSC v SGSN u c VLR ni
vi chng.

S liu sau y c lu trong VLR:
- IMSI
- MSISDN
- TMSI (nu c)
- LA hin thi ca thu bao
- MSC/SGSN hin thi m thu bao ni n

Ngoi ra VLR c th lu gi thng tin v cc dch v m thu bao c cung cp.
C SGSN v MSC u c thc hin trn cng mt nt vt l vi VLR v th
c gi l VLR/SGSN v VLR/MSC.

1.6.3.5. MSC

MSC thc hin cc kt ni CS gia u cui v mng. N thc hin cc chc
nng bo hiu v chuyn mch cho cc thu bao trong vng qun l ca mnh. Chc
nng ca MSC trong UMTS ging chc nng MSC trong GSM, nhng n c nhiu
kh nng hn. Cc kt ni CS c thc hin trn giao din CS gia UTRAN v
MSC. Cc MSC c ni n cc mng ngoi qua GMSC.

1.6.3.6. GMSC

GMSC c th l mt trong s cc MSC. GMSC chu trch nhim thc hin cc
chc nng nh tuyn n vng c MS. Khi mng ngoi tm cch kt ni n PLMN
ca mt nh khai thc, GMSC nhn yu cu thit lp kt ni v hi HLR v MSC hin
thi qun l MS.

1.6.3.7. Mi trng nh

Mi trng nh (HE: Home Environment) lu cc h s thu bao ca hng khai
thc. N cng cung cp cho cc mng phc v (SN: Serving Network) cc thng tin v
thu bao v v cc cn thit nhn thc ngi s dng v tnh cc cho cc dch v
cung cp. Tt c cc dch v c cung cp v cc dch v b cm u c lit k
y.

16
B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR)

HLR l mt c s d liu c nhim v qun l cc thu bao di ng. Mt mng
di ng c th cha nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu bao, dung lng ca tng
HLR v t chc bn trong mng.
C s d liu ny cha IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: s
nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t), t nht mt MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN: s
thu bao c trong danh b in thoi) v t nht mt a ch PDP (Packet Data
Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi). C IMSI v MSISDN c th s dng lm kho
truy nhp n cc thng tin c lu khc. nh tuyn v tnh cc cc cuc gi,
HLR cn lu gi thng tin v SGSN v VLR no hin ang chu trch nhim thu bao.
Cc dch v khc nh chuyn hng cuc gi, tc s liu v th thoi cng c
trong danh sch cng vi cc hn ch dch v nh cc hn ch chuyn mng.
HLR v AuC l hai nt mng logic, nhng thng c thc hin trong cng
mt nt vt l. HLR lu gi mi thng tin v ngi s dng v ng k thu bao.
Nh: thng tin tnh cc, cc dch v no c cung cp v cc dch v no b t chi
v thng tin chuyn hng cuc gi. Nhng thng tin quan trng nht l hin VLR v
SGSN no ang ph trch ngi s dng.

Trung tm nhn thc (AuC)

AUC (Authentication Center) lu gi ton b s liu cn thit nhn thc,
mt m ha v bo v s ton vn thng tin cho ngi s dng. N lin kt vi HLR
v c thc hin cng vi HLR trong cng mt nt vt l. Tuy nhin cn m bo
rng AuC ch cung cp thng tin v cc vect nhn thc (AV: Authetication Vector)
cho HLR.
AuC lu gi kha b mt chia s K cho tng thu bao cng vi tt c cc hm
to kha t f0 n f5. N to ra cc AV, c trong thi gian thc khi SGSN/VLR yu
cu hay khi ti x l thp, ln cc AV d tr.

B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR)

EIR (Equipment Identity Register) chu trch nhim lu cc s nhn dng thit
b di ng quc t (IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity). y l s nhn
dng duy nht cho thit b u cui. C s d liu ny c chia thnh ba danh mc:
danh mc trng, xm v en. Danh mc trng cha cc s IMEI c php truy nhp
mng. Danh mc xm cha IMEI ca cc u cui ang b theo di cn danh mc en
cha cc s IMEI ca cc u cui b cm truy nhp mng. Khi mt u cui c
thng bo l b mt cp, IMEI ca n s b t vo danh mc en v th n b cm truy
nhp mng. Danh mc ny cng c th c s dng cm cc seri my c bit
khng c truy nhp mng khi chng khng hot ng theo tiu chun.

1.6.4. Cc mng ngoi
Cc mng ngoi khng phi l b phn ca h thng UMTS, nhng chng cn
thit m bo truyn thng gia cc nh khai thc. Cc mng ngoi c th l cc
17
mng in thoi nh: PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network: mng di ng mt t
cng cng), PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network: Mng in thoi chuyn
mch cng cng), ISDN hay cc mng s liu nh Internet. Min PS kt ni n cc
mng s liu cn min CS ni n cc mng in thoi.
1.6.5. Cc giao din

Vai tr cc cc nt khc nhau ca mng ch c nh ngha thng qua cc giao
din khc nhau. Cc giao din ny c nh ngha cht ch cc nh sn xut c th
kt ni cc phn cng khc nhau ca h.
\ Giao din Cu. Giao din Cu l giao din chun cho cc card thng minh. Trong
UE y l ni kt ni gia USIM v UE
\ Giao din Uu. Giao din Uu l giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA trong UMTS.
y l giao din m qua UE truy nhp vo phn c nh ca mng. Giao
din ny nm gia nt B v u cui.
\ Giao din Iu. Giao din Iu kt ni UTRAN v CN. N gm hai phn, IuPS cho
min chuyn mch gi, IuCS cho min chuyn mch knh. CN c th kt ni
n nhiu UTRAN cho c giao din IuCS v IuPS. Nhng mt UTRAN ch c
th kt ni n mt im truy nhp CN.
\ Giao din Iur. y l giao din RNC-RNC. Ban u c thit k m bo
chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, nhng trong qu trnh pht trin nhiu tnh
nng mi c b sung. Giao din ny m bo bn tnh nng ni bt sau:
1. Di ng gia cc RNC
2. Lu thng knh ring
3. Lu thng knh chung
4. Qun l ti nguyn ton cc
\ Giao din Iub. Giao din Iub ni nt B v RNC. Khc vi GSM y l giao
din m.

1.7. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R4

Hnh 1.10 cho thy kin trc c s ca 3G UMTS R4. S khc nhau c bn gia
R3 v R4 l ch khi ny mng li l mng phn b v chuyn mch mm. Thay cho
vic c cc MSC chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh kin trc trc, kin trc
chuyn mch phn b v chuyn mch mm c a vo.
V cn bn, MSC c chia thnh MSC server v cng cc phng tin (MGW:
Media Gateway). MSC cha tt c cc phn mm iu khin cuc gi, qun l di ng
c mt MSC tiu chun. Tuy nhin n khng cha ma trn chuyn mch. Ma trn
chuyn mch nm trong MGW c MSC Server iu khin v c th t xa MSC
Server.
18

Hnh 1.10. Kin trc mng phn b ca pht hnh 3GPP R4

Bo hiu iu khin cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin gia RNC
v MSC Server. ng truyn cho cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh c thc hin
gia RNC v MGW. Thng thng MGW nhn cc cuc gi t RNC v nh tuyn
cc cuc gi ny n ni nhn trn cc ng trc gi. Trong nhiu trng hp ng
trc gi s dng Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP: Real Time Transport
Protocol) trn Giao thc Internet (IP). T hnh 1.10 ta thy lu lng s liu gi t
RNC i qua SGSN v t SGSN n GGSN trn mng ng trc IP. C s liu v
ting u c th s dng truyn ti IP bn trong mng li. y l mng truyn ti hon
ton IP.
Ti ni m mt cuc gi cn chuyn n mt mng khc, PSTN chng hn, s c
mt cng cc phng tin khc (MGW) c iu khin bi MSC Server cng
(GMSC server). MGW ny s chuyn ting thoi c ng gi thnh PCM tiu
chun a n PSTN. Nh vy chuyn i m ch cn thc hin ti im ny.
th d, ta gi thit rng nu ting giao din v tuyn c truyn ti tc 12,2 kbps,
th tc ny ch phi chuyn vo 64 kbps MGW giao tip vi PSTN. Truyn ti
kiu ny cho php tit kim ng k rng bng tn nht l khi cc MGW cch xa
nhau.
Giao thc iu khin gia MSC Server hoc GMSC Server vi MGW l giao
thc ITU H.248. Giao thc ny c ITU v IETF cng tc pht trin. N c tn l
iu khin cng cc phng tin (MEGACO: Media Gateway Control). Giao thc
iu khin cuc gi gia MSC Server v GMSC Server c th l mt giao thc iu
khin cuc gi bt k. 3GPP ngh s dng (khng bt buc) giao thc iu khin
cuc gi c lp vt mang (BICC: Bearer Independent Call Control) c xy dng
trn c s khuyn ngh Q.1902 ca ITU.
19
Trong nhiu trng hp MSC Server h tr c cc chc nng ca GMSC Server.
Ngoi ra MGW c kh nng giao din vi c RAN v PSTN. Khi ny cuc gi n
hoc t PSTN c th chuyn ni ht, nh vy c th tit kim ng k u t.
lm th d ta xt trng hp khi mt RNC c t ti thnh ph A v c
iu khin bi mt MSC t ti thnh ph B. Gi s thu bao thnh ph A thc hin
cuc gi ni ht. Nu khng c cu trc phn b, cuc gi cn chuyn t thnh ph A
n thnh ph B (ni c MSC) u ni vi thu bao PSTN ti chnh thnh ph A.
Vi cu trc phn b, cuc gi c th c iu khin ti MSC Server thnh ph B
nhng ng truyn cc phng tin thc t c th vn thnh ph A, nh vy gim
ng k yu cu truyn dn v gi thnh khai thc mng.
T hnh 1.10 ta cng thy rng HLR cng c th c gi l Server thu bao ti
nh (HSS: Home Subscriber Server). HSS v HLR c chc nng tng ng, ngoi
tr giao din vi HSS l giao din trn c s truyn ti gi (IP chng hn) trong khi
HLR s dng giao din trn c s bo hiu s 7. Ngoi ra cn c cc giao din (khng
c trn hnh v) gia SGSN vi HLR/HSS v gia GGSN vi HLR/HSS.
Rt nhiu giao thc c s dng bn trong mng li l cc giao thc trn c s
gi s dng hoc IP hoc ATM. Tuy nhin mng phi giao din vi cc mng truyn
thng qua vic s dng cc cng cc phng tin. Ngoi ra mng cng phi giao din
vi cc mng SS7 tiu chun. Giao din ny c thc hin thng qua cng SS7 (SS7
GW). y l cng m mt pha n h tr truyn ti bn tin SS7 trn ng truyn ti
SS7 tiu chun, pha kia n truyn ti cc bn tin ng dng SS7 trn mng gi (IP
chng hn). Cc thc th nh MSC Server, GMSC Server v HSS lin lc vi cng
SS7 bng cch s dng cc giao thc truyn ti c thit k c bit mang cc bn
tin SS7 mng IP. B giao thc ny c gi l Sigtran.

1.8. KIN TRC 3G WCDMA UMTS R5 v R6

Bc pht trin tip theo ca UMTS l a ra kin trc mng a phng tin IP
(hnh 1.11). Bc pht trin ny th hin s thay i ton b m hnh cuc gi. y
c ting v s liu c x l ging nhau trn ton b ng truyn t u cui ca
ngi s dng n ni nhn cui cng. C th coi kin trc ny l s hi t ton din
ca ting v s liu.

20

Hnh 1.11. Kin trc mng 3GPP R5 v R6
im mi ca R5 v R6 l n a ra mt min mi c gi l phn h a
phng tin IP (IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem). y l mt min mng IP c thit
k h tr cc dch v a phng tin thi gian thc IP. T hnh 1.11 ta thy ting v
s liu khng cn cc giao din cch bit; ch c mt giao din Iu duy nht mang tt c
phng tin. Trong mng li giao din ny kt cui ti SGSN v khng c MGW
ring.
Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) cha cc phn t sau: Chc nng iu khin
trng thi kt ni (CSCF: Connection State Control Function), Chc nng ti nguyn
a phng tin (MRF: Multimedia Resource Function), chc nng iu khin cng
cc phng tin (MGCF: Media Gateway Control Function), Cng bo hiu truyn ti
(T-SGW: Transport Signalling Gateway) v Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW:
Roaming Signalling Gateway).
Mt nt quan trng ca kin trc ton IP l thit b ca ngi s dng c tng
cng rt nhiu. Nhiu phn mm c ci t UE. Trong thc t, UE h tr giao
thc khi u phin (SIP: Session Initiation Protocol). UE tr thnh mt tc nhn ca
ngi s dng SIP. Nh vy, UE c kh nng iu khin cc dch v ln hn trc rt
nhiu.
CSCF qun l vic thit lp , duy tr v gii phng cc phin a phng tin n
v t ngi s dng. N bao gm cc chc nng nh: phin dch v nh tuyn. CSCF
hot ng nh mt i din Server /h tch vin.
SGSN v GGSN l cc phin bn tng cng ca cc nt c s dng GPRS
v UMTS R3 v R4. im khc nhau duy nht l ch cc nt ny khng ch h tr
dch v s liu gi m c dch v chuyn mch knh (ting chng hn). V th cn h
tr cc kh nng cht lng dch v (QoS) hoc bn trong SGSN v GGSN hoc t
nht cc Router kt ni trc tip vi chng.
21
Chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin (MRF) l chc nng lp cu hi nghi c
s dng h tr cc tnh nng nh t chc cuc gi nhiu pha v dch v hi ngh .
Cng bo hiu truyn ti (T-SGW) l mt cng bo hiu SS7 m bo tng
tc SS7 vi cc mng tiu chun ngoi nh PSTN. T-SGW h tr cc giao thc
Sigtran. Cng bo hiu chuyn mng (R-SGW) l mt nt m bo tng tc bo hiu
vi cc mng di ng hin c s dng SS7 tiu chun. Trong nhiu trng hp T-
SGW v R-SGW cng tn ti trn cng mt nn tng.
MGW thc hin tng tc vi cc mng ngoi mc ng truyn a phng
tin. MGW kin trc mng ca UMTS R5 c chc nng ging nh R4. MGW
c iu khin bi Chc nng cng iu khin cc phng tin (MGCF). Giao thc
iu khin gia cc thc th ny l ITU-T H.248.
MGCF cng lin lc vi CSCF. Giao thc c chn cho giao din ny l SIP.
Tuy nhin c th nhiu nh khai thc vn s dng n kt hp vi cc min
chuyn mch knh trong R3 v R4. iu ny cho php chuyn i dn dn t cc
phin bn R3 v R4 sang R5. Mt s cc cuc gi thoi c th vn s dng min CS
mt s cc dch v khc chng hn video c th c thc hin qua R5 IMS. Cu hnh
lai ghp c th hin trn hnh 1.12.

Hnh 1.12. Chuyn i dn t R4 sang R5

1.9. CHIN LC DCH CHUYN T GSM SANG UMTS

Trong phn ny ta s xt chin lc dch chuyn t GSM sang UMTS ca hng
Alcatel. Alcatel d kin pht trin RAN t GSM ln 3G UMTS theo ba pht hnh:
3GR1, 3GR2 v 3GR3. Vi mi pht hnh, cc sn phm mi v cc tnh nng mi
c a ra.

1.9.1. 3GR1 : Kin trc mng UMTS chng ln

Pht hnh 3GP1 da trn pht hnh ca 3GPP vo thng 3 v cc c t k
thut vo thng 6 nm 2000. Pht hnh u ca 3GR1 ch h tr UTRA-FDD v s
22
c trin khai chng ln ln GSM. Chin lc dch chuyn t GSM sang UMTS pht
hnh 3GR1 c chia thnh ba giai on c k hiu l R1.1, R1.2 v R1.3 (R:
Release: pht hnh). Trong cc pht hnh ny cc phn cng v cc tnh nng mi
c a ra. Cc nt B c gi l MBS (Multistandard Base Station: trm gc a tiu
chun). Tuy nhin MBS V1 ch n thun l nt B, ch MBS V2 mi thc s a tiu
chun v cha cc chc nng ca c nt B v BTS trong cng mt hp my. Tng t
RNC V2 v OMC-R V2 c a ra phc v cho c UMTS v GSM.
Hnh 1.13 cho thy kin trc ng tn ti GSM v UMTS c pht trin trong
giai on trin khai UMTS ban u (3GR1.1).

Hnh 1.13. Kin trc ng tn ti GSM v UMTS (pht hnh 3GR1.1)

1.9.2. 3GR2 : Tch hp cc mng UMTS v GSM

Trong giai on trin khai UMTS th hai s tch hp u tin gia hai mng s
c thc hin bng cch a ra cc thit b a tiu chun nh: Nt B kt hp BTS
(MBS V2) v RNC kt hp BSC (RNC V2). Cc chc nng khai thc v bo dng
mng v tuyn cng c th c thc hin chung bi cng mt OMC-R (V2). Hnh
1.14 m t kin trc mng RAN tch hp ca giai on hai.

23

Hnh 1.14. Kin trc mng RAN tch hp pht hnh 3GR2 (R2.1).

1.9.3. 3GR3 : Kin trc RAN thng nht

Trong kin trc RAN ca pht hnh ny c xy dng trn c s pht hnh R5
vo thng 9 nm 2000 ca 3GPP. Trong pht hnh ny RAN chung cho c h thng
UMTS v GSM. C UTRA-FDD v UTRA-TDD u c h tr. Giao thc truyn
ti c thng nht cho GSM, E-GPRS v UMTS, ngoi ra c th ATM kt hp IP.
GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN) cng s c h tr bi pht hnh ny ca mng. Kin
trc RAN ca 3GR1.3 c th hin trn hnh 1.15.

Hnh 1.15. Kin trc RAN thng nht ca 3GR3.1

24
1.10. CU HNH A L CA H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 3G

Do tnh cht di ng ca thu bao di ng nn mng di ng phi c t chc theo
mt cu trc a l nht nh mng c th theo di c v tr ca thu bao.

1.10.1. Phn chia theo vng mng
Trong mt quc gia c th c nhiu vng mng vin thng, vic gi vo mt
vng mng no phi c thc hin thng qua tng i cng. Cc vng mng di
ng 3G c i din bng tng i cng GMSC hoc GGSN. Tt c cc cuc gi
n mt mng di ng t mt mng khc u c nh tuyn n GMSC hoc
GGSN. Tng i ny lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho mng 3G. y l ni
thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi kt cui trm di ng.
GMSC/GGSN cho php h thng nh tuyn cc cuc gi vo t mng ngoi n ni
nhn cui cng: cc trm di ng b gi.

1.10.2. Phn chia theo vng phc v MSC/VLR v SGSN
Mt mng thng tin di ng c phn chia thnh nhiu vng nh hn, mi
vng nh ny c phc v bi mt MSC/VLR (hnh 1.16a). hay SGSN (1.16b) Ta
gi y l vng phc v ca MSC/VLR hay SGSN.
Hnh 1.16. Phn chia mng thnh cc vng phc v ca MSC/VLR v SGSN
nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng
s c ni n MSC ang phc v thu bao di ng cn gi. mi vng phc v
MSC/VLR thng tin v thu bao c ghi li tm thi VLR. Thng tin ny bao gm
hai loi:
- Thng tin v ng k v cc dch v ca thu bao.
- Thng tin v v tr ca thu bao (thu bao ang vng nh v hoc vng
nh tuyn no).

