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cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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mlaIK wxlh ( 01
WmlrK (
lef;dav lsrK k<
fm%arK o`.rhla
6 V ir, Odrd oHq;a m%Njhla
(f, welshqf,agrhla fyda ksl,a$hlv fldaIhla fyda oHd.drhg ,s n,h
imhd ;sf k power pack tlla fyda fhdod .; yels h'&
inkaOl l
h;=rla ^iahla&
Wmfoia (
lef;dav lsrKj, .=K mlaId lsu i|yd fYaIfhka ksudKh lrk ,o k<
lsysmhla Tng imhd we;' fjd lDDlaia k< f,i ye|skaf' t jeks k<
lsysmhla rEmh 1 (a) ys ksrEmKh flf'
tu k< ;=< ;sfnkafka wvq mSvkhla hgf;a we;s jdhqjls' tu k<j, we;s w.%
fol w;r Yd, Nj wka;rhla we;s l< hq;= f' ta i|yd fhdod .kakd mm:
lsysmhla rEmh 1 (b) u`.ska bosm;a lr we;'
ie'hq'
mm: ;=<ska Odrdjla .,d hk g w fjda,ah;djla we;s lsis u WmlrKhla
fyda inkaOl l fyda Yrfha lsis u ;ekl iamY ug bv fkd ;nkak'
lef;dav lsrKj, .=K mlaId fkd lrk wjia:dj, oS mm:fha h;=r jD;
lsfuka th ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lrkak'
(ii)
(i)
m%;sma; ;srh
(iii)
rEmh 1 (a) ( lef;dav lsrK k< lsysmhla
fm%arK o`.rh
lmlh
n, iemhq tallh
(iv)
(v)
fldm m;%h
(vi)
rEmh 1 (b) ( lef;dav lsrK k< i|yd
fhdod .; yels mm: lsysmhla
mlaIKh I (
^iv& mm: rEm igyfkys fyda ^v& mm: rEm igyfkys oelafjk mos WmlrK ilid
.kak' fuys fhdod we;af;a ^i& rEmfha oelafjk lef;dav lsrK k<h hs' tys we;s h;=r
jeiSfuka mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajkak' lmlh fomig lmkh
fjka A iy B w;r ,s mq<s`.= we;s jk fia weKh jug fyda ol=Kg fyda lrljkak'
t g lef;davhg m%;suqL D ;a;sh u; fld< meye;s oSma;shla we;s f' ^t fia we;s
fkd f k Odrdj m%;sreoaO foig .uka lrug fldaIhg inkaO l fol udre
lrkak'& fuh we;s jkafka lef;dav lsrK ksid he hs ie,efla' by; ;;a;aj hgf;a
lef;davfhka ksl=;a jk lsrK lef;dav lsrK f,i ye|skaf'
oeka h;=r jD; lsfuka mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj k;r lrkak' bka miq
lef;dav lsrK k<h ;=< we;s l=reish jeks f,day ;yvqj isria j isk fia ilid kej;
h;=r jeiSfuka mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajkak' Tng kslaIKh l<
yelafla l=ula o@
h;=r jD; lsfuka mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lrkak'
mlaIKh II (
(ii) rEmfha fmkajd we;s lef;dav lsrK k<h ^yn,a il iys;& mm:hg inkaO
lrkak' fuys oS tu k<h ;sria j ;eug fYaIfhka ie,els,su;a jkak' h;=r jeiSfuka
mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajkak' lef;dav lsrK k<h ;=< is jk foa
kslaIKh lrkak'
h;=r jD; lr mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lrkak' ,s Odrdf Ydj
fjkia lsu msKsi fldaIhg inkaO lr we;s l udre lr kej; inkaO lrkak'
oeka h;=r jikak' lef;dav lsrK k<h ;=< is jk foa mlaId lrkak'
mlaIKh III (
h;=r jD; lr mm:h ;=<ska .,d hk ,s Odrdj k;r lr ^iii) rEmfha we;s lef;dav
lsrK k<h mm:hg inkaO lrkak' fuys oS lef;dav lsrK k<h oHq;a lafIa;%hg ,la
lsu i|yd ^vi) rEmfha oelafjk mos WmlrK ilid .kak' lef;dav lsrK k<hg Wka
;U m;%hla lef;dav lsrK k<hg iudka;r j ;nd th RK ;yvqjla jk f,i rEmfha
oelafjk wkaoug mm:h ilia lrkak'
mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,id k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh
lrkak' bka miq h;=r jD; lr" mm:h ;=<ska Odrdj .,d hdu k;r lr" l,ska lef;dav
lsrK k<hg Wka ;snQ ;U m;%h" hka ;nd kej; mm:h ilia lrkak' kej; h;=r
jeiSfuka mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,id k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh
lrkak'
mlaIKh IV (
mlaIKh III i|yd fhdod .;a lef;dav lsrK k<h u fuu mlaIKh i|yd o fhdod
.kak' fuys oS lef;dav lsrK k<h pqnl lafIa;%hlg ,la lrkq ,ef' rEmh ^iv) fyda
(v) fyda olajd we;s mos mm:h ilia lr rEmh ^iii) olajd we;s lef;dav lsrK k<h
mm:hg inkaO lrkak' mm:h ;=<ska ,s Odrdjla .,d hdug i,iajd lef;dav lsrK
k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh lrkak' pqnlhl olaIsK O%ejh k<h ;=< we;s iskala
i,a*hs wdf,am l< ;srhg ,nl j thg <x lrkak' lef;dav lsrK lonfha .uka
m:h fl n fjkilg ,la f oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
by; tla tla mlaIKfha ,;a kslaIK weiqfrka lef;dav lsrKj, .=K ia;r
lrkak'
3
mlaIK wxlh ( 02
mlaIK wxlh ( 04
rEmh 4 (a)
rEmh 4 (b)
ie'hq'
lmq mq`Mka k<fha m;=,g wdikak j ;snqK fyd;a th oykh ug bv we;'
rEmh 4 (b) wkqj WmlrK ilia lrkafka k" icl k<fha fl<jr jdhq
irdf by< fl<jrg <x jk fia ^rEmfha oelafjk wkaoug& ;sh hq;= nj
i,lkak'
igyk (
mlaIKfha fodaI" tajd wju l< yels wdldr yd .Kkfha is lrkq ,nk
Wml,amk ms<sn| idlPd lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 05
WmlrK (
0'02-0'04 g ue.akSish m ^3'5 cm muK&
hqfrgqjla
;kql HCl " 25 cm3
c,h
lrhla
mq`Mka
ue.akih mh
S s
hqfrgqj
;kql yhsrlaf,dala w,h
hqfrgqj
lrh
ue.akih mh
S s
c,h
rEmh 5 (a)
Wmfoia (
ue.akSish m ^3'5 cm muK& lene,a,la f.k je,s lvodishlska ueo" msis lr
.kak' miq j tys ialkaOh ksje/ j uek .kak' ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala 25 cm3
hqfrgqjlg mqrjd .kak' hqfrgqf ;a;sh f.a my<g hk fia fifuka
c,h tl;= lrka hqfrgqj imQKfhka u c,fhka mqrjkak' Mg lene,a,
mq`Mka iaj,amhl ,sys,aj r|jd th .=,shla fia ilia lr" th hqfrgqf by<
fl<jfrys isr lr r|jd .kak'
250 cm3 lrhla f.k thg wvla muK c,h mqrjd .kak' hqfrgqf by<
fl<jr we`.s,af,ka jid laIKsl j hqfrgqj hl=re lr c,fhys .s,ajkak'
7