1.10.3. Phn chia theo vng nh v v vng nh tuyn

Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v: LA
(Location Area) (hnh 1.17a). Mi vng phc v ca SGSN c chia thnh cc vng
nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area) (1.17b).
25

Hnh 1.17. Phn chia vng phc v ca MSC/VLR v SGSN thnh cc vng nh
v (LA: Location Area) v nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area)

Vng nh v (hay vng nh tuyn l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR
(hay SGSN) m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do v khng cn cp
nht thng tin v v tr cho MSC/VLR (hay SGSN) qun l v tr ny. C th ni vng
nh v (hay vng nh tuyn) l v tr c th nht ca trm di ng m mng cn bit
nh tuyn cho mt cuc gi n n. vng nh v ny thng bo tm s c
pht qung b tm thu bao di ng b gi. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v
bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v (LAI: Location Area Identity) hay nhn
dng vng nh tuyn (RAI Routing Area Identity). Vng nh v (hay vng nh
tuyn) c th bao gm mt s v thuc mt hay nhiu RNC, nhng ch thuc mt
MSC (hay mt SGSN).

1.10.4. Phn chia theo

Vng nh v hay vng nh tuyn c chia thnh mt s (hnh 1.18).

Hnh 1.18. Phn chia LA v RA
l mt vng ph v tuyn c mng nhn dng bng nhn dng ton cu (CGI:
Cell Global Identity). Trm di ng nhn dng bng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC:
26
Base Station Identity Code). Vng ph ca cc thng c m phng bng hnh lc
gic tin cho vic tnh ton thit k.

1.10.5. Mu

Mu c hai kiu: v hng ngang (omnidirectional) v phn on
(sectorized). Cc mu ny c cho trn hnh 1.19.

Hnh 1.19. Cc kiu mu

v hng ngang (hnh 1.19a) nhn c t pht x ca mt anten c bp
sng trn trong mt ngang (mt phng song song vi mt t) v bp sng c hng
chc xung mt t trong mt ng (mt phng vung gc vi mt t). phn on
(hnh 1.19b) l nhn c t pht x ca ba anten vi hng pht x cc i lch
nhau 120
0
. Cc anten ny c bp sng dng na s 8 trong mt ngang v trong mt
ng bp sng ca chng chc xung mt t. Trong mt s trng hp phn on
c th c to ra t pht x ca nhiu hn ba anten. Trong thc t mu c th rt a
dng ty vo a hnh cn ph sng. Tuy nhin cc mu nh trn hnh 1.19 thng
c s dng thit k cho s ph sng chun.

1.10.6. Tng kt phn chia vng a l trong cc h thng thng tin di ng
3G

Trong cc kin trc mng bao gm c min chuyn mch knh v min chuyn
mch gi, vng phc mng khng ch c phn chia thnh cc vng nh v (LA) m
cn c phn chia thnh cc vng nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area). Cc vng nh v
(LA: Location Area) l khi nim qun l di ng ca min CS k tha t mng GSM.
Cc vng nh tuyn (RA: Routing Area) l cc thc th ca min PS. Mng li PS s
dng RA tm gi. Nhn dng thu bao P-TMSI (Packet- Temporary Mobile
Subsscriber Identity: nhn dng thu bao di ng gi tm thi) l duy nht trong mt
RA.
Trong mng truy nhp v tuyn, RA li c chia tip thnh cc vng ng k
UTRAN (URA: UTRAN Registration Area). Tm gi khi xng UTRAN s dng
URA khi knh bo hiu u cui c thit lp. URA khng th nhn thy c
bn ngoi UTRAN.
27
Quan h gia cc vng c phn cp nh cho hnh 1.20 ( khng c th
hin). LA thuc 3G MSC v RA thuc 3G SGSN. URA thuc RNC. Theo di v tr
theo URA v trong UTRAN c thc hin khi c kt ni RRC (Radio Resource
Control: iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn) cho knh bo hiu u cui. Nu khng c
kt ni RRC, 3G SGSN thc hin tm gi v cp nht thng tin v tr c thc hin
theo RA.

Hnh 1.20. Cc khi nim phn chia vng a l trong 3G WCDMA UMTS.

1.11. TNG KT

Chng ny trc ht xt tng quan qu trnh pht trin thng tin di ng ln
4G. Nu cng ngh a truy nhp cho 3G l CDMA th cng ngh a truy nhp cho 4G
l OFDMA. Sau kin trc mng 3G c xt. Mng li 3G bao gm hai vng
chuyn mch: (1) vng chuyn mch cc dch v CS v (2) vng chuyn mch cc
dch v PS. Cc pht hnh nh du cc mc quan trng pht trin mng 3G WCDMA
UMTS c xt: R3, R4, R5 v R6. R3 bao gm hai min chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi trong kt ni gia cc nt chuyn mch gi l TDM (ghp knh
theo thi gian). R4 l s pht trin ca R3 trong min chuyn mch knh chuyn
thnh chuyn mch mm v kt ni gia cc nt mng bng IP. R5 v R6 h tr cc
dch v a phng tin IP hon ton da trn chuyn mch gi. p ng c
nhim v ny ngoi min chuyn mch gi, mng c b sung thm phn h a
phng tin IP (IMS). Ct li ca IMS l CSCF thc hin khi u kt ni a phng
tin IP da trn giao thc khi u phin (SIP Session Initiation Protocol). Ngoi ra
IMS vn cn cha chuyn mch mm h tr dch v chuyn mch knh (MGCF).
Hin nay mng 3GWCDMA UMTS ang giai don chuyn dn t R4 sang R5 (hnh
1.12). Cui chng trnh by cu trc a l ca mt mng thng tin di ng 3G c
cha c vng chuyn mch knh v vng chuyn mch gi.

28
Chng 2
CNG NGH A TRUY NHP CA WCDMA

2.1. GII THIU CHUNG

2.1.1. Mc ch chng

- Hiu tng quan tri ph v phng php a truy nhp ca WCDMA
- Hiu iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao mm v my thu phn tp a ng
(RAKE)
- Hiu cc dng m tri ph v cc s iu ch ca WCDMA


- Nguyn l tri ph v a truy nhp phn chia theo m
- iu khin cng sut
- Chuyn giao
- My thu phn tp a ng (my thu RAKE)
- Cc dng m tri ph v cc s iu cht c s dng cho WCDMA

2.1.3. Hng dn
- Tham kho thm cc ti liu tham kho cui ti liu ging dy ca kha hc

2.2. TRI PH V A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M

2.2.1. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph

Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng tn l vn quan tm
chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt.
Trong cc h thng iu ch bin song bin, rng bng tn cn thit pht mt
ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai ln rng bng tn ca ngun ny. Trong cc h
thng iu tn rng bng tn ny c th bng vi ln rng bng tn ngun ph
thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt tn hiu s, rng bng tn cn thit c cng
gi tr vi tc bit ca ngun. rng bng tn chnh xc cn thit trong trng hp
ny ph thuc v kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK v.v...).
Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (vit tt l SS: Spread Spectrum) rng
bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht.
Khi ch c mt ngi s dng trong bng tn SS, s dng bng tn nh vy khng c
hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, cc ngi s dng ny c th
dng chung mt bng tn SS (tri ph) v h thng tr nn s dng bng tn c hiu
sut m vn duy tr c cc u im ca tri ph.
29
Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu:
* Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti thiu
cn thit pht thng tin.
* Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu.
C ba kiu h thng SS c bn: chui trc tip (DSSS: Direct-Sequence
Spreading Spectrum), nhy tn (FHSS: Frequency-Hopping Spreading Spectrum) v
nhy thi gian (THSS: Time-Hopping Spreading Spectrum). Cng c th nhn c
cc h thng lai ghp t cc h thng ni trn. WCDMA s dng DSSS. DSSS t
c tri ph bng cch nhn lung s cn truyn vi mt m tri ph c tc chip
(R
c
=1/T
c
, T
c
l thi gian mt chip) cao hn nhiu tc bit (R
b
=1/T
b
, T
b
l thi gian
mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. Hnh 2.1 minh ha qu trnh tri ph trong T
b
=15T
c

hay R
c
=15R
b
. Hnh 2.1a cho thy s n gin ca b tri ph DSSS trong lung
s cn truyn x c tc R
b
c nhn vi mt m tri ph c tc R
c
c lung
u ra y c tc R
c
ln hn nhiu so vi tc R
b
ca lung vo. Cc hnh 2.1b v
2.1b biu th qu trnh tri ph trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Ti pha thu lung y c thc hin gii tri ph khi phc li lung x bng
cch nhn lung ny vi m tri ph c ging nh pha pht: x=yc

x, y v c k hiu tng qut cho tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph; x(t), y(t) v c(t) k hiu cho cc
tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph trong min thi gian; X(f), Y(f) v C(f) k hiu cho cc tn hiu
vo, ra v m tri ph trong min tn s; T
b
l thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht,
R
b
=1/T
b
l tc bit ca lung s cn truyn; T
c
l thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph,
R
c
=1/T
c
l tc chip ca m tri ph. R
c
=15R
b
v T
b
=15T
c
.
Hnh 2.1. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)

30
2.2.2. p dng DSSS cho CDMA

Trong cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m da trn CDMA, mt tp m
trc giao c s dng v mi ngi s dng c gn mt m tri ph ring. Cc m
tri ph ny phi m bo iu kin trc giao sau y:
1. Tch hai m ging nhau bng 1: c
i
c
i
=1
2. Tch hai m khc nhau s l mt m mi trong tp m: c
i
c
j
=c
k

3. C s bit 1 bng s bit -1 trong mt m
1
1
0
N
k
k
C
N
=
=
, trong N l s chip v
C
k
l gi tr chip k trong mt m

Bng 2.1. cho thy th d s dng b m gm tm m trc giao: c
0
, c
1
, , c
7
.
Bng 2.2 v 2.3 cho thy th d khi nhn hai m ging nhau trong bng 1 c 1 v
nhn hai m khc nhau trong bng 2.1 ta c mt m mi
..

Bng 2.1. Th d b tm m trc giao
c
0
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
c
1
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1
c
2
+1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1
c
3
+1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1
c
4
+1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c
5
+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
c
6
+1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1
c
7
+1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1

Bng 2.2. Th d nhn hai m ging nhau trong bng 1 c mt
c
1
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1

c
1
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1
c
1
c
1
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Bng 2.3. Th d nhn hai m khc nhau trong bng 1 c mt m mi trong
tp 8 m
c
1
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1

c
3
+1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1
= c
2
+1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1

31
Nu ta xt mt h thng gm K ngi s dng c xy dng trn c s
CDMA, th sau tri ph cc ngi s dng ny s pht vo khng gian tp cc tn hiu
y nh sau:

1 1
K K
i i i
i i
y y c x
= =
= =

(2.1)
Ta xt qu trnh x l tn hiu ny ti mt my thu k. Nhim v ca my thu ny l
phi ly ra x
k
v loi b cc tn hiu khc (cc tn hiu ny c gi l nhiu ng
knh v trong h thng CDMA chng c pht trn cng mt tn s vi x
k
). Nhn
(2.1) vi x
k
v p dng quy tc trc giao ni trn ta c:

1
K
k k i i
i
i k
x x c x
=
=
= +
(2.2)
Thnh phn th nht trong (2.2) chnh l tn hiu hu ch cn thnh phn th hai l
nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cn l nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc c gi l
MAI (Multiple Access Interferrence: nhiu a ngi s dng). loi b thnh phn
th hai my thu s dng b lc tng quan trng min thi gian kt hp vi b lc tn
s trong min tn s. Hnh 2.2 xt qu trnh gii tri ph v lc ra tn hiu hu ch ti
my thu k trong mt h thng CDMA c K ngi s dng vi gi thit cng sut pht
t K my pht nh nhau ti u vo my thu k. Hnh 2.2a cho thy s gii tri ph
DSSS. Hnh 2.2b cho thy ph ca tn hiu tng c pht i t K my pht sau tri
ph, hnh 2.2c cho thy ph ca tn hiu ny sau gii tri ph ti my thu k v hnh
2.2d cho thy ph ca tn hiu sau b lc thng thp vi bng thng bng R
b
.

Hnh 2.2. Qu trnh gii tri ph v lc tn hiu ca ngi s dng k t K tn
hiu.

32
T hnh 2.2 ta thy t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR: Signal to Interference Ratio)
l t s gia din tch hnh ch nht c t m trn hnh 2.2.b v tng din tch cc
hnh ch nht trng trn hnh 2.2.c: SIR=S
1
/S
2
. T s ny t l vi t s R
c
/R
b
. v th
t s R
c
/R
b
c gi l li x l (TA: Processing Gain).

2.3. IU KHIN CNG SUT

Trong trng hp mt my pht gy nhiu n gn my thu k (n gn nt B
chng hn), cng sut ca my pht ny tng cao dn n MAI tng cao, t s tn hiu
trn nhiu gim mnh v my thu k khng th tch ra c tn hiu ca mnh. Hin
tng ny c gi l hin tng gn v xa. trnh hin tng ny h thng phi
iu khin cng sut sao cho cng sut thu ti nt B ca tt c cc UE u bng nhau
(l tng). iu khin cng sut trong WCDMA c chia thnh:
\ iu khin cng sut vng h
\ iu khin cng sut vng kn

iu khin cng sut vng h c thc hin t ng ti UE khi n thc hin
th tc xin truy nhp Nt B (da trn cng sut m n thu c t knh hoa tiu pht
i t B), khi ny UE cha c kt ni vi nt ny. Cn iu khin cng sut vng kn
c thc hin khi UE kt ni vi nt B. iu khin cng sut vng h li c
chia thnh:
\ iu khin cng sut vng trong c thc hin ti nt B. iu khin cng sut
vng trong c thc hin nhanh vi 1500 ln trong mt giy da trn so snh
SIR thu vi SIR ch
\ iu khin cng sut vng ngoi c thc hin ti RNC thit lp SIR ch cho
nt B. iu khin cng sut ny da trn so snh t l li khi (BLER) thu c
vi t l ch.

2.4. CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG CDMA

Thng thng chuyn giao (HO: Handover) c hiu l qu trnh trong
knh lu lng ca mt UE c chuyn sang mt knh khc m bo cht lng
truyn dn. Tuy nhin trong CDMA khi nim ny ch thch hp cho chuyn giao
cng cn i vi chuyn giao mm khi nim ny phc tp hn, ta s xt c th trong
phn di y.
C th chia HO thnh cc kiu HO sau:

\ HO ni h thng xy ra bn trong mt h thng WCDMA. C th chia nh HO
ny thnh
o HO ni h thng gia cc thuc cng mt tn s sng mang WCDMA
o HO gia cc tn s (IF-HO) gia cc hot ng trn cc tn s WCDMA
khc nhau
\ HO gia cc h thng (IS-HO) gia cc thuc hai cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
(RAT) khc nhau hay cc ch truy nhp v tuyn (RAM) khc nhau. Trng
33
hp thng xuyn xy ra nht i vi kiu th nht l HO gia cc h thng
WCDMA v GSM/EDGE. Tuy nhin cng c th l IS-HO gia WCDMA v h
thng cc h thng CDMA khc (cdma2000 1x chng hn). Th d v HO gia
cc RAM l HO gia cc ch UTRA FDD v UTRA TDD.

C th c cc th tc HO sau:

\ Chuyn giao cng (HHO) l cc th tc HO trong tt c cc ng truyn v
tuyn c ca mt UE c gii phng trc khi thit lp cc ng truyn v
tuyn mi
\ Chuyn giao mm (SHO) v chuyn giao mm hn (xem hnh 2.3) l cc th tc
trong UE lun duy tr t nht mt ng v tuyn ni n UTRAN. Trong
chuyn giao mm UE ng thi c ni n mt hay nhiu thuc cc nt B
khc nhau ca cng mt RNC (SHO ni RNC) hay thuc cc RNC khc nhau
(SHO gia cc RNC). Trong chuyn giao mm hn UE c ni n t nht l hai
on ca cng mt nt B. SHO v HO mm hn ch c th xy ra trn cng mt
tn s sng mang v trong cng mt h thng.

Hnh 2.3. Chuyn giao mm (a) v mm hn (b)

Ph thuc s tham gia trong SHO, cc trong mt h thng WCDMA c
chia thnh cc tp sau y:
\ Tp tch cc bao gm cc (on ) hin ang tham gia vo mt kt ni SHO ca
UE
\ Tp ln cn/ tp c gim st (c hai t c s dng nh nhau). Tp ny bao
gm tt c cc c gim st/o lin tc bi UE v hin thi khng c trong tp
tch cc
\ Tp c pht hin. Tp ny bao gm cc c UE pht hin nhng khng
thuc tp tch cc ln tp ln cn.

SHO l mt tnh nng chung ca h thng WCDMA trong cc ln cn hat
ng trn cng mt tn s. Trong ch kt ni, UE lin tc o cc phc v v cc
ln cn (do RNC ch dn) trn tn s sng mang hin thi. UE so snh cc kt qu o
34
vi cc ngng HO do RNC cung cp v gi bo co kt qu o n RNC khi thc
hin cc tiu chun bo co. V th SHO l kiu chuyn giao c nh gi bi u
cui di ng (MEHO: Mobile Estimated HO). Tuy nhin gii thut quyt nh SHO
c t trong RNC. Da trn cc bo co kt qu o nhn c t UE (hoc nh k
hoc c khi ng bi mt s cc s kin nht nh), RNC lnh cho UE b sung
hay loi b mt s khi tp tch cc ca mnh (ASU: Active Set Apdate: cp nht tp
tch cc).

2.5. MY THU PHN TP A NG HAY MY THU RAKE

Phainh a ng trn knh v tuyn dn n tn thi v chn lc tn s lm
hng tn hiu thu. nh gi hin tng tn thi trn ng truyn v tuyn, ngi
ta pht i mt xung hp (xung kim) v o p ng xung ny ti pha thu. p ng ny
l bc tranh th hin s ph thuc cng sut ca cc ng truyn khc nhau n my
thu vo thi gian tr ca cc ng truyn ny. p ng ny c gi l l lch tr
cng sut. Hnh 2.4a cho thy truyn sng a ng v hnh 2.4b cho thy th d v l
lch tr cng sut.

Hnh 2.4. Truyn sng a ng v l lch tr cng sut

Chui tn hiu gi ngu nhin c pht i CDMA c thuc tnh l cc phin
bn dch thi ca n ti pha thu hu nh khng tng quan. Nh vy mt tn hiu
c truyn t my pht n my thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau (thi gian tr khc
nhau) c th c phn gii vo cc tn hiu phainh khc nhau bng cch ly tng
quan tn hiu thu cha nhiu phin bn dch thi ca chui gi ngu nhin. My thu s
dng nguyn l ny c gi l my thu phn tp a ng hay my thu RAKE (hnh
2.5).

35

Hnh 2.5. My thu RAKE
Trong my thu RAKE nhn c cc phin bn dch thi ca chui
ngu nhin, tn hiu thu phi i qua ng tr trc khi c ly tng quan v c
kt hp. ng tr bao gm nhiu mt tr c thi gian tr bng thi gian mt chip T
c
.
My thu dch nh thi bn sao m tri ph tng chip cho tng k hiu thng tin
gii tri ph k hiu trong vng mt k hiu v to nn l lch tr cng sut (xem hnh
2.5a). Vi tham kho l lch tr cng sut (bc tranh th hin cng sut v tr ca cc
ng truyn) c to ra, my thu chn cc ng truyn c cng sut vt ngng
kt hp RAKE trn c s s lng b tng quan, b c tnh knh v b b tr
thay i pha (c gi l cc ngn my thu RAKE). Trong trng hp p dng thu
phn tp khng gian hay phn tp gia cc on , l lch tr cng sut c to ra cho
mi nhnh v cc ng truyn c chn t l lch tr cng sut sut tng hp ca tt
c cc nhnh. Trong thc t, v cc tn hiu tri ph gm nhiu ca cc ngi s dng
khc v cc tn hiu a ng ca knh ngi s dng, nn gi tr ngng c lp
d trn mc cng sut tp m nn v cc ng truyn c SIR hiu dng (c cng
sut thu vt ngng) c chn. V MS chuyn ng (hoc mi trng truyn sng
thay i khi MS c nh), nn v tr ng truyn (thi gian tr) c kt hp RAKE
cng s thng xuyn thay i, my phi nh k cp nht l lch tr ng truyn v
cp nht cc ng truyn c kt hp RAKE trn c s l lch mi (qu trnh ny
c gi l tm kim ng truyn v n lin quan n tm kim ng truyn kt
hp RAKE).

2.6. CC M TRI PH S DNG TRONG WCDMA

Khi nim tri ph c p dng cho cc knh vt l, khi nim ny bao gm
hai thao tc. u tin l thao tc nh knh, trong mi k hiu s liu dc chuyn
thnh mt s chip nh vy tng rng ph tn hiu. S chip trn mt k hiu (hay t
36
s gia tc chip v tc k hiu) c gi l h s tri ph (SF: Spectrum
Factor), hay ni mt cch khc SF=R
s
/R
c
trong R
s
l tc k hiu cn R
c
l tc
chip. H s tri ph l mt gi tr kh bin, ngoi tr i vi knh chia s ng xung
vt l tc cao (HS-PDSCH ) trong HSDPA c SF=16. Thao tc th hai l thao tc
ngu nhin ha tng tnh trc giao trong mt m ngu nhin ha c trn vi
tn hiu tri ph. M ngu nhin ho c xy dng trn c s m Gold.
Trong qu trnh nh knh, cc k hiu s liu c nhn vi mt m OVSF
(Orthogonal Variable Spread Factor: m trc giao h s kh bin) ng b v thi gian
vi bin ca k hiu. Trong 3GPP, OVSF (hnh 2.6) c s dng cho cc tc k
hiu khc nhau v c k hiu l C
ch,SF,k
trong SF l h s tri ph ca m v k l
s th t m (0sksSF-1). Cc m nh knh c cc tnh cht trc giao v c s
dng phn bit cc thng tin c pht i cng t mt ngun: (1) cc kt ni khc
nhau trn ng xung trong cng mt trn ng xung v gim nhiu ni , (2)
cc knh s liu vt l ng ln t mt UE. Trn ng xung cc m OVSF trong
m b hn ch v th cn c qun l bi RNC, tuy nhin iu ny khng xy ra i
vi ng ln.
Cn lu khi chn m nh knh chng khng tng quan vi nhau. Chng hn khi
chn m C
ch,8,4
=+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1, khng c s dng m C
ch,16,8
=+1-1+1-1+1-
1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1; v hai m ny hon ton ging nhau (tch ca chng bng 1)
v chng s gy nhiu cho nhau.
Cc m OVSF ch hiu qu khi cc knh c ng b hon ho ti mc k
hiu. Mt tng quan cho do truyn sng a ng c b tr bi thao tc ngu
nhin ha b sung. Vi thao tc ngu nhin ha, phn thc (I) v phn o (Q) ca tn
hiu tri ph c nhn b sung vi m ngu nhin ha phc. M ngu nhin ha
phc c s dng phn bit cc ngun pht: (1) cc khc nhau i vi ng
xung v (2) cc UE khc nhau i vi ng ln. Cc m ny c cc tnh cht tng
quan tt (trung bnh ha nhiu) v lun c s dng trn vi cc m tri ph
nhng khng lm nh hng rng ph tn hiu v bng thng truyn dn.

Hnh 2.6. Cy m nh knh

ng truyn gia nt B v UE trong WCDMA cha nhiu knh. C th chia
cc knh ny thnh hai loi: (1) knh ring truyn lu lng v (2) knh chung
mang cc thng tin iu khin v bo hiu. ng truyn t UE n nt B c gi l
37
ng ln, cn ng ngc li t nt B n UE c gi l ng xung. Trc ht
ta xt tri ph cho cc knh ng ln.

2.7. TRI PH V IU CH NG LN

2.7.1. Tri ph v iu ch cc knh ring ng ln

Nguyn l tri ph cho DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel: knh s
liu vt l ring, knh truyn lu lng ca ngi s dng) v DPCCH (Dedicated
Physical Control Channel: knh iu khin vt l ring; knh i cng vi DPDCH
mang thng tin iu khin lp vt l) c minh ha trn hnh 2.7.
Mt DPCCH v cc i su DPDCH song song gi tr thc c th c tri ph
v pht ng thi. DPCCH lun c tri ph bng m C
c
=C
ch,256,0
, trong k=0. Nu
ch mt knh DPDCH c pht trn ng ln, th DPDCH
1
c tri ph vi m
C
d,1
=C
ch,SF,k
, trong k=SF/4 l s m OVSF v k=SF/4. Ngha l nu h s tri ph
SF=128 th k=32. Nu nhiu DPDCH c pht, th tt c DPDCH u c h s tri
ph l 4 (tc bit knh l 960kbps) v DPDCH
n
c tri ph bi m C
d
,
n
=C
ch,4,k
,
trong k=1 nu ne{1,2}, k=3 nu ne{3,4} v k=2 nu ne{5,6}. b tr s khc
nhau gia cc h s tri ph ca s liu, tn hiu tri ph c nh trng s bng cc
h s khuych i k hiu l |
c
cho DPCCH v |
d
cho DPDCH. Cc h s khuych
i ny c tnh ton bi SRNC v c gi n UE trong giai on thit lp ng
truyn v tuyn hay t li cu hnh. Cc h s khuych i nm trong di t 0 n 1
v t nht mt trong s cc gi tr ca |
c
v |
d
lun lun bng 1. Lung chip ca cc
nhnh I v Q sau c cng phc vi nhau v c ngu nhin ha bi mt m
ngu nhin ha phc c k hiu l S
dpch,n
trn hnh 2.7. M ngu nhin ha ny c
ng b vi khung v tuyn, ngha l chip th nht tng ng vi u khung v tuyn.

Hnh 2.7. Tri ph v iu ch DPDCH v DPCCH ng ln

38
Cc nghin cu cho thy mi s pht khng lin tc trn ng ln c th gy
nhiu m thanh cho thit b m thanh t gn my u cui di ng. Th d in hnh
l trng hp nhiu tn s khung (217 Hz=1/4,615ms) gy ra do cc u cui GSM.
trnh hiu ng ny, knh DPCCH v cc knh DPDCH khng c ghp theo thi
gian m c ghp theo m I/Q (iu ch QPSK hai knh) vi ngu nhin ho phc.
Minh ha trn hnh 2.8 cho thy s iu ch ny cho php truyn dn lin tc ngay
c trong cc chu k im lng khi ch c thng tin iu khin lp 1 duy tr hot ng
ng truyn (DPCCH) l c pht.

Hnh 2.8. Truyn dn knh iu khin vt l ring ng ln v knh s liu vt
l ring ng ln khi c/ khng c (DTX) s liu ca ngi s dng

Nh minh ha trn hnh 2.9, cc m ngu nhin ha phc c to ra bng cch
quay pha gia cc chip trong mt chu k k hiu trong gii hn 90
0
. Bng cch ny
hiu sut ca b khuch i (lin quan n t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung
bnh) trong UE hu nh khng i khng ph th thuc vo t s | gia DPDCH v
DPCCH.

Hnh 2.9. Chm tn hiu i vi ghp m I/Q s dung ngu nhin ha phc,
biu din cho t s cng sut gia DPDCH v DPCCH.

DPCCH v cc DPDCH c th c ngu nhin ha bng cc m ngu nhin
di hoc ngn. C 2
24
m ngu nhin ha di ng ln v 2
24
m ngu nhin ngn
ng ln. V c th s dng c hng triu m nn khng cn quy hoch m ng
ln. S m ngu nhin cho DPCH (0,., 16777215), cng vi SF thp nht c php
ca m nh knh (4, 8, 16, 32, 128 v 256) cho phn s liu c n nh bi cc lp
cao hn, chng hn khi thit lp kt ni RRC hoc khi iu khin chuyn giao.

39
2.7.2. Tri ph v iu ch knh chung ng ln PRACH

Phn ny s trnh by n nh m cho tin t v phn bn tin ca PRACH l
mt dng knh chung ng ln.
Tri ph v ngu nhin ha phn bn tin PRACH c minh ha trn hnh 2.10.

Hnh 2.10. Tri ph v iu ch phn bn tin PRACH

Phn iu khin ca bn tin PRACH c tri ph bng m nh knh
C
c
=C
ch,256,m
, trong m=16.s+15 v s (0 sss15) l ch k tin t v phn s liu c
tri ph bng m nh knh C
d
=C
ch,SF,m
, trong SF (c gi tr t 32 n 256) l h s
tri ph s dng cho phn s liu v m=SF.s/16.
Phn bn tin PRACH lun lun c tri ph bng m ngu nhin ha di.
di ca m ngu nhin ha c s dng cho phn bn tin l 10ms. C tt c l 8192
m ngu nhin ha.

2.8. TRI PH V IU CH NG XUNG

2.8.1. S tri ph v iu ch ng xung

Khi nim tri ph v ngu nhin ha ng xung c minh ha trn hnh
2.11. Ngoi tr cc SCH (knh ng b s xt trong chng 3), mi cp hai bit knh
trc ht c bin i t ni tip vo song song tng ng mt k hiu iu ch, sau
c t ln cc nhnh I v Q. Sau cc nhnh I v Q c tri ph n tc
3,84Mcps bng cng mi m dnh knh C
ch,SF,m
. Cc chui chip gi tr thc trn cc
nhnh I v Q sau c ngu nhin ha bng m ngu nhin ha phc nhn dng
ngun pht nt B, m ny c k hiu l S
dl,n
trn hnh 2.11. M ngu nhin ha ny
c ng b vi m ngu nhin ha s dng cho P-CCPCH (knh vt l iu khin
chung s cp s xt trong cng 3), trong chp phc u tin ca khung P-CCPCH
c nhn vi chip s 0 ca m ngu nhin ha ny.
Sau tri ph, mi knh vt l ng xung (tr cc SCH) c nh trng s
bng cc h s trng s ring k hiu l G
i
nh trn hnh 2.11. P-SCH v S-SCH gi tr
phc c nh trng s ring bng cc h s trng s G
p
v G
s
. Tt c cc knh
ng xung c kt hp vi nhau bng cng phc. Chui nhn c sau tri ph v
ngu nhin ha c iu ch QPSK.
40

Hnh 2.11. S tri ph v iu ch cho tt c cc knh vt l ng xung

2.8.2. Cc m tri ph ng xung

Trn ng xung, cng cc m nh knh nh trn ng ln (m OVSF)
c s dng. Thng thng mi ch c mt cy m v mi cy m c t di
mt m ngu nhin ha dng chung cho nhiu ngi s dng. Theo quy inh, cc
m nh knh dng cho P-CPICH (knh hoa tiu chung s cp s xt trong chng 3)
v P-CCPCH l C
ch,256,0
v C
ch,256,1
. B qun l ti nguyn trong RNC n nh cc m
nh knh cho tt c cc knh khc vi gii hn SF=512 trong trng hp s dng
chuyn giao phn tp.
M OVSF c th thay i theo tng khung trn knh PDSCH (knh chia s
ng xung vt l s xt trong chng 3). Quy tc thay i nh sau, m (cc m)
OVSF c s dng cho kt ni pha di h s tri ph nh nht l m t nhnh cy,
m nhnh cy m c ch ra bi h s tri ph thp nht ny. Nu DSCH c sp
xp ln nhiu PDSCH song song, th quy tc tng t c p dng, nhng tt cc
nhnh m c s dng bi cc m ny tng ng vi h s tri ph nh nht u c
th s dng cho n nh h s tri ph cao hn.

2.8.3. Cc m ngu nhin ha ng xung

Trn ng xung ch c cc m ngu nhin ha di l c s dng. C c
thy 2
18
-1=262143 m ngu nhin c nh s t 0 n 262142. Cc chui m ngu
nhin c k hiu l S
dl,n
c cu trc bng cc on ca chui Gold. tng tc
qu trnh tm , ch 8192 m trong s 262143 c s dng trong thc t v c ct
ngn ly on u 38400 chip ph hp vi chu k khung 10 ms. Nh minh ha trn
hnh 2.12, ch c cc m vi n=0,1,, 8191 c s dng. Cc m ny c chia
thnh 512 tp. Mi tp gm 16 m (i=015) vi mt m s cp v 15 m th cp. 8
tp (i=07) vi 8x16 m hp thnh mt nhm to nn 64 nhm (j=063).

41

Hnh 2.12. Cc m ngu nhin ha s cp v th cp
V thng thng mi c nhn dng bng mt m ngu nhin ho s cp,
nn qu trnh tm kim cng l qu trnh tm kim m ny. Qu trnh tm kim c
th c thc hin theo ba bc sau:
\ Tm P-SCH (knh ng b s cp) thit lp ng b khe v ng b k hiu
\ Tm S-SCH (knh ng b th cp) thit lp ng b khung v nhm m
\ Tm m ngu nhin ha nhn dng

2.8.4. Ghp knh a m ng xung

tng dung lng knh ng xung ta c th s dng s ghp knh a
m nh cho hnh 2.13.

S/P: bin i ni tip thnh song song
Hnh 2.13. Truyn dn a m cho ng xung

42
2.9. TNG KT

Cc h thng CDMA c xy dng trn c s tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS).
Vic s dng tri ph cng vi cc m trc giao cho php nhiu u cui di ng c
th dng chung mt tn s. Khi ny tnh trc giao ca cc m v tri ph cho php mt
my thu u cui c th d dng tch ra c tn hiu ca mnh. Do s dng chung
mt tn s nn c th p dng chuyn giao mm cho CDMA. Trong chuyn giao mm
mt my di ng c th kt ni n nhiu trm gc trn cng mt tn s nhng vi m
tri ph khc nhau. u im ca chuyn giao mm l khng lm mt cuc gi trong
qu trnh chuyn giao mc d n lm gim phn no dng lng v tng thm tnh
phc tp h thng. Nhng cng v s dng chung mt tn s nn c th xy ra hin
tng gn xa, trong my di ng gn trm gc s gy nhiu cho cc ngi s dng
khc. khc phc nhc im ny phi p dng iu khin cng sut nhanh cho
CDMA trong my di ng gn trm gc s c iu chnh pht cng sut thp
hn my di ng xa trm gc. iu khin cng sut nhanh trong WCDMA c
thc hin 1500 ln trong mt giy. Mt c im na ca CDMA l cc m ngu
nhin ha mang tnh trc giao kh cao nn cc ng truyn n my thu c tr
khc nhau thi gian chip hoc ln hn thi gian ny u c lp vi nhau v v th c
th s dng phn tp a ng (hay my thu RAKE) trong CDMA. Nguyn tc ca
my thu RAKE l chn mt s ng (mt s ngn) c cng sut thu ln hn ngng,
ng chnh pha cc ng ny ri cng cng sut thu ca chng vi nhau. WCDMA
s dng hai tng tri ph: (1) tri ph bng m nh knh, (2) tri ph bng m nhn
dng ngun pht. M nh knh c xy dng trn c s m h s tri ph trc giao
kh bin (OVSF), trong h s tri ph SF=R
s
/R
c
vi R
s
l tc k hiu v R
c
l
tc chip. M ngu nhin ha c cu trc t m Gold. WCDMA s dng iu ch
QPSK cho ng xung v BPSK cho ng ln. gim t s cng sut nh trn
cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu iu ch, ngu nhin ha phc c s dng.

43
Chng 3
GIAO DIN V TUYN CA WCDMA UMTS

3.1. GII THIU CHUNG

3.1.1. Mc ch chng

- Hiu tng quan v WCDMA/FDD
- Hiu kin trc WCDMA v cc knh ca n
- Hiu c cc k thut phn tp pht trong WCDMA


- Kin trc giao din v tuyn ca 3G WCDMA/FDD
- Cc thng s lp vt l v quy hoch tn s ca WCDMA/FDD
- Cc kiu knh ca WCDMA/FDD
- S tng qut ca mt thit b thu pht WCDMA
- Cc s phn tp pht c s dng cho WCDMA
- Cc s iu ch v chuyn giao trong WCDMA
- Cc thng s quan trng my thu v my pht v tuyn ca UE
- M ha ting AMR

3.1.3. Hng dn
- Tham kho thm cc ti liu tham kho cui ti liu ging dy ca kha hc

3.2. M U

WCDMA UMTS l mt trong cc tiu chun ca IMT-2000 nhm pht trin
ca GSM cung cp cc kh nng cho th h ba. WCDMA UMTS s dng mng a
truy nhp v tuyn trn c s W-CDMA v mng li c pht trin t GSM/GPRS.
W-CDMA c th c hai gii php cho giao din v tuyn: ghp song cng phn chia
theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplex) v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi
gian (TDD: Time Division Duplex). C hai giao din ny u s dng tri ph chui
trc tip (DS-CDMA). Gii php th nht s c trin khai rng ri cn gii php th
hai ch yu s c trin khai cho cc nh (Micro v Pico). Hin nay mi ch c
WCDMA/FDD c trin khai v th trong kha hc ny ta s ch xt WCDMA/FDD
Gii php FDD s dng hai bng tn 5 MHz vi hai sng mang phn cch nhau
190 MHz: ng ln c bng tn nm trong di ph t 1920 MHz n 1980 MHz,
ng xung c bng tn nm trong di ph t 2110 MHz n 2170 Mhz. Mc d 5
MHz l rng bng danh nh, ta cng c th chn rng bng t 4,4 MHz n 5
44
MHz vi nc tng l 200 KHz. Vic chn rng bng ng n cho php ta trnh
c nhiu giao thoa nht l khi khi 5 MHz tip theo thuc nh khai thc khc.
Gii php TDD s dng cc tn s nm trong di 1900 n 1920 MHz v t
2010 MHz n 2025 MHz; y ng ln v ng xung s dng chung mt bng
tn.
Giao din v tuyn ca W-CDMA/FDD ( n gin ta s b qua k hiu FDD
nu khng xt n TDD) hon ton khc vi GSM v GPRS, W-CDMA s dung
phng thc tri ph chui trc tip vi tc chip l 3,84 Mcps. Trong WCDMA
mng truy nhp v tuyn c gi l UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network). Cc phn t ca UTRAN rt khc vi cc phn t mng truy nhp v
tuyn ca GSM. V th kh nng s dng li cc BTS v BSC ca GSM l rt hn ch.
Mt s nh sn xut cng c k hoch nng cp cc GSM BTS cho WCDMA. i
vi cc nh sn sut ny c th ch tho ra mt s b thu pht GSM t BTS v thay
vo cc b thu pht mi cho WCDMA. Mt s rt t nh sn sut cn lp k hoch
xa hn. H ch to cc BSC ng thi cho c GSM v WCDMA. Tuy nhin a phn
cc nh sn sut phi thay th GSM BSC bng RNC mi cho WCDMA.
W-CDMA s dng rt nhiu kin trc ca mng GSM, GPRS hin c cho mng
ca mnh. Cc phn t nh MSC, HLR, SGSN, GGSN c th c nng cp t mng
hin c h tr ng thi WCDMA v GSM.
Giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA/FDD c xy dng trn ba kiu knh: knh
logic, knh truyn ti v knh vt l. Knh logic c hnh thnh trn c s ng gi
cc thng tin t lp cao trc khi sp xp vo knh truyn ti. Nhiu knh truyn ti
c ghp chng vo knh vt l. Knh vt l c xy dng trn cng ngh a truy
nhp CDMA kt hp vi FDMA/FDD. Mi knh vt l c c trng bi mt cp
tn s v mt m tri ph. Ngoi ra knh vt l ng ln cn c c trng bi gc
pha. Trong phn di y ta trc ht ta xt kin trc giao thc ca giao din v tuyn
sau ta s xt giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA/FDD, sau s xt cc knh ny.