hqfrgqj isria j r|jd .ekSug wdOdrlhl i lrkak' jdhq nqnq by<g taug
fmr hqfrgqf lrduh laIKsl j jD; lr" c, ugu mudKfha ,l=Kq
lr we;s ugug f.k tkak' laIKsl j k<h jid" tu c, ugu wdrNl
ugu f,i igyka lr .kak' ue.akSish mh m%;sl%shd lr wjidk jk f;la
kslaIKh lrkak' hqfrgqf kj j ugu igyka lr .kak' wdrNl yd
wjidk j ugj, fjki weiqfrka uqla; jQ yhsrcka jdhq mudj ,nd .kak'
igyk (
mlaIKh is l< ldur WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha mlaIKh i|yd fhdod .;a
Mg ialkaOh wdY%s; j ksmojqKq yhsrcka jdhq ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'
W; .Kkh is lr Mg ys idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fidhkak'
mlaIKfha fodaI" tajd wju lr .; yels wdldr iy .Kkfha is l<
Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 06
^I&
^II&
WmlrK (
2.0 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 fmdgEish yhsfrdlaihs 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 khsla w,h 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 50 cm3
CuSO4 djKh 50 cm3 la ^5 g la c,h 50 cm3 l h lr .;a&
Zn l=vq 1 g
100 cm3 lr lsysmhla
250 cm3 lrhla
100 cm3 kq ird
WIaK;ajudkhla
mjdrl jH
re l+rla
Wmfoia (
mlaIKh (I)
mlaIKd.drfha we;s c,fha djH ,jK lsysmhlska ujq, 0'25 ne.ska f.k 250
cm3 c,Sh djK idod .kak' tys is jk WIaK;aj fjkia igyka lr .kak'
Q= mcT ilrKh W; m fhdod .kska wod< ,jKj, djK tka;e,ams
.Kkh lr tajd ixikaokh lrkak'
mlaIKh (II)
lrhg 2 mol dm-3
igyk (
tla tla mlaIKfha fodaI yd .Kkfha oS is l< Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'
fodaI wju lr .ekSug .; yels l%shdud. idlPd lrkak'
10
mlaIK wxlh ( 07
WmlrK (
2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 250 cm3 la
fidah yhsfrdlaihs 20 g la
400 cm3 lr 4 la
250 cm3 kq irdjla
WIaK;ajudkhla ^0 - 200 0C mrdih we;s&
Wmfoia (
fuu mlaIKfha oS fidah yhsfrdlaihs okakd ialkaOhla Bg wkqrEm c,Sh
fidah laf,darhs njg ud. folla Tiafia mj;kh flf'
I l%uh
2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 125 cm3 la lrhg uek f.k tys WIaK;ajh
igyka lr .kak' c,h 125 cm3 la uek f.k tys o WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
w,h 125 cm3 la c,hg tl;= lr fyd|ska l,;d kej; WIaK;ajh igyka lr
.kak' ^fuu ;kqllrKfha oS we;s jk WIaK;aj fjki fkd .sKh yels ;r nj
s
Tng fmfkkq we;'&
1 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 250 cm3 ys WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak' >k
fidah yhsfrdlaihs 10'0 g la fjk;a lrhlg blaukska lsrd f.k 1 mol
dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fuu lrhg oud" osh u blauka jk fia fyd|ska
l,;kak' yels blaukska djKfha Wmu WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
II l%uh
c,h 125 cm3 lrhlg uek f.k tu c,fha WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs le;s 10'0 g la lrhlg lsrd f.k" fuhg c,h 125
cm3 la tl;= lr oshe u blauka jk fia djKh l,;kak' djKfha Wmu
WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
lrhg 2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 125 cm3 la uek f.k tys
11
fuys is jk tka;e,ams
mhdi b;d u l=vd h'
wdrNl jH
H1
I l%uh
H2
>k NaOH
10 g
wjidk jH
1 mol dm-3 NaCl
250 cm3
II l%uh
H3
rEmh 37 (a)
igyk (
mlaIKfha fodaI yd .Kkfha is l< Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'
12
mlaIK wxlh ( 08
WmlrK (
mlaIKd.drfha we;s s f.dkqf uQ,jH iy Al
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fyda ;kql i,a*shqla w,h
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh
c,fdaKsldjla
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
s f.dkqf f,day uQ,jH yd weksh mlaIKd.drfha .nvd lr we;s wdldrh
n,kak'
fidah lene,a,la f.k folg lemSfuka ,o w;a mDIaGh jd;hg ksrdjrKh
lr kd myla muK kslaIKh lrkak'
5 cm muK os. ue.akih mhla f.k" thska fldgila muKla je,s lvodishlska
S s
ueo msis lrkak' th jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ks;a;= myf<djl muK ld,hla
;=< kslaIKh lrkak'
ue.akSish m lene,a,la jd;fha r;a lrkak' l=ula kslaIKh l< yels o@
fdaKsldj nd.hla muK c,fhka mqrjkak' thg msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlfhka
iaj,amhla o tl;= lrkak' uqx weghla muK fidah lene,a,la fmryka
lvodishlska msi oud c, fdaKsldjg oukak' ^fidah f,dayh c,h iu`.
f.fhka m%;sl%shd lrk ksid fuh m%fifuka l< hq;= h'& Tng l=ula kslaIKh
l< yels o@ fdaKsldf wvx.= c,fha we;s jk jK mhdih l=ula o@
je,s lvodishlska ueo msis lr .;a ue.akSish m lene,a,la c,h wvx.=
mlaId k<hlg oukak' thg msfkd,ama;e,ska iaj,amhla o tl;= lrkak' Tf
kslaIK fudkjd o@
c,h wvx.= fjk;a mlaId k<hlg msis ue.akSish m lene,a,la iy
msfkda,ama;e,Ska iaj,amhla tl;= lr r;a lr kslaIKh lrkak'
msis lrk ,o ue.akSish m lene,a,la mlaId k<hlg oud thg ;kql
yhsfrdlaf,dala w, iaj,amhla tl;= lrkak' Tf kslaIK fudkjd o@
^m%;sl%shdj b;d f.j;a neka wk;=rla is h yels ksid lsis fgl;a fidah
f,dayh ;kql w,j,g fkd oukak'&
13
mlaIK wxlh ( 09
s yd p f.dkqj,
j.=j 9 (a)
14
Al3+
Ba2+
Sr2+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Be2+
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' s yd p f.dkqj, ,jKj, c,fha djH;dj mlaId lr ii|hs'
jH yd WmlrK (
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba yd Al idok c,fha djH ,jK
I ldKavfha uQ,jH idok j.=f i|yka Na ,jK ^K ,jK jqj o fhdod .; yels h'&