3.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC CA GIAO DIN V
TUYN WCDMA/FDD

Kin trc giao din v tuyn ca WCDMA c cho trn hnh 3.1.
45

UP: Mt phng ngi s dng
CP: Mt phng iu khin
Hnh 3.1. Kin trc giao thc v tuyn cho UTRA FDD.

Ngn xp giao thc ca giao din v tuyn bao gm 3 lp giao thc:
- Lp vt l (L1). c t cc vn lin quan n giao din v tuyn nh iu ch
v m ha, tri ph v.v..
- Lp lin kt ni s liu (L2). Lp khun s liu vo cc khi s liu v m bo
truyn dn tin cy gia cc nt ln cn hay cc thc th ng cp
- Lp mng (L3). c t nh a ch v nh tuyn

Mi khi th hin mt trng hp ca giao thc tng ng. ng khng lin
nt th hin cc giao din iu khin, qua giao thc RRC iu khin v lp cu hnh
cc lp di.
Lp 2 c chia thnh cc lp con: MAC (Medium Access Control: iu khin
truy nhp mi trng) v RLC (Radio link Control: iu khin lin kt), PDCP (Packet
Data Convergence Protocol: Giao thc hi t s liu gi) v BMC
(Broadcast/Multicast Control: iu khin qung b/a phng ).
Lp 3 v RLC c chia thnh hai mt phng: mt phng iu khin (C-Plane)
v mt phng ngi s dng (U-Plane). PDCP v BMC ch c mt phng U.
Trong mt phng C lp 3 bao gm RRC (Radio Resource Control: iu khin
ti nguyn v tuyn) kt cui ti RAN v cc lp con cao hn: MM (Mobility
Management) v CC (Connection Management), GMM (GPRS Mobility
Management), SM (Session Management) kt cui ti mng li (CN).
Lp vt l l lp thp nht giao din v tuyn. Lp vt l c s dng
truyn dn giao din v tuyn. Mi knh vt l lp ny c xc nh bng mt t
hp tn s, m ngu nhin ho (m nh knh) v pha (ch cho ng ln). Cc knh
c s dng vt l truyn thng tin ca cc lp cao trn giao din v tuyn, tuy
nhin cng c mt s knh vt l ch c dnh cho hot ng ca lp vt l.
46
truyn thng tin giao din v tuyn, cc lp cao phi chuyn cc thng tin
ny qua lp MAC n lp vt l bng cch s dng cc knh logic. MAC sp xp cc
knh ny ln cc knh truyn ti trc khi a n lp vt l lp ny sp xp
chng ln cc knh vt l.

3.4. CC THNG S LP VT L V QUY HOCH TN S

3.4.1. Cc thng s lp vt l
Cc thng s lp vt l ca WCDMA c cho trong bng 3.1.

Bng 3.1. Cc thng s lp vt l W-CDMA
W-CDMA
S a truy nhp DS-CDMA bng rng
rng bng tn (MHz) 5/10/15/20
Mnh ph 200 kHz
Tc chip (Mcps) (1,28)/3,84/7,68/11,52/15,36
di khung 10 ms
ng b gia cc nt B D b/ng b
M ha sa li M turbo, m xon
iu ch DL/UL QPSK/BPSK
Tri ph DL/UL QPSK/OCQPSK (HPSK)
B m ha thoi CS-ACELP/(AMR)
T chc tiu chun 3GPP/ETSI/ARIB
DL: Downlink: ng xung; UL: Uplink: ng ln
OCQPSK (HPSK): Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (Hybrid PSK) = kha
chuyn pha vung gc trc giao
CS-ACELP: Conjugate Structure-Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction = D bo tuyn tnh
kch thch theo m li s cu trc phc hp
3GPP: Third Generation Parnership Project: n ca cc i tc th h ba
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute: Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u
ARIB: Association of Radio Industries and Business: Lin hip cng nghip v kinh doanh v
tuyn

3.4.2. Quy hoch tn s

Cc bng tn s dng cho WCDMA FDD trn ton cu c cho trn hnh
3.2a. WCDMA s dng phn b tn s quy nh cho IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000) (hnh 3.2b) nh sau. chu u v hu ht cc
nc chu bng tn IMT-2000 l 260 MHz (1920-1980 MHz cng vi 2110-2170
MHz) c th s dng cho WCDMA/ FDD. Bng tn s dng cho TDD chu u thay
i, bng tn c cp theo giy php c th l 25 MHz cho s dng TDD 1900-
1920 (TDD1) v 2020-2025 MHz (TDD2). Bng tn cho cc ng dng TDD khng
47
cn xin php (SPA= Self Provided Application: ng dng t cp) c th l 2010-2020
MHz. Cc h thng FDD s dng cc bng tn khc nhau cho ng ln v ng
xung vi phn cch l khong cch song cng, cn cc h thng TDD s dng cng
tn s cho c ng ln v ng xung.
UMTS quy nh khai thc song cng phn chia theo tn s l ch tiu chun
cho thng tin thoi v s liu. Hot ng ng thi v lin tc ca cc mch in pht
v thu l cc thay i ng k nht so vi hat ng ca GSM.

Hnh 3.2. Phn b tn s cho WCDMA/FDD. a) Cc bng c th dng cho
WCDMA FDD ton cu; b) Bng tn IMT-2000.

Bng tn cho hat ng FDD cho cc bng I, II v III c cho trn hnh 3.3.
Bng I (B1) l n nh bng chnh Chu u. Quy nh dnh hai cp pht 60MHz vi
khong cch song cng chun 190MHz, tuy nhin quy nh cng cho php song cng
kh bin, trong khong cch pht thu nm trong khong 130 n 250MHz. H
thng song cng kh bin t ra cc yu cu b sung i vi thit k my pht thu v
cc b t tn s my pht v my thu phi hot ng c lp vi nhau. Bng II (B2) ti
s dng bng hin c ca h thng thng tin di ng c nhn v d nh s dng
M m bo ng tn ti UMTS v GSM. Khong cch song cng ch bng
80MHz i vi bng II v th t ra cc yu cu kh khn hn i vi phn cng ca
my thu pht.
48

Hnh 3.3 Cp pht bng tn WCDMA/FDD

Hnh 3.4 cho thy cp pht bng thng theo u thu ti Vng Quc Anh. Ph
tn c chia cho nm nh khai thc nh sau:
\ Cp php A (Hutchison) nhn cp pht bng kp 14,6 MHz (tng ng
35MHz vi bng bo v nh hn)
\ Cp php B Vodafon) nhn cp pht bng kp 14,8MHz (tng ng 35MHz
vi bng bo v nh hn)
\ Cp php C (BT3G) nhn cp pht bng kp 10MHz (25MHz) v bng n
5MHz ti 1910 MHz
\ Cp php D (One2One) nhn cp pht bng kp 10MHz (25MHz) v bng dn
5MHz ti 1900MHz
\ Cp php E (Orange) nhn cp pht bng kp (25MHz) v bng n 5MHz ti
1905MHz.

Hnh 3.4. Th d cp pht bng tn cho nm nh khai thc ti Vng Quc Anh

Cp pht tn s ca c khc vi cp pht tn s Anh ch, cc 10MHz
bng kp c cp pht cho su nh khai thc (610MHz), tt c bn knh TDD1
c cp pht (1900 n 1920 MHz) cng vi mt trong s cc knh TDD2 (hnh 3.5).
49

Hnh 3.5. Cp pht tn s cho su nh khai thc ti c

Ti Vit Nam bng tn 3G c cp pht tn s theo tm khe tn s nh
cho trong bng 3.2, trong hai hoc nhiu nh khai thc c th cng tham gia
xin cp pht chung mt khe.

Bng 3.2. Cp pht tn s 3G ti Vit Nam
Khe tn s

FDD TDD
BSTx* BSRx** BSTx/BSRx
A 2110-2125 MHz 1920-1935 MHz 1915-1920 MHz
B 2125-2140 MHz 1935-1950 MHz 1910-1915 MHz
C 2140-2155 MHz 1950-1965 MHz 1905-1910 MHz
D 2155-2170 MHz 1965-1980 MHz 1900-1905 MHz
* BSTx: my pht trm gc
** BSRx: my thu trm gc

L do cp pht cc knh 5MHz khc nhau ti cc nc khc nhau l ch cc
nh khai thc phi quy hoch m v phi trnh vic s dng cc m gy ra nhiu knh
ln cn trong cng mt nc hoc cc nh khai thc khc trong nc lin k. V th
cn phi nghin cu quan h gia cc t hp m tri ph v hot ng ca cc knh
ln cn.

3.5. CC KNH CA WCDMA

Cc knh ca WCDMA c chia thnh cc loi knh sau y:
50
\ Knh vt l (PhCH). Knh mang s liu trn giao din v tuyn. Mi PhCH c
mt tri ph m nh knh duy nht phn bit vi knh khc. Mt ngi s
dng tch cc c th s dng cc PhCH ring, chung hoc c hai. Knh ring l
knh PhCH dnh ring cho mt UE cn knh chung c chia s gia cc UE
trong mt .
\ Knh truyn ti (TrCH). Knh do lp vt l cung cp cho lp 2 truyn s liu.
Cc knh TrCH c sp xp ln cc PhCH
\ Knh Logic (LoCH). Knh c lp con MAC ca lp 2 cung cp cho lp cao
hn. Knh LoCH c xc nh bi kiu thng tin m n truyn.

3.5.1. Cc knh logic, LoCH

Ni chung cc knh logic (LoCH: Logical Channel) c chia thnh hai nhm:
cc knh iu khin (CCH: Control Channel) truyn thng tin iu khin v cc
knh lu lng (TCH: Traffic Channel) truyn thng tin ca ngi s dng. Cc
knh logic v ng dng ca chng c tng kt trong bng 3.2.

Bng 3.2. Danh sch cc knh logic
Nhm knh Knh logic ng dng

CCH (Control
Channel: Knh
iu khin)
BCCH (Broadcast Control
Channel: Knh iu khin
qung b)
Knh ng xung pht qung b
thng tin h thng

PCCH (Paging Control
Channel: Knh iu khin tm
gi)
Knh ng xung pht qung b
thng tin tm gi
CCCH (Common Control
chung)
Knh hai chiu pht thng tin
iu khin gia mng v cc UE.
c s dng khi khng c kt ni
RRC hoc khi truy nhp mt mi
DCCH (Dedicated Control
ring).
Knh hai chiu im n im
pht thng tin iu khin ring gia
UE v mng. c thit lp bi thit
lp kt ni ca RRC

TCH (Traffic
Channel: Knh
lu lng)
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic
Channel: Knh lu lng
ring)
Knh hai chiu im n im ring
cho mt UE truyn thng tin ca
ngi s dng. DTCH c th tn ti
c ng ln ln ng xung
CTCH (Common Traffic
Channel: Knh lu lng
chung)
Knh mt chiu im a im
truyn thng tin ca mt ngi s
dng cho tt c hay mt nhm ngi
s dng quy nh hoc ch cho mt
ngi s dng. Knh ny ch c
ng xung.
51
3.5.2. Cc knh truyn ti, TrCH

Cc knh lgic c lp MAC chuyn i thnh cc knh truyn ti. Tn ti
hai kiu knh truyn ti: cc knh ring v cc knh chung. im khc nhau gia
chng l: knh chung l ti nguyn c chia s cho tt c hoc mt nhm cc ngi
s dng trong , cn knh knh ring c n nh ring cho mt ngi s dng duy
nht. Cc knh truyn ti chung bao gm: BCH (Broadcast channel: Knh qung b),
FACH (Fast Access Channel: Knh truy nhp nhanh), PCH (Paging Channel: Knh
tm gi), DSCH (Down Link Shared Channel: Knh chia s ng xung), CPCH
(Common Packet Channel: Knh gi chung). Knh ring ch c mt knh duy nht l
DCH (Dedicated Channel: Knh ring). Knh truyn ti chung c th c p dng
cho tt c cc ngi s dng trong hoc cho mt ngi hoc nhiu ngi c th.
Khi knh truyn ti chung c s dng pht thng tin cho tt c cc ngi s dng
th knh ny khng cn c a ch. Chng hn knh BCH pht thng tin qung b
cho tt c cc ngi s dng trong . Khi knh truyn ti chung p dng cho mt
ngi s dng c th, th cn pht nhn dng ngi s dng trong bng (trong bn tin
s c pht). Knh PCH l knh truyn ti chung c s dng tm gi mt UE
c th s cha thng tin nhn dng ngi s dng bn trong bn tin pht.
Danh sch cc knh truyn ti v ng dng ca chng dc cho bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Danh sch cc knh truyn ti
Knh truyn ti ng dng
DCH (Dedicated
Channel: Knh ring)
Knh hai chiu c s dng pht s liu ca ngi s
dng. c n nh ring cho ngi s dng. C kh nng
thay i tc v iu khin cng sut nhanh
BCH (Broadcast
Channel: Knh qung
b)
Knh chung ng xung pht thng tin qung b (chng
hn thng tin h thng, thng tin )
FACH (Forward
Access Channel: Knh
truy nhp ng
xung)
Knh chung ng xung pht thng tin iu khin v s
liu ca ngi s dng. Knh chia s chung cho nhiu UE.
c s dng truyn s liu tc thp cho lp cao hn
PCH (Paging Channel:
Knh tm gi)
Knh chung dng xung pht cc tn hiu tm gi
RACH (Random
Access Channel)
Knh chung ng ln pht thng tin iu khin v s liu
ngi s dng. p dng trong truy nhp ngu nhin v c
s dng truyn s liu thp ca ngi s dng
CPCH (Common
Packet Channel: Knh
gi chung)
Knh chung ng ln pht s liu ngi s dng. p
dng trong truy nhp ngu nhin v c s dng trc ht
truyn s liu cm.
DSCH (Dowlink
Shared Channel: Knh
chia s ng xung)
Knh chung ng xung pht s liu gi. Chia s cho
nhiu UE. S dng trc ht cho truyn dn s liu tc
cao.

52
Cc knh logic c chuyn thnh cc knh truyn ti nh cho trn hnh 3.6.

Hnh 3.6. Chuyn i gia cc LoCH v TrCH trn ng ln v ng xung

3.5.3. Cc knh vt l

Mt knh vt l c coi l t hp ca tn s, m ngu nhin, m nh knh v
c pha tng i (i vi ng ln). Knh vt l (Physical Channel) bao gm cc
knh vt l ring (DPCH: Dedicated Physical channel) v knh vt l chung (CPCH:
Common Physical Channel). Cc knh vt l c tng kt hnh 3.7 v bng 3.4.

Hnh 3.7. Tng kt cc kiu knh vt l

53
Bng 3.4. Danh sch cc knh vt l
Tn knh ng dng
DPCH (Dedicated Physical
Channel: Knh vt l ring)
Knh hai chiu ng xung/ng ln c n nh
ring cho UE. Gm DPDCH (Dedicated Physical
Control Channel: Knh vt l iu khin ring) v
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Knh vt
l iu khin ring). Trn ng xung DPDCH v
DPCCH c ghp theo thi gian vi ngu nhin ha
phc cn trn ng ln c ghp m I/Q vi ngu
nhin ha phc
DPDCH (Dedicated
Physical Data Channel:
Knh vt l s liu ring
Khi s dng DPCH, mi UE c n nh t nht mt
DPDCH. Knh c s dng pht s liu ngi s
dng t lp cao hn
DPCCH (Dedicated
Physical Control Channel:
Knh vt l iu khin
ring)
Khi s dng DPCH, mi UE ch c n nh mt
DPCCH. Knh c s dng iu khin lp vt l
ca DPCH. DPCCH l knh i km vi DPDCH cha:
cc k hiu hoa tiu, cc k hiu iu khin cng sut
(TPC: Transmission Power Control), ch th kt hp
khun dng truyn ti. Cc k hiu hoa tiu cho php
my thu nh gi hng ng xung kim ca knh v
tuyn v thc hin tch sng nht qun. Cc k hiu
ny cng cn cho hot ng ca anten thch ng (hay
anten thng minh) c bp sng hp. TPC iu khin
cng sut vng kn nhanh cho c ng ln v ng
xung. TFCI thng tin cho my thu v cc thng s tc
thi ca cc knh truyn ti: cc tc s liu hin thi
trn cc knh s liu khi nhiu dch v c s dng
ng thi. Ngoi ra TFCI c th b b qua nu tc s
liu c nh. Knh cng cha thng tin hi tip hi tip
(FBI: Feeback Information) ng ln m bo
vng hi tip cho phn tp pht v phn tp chn la.

PRACH (Physical Random
Access Channel: Knh vt
l truy nhp ngu nhin)
Knh chung ng ln. c s dng mang knh
truyn ti RACH
PCPCH (Physical Common
Packet Channel: Knh vt
l gi chung)
Knh chung ng ln. c s dng mang knh
truyn ti CPCH
CPICH (Common Pilot
Channel: Knh hoa tiu
chung)
Knh chung ng xung. C hai kiu knh CPICH: P-
CPICH (Primary CPICH: CPICH s cp) v S-CPICH
(Secondary CPICH: CPICH th cp). P-CPICH m
bo tham chun nht qun cho ton b UE thu
c SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH v PICH v cc knh nay
khng c hoa tiu ring nh cc trng hp knh
DPCH. Knh S-CPICH m bo tham kho nht qun
54
chung trong mt phn hoc on cho trng hp s
dng anten thng minh c bp sng hp. Chng hn c
th s dng S-CPICH lm tham chun cho S-CCPCH
(knh mang cc bn tin tm gi) v cc knh DPCH
ng xung.

P-CCPCH (Primary
Common Control Physical
Channel: Knh vt l iu
khin chung s cp)
Knh chung ng xung. Mi c mt knh truyn
BCH
S-CCPCH (Secondary
Common Control Physical
Channel: Knh vt l iu
khin chung th cp)
Knh chung ng xung. Mt c th c mt hay
nhiu S-CCPCH. c s dng truyn PCH v
FACH

SCH (Synchrronization
Channel: Knh ng b)
Knh chung ng xung. C hai kiu knh SCH: SCH
s cp v SCH th cp. Mi ch c mt SCH s cp
v th cp. c s dng tm
PDSCH (Physical
Downlink Shared Channel:
Knh vt l chia s ng
xung)
Knh chung ng xung. Mi c nhiu PDSCH
(hoc khng c). c s dng mang knh truyn ti
DSCH
AICH (Acquisition
Indication Channel: Knh
ch th bt)
Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PRACH. c s
dng iu khin truy nhp ngu nhin ca PRACH.
PICH (Page Indication
Channel: Knh ch th tm
gi)
Knh chung ng xung i cp vi S-CCPCH (khi
knh ny mang PCH) pht thng tin kt cui cuc
gi cho tng nhm cuc gi kt cui. Khi nhn c
thng bo ny, UE thuc nhm kt cui cuc gi th n
s thu khung v tuyn trn S-CCPCH
AP-AICH (Access
Preamble Acquisition
Indicator Channel: Knh
ch th bt tin t truy nhp)
Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PCPCH iu
khin truy nhp ngu nhin cho PCPCH
CD/CA-ICH (CPCH
Collision Detection/
Channel Assignment
ch th pht hin va chm
CPCH/n nh knh)
Knh chung ng xung i cp vi PCPCH. c s
dng iu khin va chm PCPCH
CSICH (CPCH Status
ch th trng thi CPCH)
Knh chung ng xung lin kt vi AP-AICH pht
thng tin v trng thi kt ni ca PCPCH

55
Cc cc knh truyn ti c chuyn thnh cc knh vt l nh trn hnh 3.8.

Hnh 3.8. Chuyn i gia cc knh truyn ti v cc knh vt l

Hnh 3.9 cho thy vic ghp hai knh truyn ti ln mt knh vt l v cung cp
ch th li cho tng khi truyn ti ti pha thu.