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
wod< ,jK djK ms<sfh< lrkak'
II ldKavfha ,jK djKj,g Na ,jK mudj xj ne.ska l%udkql+, j tl;=
lrka kslaIKh lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 10
15
mlaIK wxlh ( 11
WmlrK (
l=vq lr.;a i,a*
jdIamSlrK oSis ;=kla ^uOHu m%udKfha&
ldnka vhsi,a*hs
Wmfoia (
frdniSh i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
jdIamSlrK oSishlg l=vq lr .;a i,a* iaj,amhla oukak' i,a* ish,a, u
jKh lsug m%udKj;a ldnka vhsi,a*hs tl;= lrkak' bka miq jdIamSlrK
ish mfilska ;nd tys we;s ldnka vhsi,a*hs fika jdIam ug bv ykak'
iEfok frdniSh i,a* iaMl kslaIKh lrkak'
taldk;s i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
jdIamSlrK oSishlg l=vq lr .;a i,am 5 g muK oud j jk ;=re r;a lrkak'
fika ksfjkakg bv ykak' jh u;=msg iEfok lfnd, isre lr" Bg hka
we;s jh bj;a lrkak' lfndf,a h me;af;a iEoS we;s b|s lgq ;=vq fuka os.e;s
taldk;s i,a* iaMl kslaIKh lrkak'
iqldh i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
keug wdikak jk ;=re r;a l< i,a* we,a c,hg tl;= lrkak' iEfok"
wefokiq iqldh i,a* kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
fuu mlaIKhg jdIamSlrK oSis fjkqjg lelEre k< o Nd; l< yels h'
frdniSh i,a* iy taldk;s i,a* hkq i,a*j, iaMlrEmS nyqrEmS wjia:d f'
iqldh i,a* fuka u fndfyda mlaIKj, oS ls meye;s wjlafIam f,i ,efnk
i,a* wiaMlrEmS nyqrEmS wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka f'
16
mlaIK wxlh ( 12
WmlrK (
;U iqreKavq
idka i,a*shqla w,h
,suia lvodis
fmdgEish m'uex.fka
;kql khsla w,h
;kql i,a*shqla w,h
jKj;a u,a fm;s
fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
fidah i,a*hs
;dmh
rEmh 12 (a)
Wmfoia (
lelEre k<hla f.k 0'5 cm muK Wig ;U iqreKavq oud" k<h ;=< 1 cm muK
Wig isk f;la idka i,a*shqla w,h tl;= lrkak' thg icl k<hla
iys; wenhla i lr" fika r;a lrkak' t g i,* vfhdlaihs jdhqj msg
f'
17
18
WmlrK (
>k fmdgEish m' uex.fka
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
wefudakshd djKh
fldm f,day iqreKavq fyda oe,la
hlv fl|s fyda l=vq
,suia
lelEre k<
icl k<
nkaika odylh
jdhq ird ^jeiq iys;&
Wmfoia (
lelEre k<hlg >k fmdgEish m' uex.fka iaj,amhla ^ 2 g muK& .kak'
thg idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lr" ick k<hla i lr msg jk
jdhqj jd;fha Wvql=re ia:dmkh u`.ska jdhq ird lSmhl ^fyda lelEre k<
lSmhl& tl;= lr .kak' jdhq ird jeiqj,ska jid ;nkak'
msg jk jdhqf jKh yd .kaOh l=ula o@
ie'hq'
fmdgEish m' uex.fkaj,g idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lr r;a
fkd l< hq;= hs' laf,daka jdhqj wdYajdi lsu ys;lr fkd f' l+vqjla
;sf k jdhqj ksmou th ;=< oS lrkak'
ye,ck olajk m%;sl%shd (
icl k<fha fl<jka msg jk laf,daka jdhqjg f;;a ,suia iy f;;a
jKj;a u,a fm;s w,a,kak'
laf,daka ms jdhq irdjla ^fyda lelEre k<hla& c, Ndckhl hl=re lr
;nkak' c, ugu kslaIKh lrkak' jdhq irdj ;=< we;s djKh jKj;a
jHhl ;jrd n,kak'
19
rEmh 13 (a)
20
WmlrK (
>k fidah laf,darhs
>k fidah fn%dauhs
>k fidah whvhs
^fuu fya,hs whk wvx.= kE u
,jKhla Nd; l< yels h'&
is,aj khsf djKh
idka i,a*shqla w,h
f, weisf fyda f, khsf djKh
laf,dafrdf*da fyda ldnka fgrdlaf,darhs
wefudakshd djKh
;kql khsla w,h
msIaG djKh
laf,daka oshr
lelEre k<
mlaId k<
re l+rla
nkaika odylhla
Wmfoia (
laf,darhsv" fn%dauhs iy whvhs i|yd my; i|yka mlaIK fjk fjk u
lrkak' kslaIK ixikaokh lrkak'
mlaIKh I
>k fya,hsvfhka iaj,amhla f.k idka i,a*shqla w,fhka iaj,amhla tl;=
lrkak' mlaId k<h r;a lrkak'
msg jk jdhqf jKh kslaIKh lrkak'
fuu jdhqj f;; ks,a ,suia yd f;; r;= ,suia lvodisj,ska mlaId lrkak'
jdhq ish,a, u msIaGfhka fm`.ejQ fmryka lvodishlska mlaId lrkak'
jdhq ish,a, u wefudakshd djKh ;ejerE re l+rla u`.ska mlaId lrkak'
fya,hsvj, c,Sh djK f.k my; i|yka whqre mlaId lrkak'
mlaIKh II
fya,hsv ;=fka c,Sh djK fjk fjk u mlaId k< ;=klg .kak' fjd ;kql
khsla w,fhka wd,sl lr" is,aj khsf djKh iaj,amh ne.ska tl;=
lr kslaIKh lrkak' wjlafIam iEfoa o@ t fia k tajdfha jK fudkjd o@
tu wjlafIamj,g c,Sh wefudakshd tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
mlaIKh III
fya,hsv ;=fka c,Sh djKj,g" f, weisf djKh tl;= lrkak' t g
,efnk wjlafIamfha jKh kslaIKh lrkak' tu wjlafIamh c,fhka ;kql
lr r;a lrkak' kej; isis,a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
mlaIKh IV
fya,hsv djK ;=kg fjk fjk u laf,daka oshr iaj,amh ne.ska tl;= lr
laf,dafrdf*da x lsysmhla oud k< fyd|ska fidf,djd mlaId lrkak'
laf,dafrdf*da ia;rfha l=uk jKhla oelsh yels o@
tla tla mlaIKhg wod< kslaIK meye,s lrkak'
21
WmlrK ( (
;kql fldm i,af*a djKhla
fldfnda,a^II& whk wvx.= djKhla
idka yhsfv%dlaf,dala w, djKhla
yhsv%cka f*frdlaihs djKhla
;kql iy idka wefudakshd djK
Wmfoia (
my; j.=j, oelafjk wdldrhg tla tla whk
is jk mhdi kslaIKh lrkak'
Cu2+ whk i|yd (
;kql
djKfha
wefudakshd
jKh
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'
idka
idka HCl
wefudakshd
x jYfhka
djKhla x tl;= lrkak'
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'
Cu2+ (aq)
;kql
wefudakshd
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'
idka
wefudakshd
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'
H2O2
x
jYfhka
tl;=
lrkak'
idka HCl
w,
djKhla x
jYfhka tl;=
lrkak'
Co2+(aq)
by; tla tla wjia:djg wod< jK ,nd fok Cu2+ yd Co2+ idok ixlSK