TFI= Transport Format Indicator: Ch th khun dng truyn ti
TFCI= Transport Format Combination Indicator: Ch th kt hp khun dng truyn ti
Hnh 3.9. Ghp cc knh truyn ti ln knh vt l

56
3.5.4. Qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v truy nhp gi CPCH

Qu trnh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v truy nhp gi CPCH c cho trn
hnh 3.10a v 3.10b.

Hnh 3.10. Cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v truy nhp gi

Cc tr tc truy nhp ngu nhin trn hnh 3.10a nh sau. UE khi xng th
tc truy nhp ngu nhin RACH bng cch pht i mt AP (tin t truy nhp). Nu
chp nhn (OK), nt B pht AICH (ch th pht hin bt) n UE. Sau UE c th
pht bn tin trn knh RACH (knh truy nhp ngu nhin).
Cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin CPCH nh sau. Da trn thng tin kh dng
ca tng knh PCPCH do CSICH thng bo, UE khi xng th tc truy nhp CPCH
trn knh cha s dng bng cch pht i mt AP (tin t truy nhp). Nu c nt B
chp nhn (OK) UE pht i mt CP (tin t pht hin va chm) thng bo rng n
chim knh ny. Cui cng nt B pht i CD/CA-ICH (ch th pht hin va chm v
n nh knh) n UE. Sau UE c th pht gi trn knh CPCH (knh gi chung)

3.5.5. Th d v bo hiu thit lp cuc gi s dng cc knh logic v truyn
ti

Hnh 3.11 cho thy bo hiu thit lp lp cuc gi s dng knh logic v knh
truyn ti. u tin UE s dng knh logic CCCH truyn trn knh truyn ti RACH
yu cu ng truyn bo hiu (RRC). RNC tr li bng knh logic CCCH trn
knh truyn ti FACH. Sau khi c kt ni RRC, UE s trao i bo hiu vi RNC qua
knh logic DCCH trn knh truyn ti DCH. Sau khi nhn c lnh "truyn trc tip"
t UE, RNC pht lnh yu cu dch v CM (Connection Management: qun l kt ni)
trn giao thc RANAP (Radio Access Application Part: phn ng dng truy nhp
mng v tuyn) khi u bo hiu thit lp knh mang lu lng Ty thuc vo
yu cu ca UE lnh bo hiu ny c th c chuyn n MSC hoc SGSN (trong
trng hp xt l MSC). Sau khi thc hin cc th tc an ninh, cc th tc thit lp
knh mang c thc hin.
57
Hnh 3.11. Bo hiu thit lp cuc gi.

3.6. CU TRC KNH VT L RING

Cu trc knh vt l ring c trnh by trn hnh 3.12. Trong m hnh ny
mi cp hai bit th hin mt cp I/Q (mt k hiu) ca iu ch QPSK. T hnh v ta
thy, cu trc khung bao gm mt chui cc khung v tuyn, mi khung bao gm 15
khe (di 10 ms, cha 38400 chip) v mi khe cha 2560 chip (di 0,667 ms) bng mt
chu k iu khin cng sut (tn s iu khin cng sut l 1500 ln trong mt giy).
58

Hnh 3.12. Cu trc knh vt l ring cho ng ln v ng xung

Cu trc knh vt l ring ng ln cho mt khe (mt chu k iu khin
cng sut) c cho trn hnh 3.12. Thng tin ring lp cao hn bao gm s liu ngi
s dng v bo hiu c mang bi DPDCH ng ln v thng tin iu khin to ra
bi lp 1 c mang bi DPCCH. DPCCH bao gm cc k hiu hoa tiu quy nh
trc (c s dng c tnh knh v tch sng nht qun), cc lnh iu khin
cng sut (TPC: Transmit Power Control), thng tin phn hi (FBI: Feedback
Information) cho phn tp pht vng kn v k thut phn tp chn trm (SSDT: Site
Selection Diversity Technique), TFCI (ty chn). C th khng c, mt hay mt s
(nhiu nht l 6) knh DPDCH trn mt lin kt v tuyn, nhng ch c mt DPCCH
cho lin kt ny. DPDCH (hoc cc DPDCH) v DPCCH c ghp chung theo m
I/Q vi ngu nhin ha phc.
Cu trc knh vt l ring ng xung c m t trn hnh 3.12.Trn
ng xung knh ring (DPCH) ng xung bao gm DPDCH ng xung v
DPCCH ng xung ghp theo thi gian vi ngu nhin ha phc. S liu ring
c to ra ti cc mc cao hn trn DPDCH c ghp theo thi gian vi cc bit hoa
tiu, cc lnh TPC v cc bit TFCI (ty chn) c to ra ti lp vt l.
TFCI c th c hoc khng c, nu khng c cc bit TFCI, DTX (pht khng
lin tc) c s dng trong trng tng ng.

3.7. S TNG QUT MY PHT V MY THU WCDMA

Hnh 3.13 cho thy s khi ca my pht v tuyn (hnh 3.13a) v my thu
v tuyn (3.13b) trong W-CDMA. Lp 1 (lp vt l) b sung CRC cho tng khi
truyn ti (TB: Transport Block) l n v s liu gc cn x l nhn c t lp
MAC pht hin li pha thu. Sau s liu c m ho knh v an xen. S liu
sau an xen c b sung thm cc bit hoa tiu v cc bit iu khin cng sut pht
(TPC: Transmit Power Control)), c sp xp ln cc nhnh I v Q ca QPSK v
c tri ph hai lp (tri ph v ngu nhin ho). Chui chip sau ngu nhin ho
c gii hn trong bng tn 5 MHz bng b lc Niquist cosin tng cn hai (h s dc
bng 0,22) v c bin i vo tng t bng b bin i s vo tng t (D/A)
a ln iu ch vung gc cho sng mang. Tn hiu trung tn (IF) sau iu ch c
59
bin i nng tn vo sng v tuyn (RF) trong bng tn 2 GHz, sau c a ln
khuych i trc khi chuyn n anten pht vo khng gian.
Ti pha thu, tn hiu thu c b khuych i i tp m thp (LNA) khuych
i, c bin i vo trung tn (IF) thu ri c khuych i tuyn tnh bi b
khuych i AGC (t iu khuych). Sau khuych di AGC tn hiu c gii iu
ch c cc thnh phn I v Q. Cc tn hiu tng t ca cc thnh phn ny c
bin i vo s ti b bin i A/D, c lc bi b lc Nyquist cosine tng cn hai v
c phn chia theo thi gian vo mt s thnh phn ng truyn c cc thi gian tr
truyn sng khc nhau. My thu RAKE chn cc thnh phn ln hn mt ngng cho
trc). Sau gii tri ph cho cc thnh phn ny, chng c kt hp bi b kt hp
my thu RAKE, tn hiu tng c gii an xen, gii m knh (gii m sa li), c
phn knh thnh cc khi truyn ti TB v c pht hin li. Cui cng chng c
a n lp cao hn.

Hnh 3.13. S khi my pht tuyn (a) v my thu v tuyn (b)
3.8. PHN TP PHT

Khi nhiu anten thu c s dng, ta ni my thu s dng phn tp anten thu
(Rx). Phn tp Rx c th c s dng ti nt B tng dung lng ng ln v
vng ph sng. Do gi thnh v khng gian chim ln, phn tp anten thu khng ph
bin ti my u cui. khc phc nhc im ny WCDMA s dng phn tp pht
cho my u cui. Tn ti hai k thut phn tp pht WCDMA: Phn tp vng h v
phn tp vng kn.
60
3.8.1. Phn tp vng h

Phn tp pht vng h s dng b m ha c gi l STTD (Space time
Transmit Diversity: phn tp pht khng gian thi gian). S my pht v my thu
s dng STTD c cho trn hnh 3.14a v 3.14b.

MF: Matched Filter: B lc phi hp
Hnh 3.14. Phn tp pht vng h ca WCDMA

STTD c xy dng trn c s m Alamouti nh sau :

1 2
1 2
2 1
x x
(x , x )
x x
-
-
(
(
=
(

X (3.1)
trong ct 1 cha cc k hiu c pht i t anten 1 cn ct 2 cha cc k hiu
c pht i t anten 2. Cc k hiu ny l cc k hiu iu ch QPSK (xem hnh
3.15).

Hnh 3.15. B iu ch STTD s dng m khi khng gian thi gian trc giao (O-
STBC) 2x2.

61
3.8.2. Ch vng kn

R3 v R4 s dng hai khi nim phn tp pht vng kn. Trong c hai ch
ny, thng tin ng chnh pha c pht trn mt knh hi tip nhanh (tc 1500
bps) cho php chn 4 hoc 16 kh nng trng s bp sng. C hai khi nim ny u
c th coi l truyn dn nht qun (to bp thch ng knh) vi s dng cn bng knh
v cc chin lc bo hiu hi tip khc nhau. Kin trc my pht v my thu nt B
c cho trn hnh 3.16a v 3.16b.
Hnh 3.16. Phn tp pht vng kn ca WCDMA
Trong c hai ch trng s pht c la chn theo th tc di y:
- u cui o cc knh hoa tiu chung CPICH1 v CPICH2 c pht trn anten
1 v anten 2.
- u cui nhn c c tnh knh cho ng truyn h
1
v h
2

- Vect trng s pht cn thit W(w
1,
w
2
) c xc nh, c lng t v c
gi n BTS trong trng FBI ca knh DCCH.

3.9. IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG WCDMA

CDMA rt nhy cm vi iu khin cng sut: h thng WCDMA hot ng
bnh thng, cn c mt c ch iu khin cng sut tt duy tr t s tn hiu trn
nhiu (SIR) ti mc cho php. V nhiu ngi s dng cng truyn ng thi trn
cng mt tn s, nn mc nhiu ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng.
62
Tn ti hai kiu iu khin cng sut:
1. iu khin cng sut vng h: cho cc knh chung
2. iu khin cng sut vng kn: cho cc knh ring DPDCH/DPCCH v chia s
DSCH
iu khin cng sut vng h thng c UE trc khi truy nhp mng v nt
B trong qu trnh thit lp ng truyn v tuyn s dng c lng cng sut cn
pht trn ng ln da trn cc tnh ton tn hao ng truyn trn ng xung v
t s tn hiu trn nhiu yu cu.
iu khin cng sut vng kn c nhim v gim nhiu trong h thng bng
cch duy tr cht lng thng tin gia UE v UTRAN (ng truyn v tuyn) gn
nht vi mc cht lng ti thiu yu cu i kiu dch v m ngi s dng i hi.
iu khin cng sut vng kn bao gm hai phn: iu khin cng sut nhanh
vng trong tc 1500 Hz v iu khin cng sut chm vng ngoi tc 10-100Hz.

3.9.1. Th d v iu khin cng sut vng h cho PRACH

Da trn tnh ton ca PC vng h, UE thit lp cc cng sut ban u cho tin
t knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH). Trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin
(xem phn 3.5.4), UE thit lp cng sut pht tin t u tin nh sau:

Preamble_Initial_power = CPICH_Tx_power CPICH _RSCP
+ UL_interference + UL_required_CI (3.2)
trong CPICH_Tx-power l cng sut pht ca P-CPICH, CPICH _RSCP l cng
sut P-CPICH thu ti UE, CPICH_Tx_power CPICH _RSCP l c tnh suy hao
ng truyn t nt B n UE. UL_interferrence (c gi l tng cng sut thu
bng rng) c o ti nt B v c pht qung b trn BCH, UL_required_CI l
hng s tng ng vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu c thit lp trong qu trnh quy
hoch mng v tuyn.

3.9.2. iu khin cng sut vng kn ng ln

S iu khin cng sut vng kn ng ln cc cho trn hnh 3.17.

Hnh 3.17. Nguyn l iu khin cng sut vng kn ng ln
63
3.9.2.1. iu khin cng sut vng trong ng ln

Phng php iu khin cng sut nhanh vng kn ln nh sau (xem hnh 3.17).
Nt B thng xuyn c tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu thu c (SIR= Signal to
Interference Ratio) trn hoa tiu ng ln trong UL DPCCH v so snh n vi t s
SIR ch (SIR
ch
). Nu SIR
ctnh
cao hn SIR
ch
th nt B thit lp bit iu khin cng
sut trong DPCCH TPC=0 lnh UE h thp cng sut (Ty vo thit lp cu hnh:
1dB chng hn) , tri li n thit lp bit iu khin cng sut trong DPCCH TPC=1
ra lnh UE tng cng sut (1dB chng hn). Chu k o-lnh-phn ng ny c thc
hin 1500 ln trong mt giy (1,5 KHz) W-CDMA. Tc ny s cao hn mi s
thay i tn hao ng truyn v thm ch c th nhanh hn phainh nhanh khi MS
chuyn ng tc thp.

3.9.2.2. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng ln

iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thc hin iu chnh gi tr SIR
ch
nt B cho
ph hp vi yu cu ca tng ng truyn v tuyn t c cht lng cc
ng truyn v tuyn nh nhau. Cht lng ca cc ng truyn v tuyn thng
c nh gi bng t s bit li (BER: Bit Error Rate) hay t s khung li (FER=
Frame Error Rate). L do cn t li SIR
ch
nh sau. SIR yu cu (t l vi E
c
/N
0
)
chng hn l FER=1% ph thuc vo tc ca MS v c im truyn nhiu ng.
Nu ta t SIR
ch
ch cho trng hp xu nht (cho tc cao nht) th s lng ph
dung lng cho cc kt ni tc thp. Nh vy tt nht l SIR
ch
th ni xung
quanh gi tr ti thiu p ng c yu cu cht lng. thc hin iu khin cng
sut vng ngoi, mi khung s liu ca ngi s dng c gn ch th cht lng
khung l CRC. Nu kim tra CRC cho thy BLER
ctnh
> BLER
ch
th SIR
ch
s b
gim i mt nc bng ASIR, tri li n s c tng ln mt nc bng ASIR. L do t
iu khin vng ngoi RNC v chc nng ny thc hin sau khi thc hin kt hp
cc tn hiu chuyn giao mm.

3.9.3. iu khin cng sut vng kn ng xung

iu khin cng sut vng kn c minh ha trn hnh 3.18. UE nhn c
BLER ch t lp cao hn do RNC thit lp cng vi cc thng s iu khin khc.
Da trn BLER ch nhn c t RNC, n thc hin iu khin cng sut vng ngoi
bng cch tnh ton SIR ch cho iu kin cng sut vng kn nhanh ng xung.
UE c tnh SIR ng xung t cc k hiu hoa tiu ca DL DPCCH . c tnh SIR
ny c so snh vi SIR ch. Nu c tnh ny ln hn SIR ch, th UE thit lp
TPC=0 trong UL DPCCH v gi n n nt B, tri li n thit lp TPC=1. Tc diu
khin cng sut vng trong l 1500Hz
64

Hnh 3.18. Nguyn l iu khin cng sut vng kn ng xung

3.10. CC KIU CHUYN GIAO V CC S KIN BO CO TRONG
WCDMA

Chuyn giao l qu trnh c thc hin khi UE c kt ni v tuyn duy
tr cht lng truyn dn. Trong WCDMA c th c chuyn giao cng hoc chuyn
giao mm.

3.10.1. Chuyn giao cng

Chuyn giao cng (HHO: Hard Handover) ca WCDMA cng ging nh ca
GSM. UE ch ni n mt nt B. Khi thc hin HO n mt nt B khc, kt ni n
nt B c c gii phng.
Tt c cc kt ni s dng knh FACH (knh khng s dng iu khin cng
sut v dnh cho cc gi ngn) hay DSCH (knh ph hp nht cho cc dch v chuyn
mch gi) u s dng HHO.
Ngoi ra HHO s dng cho:
\ HO gia cc h thng (gia UTRAN v GSM)
\ HO gia cc tn s sng mang khc nhau ca UTRAN

3.10.2. Chuyn giao mm/ mm hn

Chuyn giao mm (hoc mm hn) s dng nhiu kt ni t mt UE n nhiu
nt B. Danh sch cc nt B tham gia vo kt ni vi UE trong chuyn giao mm/mm
hn c gi l tp tch cc. C th quy nh c kch thc cc i ca tp tch
cc. Thc cht chuyn giao l qu trnh trong mt (on ) hoc c kt np vo
tp tch cc hoc b loi ra khi tp tch cc. nh k hoc ti cc s kin bo co (s
kin 1A, 1B v 1C chng hn), SRNC nhn c kt qu o t UE a ra quyt
nh chuyn giao. Sau khi quyt nh chuyn giao, SRNC gii bn tin lp li cu hnh
lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt B lin quan v ng thi gi bn tin
65
RRC v lp li cu hnh knh vt l n UE cc nt B ny v UE thc hin chuyn
giao. Chuyn giao mm cho php tng s ng truyn thu c trn ng xung v
ng ln nh vy tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR: Signal to Interference Ratio):
E
c
/I
0
(E
c
l nng lng chip cn I
0
l mt ph cng sut nhiu) v lng tng ny
c gi l li chuyn giao. S tng qut SHO c cho trn hnh 3.19.