whkj, iQ;% bm;a lrkak'
22
mlaIK wxlh ( 16
WmlrK (
;kql c,Sh fmdgEish uex.fka^VII& djKhla
;kql i,a*shqla w, djKhla
idka fmdgEish yhsfrdlaihs fyda idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhla
yhsrcka fmfrdlaihs djKhla
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla
Wmfoia (
;kql c,Sh fmdgEish uex.fka^VII& djKfhka 2 cm3 muK lelEre k<hlg
f.k th hka; wd,sl lr jK fjkila we;s jk ;=re idka fmdgEish
yhsfrdlaihs xj ne.ska tl;= lrkak' is jk jK mhdi kslaIKh
lr" tu djKhg yhsrcka fmfrdlaihs x folla muK tl;= lrkak' is
jk mhdi kslaIKh lr" tu djKhg idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;=
lrka is jk jK mhdi kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
KMnO4 c,Sh djKfha wvx.= Mn ys TlaislrK wxl +7 wjia:dj o meyefhka
hqla; h' idka KOH u`.ska +7 TlaislrK wjia:dj +6 TlaislrK wjia:djg m;a
f' t g th fld< meyefhka hqla; h'
2KMnO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) 2K2MnO4(aq) + H2O(l)
H2 O2 u`.ska K2MnO4" MnO2 njg TlaisyrKh lrhs' t k +4 wjia:djg m;a
lrhs' th Uqre meye;s h' MnO2j,g idka HCl tl;= l< g Mn2+ wjia:djg
m;a f' th wjK h'
MnO2(s)+ 4HCl(aq) MnCl2(aq)+ 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g)
f wkqj Mn O TlaislrK wjia:dj, oS O jK ,nd fohs'
23
mlaIK wxlh ( 17
WmlrK (
t;fkda,a
wekd
le,aish ldnhs
laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka
Wmfoia (
t;Ska ms<sfh< lsug Nd; l< yels WmlrK wegejqu
wekd
t;S k a
t;fkda,aj,ska
fm`.jQ mqka
rEmh 17 (a)
lelEre k<hlg 2 cm muK Wig t;fkda,a .kak' re l+rla wdOdrfhka"
jh Wrd .ekSug ;r iEfyk mq`Mka m%udKhla k<h ;=<g we;=`M lrkak'
wekd 1 g muK la k<fha ueo fldgig we;=`M lrkak' k<h wdOdrlhl i
lr" rEm igyfka oelafjk wkaoug WmlrK ilia lr" wekd we;s fldgi r;a
lrkak' t g msg jk jdhqj c, ia:dmk l%ufhka lelEre k< lsysmhlg
tl;= lrkak' tajd ;=< t;Ska jdhqj wvx.= f'
1' jdhqj wvx.= mlaIK k<hl" lg wi,g oe,afjk lSrla we,a,fuka jdhqj o,ajkak'
S
oe,af,a jKh l=ula o@ oe,a, ks .sh .i tu k<hg yqkq hr x lSmhla oud
k<fha lg jid fydka fidf,djkak'
2' ^w& fn%daka hr x lSmhla tla lrkak'
^wd& laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka x lSmhla tla lrkak'
^we& wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka x lSmhla tla lrkak'
24
rEmh 17 (b)
le,aish ldnhs l=vd leg 5la muK lelEre k<hlg .kak' rEm igyfka
oelafjk wkaoug WmlrK ilia lrkak' jrlg c,h x lsysmh ne.ska tl;=
lrkak'
1' mlaId k<hl 2'5 cm muK Wig" my; oelafjk m%;sldrl f.k" by;
rEm igyfka oelafjk m" t;hska jdhqj ta tla tla k<h ;=<g hjkak'
25
mlaIK wxlh ( 18
WmlrK (
t;fkda,a
fu;fkda,a
fnkais,a we,afldfyd, iy Tf mlaIKd.drfha we;s fjk;a we,afldfyd,
weisla w,h
fidah ie,sisf,a fyda ie,sis,sla w,h
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka
laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka
fidah ldnfka
,suia lvodis
Wmfoia (
uoHidr ;=fkka 1cm3 muK fjk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my; i|yka
l%shdldrl lrkak' ,efnk m%;sM, ii|kak'
we,afldfyd,j, c,Sh djKj,g fjka fjka j r;= yd ks,a ,suia oukak'
we,afldfyd, djKj,g fidah ldnfka l=vq iaj,amhla tla lr n,kak'
w;ska lmk ,o l=vd fidah lene,a,la tl;= lr kslaikak' oe,afjk
lSrla k<fha lg <`.g w,a,kak' msg jk jdhqj l=ula o@
fuu mlaId i|yd ksc,Sh we,afldfyd,h Nd; lsu w;jYH f' ta wehs@
fidah lene,a, oshe wjika jQ miq"
M,h ^rEm igyfka fmfkk mos &
jdIamSlrKh lrkak' >k wjfYaIhg
c,h x lSmhla oud fidf,djkak' tu
djKhg fjk fjk u r;= yd ks,a ,suia
lvodis oud n,kak'
thg u
*s f kd,a m a ; e,S k a xjla tla lrka k '
,efnk meyeh l=ula o@
rEmh 18 (a)
26
^w& we,afldfyd, 1cm3 muK f.k Bg ffyu^glacial& weisla w,h 1cm3 muK
tl;= lrkak' idka i,amshqla w, x myla muK tla lr WKqiq lrkak'
,efnk M,h isis,a c,h iys; k<hlg j;a lr iqj| n,kak'
^wd& we,afldfyd, 1cm3 muK f.k Bg fidah ie,sisf,a fyda ie,sis,sla w,h
0'5 g muK tla lrkak' Bg idka i,a*shqla w,h x myla muK tla lr
WKqiq lrkak' M,h isis,a c,h we;s lelEre k<hlg fyda lrhlg fyda j;a
lr iqj| n,kak'
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf" wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka" laIdh
fmdgEish m'uex.fka hk djK ;=fkka 1cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< ;=klg
fjk fjk u .kak' tla we,afldfyd,hlska x folla muK ne.ska k< ;=kg
u tla lrkak' fu fia wfkla we,afldfyd, iu`. o tu mlaIdj kej;;a
lrkak'
djKj, jKj, l=uk fjkila kslaIKh l< yels f o@ tu jK mhdi
is u myod osh yelafla fl fia o@ M,fha iqj| n,kak'
ie'hq'( we,afldfyd, myiqfjka .sks wef<kiq neka tu jH we;s fnda;, odyl
wdikakfha fkd ;eh hq;= h'
27
mlaIK wxlh ( 19
WmlrK (
*Sfkd,a
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
fidah ldnfka djKh
fn%daka oshr
f*la laf,darhs ;kql djKhla
mlaIK wxlh ( 20
WmlrK (
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka
fu;ke,a
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
t;ke,a
wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh
fnkaie,ayhs
2- fm%dmfkdaka
f*a,sx djKh ^ A iy B &
weisfgd *Sfkdka
2" 4 - vhskhsfrd*Skhs,a yhsriSka ^2" 4 - DNP&
Wmfoia (
fu;ek,a" t;ke,a yd fnkaie,ayhs hk we,ayhsv iy 2 - fm%dmfkdaka yd
weisfgd *Sfkdka hk lSfgdak fhdoka my; oelafjk mlaId lrkak' fuu
ixfhda.j,ska 1cm3 muK fldgia Nd; lrkak' kslaIK j.= .; lrkak'
1.
2.
3.
ie'hq'
c,fha djH ldfndks,a ixfhda.j,g c,Sh djKhl we;s 2"4 - DNP m%;ldrlh;a"
s
c,fha wdjH ldnks,a ixfhda.j,g fu;fkd,Sh djKfha we;s 2"4-DNP
m%;sldrlh;a" Nd; lrkak'
29
mlaIK wxlh ( 21
mlaIK wxlh ( 22
WmlrK (
msis lrk ,o 3'0 cm muK os. ue.akSish m lene,s
lelEre k<hla iy thg i l< yels isrla iys; rn wenhla
1'0 mol dm-3 ^wdikak jYfhka& yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 400 cm3 muK
rn wenfha isrg i ,k 5 cm muK os. re k<hla
rdu >ldjla
lrhla
Wmfoia (
lelEre k<fha m;=f<a isg 2'0 cm muK by<ska k<h jgd kQ,a lene,a,la fyda
isyska rn mhla fyda .eg .id i,l=Kla ;nd .kak'
22^ a &
31
rEmh rEmh 22 (a) ys oelafjk mos re ngfha tla fl<jrla wenfha we;=`M
ugug isk mos re ngh wenhg i lrkak' ^re ngh wenhg ;oska i
;sh hq;= h'& we;=`M fl<jfrys wenh udmg we`.s,af,ka ;ud foig weo re
ngh iu`. we;s jk ysveig ue.akSish lene,af,a fl<jrla we;=`M lrkak'
^iEu wjia:djl oS u wenfhka msg;g we;s ue.akSish mfha os. iudk h hq;=
h'&
1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKfhka 0'8 mol dm-3" 0'6 mol dm-3" 0'4 mol
dm-3 iy 0'2 mol dm-3 jk yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djK 100 cm3 ne.ska ms<sfh<
lr .kak' ^ 1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, 80 cm3 f.k 100 cm3 f;la c,h
tl;= lsfuka 0'8 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla ms<fh< l< yels h'&
s
-3
i,l=Kq lr .;a lelEre k<h 1'0 mol dm yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhka
imQKfhka mqrjd" blaukska jikak' ta iu`. u rdu >ldj l%shd;aul lr
lelEre k<h hl=re lrkak' lelEre k<fha i,l=K olajd j ugu
meKSug .; jk ld,h uek .kak' ^fuu ld,h ;;a;amr 8-10 muK jk mos
mlaId k<fha i,l=K ilia lr .ekSu jvd fhda.H h'&
by; wdldrhg u w;a ue.akSish m yd O idkaK we;s w, djK fhdod
.kska lelEre k<fha i,l=K f;la jdhqj tl;= ug .; jk ld,h ukskak'
^iEu wjia:djl oS u tl u lelEre k<h yd tl u i,l=K fhdod .kak'&
O idkaK yuqf ksYa; yhsrcka jdhq mudjla /iaug .; jQ ld, fhdod
.kska m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrkak'
32
mlaIK wxlh ( 23
WmlrK (
fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^ 40 g dm-3 muK&
3'0 mol dm-3 ^wdikak jYfhka& khsla w,h
50 cm3 lrhla
rdu >ldjla
lelEre k<
kq irdjla
Wmfoia (
iq mdg lvodishl l;srhla we| tu ,l=K u; lrh ;nkak' c,h iy w,h
tla lelEre k<hlg;a" wjYH fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh fjk;a lelEre
k<hlg;a uek .kak' bka miq k< foflys u we;s j tla jr u lrhg oukak'
tu fudfydf;a oS u rdu >ldj l%shd;aul lrkak' lrfha isg ksh; Wilska
wei ;nd f.k l;sr ,l=K fkd fmkS hdug .; jk ld,h uek .kak'
^w& m%;sl%shdf YS>%;dj iy ;fhdai,af*a whk idkaK w;r inkaOh fiu
by; ia;r lrk ,o ms<sfj<g my; j.=f mos djK Y% lr l;sr ,l=K
fkd fmkS hdug .; jk ld,h uek .kak'
j.=j 23 (a)
;fhdai,af*a
mudj$cm3
w,
mudj$cm3
c,h
mudj$cm3
25'0
5'0
20'0
15'0
10'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
33
ld,h /s
by; ia;r lr we;s ms<sfj<g u my; j.=f oelafjk mos djK Y% lrkak'
j.=j 23 (b)
;fhdai,af*a
mudj$cm3
w,
mudj$cm3
c,
mudj$cm3
25'0
5'0
25'0
4'0
1'0
25'0
3'0
2'0
25'0
2'0
3'0
25'0
1'0
4'0
34
ld,h$s
mlaIK wxlh ( 24
WmlrK (
l=vd lr
rdu >ldjla
10 cm3 yd 25 cm3 kq ird
o< jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 wd,sl wefudaksh whka^III& i,afma djKhla
o< jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 fmdgEish whvhs djKhla
o< jYfhka 0'006 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^msIagh iys;&
35
j.=j 24 ^a&
mlaIK
wxlh
c,h$
cm3
KI djKh$
cm
msIagh iys;
Na2S2O3" /cm3
1
2
3
4
5
5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
25'0
20'0
15'0
10'0
5'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
Na2S2O3
whka^III&
KI +
whk djKh
+ msIagh + c,h
B lrh
A lrh
rEmh 24 (a)
B lrfha we;s djKhg A ys we;s djKh tl;= l< jyd u rdu >ldj
l%shd;aul lrkak' djKfha jKh fyd|ska kslaIKh lrkak' djKfhys
meyeh ks,g yefrk g u rdu >ldj kj;d .; jQ ld,h uek .kak' f
wdldrhg mlaIK my u is lr tla tla wjia:dj i|yd ks,a meyeh osia ug .;
jk ld,h ,nd .kak'
by; ,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqfrka wod< .Kkh ls is fldg whka^III& whkj,g
idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrkak'
36
mlaIK wxlh ( 25
37
mlaIK wxlh ( 26
WmlrK (
;U iqreKavq
idka khsla w,h
lelEre k< 4la
tu k<j,g fyd|ska i jk rn uQ
whsia leg
WKq c,h
lr ;=kla
wenhla iys; icl k<hla
Wmfoia (
lelEre k<hlg ;U iqreKavq .a? 5 g la muK .kak' thg idka khsla
w,h 3 cm3 muK tl;= lr icl k<hla i lrkak' msg jk jdhqfjka
iudk he<s lelEre k< y;rla mqrjd rn uQ fhdokak' ^k< ;=< we;s jdhqf
jK ;Sj%;dj o< jYfhka tl iudk h hq;= h' l=vd k< y;rla jqj o m%udKj;a
h' fuu jdhqj wdYajdi u kqiqiq h'&
jdhqj iys; tla k<hla md,lh f,i ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s c,fha ;nd" tla
k<hla whsiaj,;a" wfkla k<h 70 0C - 80 0C g muK r;a jQ c,fha;a" ;nkak'
u| f,djlska tla tla k<fha jK ;Sj%;d" md,lh iu`. ii|kak' <`.g"
whsiaj,;a" WKq c,fha;a" ;enQ k< tlsfkl udre lr" l f,djlg miq" fmr
jK ;Sj%;d iu`. ii|kak'
tla tla k<fha jKfha is jk fjkia kslaIKh lrkak' jK
fjkig fya;= fudkjd o@
38
mlaIK wxlh ( 27
le,aish yhsfrdlaihs ys
djH;d .=Ks;h mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1' ika;Dma; c,Sh le,aih yhsfrdlaihs djKhl yhsfrdlaihs whk idkaKh