R
1a
, R
1b
l di bo co cho cc s kin 1a v 1b c thit lp bi RNC; H
1a
, H
1b
l

hng s tr c
quy nh cho cc s kin 1a v 1b
Hnh 3.19. Th d v gii thut SHO

Trong th d trong trn hnh 3.19 ta s dng cc s kin bo co 1A, 1B v 1C.
T hnh 3.19 ta thy:
\ Lc u. Ch c 1 v 2 nm trong tp tch cc
\ Ti s kin A. (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH1
> (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH3
- (R
1a
-H
1a
/2) trong (E
c
/I
0
)
P-
CPICH1
l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 1 mnh nht, (E
c
/I
0
)
P-
CPICH3
l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 3 nm ngoi tp tch
cc, R
1a
l hng s di bo co (do RNC thit lp), H
1a
l thng s tr s
kin v (R
1b
-H
1a
/2) 1 ca s kt np cho s kin 1A. Nu bt ng thc
ny tn ti trong khong thi gian AT th 3 c kt np vo tp tch
cc
\ Ti s kin C. (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH4
> (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH2
+H
1c
, trong (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH4

l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 4 nm ngoi tp tch cc v (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH2

l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 2 ti nht trong tp tch cc, H
1c
l thng
s tr s kin 1C. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong thi gian AT v tp tch
cc y th 2 b loi ra khi tp tich cc v 4 s th ch ca n
trong tp tch cc
\ Ti s kin B. (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH1
< (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH3
- (R
1b
+H
1b
) trong (E
c
/I
0
)
P-
CPICH1
l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 1 yu nht trong tp
tch cc, (E
c
/I
0
)
P-CPICH3
l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 3 mnh nht trong
tp tch cc v R
1b
l hng s di bo co (do RNC thit lp), H
1b
l thng
66
s s tr v (R
1b
+H
1b
) l ca s loi cho s kin 1C. Nu quan h ny tn
ti trong khong thi gian AT th 3 b loi ra khi tp tch cc

3.11. CC THNG S MY THU V MY PHT V TUYN CA UE

Cc thng s my thu v my pht quan trng trong phn v tuyn ca
UE c cho trong bng bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Cc thng s my thu v my pht v tuyn quan trng cho phn v
tuyn ca UE
Cc thng s chung

Tn s cng tc
Bng tn I: 2110-2170 MHz
Bng tn II: 1930-1990 MHz
Bng tn III: 1805-1880 MHz

Phn cch song cng chun
Bng tn I: 190 MHz
Bng tn II: 80 MHz
Bng tn III: 95 MHz
Cc thng s my thu

nhy
Bng tn 1: -117dBm
Bng tn II: -115dBm
Bng tn III: - 114dBm
Cc thng s my pht

Cng sut pht cc ai v
chnh xc
Loi 1: +33dBm +1/-3dB
Loi 2: +27dBm +1/-3dB
Loi 3: +24dBm +1/-3dB
Loi 4: +21dBm 2dB
iu khin cng sut pht
vng h
Bnh thng: 9dB
Cc ai: 12dB

3.12. AMR CODEC CHO W-CDMA

B m ho ting a tc thch ng (AMR CODEC: Adaptive Multirate
Codec) c coi l cng ngh vt tri cc cng ngh m ho ting khc. V th n
c chn l s m ho ting cho 3GW-CDMA UMTS. N cung cp 8 ch m
ho t 12,2 bps n 4,75kbps. Trong s cc ch ny, 12,2kbps, 7,4 kbps v 6,7 kbps
c chung mt gii thut vi cc s m ho ting c tiu chun ho cc tiu
chun ca cc vng khc trn th gii. AMC CODEC cho php la chn tc ty
theo cht lng knh truyn sng. Nu cht lng tt, tc cao nht (12,2kbps) c
chn. Nu ng truyn xu, mt trong s cc tc thp hn c la ty thuc vo
cht lng ng truyn.
AMR cng quy nh cc cng ngh ngoi vi cn thit cho thng tin di ng.
Hai tu chn c cung cp l gii thut VAD (pht hin tch cc ting) v DTX (pht
67
khng lin tc. Ngoi ra cng nh ngha cc yu cu cho che du li khi xy ra li.
Chng hn ni suy cc thng s m ho nh khuch i bng m, h s d on ngn
hn cng c nh ngha theo s chuyn i trng thi do li gy ra.

3.13. TNG KT

Trc ht chng ny trnh by ngn xp giao thc ca giao din v tuyn v
cc knh logic, knh truyn ti, knh vt l c to nn giao din ny. Sau
chng trnh by cc thng s lp vt l v quy hoch tn s ca WCDMA. Ti Vit-
Nam bng I c chia lm bn khe v c phn cho 4 nh khai thc. Ngn xp giao
thc c chia thnh hai loi: mt trong mt phng C-Plane truyn bo hiu v mt
trong mt phng U-Plane truyn lu lng. Tip theo cu trc ca cc knh ny
c trnh by c th. Cc knh c chia thnh hai loi: knh iu khin, bo hiu v
knh truyn lu lng. WCDMA l giai on pht trin u ca 3G WCDMA
UMTS v th vic thit k cc knh truyn lu lng vn tp trung ln dch v
chuyn mch knh vi knh c s dng cho dch v ny l DPCH. Tuy nhin cc
knh dung c chuyn mch gi cng bt u c ch trng. DSCH (Knh chia s
ng xung), RACH, FACH v CPCH c s dng cho mc ch ny. Cc knh
RACH, FACH v CPCH c s dng truyn nhanh cc gi nh, cn knh DSCH
c s cng vi knh DPCH trong thi im gi ln hn kh nng truyn ca knh
DPCH. ng xung s dng s iu ch QPSK kt hp vi m ha knh kim
sot li. M ha kim sot li c thc hin hai lp: (1) m ha pht hin li CRC,
(2) m ha sa li. Cc m sa li c th l m xon hoc m turbo. WCDMA s dng
phng php tri ph chui trc tip vi tc chip R
c
=3,84Mcps. Tri ph c thc
hin ti hai thao tc vi hai m: m nh knh v m nhn dng ngun pht. Khc vi
GSM, 3G WCDMA s dng c phn tp pht ln phn tp thu ti nt B. Cc s ny
c th nm trong ch vng h hoc vng kn. m bo t s tn hiu trn nhiu
yu cu, hai s iu khin cng sut c s dng cho WCDMA: iu khin cng
sut vng h v vng kn. iu khin cng sut vng h c p dng khi khi UE bt
u truy nhp mng. iu khin vng kn c s dng khi UE kt ni vi nt B.
iu khin cng sut vng kn bao gm iu khin cng sut vng trong nhanh vi tc
1500 ln trong mt giy v iu khin cng sut vng ngoi chm vi tc 10-
100 ln trong mt giy. WCDMA c th s dng chuyn giao cng hoc mm.
Chuyn giao mm ch c thc hin trn cng mt tn s v trong cng mt h thng
Cui chng mt s thng s v thng tin quan trng lin quan n my thu v my
pht v tuyn ca UE cng nh CODEC thoi cho WCDMA cng c trnh by.

68
Chng 4
TRUY NHP GI TC CAO (HSPA)

4.1. GII THIU CHUNG

4.1.1. Mc ch chng

- Hiu kin trc ngn xp giao thc giao din v tuyn HSDPA
- Hiu c cc s lp biu (Scheduler) v HARQ p dng cho HSPA
- Hiu c kin trc HSDPA v cc knh ca n
- Hiu c kin trc HSUPA v cc knh ca n
- Hiu c chuyn giao trong HSDPA

- Tng quan HSPA
- Kin trc giao din v tuyn ca HSPA
- HSDPA
- HSUPA
- Chuyn giao HSDPA

4.1.3. Hng dn
- Tham kho cc ti liu tham kho nu cn

4.2. TNG QUAN TRUY NHP GI TC CAO (HSPA)

4.2.1. M u

Truy nhp gi tc cao ng xung (HSDPA: High Speed Down Link
Packet Access) c 3GPP chun ha ra trong R5 vi phin bn tiu chun u tin
vo nm 2002. Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao (HSUPA) c 3GPP chun ha
trong R6 v thng 12 nm 2004. C hai HSDPA v HSUPA c gi chung l HSPA.
Cc mng HSDPA u tin c a vo thng mi vo nm 2005 v HSUPA c
a vo thng mi vo nm 2007. Cc thng s tc nh ca R6 HSPA c cho
trong bng 4.1.

Bng 4.1. Cc thng s tc nh R6 HSPA
HSDPA (R6) HSUPA (R6)
Tc nh (Mbps) 14,4 5,7
69
Tc s liu nh ca HSDPA lc u l 1,8Mbps v tng n 3,6 Mbps v
7,2Mbps vo nm 2006 v 2007, tim nng c th t n trn 14,4Mbps nm 2008.
Trong giai on u tc nh HSUPA l 1-2Mbps trong giai on hai tc ny c
th t n 4-5,7 Mbps vo nm 2008.
HSPA c trin khai trn WCDMA hoc trn cng mt sng mang hoc s
dng mt sng mang khc t c dung lng cao (xem hnh 4.1).

Hnh 4.1. Trin khai HSPA vi sng mang ring (f2) hoc chung sng mang vi
WCDMA (f1).

HSPA chia s chung h tng mng vi WCDMA. nng cp WCDMA ln
HSPA ch cn b sung phn mm v mt vi phn cng nt B v RNC.
Lc u HSPA c thit k cho cc dch v tc cao phi thi gian thc, tuy
nhin R6 v R7 ci thin hiu sut ca HSPA cho VoIP v cc ng dng tng t
khc.
Khc vi WCDMA trong tc s liu trn cc giao din nh nhau (384
kbps cho tc cc i chng hn), tc s liu HSPA trn cc giao din khc nhau.
Hnh 4.2 minh ha iu ny cho HSDPA. Tc nh (14,4Mbps trn 2 ms) ti u
cui ch xy ra trong thi im iu kin knh truyn tt v th tc trung bnh c th
khng qu 3Mbps. m bo truyn lu lng mang tnh cm ny, nt cn c b
m lu li lu lng v b lp biu truyn lu lng ny trn h tng mng.

Hnh 4.2. Tc s liu khc nhau trn cc giao din (trng hp HSDPA)
4.3. KIN TRC NGN XP GIAO THC GIAO DIN V TUYN
HSPA CHO S LIU NGI S DNG

Hnh 4.3 cho thy kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA cho s liu
ngi s dng. Mt phng bo hiu khng c th hin trn hnh 4.3 (trong mt
phng ny bo hiu c ni n RLC sau c a ln DCH hay HSDPA hoc
HSUPA). S liu t cc dch v khc nhau c nn tiu IP ti PDCP (Packet Data
70
Convergence Protocol). MAC-hs (High Speed: tc cao) thc hin chc nng lp
biu nhanh da trn nt B.
i vi HSDPA chc nng MAC mi (MAC-hs) c t trong nt B x l
pht li nhanh da trn HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request: yu cu pht li t
ng lai ghp), lp biu v u tin.
i vi HSUPA chc nng MAC mi (MAC-e) c t trong nt B x l
pht li nhanh da trn HARQ, lp biu v u tin. Ti UE chc nng MAC-e mi
c s dng x l lp biu v HARQ di s iu khin ca MAC-e trong nt B.
Chc nng MAC mi (MAC-es) c t trong RNC sp xp li th t gi trc
khi chuyn ln cc lp trn. S sp xp li ny l cn thit, v ca chuyn giao mm c
th dn n cc gi t cc nt B khc nhau n RNC khng theo th t.

MAC-hs: High Speed MAC: MAC tc cao
MAC-e: E-DCH MAC: MAC knh E-DCH, MAC-es: thc th MAC knh E-DCH sp t li th t
Hnh 4.3. Kin trc giao din v tuyn HSDPA v HSUPA cho s liu ngi s
dng
Hnh 4.4 cho thy cc chc nng mi trong cc phn t ca WCDMA khi a
vo HSPA.

71

Hnh 4.4. Cc chc nng mi trong cc phn t ca WCDMA khi a vo HSPA.

4.4. TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG XUNG (HSDPA)

HSDPA c thit k tng thng lng s liu gi ng xung bng cch
kt hp cc cng ngh lp vt l: truyn dn kt hp pht li nhanh v thch ng
nhanh c truyn theo s iu khin ca nt B.

4.4.1 Truyn dn knh chia s

c im ch yu ca HSDPA l truyn dn knh chia s. Trong truyn dn
knh chia s, mt b phn ca tng ti nguyn v tuyn ng xung kh dng trong
(cng sut pht v m nh knh trong WCDMA) c coi l ti nguyn chung c
chia s ng theo thi gian gia cc ngi s dng. Truyn dn knh chia s c
thc hin thng qua knh chia s ng xung tc cao (HS-DSCH: High-Speed
Dowlink Shared Channel). HS-DSCH cho php cp pht nhanh mt b phn ti
nguyn ng xung truyn s liu cho mt ngi s dng c th. Phng php
ny ph hp cho cc ng dng s liu gi thng c truyn theo dng cm v v th
c cc yu cu v ti nguyn thay i nhanh.
Cu trc c s thi gian v m ca HS-DSCH c cho trn hnh 4.5. Ti
nguyn m cho HS-DSCH bao gm mt tp m nh knh c h s tri ph 16 (xem
phn trn ca hnh 4.5), trong s m c th s dng lp cu hnh cho HS-DSCH
nm trong khong t 1 n 15. Cc m khng dnh cho HS-DSCH c s dng cho
72
mc ch khc, chng hn cho bo hiu iu khin, cc dch v MBMS hay cc dch
v chuyn mch knh.

Hnh 4.5. Cu trc thi gian-m ca HS-DSCH

Phn di ca hnh 4.5 m t n nh ti nguyn m HS-DSCH cho tng ngi
s dng trn c s TTI=2ms (TTI: Transmit Time Interval: Khong thi gian truyn
dn). HSPDA s dng TTI ngn gim tr v ci thin qu trnh bm theo cc thay
i ca knh cho mc ch iu khin tc v lp biu ph thuc knh (s xt trong
phn di).
Ngoi vic c n nh mt b phn ca tng ti nguyn m kh dng, mt
phn tng cng sut kh dng ca phi c n nh cho truyn dn HS-DSCH. Lu
rng HS-DSCH khng c iu khin cng sut m c iu khin tc . Trong
trng hp s dng chung tn s vi WCDMA, sau khi phc v cc knh WCDMA,
phn cng sut cn li c th c s dng cho HS-DSCH, iu ny cho php khai
thc hiu qu tng ti nguyn cng sut kh dng.

4.4.2. Lp biu ph thuc knh

Lp biu (Scheduler) iu khin vic dnh knh chia s cho ngi s dng no
ti mt thi im cho trc. B lp biu ny l mt phn t then cht v quyt nh rt
ln n tng hiu nng ca h thng, c bit khi mng c ti cao. Trong mi TTI, B
lp biu quyt nh HS-DSCH s c pht n ngi (hoc cc ngi) s dng no
kt hp cht ch vi c ch iu khin tc (ti tc s liu no).
Dung lng h thng c th c tng ng k khi c xt n cc iu kin
knh trong quyt nh lp biu: lp biu ph thuc knh. V trong mt , cc iu kin
ca cc ng truyn v tuyn i vi cc UE khc nhau thay i c lp, nn ti tng
thi im lun lun tn ti mt ng truyn v tuyn c cht lng knh gn vi
nh ca n (hnh 4.6). V th c th truyn tc s liu cao i vi ng truyn v
tuyn ny. Gii php ny cho php h thng t c dung lng cao. li nhn
c khi truyn dn dnh cho cc ngi s dng c cc iu kin ng truyn v
73
tuyn thun li thng c gi l phn tp a ngi s dng v li ny cng ln
khi thay i knh cng ln v s ngi s dng trong mt cng ln. V th tri vi
quan im truyn thng rng phainh nhanh l hiu ng khng mong mun v rng
cn chng li n, bng cch lp biu ph thuc knh phainh c li v cn khai thc
n.
Chin lc ca b lp biu thc t l khai thc cc thay i ngn hn (do
phainh a ng) v cc thay i nhiu nhanh nhng vn duy tr c tnh cng bng
di hn gia cc ngi s dng. V nguyn tc, s mt cng bng di hn cng ln th
dung lng cng cao. V th cn cn i gia tnh cng bng v dung lng.

Hnh 4.6. Lp biu ph thuc knh cho HSDPA

Ngoi cc iu kin knh, b lp biu cng cn xt n cc iu kin lu lng.
Chng hn, s v ngha nu lp biu cho mt ngi s dng khng c s liu i
truyn dn cho d iu kin knh ca ngi s dng ny tt. Ngoi ra mt s dch v
cn c cho mc u tin cao hn. Chng hn cc dch v lung i hi c m
bo tc s liu tng i khng i di hn, trong khi cc dch v nn nh ti
xung khng c yu cu gt gao v tc s liu khng i di hn.
Nguyn l lp biu ca HSDPA c cho trn hnh 4.7. Nt B nh gi cht
lng knh ca tng ngi s dng HSDPA tch cc da trn thng tin phn hi nhn
c t ng ln. Sau lp biu v thch ng ng truyn c tin hnh theo gii
thut lp biu v s u tin ngi s dng.
74

Hnh 4.7. Nguyn l lp biu HSDPA ca nt B

4.4.3. iu khin tc v iu ch bc cao

iu khin tc c coi l phng tin thch ng ng truyn cho cc
dch v truyn s liu hiu qu hn so vi iu khin cng sut thng c s dng
trong CDMA, c bit l khi n c s dng cng vi lp biu ph thuc knh.
i vi HSDPA, iu khin tc c thc hin bng cch iu chnh ng
t l m ha knh v chn la ng gia iu ch QPSK v 16QAM. iu ch bc cao
nh 16QAM cho php t c mc s dng bng thng cao hn QPSK nhng i
hi t s tn hiu trn tp m (E
b
/N
0
) cao hn. V th 16 QAM ch yu ch hu ch
trong cc iu kin knh thun li. Nt B la chn tc s liu c lp cho tng TTI
2ms v c ch iu iu khin tc c th bm cc thay i knh nhanh.

4.4.3.1. M ha knh HS-DSCH

Do m ha turbo c hiu nng vt tri m ha xn nn HS-DSCH ch s
dng m ha turbo. Nguyn l tng qut ca b m ha turbo nh sau (hnh 4.8a).
Lung s a vo b m ha turbo c chia thnh ba nhnh, nhnh th nht khng
c m ha v cc bit ra ca nhnh ny c gi l cc bit h thng, nhnh th hai v
th ba c m ha v cc bit ra ca chng c gi l cc bit chn l 1 v 2. Nh vy
c mt bit vo th c ba bit ra, nn b m ha turbo ny c t l m l r=1/3. T l ny
c th gim nu ta b bt mt s bit chn l v qu trnh ny c gi l c l (hnh
4.8b).
75

Hnh 4.8. M ha turbo v c l

4.4.3.2. iu ch HS-DSCH

HS-DSCH c th s dng iu ch QPSK v 16-QAM. Chm tn hiu QPSK v
16QAM c cho trn hnh 4.9.
iu ch QPSK ch cho php mi k hiu iu ch truyn c hai bit, trong
khi iu ch 16QAM cho php mi k hiu iu ch truyn c bn bit v th
16QAM cho php truyn tc s liu cao hn. Tuy nhin t hnh 4.9 ta thy khong
cch gia hai im tn hiu trong chm tn hiu 16QAM li ngn hn khong cch ny
trong chm tn hiu QPSK v v th kh nng chu nhiu v tp m ca 16QAM km
hn QPSK.

Hnh 4.9. Chm tn hiu iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM v khong cch cc tiu gia
hai im tn hiu
76
4.4.3.3. Truyn dn thch ng trn c s iu ch v m ha knh thch ng

Truyn dn thch ng l qu trnh truyn dn trong tc s liu c thay
i ty thuc vo cht lng ng truyn: tc ng truyn c tng khi cht
lng ng truyn tt hn, ngc li tc ng truyn b gim. thay i tc
truyn ph hp vi cht lng knh, h thng thc hin thay i s iu ch v t
l m nn phng php ny c gi l iu ch v m ha thch ng (AMC:
Adaptive Modulation and Coding). Chng hn khi cht lng ng truyn tt hn, h
thng c th tng tc truyn dn s liu bng cch chn s iu ch 16QAM v
tng t l m bng 3/4 bng cch c l, tri li khi cht lng truyn dn ti hn h
thng c th gim tc truyn dn bng cch s dng s iu ch QPSK v
khng c l gim t l bng 1/3.