s
ksKh lsf yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
2' le,aish yhsfrdlaihsj,ska ika;Dma; jQ O c,Sh djKj, whksl .=Ks;h
ksh;hla nj mlaIKd;aul j fmkajd fohs'
jH yd WmlrK (
>k le,aish yhsfrdlaihs
m%dudKsl fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh ^0.10 mol dm-3 &
m%dudKsl yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h ^0.10 mol dm-3 &
msfmgqjla
*sfkd,ama;,Ska
fla;= ma,dial=
hqfrgqjla
Wmfoia (
fla;= ma,dial= myla 1" 2" 3 ''''' f,i wxlkh lr" tla tla ma,dial=jg my;
oelafjk wdldrhg fidah yhsfrdlaihs djK iy c,h uek moaO;s my
ms<sfh< lr .kak'
ma,dial=j
c,h$cm3
25.0
75.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
25.0
100.0
100.0
2" 3 iy 4 moaO;s iEoSug" hqfrgqjla fyda msfmgqjla fyda fhdod .kak' tfy;a
1 yd 5 moaO;s ms<sfh< lsug kq irdjla fhosh yels h' ^g fya;=j l=ula o@&
by; tla tla ma,dial=jlg" >k le,aish yhsfrdlaihs jemqr ^.a? 1la
muK& m%udKhla tl;= fldg" fyd|ska l,;d ma,dial=j ks;a;= 15la muK ksYap,
j ;nkak' m<uq ma,dial=f wvx.= djK Y%Kh" he<s lrhlg fmrkak'
fmrkfhka 25.0 cm3 ne.ska fldgia folla msfmgqjlska uek fla;= ma,dial=jlg
tl;= lrkak' thg *sfkd,ama;,Ska x 1-2 fhdod m%dudKsl yhsfrdlaf,dala
w,h iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' wksl=;a moaO;s y;r o fmrd by; l%uhg u
fmrkh w,h iu`. wkqudmkh lr" m%;sM, igyka lrkak'
mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .;a f;dr;=re fhdod .kska wxl 1 isg 5 olajd moaO;sj,
[Ca2+(aq)][OH-(aq)]2.=Ks;h ,nd .kak' ta weiqka Ca(OH)2 ys Ksp i|yd w.h
,nd .kak'
39
mlaIK wxlh ( 28
WmlrK (
hqgfkd,a 120 cm3 muK
o< jYfhka idkaKh 1 mol dm-3 muK jQ t;fkdhsla w, djKfhka 250 cm3
o< jYfhka idkaKh 0.5 mol dm-3 muK jQ NaOH djKh 250 cm3
ysia m%;sldrl fnda;,a 5la" hqfrgq" msfmgq" wkqudk ma,dial=" *sfkd,ama;e,ska"
mqkS,'
Wmfoia (
ffyu weisla w,h ^99] w$w& 15 cm3 mudjla 300 cm3 olajd c,fhka ;kql
lsfuka idkaKh 1 mol dm-3 t;fkdhsla w, djKh idod .; yels h' wxlkh
l< m%;sldrl fnda;,a mylg j.=f oelafjk mos djK mud tl;= lr Y%
lrkak' tu djK mud uekSu i|yd hqfrgq Nd; lrkak'
j.=j 28 (a)
moaO;s
hqgfkd,a
/cm3
1 mol dm-3t;fkdhsla
w,h /cm3
c,h
/cm3
1
2
3
4
5
20'0
20'0
20'0
20'0
20'0
40'0
35'0
30'0
25'0
20'0
5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
40
ia;r fjka jQ miq c,Sh ia;rfhka 10.00 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg f.k thg
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x 1 - 2 la tl;= lrkak' fuu djKh idod .;a NaOH
djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lr mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
hqfrgqf b;s j we;s c,Sh ia;rh m%fYfuka bj;a lr" hqgfkd,a ia;rfhka
10.00 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg .kak' thg c,h 10 cm3 la muK yd
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x 1-2la muK oud NaOH djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lr
mdGdxl ,nd .kak' ,nd .;a mdGdxl Wmfhda.S lr f.k my; j.=j imQK
lrkak'
j.=j 28 (b)
moaO;sh
c,Sh ia;rfha
10.00 cm3
i|yd jeh jQ
NaOH
mudj$cm3
hqgfkd,a ia;rfha
c,Sh
10.00 cm3
ia;rfha
i|yd jeh jQ
[CH3COOH]
NaOH
mol dm-3
mudj$cm3
hqgfkd,a
ia;rfha
[CH3COOH]
mol dm-3
[CH3COOH]hqgfkda,a
[CH3COOH]c,Sh
1
2
3
4
5
41
mlaIK wxlh ( 29
WmlrK (
Ydl fldgia - ks,a lgfrd`M u,a" .s;s,a, u,a" fo`M u,a
1'00 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
1'00 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
,suia djKh
fu;s,a Tfka
mSfkd,ama;e,ska
mQK mrdi oYlh
kq is,skavrhla ^10 cm3& fyda hqfrgqjla
mlaId k<
;Ska; mqrjk ng
jxf.h iy fuda,
mqkS,hla
fmryka lvodis
rn m 2la
Wmfoia (
^w& Ydl ksiaidrl ms<sfh< lsu
f i|yd ks,a meye;s u,a jvd;a iqiq h' u,a lSmhla c,h iaj,amhla iu`.
jxf.hg oud fyd|ska fmd lrkak' hqI fmrd fjka lr .kak' fufia u
wfkla Ydl fldgia o Nd; fldg ksiaidrl ms<sfh< lrkak'
^wd& pH w.h 1 - 13 f;la jQ djK ms<sfh< lsu
1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fha pH w.h wdikak f,i 0 ls'
mlaId k<hla f.k kq is,skavrhlska fyda hqfrgqjlska fyda c,h 1 cm3 la
uek thg oud c, ugu i,l=Kq lr tu c,h bj;a lrkak' kej; tu k<hg
u c,h 10 cm3 la oud tu ugu o i,l=Kq lrkak' t g tu k<h wdikak f,i
1 cm3 la iy 10 cm3 la ueksh yels l%udxls; k<hls' t ksid fuh h djKhla
oi .=Khlska ;kql lsug Nd; l< yels h'
42
fuu k<h f.k tys 1 cm3 i,l=K f;la 1'00 mol dm-3 w,h tl;= lr 10 cm3
i,l=K f;la c,h oud fyd|ska l,;kak' oeka fuu djKfha pH w.h o<
jYfhka 1 ls'
f wkaoug fuu k<h Nd; fldg ^oi .=Khla ;kql lrka& pH w.h 2 - 6
f;la djK ms<sfh< lrkak'
1'0 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh o f wkaoug oi .=Khla ne.ska
;kql lsfuka pH w.h 13 - 8 f;la djKh o ms<sfh< lrkak'
pH w.h 7 djKh i|yd wdiQ; c,h fhdod .kak' oeka Tng pH w.h 0 - 14 olajd
jQ djK 15la we;'
^we& oYlj, pH mrdih ksKh lsu
mlaId k< 15la f.k tajd pH w.h 0 - 14 olajd wxlkh lrkak' tu k< 0" 1"
2" ''' 14 f,i ms<sfj<g ;nkak' Tn idod .;a pH w.h 0 isg 14 olajd djKj,ska
3 cm3 muK ne.ska" fjk fjk u k< 15g tl;= lrkak' iEu k<hlg u ;Ska;
mqrjk nghl wdOdrfhka fu;s,a Tfka x fol ne.ska tl;= lr fyd|ska
fid,jkak'
djKj, jK meyeos,s j n,d .; yels jk fia miqka iq lvodishla ;nkak'