4.4.4. HARQ vi kt hp mm

HARQ vi kt hp mm cho php u cui yu cu pht li cc khi thu mc
li, ng thi iu chnh mn t l m hiu dng v b tr cc li gy ra do c ch
thch ng ng truyn. u cui gii m tng khi truyn ti m n nhn c ri
bo co v nt B v vic gii m thnh cng hay tht bi c 5ms mt ln sau khi thu
c khi ny. Cch lm ny cho php pht li nhanh chng cc khi s liu thu
khng thnh cng v gim ng k tr lin quan pht li so vi pht hnh R3.
Nguyn l x l pht li HSDPA c minh ha trn hnh 4.10. u tin gi
c nhn vo b nh m ca nt B. Ngay c khi gi c gi i nt B vn gi
gi ny. Nu UE gii m tht bi n lu gi nhn c vo b nh m v gi lnh
khng cng nhn (NAK) n nt B. Nt B pht li c gi hoc ch phn sa li ca gi
ty thuc vo gi thuth kt hp gi ti UE. UE kt hp gi pht trc vi gi c
pht li v gii m. Trong trng hp gii m pha thu tht bi, nt B thc hin pht li
m khng cn RNC tham gia. My di ng thc hin kt hp cc pht li. Pht theo
RNC ch thc hin khi xy ra s c hot ng lp vt l (li bo hiu chng hn). Pht
li theo RNC s dng ch cng nhn RLC, pht li RLC khng thng xuyn xy
ra.
77

Hnh 4.10. Nguyn l x l pht li ca nt B

Khng nh HARQ truyn thng, trong kt hp mm, u cui khng loi b
thng tin mm trong trng hp n khng th gii m c khi truyn ti m kt hp
thng tin mm t cc ln pht trc vi pht li hin thi tng xc sut gii m
thnh cng. Tng phn d (IR) c s dng lm c s cho kt hp mm trong
HSDPA, ngha l cc ln pht li c th cha cc bit chn l khng c trong cc ln
pht trc. IR c th cung cp li ng k khi t l m i vi ln pht u cao v
cc bit chn l b sung lm gim tng t l m. V th IR ch yu hu ch trong tnh
trng gii hn bng thng khi u cui gn trm gc v s lng cc m nh knh
ch khng phi cng sut hn ch tc s liu kh dng. Nt B iu khin tp cc bit
c m ha s s dng pht li c xt n dung lng nh kh dng ca UE.
Cc hnh 4.11 cho thy th d v s dng HARQ s dng m turbo c s t l
m r=1/3 cho kt hp phn d tng. Trong ln pht u gi bao gm tt c cc bit
thng tin cng vi mt s bit chn l c pht. n ln pht li ch cc bit chn l
khc vi cc bit chn l c pht trong gi trc l c pht. Kt hp gi pht trc
v gi pht sau cho ra mt gi c nhiu bit d sa li hn v v th y l s kt
hp phn d tng.
78

Hnh 4.11. HARQ kt hp phn d tng s dng m turbo

4.4.4. Kin trc

T cc phn trn ta thy rng cc k thut HSDPA da trn thch ng nhanh i
vi cc thay i nhanh trong cc iu kin knh. V th cc k thut ny phi c t
gn vi giao din v tuyn ti pha mng, ngha l ti nt B. Ngoi ra mt mc tiu
quan trng ca HSDPA l duy tr ti a s phn chia chc nng gia cc lp v cc
nt ca R3. Cn gim thiu s thay i kin trc, v iu ny s n gin ha vic a
HSDPA vo cc mng trin khai cng nh m bo hot ng trong cc mi trng
m khng phi tt c cc u c nng cp bng chc nng HSDPA. V th
HSDPA a vo nt B mt lp con MAC mi, MA-hs, chu trch nhim cho lp biu,
iu khin tc v khai thc giao thc HARQ. Do vy ngoi tr cc tng cng cho
RNC nh iu khin cho php HSDPA i vi cc ngi s dng, HSDPA ch yu
tc ng ln nt B (hnh 4.12).
79

Hnh 4.12. Kin trc HSDPA
Mi UE s dng HSDPA s thu truyn dn HS-DSCH t mt ( phc v).
phc v chu trch nhim lp biu, iu khin tc , HARQ v cc chc nng MAC-
hs khc cho HSDPA. Chuyn giao mm ng ln c h tr trong truyn dn s
liu ng ln s thu c t nhiu v UE s nhn c cc lnh iu khin cng
sut t nhiu .
Di ng t mt h tr HSDPA n mt khng h tr HSDPA c x l d
rng. C th m bo dch v khng b gin on cho ngi s dng (mc d ti tc
s liu thp hn) bng chuyn mch knh trong RNC trong ngi s dng c
chuyn mch n knh dnh ring (DCH) trong khng c HSDPA. Tng t, mt
ngi s dng c trang b u cui c HSDPA c th chuyn mch t knh ring
sang HSDPA khi ngi ny chuyn vo c h tr HSDPA.
Cu trc knh tng th ca HSDPA kt hp WCDMA c cho trn hnh 4.13.

Hnh 4.13. Cu trc knh HSDPA kt hp WCDMA
Di y ta tng kt chc nng ca cc knh trong HSDPA:
1. HS-DSCH (High Speed- Downlink Shared Channel) l knh truyn ti c sp
xp ln nhiu knh vt l HS-PDSCH truyn ti lu lng gi chia s cho nhiu
ngi s dng, trong mi HS-PDSCH c h s tri ph khng i v bng 16.
Cu hnh cc i ca HS-DSCH l 15SF16 (tng ng vi tc nh khi iu ch
80
16QAM v t l m 1/1 l 14,4Mbps). Cc ngi s dng chia s HS-DSCH theo
s knh vt l HS-PDSCH (s m vi SF=16) v khong thi gian truyn dn
TTI=2ms.
2. HS-SCCH (High Speed-Shared Control Channel) s dng h s tri ph 128 v
c cu trc thi gian da trn mt khung con c di 2ms bng di ca HS-
DSCH. Cc thng tin sau y c mang trn HS-SCCH:
\ S m nh knh
\ S iu ch
\ Kch thc khi truyn ti
\ Gi c pht l gi mi hay pht li (HARQ) hoc HARQ theo RNC RLC
\ Phin bn d
\ Phin bn chm tn hiu
Khi HSDPA hot ng trong ch ghp theo thi gian, ch cn lp cu hnh mt
HS-SCCH, nhng kho HSDPA hot ng trong ch ghp theo m th cn c
nhiu HS-SCCH hn. Mt UE c th xem xt c nhiu nht l 4 HS-SCCH ty
vo cu hnh c lp bi h thng.
3. HS-DPCCH (High Speed- Dedicated Physical Control Channel) ng ln c h
s tri ph 256 v cu trc t 3 khe 2ms cha cc thng tin sau y:
\ Thng tin phn hi (CQI: Channel Quality Indicator: ch th cht lng knh)
bo cho b lp biu nt B v tc s liu m UE mong mun
\ ACK/NAK (cng nhn v ph nhn) cho HARQ
4. DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) i cng vi HS-DPCCH ng ln
cha cc thng tin ging nh R3.
5. F-DPCH (Fractional- Dedicated Physical Channel) ng xung c h s tri ph
256 cha thng tin iu khin cng sut cho 10 ngi s dng tit kim ti
nguyn m trong truyn dn gi

4.4.5. HSDPA MIMO

MIMO l mt trong tnh nng mi c a vo R7 tng cc tc s liu
nh thng qua truyn dn lung. Ni mt cch cht ch, MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) l mt cch th hin tng qut s s dng nhiu anten c pha pht
v pha thu. Nhiu anten c th c s dng tng li phn tp v v th tng t
s sng mang trn nhiu ti my thu. Tuy nhin thut ng ny thng c s dng
biu th truyn dn nhiu lp hay nhiu lung nh l mt phng tin tng tc
s liu n mc cc i c th trong mt knh cho trc. V th MIMO hay ghp knh
khng gian c th nhn nhn nh l mt cng c ci thin thng lng ca ngi s
dng u cui ging nh mt b khuch i tc s liu. V bn cht, ci thin
thng lng ca ngi s dng u cui mt mc nht nh s dn n tng
thng lng h thng.
Cc s MIMO c thit k khai thc mt s thuc tnh ca mi trng
truyn sng v tuyn nhm t c cc tc s liu cao bng cch pht i nhiu
lung s liu song song. Tuy nhin t c cc tc s liu cao nh vy, cn
m bo t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao tng ng ti my thu. V th ghp knh khng
81
gian ch yu c p dng cho cc nh hn hay vng gn vi nt B, ni m thng
thng t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao. Trong trng hp khng th m bo t s tn
hiu trn nhiu cao, nhiu anten thu m UE c nng lc MIMO c trang b c th
c s dng cho phn tp thu cho mt lung pht n. V th mt UE c nng lc
MIMO s m bo tc s liu cao hn ti bin trong cc ln so vi mt UE
tng ng ch c mt anten.
HSDPA MIMO h tr truyn dn hai lung. Mi lung c x l lp vt l
nh nhau (m ha, tri ph v iu ch ging nh trng hp HSDPA mt lp). Sau
m ha, tri ph v iu ch, tin m ha tuyn tnh da trn cc trng s phn hi t
UE c s dng trc khi lung s c sp xp ln hai anten (hnh 4.14).

Hnh 4.14. S MIMO 2x2

S trn cng c th hot ng trong ch truyn dn mt lung. Trong
trng hp ny ch c mt lung s liu l c m ha v c truyn ng thi trn
c hai anten ging nh trng hp phn tp pht vng kn ca WCDMA. S
MIMO vi hai ch ny c gi l D-TxAA (Dual Transmit Adaptive Array: dn
thch ng pht kp). Trong mi trng di ng thc t ch hai lung c s dng
khi UE gn trm gc (ng truyn c cht lng tt) v mt lung c s dng khi
UE xa trm gc (ng truyn c cht lng xu).
Vic a vo MIMO s nh hng ch yu ln qu trnh x l lp vt l; nh
hng ln lp giao thc l nh v cc lp trn ch yu nhn MIMO nh l mt tc
s liu cao hn.
4.4.6. Tng tc nh bng vic s dng MIMO v iu ch bc cao
16QAM/64QAM

Bng 4.2 cho thy qu trnh tng tc nh HSDPA bng vic s dng MIMO
kt hp vi iu ch bc cao 16QAM/64QAM i vi cc loi u cui UE khc nhau.

Bng 4.2. Cc loi u cui HSDPA khc nhau
Th loi S m iu ch MIMO T l m
ha
Tc bit
nh
(Mbps)
Pht hnh
ca 3GPP
12 5 QPSK - 3/4 1,8 R5
5/6 5 16QAM - 3/4 3,6 R5
82
7/8 10 16QAM - 3/4 7,2 R5
9 15 16QAM - 3/4 10,1 R5
10 15 16QAM - Gn 1/1 14,0 R5
13 15 64QAM - 5/6 17,4 R7
14 15 64QAM - Gn 1/1 21,1 R7
15 15 16QAM 2x2 5/6 23,4 R7
16 15 16QAM 2x2 Gn 1/1 28 R7

4.5. TRUY NHP GI TC CAO NG LN (HSUPA)

Ct li ca HSUPA cng s dng hai cng ngh c s nh HSDPA: lp biu
nhanh v HARQ nhanh vi kt hp mm. Cng ging nh HSDPA, HSUPA s dng
khong thi gian ngn 2ms cho TTI ng ln. Cc tng cng ny c thc hin
trong WCDMA thng qua mt knh truyn ti mi, E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated
Channel: knh ring tng cng).
Mc d s dng cc cng ngh ging HSDPA, HSUPA cng c mt s khc
bit cn bn so vi HSDPA v cc khc bit ny nh hng ln vic thc hin chi tit
cc tnh nng:
\ Trn ng xung, cc ti nguyn chia s l cng sut v m u c t
trong mt nt trung tm (nt B). Trn ng ln, ti nguyn chia s l i
lng nhiu ng ln cho php, i lng ny ph thuc vo cng sut ca
nhiu nt nm phn tn (cc nt UE)
\ Trn ng xung b lp biu v cc b m pht c t trong cng mt
nt, cn trn ng ln b lp biu c t trong nt B trong khi cc b
m s liu c phn tn trong cc UE. V th cc UE phi thng bo thng
tin v tnh trng b m cho b lp biu
\ ng ln WCDMA v HSUPA khng trc giao v v th xy ra nhiu gia
cc truyn dn trong cng mt . Tri li trn ng xung cc knh c pht
trc giao. V th iu khin cng sut quan trng i vi ng ln x l
vn gn xa. E-DCH c pht vi khong dch cng sut tng i so vi
knh iu khin ng ln c iu khin cng sut v bng cch iu chnh
dch cng sut cho php cc i, b lp biu c th iu khin tc s liu E-
DCH. Tri li i vi HSDPA, cng sut pht khng i ( mc nht nh)
cng vi s dng thch ng tc s liu.
\ Chuyn giao c E-DCH h tr. Vic thu s liu t u cui ti nhiu l c
li v n m bo tnh phn tp, trong khi pht s liu t nhiu trong
HSDPA l phc tp v cha chc c li lm. Chuyn giao mm cn c ngha
l iu khin cng sut bi nhiu gim nhiu gy ra trong cc ln cn v
duy tr tng tch ngc vi UE khng s dng E-DCH
\ Trn ng xung, iu ch bc cao hn (c xt n hiu qu cng sut i
vi hiu qu bng thng) c s dng cung cp cc tc s liu cao
trong mt s trng hp, chng hn khi b lp biu n nh s lng m nh
knh t cho truyn dn nhng i lng cng sut truyn dn kh dng li kh
83
cao. i vi ng ln tnh hnh li khc; khng cn thit phi chia s cc m
nh knh i vi cc ngi s dng khc v v th thng thng t l m ha
knh thp hn i vi ng ln. Nh vy khc vi ng ln iu ch bc
cao t hu ch hn trn ng ln trong cc v m v v th khng c xem
xt trong pht hnh u ca HSUPA.

4.5.1. Lp biu

i vi HSUPA, b lp biu l phn t then cht iu khin khi no v ti
tc s liu no mt UE c php pht. u cui s dng tc cng cao, th cng
sut thu t u cui ti nt B cng phi cng cao m bo t s E
b
/N
0
(E
b
=P
r
/R
b
, P
r

l cng sut thu ti nt B cn R
b
l tc bit c pht i t UE) cn thit cho gii
iu ch. Bng cch tng cng sut pht, UE c th pht tc s liu cao hn. Tuy
nhin do ng ln khng trc giao, nn cng sut thu t mt UE s gy nhiu i vi
cc u cui khc. V th ti nguyn chia s i vi HSUPA l i lng cng sut
nhiu cho php trong . Nu nhiu qu cao, mt s truyn dn trong , cc knh iu
khin v cc truyn dn ng ln khng c lp biu c th b thu sai. Tri li mc
nhiu qu thp cho thy rng cc UE b iu chnh thi qu v khng khai thc ht
ton b dung lng h thng. V th HSUPA s dng b lp biu cho php cc
ngi s dng c s liu cn pht c php s dng tc s liu cao n mc c
th nhng vn m bo khng vt qu mc nhiu cc i cho php trong .
Nguyn l lp biu HSUPA c cho trn hnh 4.15.

Hnh 4.15. Nguyn l lp biu HSUPA ca nt B

Khc vi HSDPA, b lp biu v cc b m pht u c t ti nt B, s
liu cn pht c t ti cc UE i vi ng ln. Ti cng mt thi im b lp
biu t ti nt B iu phi cc tch cc pht ca cc UE trong . V th cn c mt c
ch thng bo cc quyt nh lp biu cho cc UE v cung cp thng tin v b m
t cc UE n b lp biu. Chng trnh khung HSUPA s dng cc cho php lp biu
pht i t b lp biu ca nt B iu khin tch cc pht ca UE v cc yu cu lp
biu pht i t UE yu cu ti nguyn. Cc cho php lp biu iu khin t s cng
84
sut gia E-DCH v hoa tiu c php m u cui c th s dng; cho php ln hn
c ngha l u cui c th s dng tc s liu cao hn nhng cng gy nhiu nhiu
hn trong . Da trn cc kt qu o c mc nhiu tc thi, b lp biu iu khin
cho php lp biu trong tng u cui duy tr mc nhiu trong ti mc quy nh
(hnh 4.16).
Trong HSDPA, thng thng mt ngi s dng c x l trong mt TTI.
i vi HSUPA, trong hu ht cc trng hp chin lc lp biu ng ln c th
thc hin lp biu ng thi cho nhiu ngi s dng. L do v mt u cui c cng
sut nh hn nhiu so vi cng sut nt B: mt u cui khng th s dng ton b
dung lng mt mnh.

Hnh 4.16. Chng trnh khung lp biu ca HSUPA

Nhiu gia cc cng cn c iu khin. Thm ch nu b lp biu cho
php mt UE pht ti tc s liu cao trn c s mc nhiu ni chp thun c,
nhng vn c th gy nhiu khng chp nhn c i vi cc ln cn. V th trong
chuyn giao mm, phc v chu trch nhim chnh cho hat ng lp biu, nhng
UE gim st thng tin lp biu t tt c cc m UE nm trong chuyn giao mm. Cc
khng phc v yu cu tt c cc ngi s dng m n khng phc v h tc s
liu E-DCH bng cch pht i ch th qu ti trn ng xung. C ch ny m bo
hot ng n nh cho mng.
Lp biu nhanh cung cp mt chin lc cho php kt ni mm do hn. V c
ch lp biu cho php x l tnh trng trong nhiu ngi s dng cn pht ng
thi, nn s ngi s dng s liu gi tc cao mang tnh cm c cho php ln
hn. Nu iu ny gy ra mc nhiu cao khng th chp nhn c trong h thng, th
b lp biu c th phn ng nhanh chng hn ch cc tc s liu m cc UE c
th s dng. Khng c lp biu nhanh, iu khin cho php c th chm tr hn v
phi dnh mt d tr nhiu trong h thng trong trng hp nhiu ngi s dng hot
ng ng thi.

4.5.2. HARQ vi kt hp mm

HARQ nhanh vi kt hp mm c HSUPA s dng vi mc ch c bn
ging nh HSDPA: m bo tnh bn vng chng li cc sai li truyn dn ngu
nhin. S c s dng ging nh i vi HSDPA. i vi tng khi truyn ti
85
c pht trn ng ln, mt bit c pht t nt B n UE thng bo gii m
thnh cng (ACK) hay yu cu pht li khi truyn ti thu b mc li (NAK).
im khc bit chnh so vi HSDPA bt ngun t vic s dng chuyn giao
mm trn ng ln. Khi UE nm trong chuyn giao mm, ngha l giao thc HARQ
kt cui ti nhiu . V th trong nhiu trng hp s liu truyn dn c th c thu
thnh cng ti mt s nt B nhng li tht bi ti cc nt B khc. Nhn t pha UE,
iu ny l , v t nht mt nt B thu thnh cng s liu. V th trong chuyn giao
mm tt c cc nt B lin quan u gii m s liu v pht ACK hoc NAK. Nu UE
nhn c ACK t nht t mt nt B, UE coi rng s liu c thu thnh cng.
HARQ vi kt hp mm c th c khai thc khng ch m bo tnh bn
vng chng li nhiu khng d bo c m cn ci thin hiu sut ng truyn
tng dung lng v (hoc) vng ph. Cc bit c m ha b sung ch c pht khi
cn thit. V th t l m sau cc ln pht li c xc nh theo t l m cn thit cho
iu kin knh tc thi. y cng chnh l mc tiu m thch ng tc c gng t
c, im khc chnh l thch ng tc c gng tm ra t l m ph hp trc khi
pht.