m<uq jk k<fha isg jKh kslaIKh lr jKj, meyeos,s fjkia ula oel
.; yels k<j, pH w.hka igyka lrkak'
my; we;s ish u oYl i|yd;a f whqka u mlaId lrkak' fuys oS tla tla
oYlhg pH w.h 0 - 14 f;la mlaId k< lg,h ne.ska ms<sfh< l< hq;= hs'
1' *sfkd,ama;e,ska
2' Tn idod .;a ksiaidrl
3' ,suia lvodis
4' fu;s,a Tfka
5' mQK mrdi oYlh
ie( hq (
^Tn ms<sfh< lr .;a Ydl ksiaidrl Nd; lsf oS tajdfhka x je
m%udKhla tl;= lrkak'&
Tf kslaIKj,g wkqj tla tla oYlfha pH mrdih ksKh lrkak'
43
mlaIK wxlh ( 30
44
mlaIK wxlh ( 31
WmlrK (
O pH mrdi iys; pH oYl
o< pH w.h ksKh lsu i|yd O djK lsysmhla
pH lvodis$ pH udkh
x msfmgq ^Droppers&
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
o< pH w.h ksKh l< hq;= djKh 3 cm3 ne.ska mlaIK k< lsysmhlg .kak'
tla tla k<hg pH oYlhlska x 2 - 3la muK tl;= lrkak' ^tl k<hlg
oeh hq;af;a tla j.hla muKs'&
my; j.=f we;s o;a; o weiqre lr .kska fok ,o djKfha o< pH w.h
ksKh lrkak'
pH lvodis fyda pH udkh Nd; lr Tf ks.ukh ;yjqre lrkak'
j.=j 31 (a)
oYlh
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
fu;s,a jh,
;hsfuda,a
fu;s,a Tfka
fu;s,a fr
,suia lvodis
mSfkda,a fr
*sfkd,ama;e,ska
we,sika ly
my< jKh
ly
r;=
r;=^frdai&
r;=
r;=
ly
wjK
ly
45
mrdih
0'0 - 1'6
1'1 - 2'9
3'1 - 4'4
4'2 - 6'4
5'0 - 8'0
6'6 - 8'4
8'3 - 10'0
10'1 - 12'0
by< jKh
o
ly
ly
ly
ks,a
r;=
r;=
;e,s-r;=
rEmh 31 (a)
46
mlaIK wxlh ( 32
WmlrK (
g fia;=j
4.5 V neghla ^ 3 1.5 V fldaI&
Tisf,agrhla ^foda,fkalaIh&
lka fhduqjla fyda iamSlrhla
Wmfoia (
rEmfha oelafjk rEmigyk m%fhdackhg .kska .s,ajk wdldrfha ikakdhl
fldaIhla idod .kak'
f ia;rh lmd fjka lr .kak'
re l+r
isyka
s
ldnka l+re
5-10 mm
2 cm
1 cm
rn wenh
1cm
1 cm
,smaiala
wdf,amh
^mjdrl
f,i&
by; m isre
idod .kak'
rEmh 32 (a)
fN!;sl oHd ridhkd.drhlska ,nd .; yels Tisf,agrhla ^foda,fkalaIh& fyda
is.ak,a fckfgrhla ^ix{dcklh& fyda oHq;a m%Njh f,i fhdod .kska my;
i|yka m g fia;=j wgjkak'
47
wdjrKh
l< fldgi
R2(500 )
mlaIK wxlh ( 33
48
mlaIK wxlh ( 34
WmlrK (
6 cm . l lene,a,la
ldnka bf,lafg%davhla
;kql HCl djKhla NaCl djKhla
3V neghla
ijr Nsolhla
Njudkhla
Wmfoia (
6 cm la muK os. oS lhla wefkdavh jYfhka o" ldnka bf,lafg%davhla
lef;davh jYfhka o" fhdod ;kql HCl djKhla fyda NaCl djKhla fyda
oHq;a fokh lrkak' 3V Njhla fhoSu iEfya' oS lfha fl<jr iq w`M meye;s AgCl ;ekam;a f' fuh Cl- whk djKhl ^ KCl& .s,fuka Ag(s)/
a
AgCl(s)/Cl (aq) bf,lafg%davh ,ef'
Tn ksudKh l< bf,lafg%dav tlsfkl inkaO fldg Njudkhka u`.ska
tajdfha oHq;a.dul n, ukskak' idudkH i,o`.r fjda,a grhla o kk
g,a fjda,a grhla o Nd; fldg tla tla fldaIfha oHq;a.dul n,h
ukskak' fj<| fmdf<a we;s w;a 1'5 V fldaIhl oHq;a .dul n,h uekSfuka
Tnf.a m%;sM, ;yjqre lr .kak'
rEmh 34 (a)
iu; fjiagka-leh fldaIhla u`.ska Njudkh l%udxlkh lrkak'
rEmfha oelafjk mos fldaIj, w.% ksis osYdjg inkaO lrkak' idudkH
mlaIK wxlh ( 35
WmlrK (
R 20 j.fha O jKj, ^l`M" r;=" ks,a& fldaI ;=kla
fjda,a grhla ^1-2 V fyda 1-5 V &
inkaOl l
5 m%;sfrdaO ;=kla
1'5 V
5
rEmh 36 (a)
50
Wmfoia (
rEmfha oelafjk m WmlrK wgjkak'
mm:h inkaO lr iEu kd 15la mdid u fjda, grfha mdGdxlh ,nd
.kak' uksk wjia:df muKla fjda,a grh inkaO lsu m%udKj;a h'
mehla ;=< mlaIKh is fldg" mdGdxl 4la ,nd f.k mm:h ika lrkak'
B<`. kfha o fu jeks u mdGdxl 4la ,nd .kak'
mlaIKh k lsysmhla ^k 6la iEfya'& klg mehl ld,hla ;=< is lrkak'
O fldaI i|yd o mlaIKh is lrkak'
,efnk mdGdxl my; i|yka m m%ia;dr .; lrkak'
w.% w;r
fjda,h;dj$V
a
kh
rEmh 36 (b)
igyk (
tl u m%udKfha yd tl u fjda,ah;dj we;s O j.j, fldaI i|yd O jl%
,efnkq we;' ta jl%j, yevh fldaIfha ldhCIu;dj u; ;SrKh jk wdldrh
idlPd lrkak'
^a& m%udKfhka tlsfklg fjkia yd ^b& ridhksl j tlsfklg fjkia jk
fldaI i|yd ,efnk m%;sM, o tlsfkl ii|kak'
h h ldh i|yd fldaI f;dard .ekSf fuu jl% jeo.;a jkafka fl fia oe
hs idlPd lrkak'
fuu fjkia l we;s ug fya;= fldaIfha ksudKh iu`. fjkia jkafka fl
fia oe hs meye,s lrkak'
51
mlaIK wxlh ( 37
V
A
;kql H2SO4
djKh
rEmh 37 (a)
Wmfoia (
rEmfha oelafjk m mm:h wgjkak'
Nj udkh fyda m%;sj;H m%;sfrdaOh ilika djKh yryd .uka lrk Odrdj
fhdokq ,nk Nj wka;rh iu`. fl fia fjkia jkafka oe hs kslaIKh lr
jd;d lrkak'
Nj wka;rhg t j Odrdj m%ia;dr .; fldg t u`.ska fhdack Njh ,nd
.kak'
,sh iemehSu k;r fldg bf,lafg%dav w;r Nj wka;rhla mj;S oe hs n,kak'
ldnka bf,lafg%dav fh CuSO4 djKhla i|yd o NaOH djKhla i|yd o t
f,i u I-E m%ia;drh ,nd .kak'
fldm bf,lafg%dav fh CuSO4 djKhla i|yd o t f,i u I-E m%ia;dr ,nd
.kak'
idlPdj (
djKhla ;=<ska Odrdjla .,d hdu i|yd bf,lafg%dav u; bf,lafg%dav m%;sls%hd is
h hq;= nj idlPd lrkak'
;kql H2SO4 djKh oHq;a fokh fldg mm:h | oeuqj o moaO;sfha Nj
wka;rhla yg f.k we;af;a uka oe hs meye,s lrkak'
O%ejKh yd wfjda,ah;dj hk ixl,amh bm;a lrkak'
fldm i,afma djKfha kslaIKh l< ;;a;ajh idlPd lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 38
52
w,amd,s; c,h
rEmh 38 (a)
53
mlaIK wxlh ( 39
WmlrK (
fm is myla
ta.d
fidah laf,darhs
Wmfoia
je,s lvodis
5 cm muK . hlv weK myla
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
yd
(
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhys .s,jk ,o hlv weK u| f,djla r;a lrkak'
a
tu weK isis,a c,fhka fydka fidaod h<kak'
weKj, mDIaG ;j rg;a je,s lvodishlska ueo msis lrkak'