4.5.3. Kin trc

hot ng hiu qu, b lp biu phi c kh nng khai thc cc thay i
nhanh theo mc nhiu v cc iu kin ng truyn. HARQ vi kt hp mm cng
cho li t cc pht li nhanh v iu ny gim chi ph cho cc pht li. V th hai chc
nng ny phi c t gn giao din v tuyn. V th cng ging nh HSDPA, cc
chc nng lp biu v HARQ ca HSUPA c t ti nt B. Ngoi ra cng ging
nh i vi HSDPA, cng cn m bo gi nguyn cc lp cao hn lp MAC. V th
mt m, iu khin cho php vn t di quyn iu khin ca RNC. iu ny
cho php a HSUPA m vo cc vng c chn la; trong cc khng h tr
truyn dn E-DCH, c th s dng chuyn mch knh sp xp lung s ca ngi
s dng ln DCH.
Ging nh trit l thit k HSDPA, mt thc th MAC mi (MAC-e) c a
vo UE v nt B. Trong nt B, MAC-e chu trch nhim truyn ti cc pht li HARQ
v lp biu, cn trong UE, chiu trch nhim chn la tc s liu trong cc gii hn
do b lp biu trong MAC-e ca nt B t ra.
Khi UE nm trong chuyn giao mm vi nhiu nt B, cc khi truyn ti khc
nhau c th c gii m ng ti cc nt B khc nhau. Kt qu l mt khi truyn ti
c th c thu ng ti mt nt B, trong khi mt nt B khc vn tham gia v cc
pht li ca mt khi truyn ti c pht sm hn. V th m bo chuyn cc
khi truyn ti ng trnh t n giao thc RLC, cn c chc nng sp xp li th t
trong RNC dng mt thc th mi: MAC-es. Trong chuyn giao mm, nhiu thc
th MAC-e c s dng cho mt UE v s liu c thu t nhiu . Tuy nhin MAC-
e trong phc v chu trch nhim chnh cho lp biu; MAC-e trong khng phc v
ch yu x l giao thc HARQ (hnh 4.17).
86

Hnh 4.17. Kin trc mng c lp cu hnh E-DCH (v HS-DSCH).

Hnh 4.18. cho thy cc knh cn thit cho HSUPA. E-DCH c sp xp ln
mt tp cc m nh knh ng ln c gi l cc knh s liu vt l ring ca E-
DCH (E-DPDCH). Ph thuc vo tc s liu tc thi, s cc E-DPDCH v cc h
s tri ph c th thay i. Ngoi knh s liu E-DCH cn c cc knh bo hiu cho
n nh sau. Cc knh E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel: knh cho php tuyt
i ca E-DCH) v E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel: knh cho php tng
i ca E-DCH) l cc knh h tr cho iu khin lp biu. Knh E-HICH (E-DCH
HARQ Indicator Channel: knh ch th HARQ ca E-DCH) l knh h tr cho pht li
s dng c ch HARQ.

Hnh 4.18. Cc knh cn thit cho mt UE c kh nng HSUPA

Khng nh HSDPA, HSUPA khng h tr iu ch thch ng v n khng h
tr cc s iu ch bc cao. L do l cc s iu ch bc cao phc tp hn v
i hi pht nhiu nng lng trn mt bit hn, v th n gin ng ln s dng
s iu ch BPSK kt hp vi truyn dn nhiu m nh knh song song.
Tng kt cc knh ng ln cn thit cho hot ng ca E-DCH c minh
ha trn hnh 4.19 cng vi cc knh s dng cho HSDPA.
87

Cc knh mi c a vo cho HSUPA c th hin bng cc ng t nt
Hnh 4.19. Cu trc knh tng th vi HSDPA v HSUPA.
V ng ln khng trc giao theo thit k, nn cn thit iu khin cng sut
nhanh x l vn gn xa. E-DCH khng khc vi mi knh ng ln khc v v
th cng sut c iu khin theo cch ging nh cc knh ng ln khc. Nt B o
t s tn hiu trn nhiu v pht i cc lnh iu khin cng sut trn ng xung n
UE iu chnh cng sut pht ca UE. Cc lnh iu khin cng sut c th c
pht bng cch s dng DPCH hay tit kim cc m nh knh bng F-DPCH.
Di y ta tng kt cc knh ca HSUPA:
1. E-DPCH bao gm hai knh truyn ng thi: E-DPDCH v DPCCH. EDPDCH c
h s tri ph kh bin t 2 n 256 vi cu hnh cc i 2xSF2+2SF4 (tc s
liu nh bng 5,76 Mbps vi t l m ha 1/1). Khong thi gian truyn dn (TTI)
ca E-DPDCH c th l 2ms (tc s liu ln hn 2Mbps) hoc 10ms (tc s
liu bng hoc di 2Mbps). DPCCH truyn ng thi vi E-DPDCH cha cc
thng tin hoa tiu v iu khin cng sut (TPC).
2. E-DPCCH l knh vt l mi ng ln tn ti song song vi E-DPDCH truyn
thng tin ngoi bng lin quan n truyn dn E-DPDCH. E-DPCCH c h s tri
ph 256 cha cc thng tin sau:
\ E-TFCI (Enhanced-Transport Format Combination Indicator: ch th kt hp
khun dng truyn ti) thng bo cho my thu nt B v kch thc khi
truyn ti c mang trn cc E-DPDCH. T thng tin ny my thu rt ra s
knh E-DPDCH v h s tri ph c s dng
\ S th t pht li (RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number) thng bo v s
th t ca khi truyn ti hin thi c pht trong chui HARQ.
\ Bit hnh phc thng bo rng UE c hi lng vi tc hin thi (cng sut
tng i n nh cho n) hay khng v n c th s dng c n nh cng
sut cao hn hay khng.
3. HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel: knh ch th HARQ) l knh vt l ng
xung truyn ACK hoc NAK cho HARQ.
4. E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel: knh cho php tng i E-DCH) l
knh vt l ng xung mi pht lnh tng/gim mt nc cng sut ca lp
biu (thng ch 1dB) so vi gi tr tuyt i c n nh bi knh E-AGCH. E-
RGCH c s dng cho cc iu chnh nh trong khi ang xy ra truyn s liu.
88
20E-RGCH c ghp chung vi 20HICH trn c s 40 ch k vo mt DPDCH
c m nh knh vi h s tri ph 128
5. E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel: knh cho php tuyt i) l knh vt
l ng xung mi c m nh knh vi h s tri ph 128 ch th mc cng
sut chnh xc ca E-DPDCH so vi DPCCH. E-AGCH cha:
\ Gi tr cho php tuyt i ch th t s cng sut E-DPDCH/DPCCH m UE c
th s dng
\ Phm vi cho php tuyt i cho php hoc cm UE pht theo HARQ
\ S nhn dng UE s/th cp cho php UE xc nh knh E-AGCH ny c dnh
cho n hay khng

4.5.4. Cc loi u cui HSUPA

C su loi u cui HSUPA trong R6 vi tc nh t 0,72Mbps n
5.76Mbps. Bng lit k cc kh nng ca cc loi u cui HSUPA trong R6.
Bng 4.3. Cc loi u cui R6 HSUPA
Th
loi
S m cc i s
dng ng thi
cho E-DPCH
TTI c h
tr
H s tri
ph E-
DPCH thp
nht
Tc s
liu nh lp
1 vi
TTI=10ms
Tc s
liu nh lp
1 vi
TTI=2ms
1 1 10 4 0,72 N/A*
2 2 2,10 4 1,45 1,45
3 2 10 4 1,45 N/A
4 2 2, 10 2 2 2,91
5 2 10 2 2 N/A
6 4 (2SF4+2SF2) 2,10 2 2 5,76
* N/A: khng p dng
Nh vy R6 c th c ba loi thit b:
- Thit b ch cho DCH
- Thit b c kh nng c DCH v HSDPA
- Thit b c kh nng c DCH, HSDPA v HSUPA

4.6. CHUYN GIAO TRONG HSDPA

Trong HSDPA ch c chuyn giao cng. Tn ti cc kiu chuyn giao sau
y trong HSDPA:
\ Chuyn giao trong cng mt RNC
\ Chuyn giao gia cc RNC
\ Chuyn giao t knh HS-DSCH sang DCH

89
thc hin chuyn giao UE phi bo cho SRNC v tt nht. Trng
phn di y ta s xt qu trnh xc nh tt nht.

4.6.1. Xc nh tt nht v chuyn giao

Qu trnh xc nh (on ) tt nht v chuyn giao c m t trn
hnh 4.20.

Hnh 4.20. S kin o v bo co (on ) phc v HS-DSCH tt nht

Da trn kt qu o E
c
/I
0
trn knh P-CPICH ca cc nm trong tp tch cc
ca chuyn giao mm ng ln (thm ch c th c cc hay on nm trong tp
ng c), UE bo co phc v HS-DSCH tt nht cho SRNC n quyt nh
chuyn giao cng cho HS-DSCH. Hnh 4.20 cho thy 2 (on ) l c chn v
sau khong thi gian AT+AD th HS-DSCH 1 c chuyn sang 2.

4.6.2. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia cc (hay on ) trong cng mt RNC

Qu trnh chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai on ca cng mt nt B
c minh ha trn hnh 4.21. Sau khi quyt nh chuyn giao, SRNC gi bn
tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt lin quan B v
ng thi gi bn tin RRC v t li cu hnh knh vt l n UE chng thc
hin chuyn giao. Qu trnh chuyn giao t nt B ny sang nt B khc thuc
cng mt RNC cng xy ra tng t.
90

Hnh 4.21. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai on thuc cng mt nt B

4.6.3. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai cc (on ) thuc hai RNC khc
nhau

Qu trnh chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia hai (on ) thuc hai RNC khc nhau
c minh ha trn hnh 4.22. Sau khi SRNC quyt nh chuyn giao, n gi bn
tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt B lin quan v ng
thi gi bn tin RRC t li cu hnh knh vt l n UE thc hin chuyn giao.
Trong trng hp ny bn tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c SRNC gi n
nt B ch thng qua DRNC.

Hnh 4.22. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH gia cc on thuc hai RNC khc nhau
91
4.6.4. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH sang ch c DCH

Hnh 4.23 minh ha qu trnh chuyn giao HS-DSCH t (on ) c HS-
DSCH sang mt nt B ch c DCH. Sau khi SRNC quyt nh chuyn giao, n gi
bn tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn c ng b n cc nt B lin quan v
ng thi gi bn tin RRC v t li cu hnh knh vt l n ngi s dng chng
thc hin chuyn giao. Trong trng hp ny bn tin t li cu hnh lin kt v tuyn
c SRNC gi n nt B ch thng qua DRNC

Hnh 4.23. Chuyn giao HS-DSCH t nt B c HS-DSCH sang mt nt B ch c
DCH.

4.7. TNG KT

HSPA l cng ngh tng cng cho 3G WCDMA cn c gi l 3G+. HSPA
l cng ngh truyn dn gi ph hp cho truyn thng a phng tin IP bng rng.
HSDPA s dng knh chia s ng xung trn c s ghp nhiu knh m vi h s
tri ph SF=16, trong ti a s knh m dnh cho lu lng ln n 15 v mt knh
m c dnh cho bo hiu v iu khin. HSUPA s dng knh tng cng E-DCH
truyn lu lng. C HSDPA v HSUPA u s dng truyn dn thch ng trn c
s lp biu v HARQ. Truyn dn thch ng l cng ngh trong ti nguyn v
tuyn dc phn b cho ngi s dng da trn tnh trng ca knh truyn sng tc
thi n ngi s dng ny: (1) nu iu kin truyn sng tt ngi s dng c
phn phi nhiu ti nguyn hn, ngc li ngi ny c phn phi t ti nguyn.
HSDPA s dng phn phi ti nguyn theo m hoc thi gian trong cng sut
truyn dn khng i v tc truyn dn c th thay i s lng m, s khe c
cp pht hoc bng cch thay i s truyn dn (AMC: Adaptive Modulation and
92
Coding: m ha v iu ch thch ng), cn HSUPA s dng phn phi ti nguyn
theo cng sut vi iu kin cng sut c cp pht cho mi my di ng khng gy
nhiu cho cc my khc. Khi c cp pht cng sut cao hn my di ng c th
truyn dn tc cao hn bng cch s dng nhiu m hn cho knh E-DCH hay
gim h s tri ph SF nhng khng thay i s truyn dn (iu ch lun l
BPSK). C hai HSDPA v HSUPA u s dng HARQ, trong bn tin c yu cu
pht li c lu trong b nh m sau kt hp vi bn tin c pht li to
thnh mt bn tin tt hn trc khi x l li. C ch pht li vi phn d tng cho
php mi ln pht li ch cn pht li mt b phn ca phn d cha c pht v th
tit kim c dung lng ng truyn. im khc bit gia HSDPA v HSUPA l
HSDPA khng s dng iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao mm tri li HSUPA s
dng c hai k thut ny, ngoi ra HSUPA ch s dng mt kiu iu ch BPSK v th
n khng p dng k thut iu ch m m ha thch ng (AMC: Adaptive
Modulation and Coding). Cui chng chuyn giao cng cho HSDPA c trnh by
cho. Trong HSDPA ch c chuyn giao cng. thc hin chuyn giao, UE phi o t
s tn hiu trn nhiu knh P-CPICH ca tt c cc hoc cc on nm trong tp
tch cc (thm ch c th c trong tp ng c). T kt qu o n gi bo co v tt
nht n SRNC. SRNC s quyt nh chuyn giao.

93
Thut ng v vit tt
2G Second Generation Th h th 2
3G Third Generation Th h th ba
3GPP 3
ird
Genaration Partnership Project n cc i tc th h th ba
3GPP2 3
ird
Generation Patnership Project 2 n i tc th h th ba 2
AICH Acquisition Indication Channel Knh ch th bt
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding M ha v iu ch thch ng
AMR Adaptive MultiRate a tc thch ng
ARQ Automatic Repeat-reQuest Yu cu pht li t ng
AP-
AICH
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator
Channel
Knh ch th bt tin t truy nhp
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn d b
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Knh iu khin qung b
BCH Broadcast Channel Knh qung b
BER Bit Error Rate T s li bit
BLER Block Error Rate T s li khi
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Kha chuyn pha hai trng thi
BS Base Station Trm gc
BTS Base Tranceiver Station Trm thu pht gc
CC Convolutional Code M xon
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CD/CA-
ICH:
CPCH Collision Detection/ Channel
Assignment Indicator Channel
Knh ch th pht hin va chm
CPCH/n nh knh
CN Core Network Mng li
CPCH Common Packet Channel Knh gi chung
CPICH Common Pilot Channel Knh hoa tiu chung
CQI Channel Quality Indicator Ch th cht lng knh
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra vng d
CS Circuit Switch Chuyn mch knh
CSICH CPCH Status Indicator Channel Knh ch th trng thi CPCH
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin ring
DCH Dedicated Channel Knh iu khin
DL Downlink ng xung
DPCCH Dedicated Physycal Control Channel Knh iu khin vt l ring
DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel Knh vt l ring
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel Knh s liu vt l ring
94
DRX Discontinuous Reception Thu khng lin tc
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel Knh chia s ng xung
DSSS Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Tri ph chui trc tip
E-AGCH Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel Knh cho php tuyt i tng cng
E-DCH Enhanced Dedicated Channel Knh ring tng cng
EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GPRS
Evolution
Tc s liu tng cng pht
trin GPRS
EIR Equipment Identity Register B ghi nhn dng thit b
E-
DPCCH
Enhanced Dedicated Control Channel

Knh iu khin ring tng cng
E-
DPDCH
Enhanced Dedicated Data Channel

Knh s liu ring tng cng
E-RGCH
Enhanced Relative Grant Channel
Knh cho php tng i tng
cng
FACH Forward Access Channel Knh truy nhp ng xung
FDD Frequency Division Duplex

Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi
gian
F-DPCH Fractional DPCH DPCH mt phn (phn on)
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

Mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM
EDGE
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Nt h tr GPRS cng
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GSM Global System For Mobile
Communications
H thng thng tin di ng tan cu
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest Yu cu pht li t ng linh hot
HHO Hard Handover Chuyn giao cng
HLR Home Location Register B ghi nh v thng tr
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Truy nhp hi ng xung tc
cao
HS-
DPCCH
High-Speed Dedicated Physical
Control Channel
Knh iu khin vt l ring tc
cao
HS-
DSCH
High-Speed Dedicated Shared Channel

Knh chia s ring tc cao
HSPA High Speed Packet Access Truy nhp gi tc cao
HS-
PDSCH
High-Speed Physical Dedicated Shared
Channel
Knh chia s ring vt l tc cao
HSS Home Subsscriber Server Server thu bao nh
HS- High-Speed Shared Control Channel Knh iu khin chia s tc cao
95
SCCH
HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem Phn h a phng tin IP
IMT-
2000
International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000
Thng tin di ng quc t 2000
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
IPv4 IP version 4 Phin bn IP bn
IPv6 IP version 6 Phin bn IP su
IR Incremental Redundancy Phn d tng
Iu Giao din c s dng thng tin gia RNC v mng li
Iub Giao din c s dng thng tin gia nt B v RNC
Iur Giao din c s dng thng tin gia cc RNC
LTE Long Term Evolution Pht trin di hn
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng
MIMO Multi-Input Multi-Output Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service Dch v nhn tin a phng tin
MSC Mobile Services Switching Center

Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v
di ng
NodeB Nt B
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor H s tri ph kh bin trc giao
PAPR
Peak to Average Power Ratio
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut
trung bnh
P-
CCPCH
Primary Common Control Physical
Channel
Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp
PCH Paging Channel Knh tm gi
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel Knh vt l gi chung
PDCP Packet-Data Convergence Protocol Giao thc hi t s liu gi
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Knh chia s ng xung vt l
PHY Physical Layer Lp vt l
PICH Page Indication Channel Knh ch th tm gi
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin)
PS Packet Switch Chuyn mch gi
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng
cng
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin vung gc
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
QPSK Quatrature Phase Shift Keying Kha chuyn pha vung gc
96
RACH Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin
RAN Radio Access Network Mng truy nhp v tuyn
RAT Radio Access Technology Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RLC Radio Link Control iu khin lin kt v tuyn
RNC Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
RRC Radio Resource Control iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
RTP Real Time Protocol Giao thc thi gian thc
S-
CCPCH
Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp
SCH Synchronization channel Knh ng b
SF Spreading Factor H s tri ph
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr GPRS phc v
SIM Subscriber Identity Module Moun nhn dng thu bao
SMS Short Message Service Dch v nhn tin
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
SHO Soft Handover Chuyn giao mm
TDD Time Division Duplex

Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi
gian
TDM Time Division Multiplex Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
TDMA
Time Division Mulptiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian
TFC Transport Format Combination Kt hp khun dng truyn ti
TFCI Transport Format Combination
Indicator
Ch th kt hp khun dng truyn
ti
TrCH Transport Channel Knh truyn ti
TTI Transmission Time Interval Khang thi gian pht
UE User Equipment Thit b ngi s dng
UL Uplink ng ln
UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband Bng thng di ng siu rng
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu
USIM UMTS SIM
UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
UMTS
Uu Giao din c s dng thng tin gia nt B v UE
97
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng rng
WiFi Wireless Fidelitity Cht lng khng dy cao
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
Tng hp truy nhp vi ba ton cu
VoIP Voice over IP Thoi trn IP

98
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Sch Thng tin di ng th h ba, Nh xut
bn Bu in, 2001
2. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Sch cdmaOne v cdma2000, Nh xut bn
Bu in, 2003
3. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh Thng tin di ng th h ba, Hc
Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng , Nh xut bn Bu in, 2004
4. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Sch Mng ring o MNPN, Nh xut bn
Bu-in, 12/2005
5. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Sch An ninh trong thng tin di ng, Nh
xut bn Bu-in, 9/2006
6. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Bi ging Thng tin di ng cho o to t
xa, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng 2007
7. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh L trnh pht trin thng tin di ng
3G ln 4G, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 12/2008
8. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Ti liu WiMAX, Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu
Chnh Vin Thng. 12/2008

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