f,day ;Sre o je,s lvodisfhka ueo fydka msis lrkak' msis f,day ;Sre tla
tla weKfha lf`oys ueo ;ka fj<kak'
>k fidah laf,darhs 7 g la yd ta.d .a? 5 g la ^muK& lsrd .kak' c,h
250 cm3 la muK lrhlg oud r;a lrkak' lrfha c,h r;a jQ miq lsrd .kakd
,o fidah laf,darhs yd ta.d th ;=<g oud fydka h jk ;=re re l+rlska
l,;kak' wju jYfhka fuu djKh ks;a;= oyhla j;a kegeh hq;= hs'
djKh ;rul Wl= ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ g *sfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x lsysmhla
oud lrh odylfhka bj;a lr" l+re .dka kd lSmhla ksfjkakg ykak'
djKh ;rula ksjqKq miq fmdgEish f*ihkhs djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK
tu ta.d Y%Khg tl;= lrkak' ta.d Y%Kfha we;s jdhq nqnq`M yels ;r bj;a
jk ;=re Y%Kh fydka l+re .dkak' fuu Wl= ta.d Y%Kh fm is mylg
oukak'
l,ska ms<sfh< lr .;a f,day hq.,a wO jYfhka >k jQ ta.d iys; fm is
myl .sf,k m ;sria j ;nkak' b;s jQ fm ish ;=< wvx.= ta.d udOHfha
.sf,k fia b;s hlv weKh ;sria j ;nkak'
iaj,am f,djlska ta.d udOHh >k tla tla f,day wjg jQ m%foaYj, jK
mhdi we;s u wdrN fjhs' kla muK ;nd kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
ie( hq(
ta.d djKh kegf W;=rd hkakg bv fkd h hq;= hs' fmdgEish f*ihkhs
djKh isref ;jrd .ekSfuka j<lskak'
54
mlaIK wxlh ( 40
rEmh 40 (a)
55
mlaIK wxlh ( 41
wd'
Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+ yd Zn2+ c,Sh djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< fjk
fjk u f.k" 4 mol dm-3 NH4OH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lrkak'
wjlafIamhla ,enqKq miq j o m%;sldrlh jemqr tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka
lrkak'
igyk (
mlaIdj I ^w& ys oS Mg2+ djKfhka wjlafIamhla fkd ,ef' Ca2+djKfhka" ;=kS
j,duh iq wjlafIamhla ^w,;djla& ,ef' Ba2+ djKfhka >k iq wjlafIamhla
,ef' djKfhka >k iq wjlafIamhla ,ef' ^CaSO4 ys Ksp 9.0 10-4 mol2 dm-6
jk w;r BaSO4 ys Ksp 1.0 10-10 mol2 dm-6 f' f w.h weiqka by; kslaIK
meyeos,s lrkak'&
mlaIdj II ^w& ys oS c,Sh Al3+j,ska wjlafIamhla fkd ,efnk w;r c,Sh Pb2+ j,ska
iq wjlafIamhla ,ef' ^PbSO4 ys Ksp 2.0 10-8 mol2 dm-6&
mlaIdj II ^wd& ys oS c,Sh Al3+ iy Pb2+ hk foflka u iq wjlafIam ,ef' Al3+ fok
wjlafIamh" jemqr NaOHj, osh meyeos,s djKhla fohs' by; mlaIKj,g
wod< ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'
mla I dj III ^w& ys oS c,S h Fe 2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ yd Ni2+j,s k a jemq r fida h
yhsfrdlaihsj, wdjH ^iar& wjlafIam ,ef' tajdfha jK fudkjd o@ wod<
m%;sl%shd meyeos,s lr oSug ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'
r;a lrk g Fe (OH)2 iy Cu (OH)2 wjlafIamj, jK fjkia f' fuu jK
fjkia l fudkjd o@ fuu jK mhdi meyeos,s lr oSug ;=,s; ilrK
,shkak'
c,Sh Zn2+j,ska ,efnk iq wjlafIamh jemqr Na OH ys oshe meyeos,s djKhla
,ef' fuhg fya;=j ;=,s; ilrK u`.ska myod fokak'
mlaIdj III ^wd& ys oS ish whk djK wjlafIam fohs' wefudakshd djKh jemqr
tl;= lsf oS my; oelafjk kslaIK ,ef'
Fe(OH)2(s) jKh fkd f'
Fe (OH)3(s) jKh fkd f'
Cu (OH)2(s) jKh ;o ks,a djKhla ,ef'
Ni(OH)2(s) jKh ks,a meye;s djKhla ,ef'
Zn(OH)2(s) jKh wjK djKhla ,ef'
^wod< m%;sl%shd meyeos,s flfrk ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'&
57
mlaIK wxlh ( 42
mlaIdj
kslaIKh
igyk (
BaSO3 ;kql khsla w,fha jKh jk uq;a" BaSO4 ;kql khsla w,fha
wdjH h' ta uka o@
Ni2+ whk tys i,a*hsvh f,i wjlafIam jkafka Ndial udOHfha muKs' tfy;a
Cu2+ whk Ndial fuka u wd,sl udOHfha o i,a*hsvh f,i wjlafIam f'
59
yd
WmlrK (
wdikak f,i 1.0 mol dm-3
yd
whk djK
idka i,a*shqla w,h
;kql khsla w,h
1.0 mol dm-3 Fe2+ c,Sh djKhla
weksh l=vq
idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
idka yhsrlaf,dala w,h
weks,Ska fyda p - weuhsfkdi,af*dksla w,h
r;= ,suia lvodis
whsia leg
fla;= ma,dial=jla
WIaK;ajudkhla
Wmfoia (
whk
khsrhs djKfha 1 cm3 g muK ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 1 cm3 la muK
tl;= lr isis,a lrkak' ^0 - 5 0C muK& Y%Khg weks,Ska tl;= lr laIdh lsu
i|yd fidah yhsfrdlaihs tla lrkak' wk;=re j *Sfkd,a tl;= lr ^wEu&
kslaIKh lrkak'
p - weuhsfkdi,af*dksla w,h Nd; l< fyd;a isis,a lsu wkjYH h'
c,Sh khsf djKfha 1 cm3 la f.k w; ms<sfh, l< Fe2+ (aq) whk
djKhlska 4 cm3 la muK tl;= lr" idka i,a*shqla w,h 3-4 cm3 la mlaId
k<fha ;a;sh f.a fifuka tl;= lrkak' ^Uqre j,h mlaIdj&
yd
whk
fyda
fyda
yd
whk Y%Khl c,Sh djKhlska 1 cm3
muK f.k thg weksh l=vq$iskala l=vq$fvjvd Y% f,dayh iaj,amhla yd
idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh tl;= lrkak' wjYH k djKh u|la
WKqiq lrkak' msg jk jdhqj" fkia, m%;sldrlfhka fm`.ejQ lvodishlska
fyda f;;a r;= ,suia m;%hlska mlaId lrkak'
wod< m%;sl%shd idlPd lrkak'
60
WmlrK (
c, djH >k ldnfkaghla ^Wod( Na2CO3&
yqkq hr
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
c,Sh fh laf,darhs fyda le,aish laf,darhs djK
icl k<hla
mlaId k<hla
Wmfoia (
mlaId k<hlg >k ldnfkagh 0'5 g la muK f.k ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala
w,h tl;= lrkak' icl k<h Nd; lr" msg jk jdhqj blaukska yqkq
hrg hjkak' jemqr jdhqj yqkq hrg heu wLKav j is lrkak'
ldnfkag whk djKhg BaCl2$CaCl2 tl;= lrkak'
by; ,efnk M,hg ;kql khsla w,h tl;= lrkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
by; m%;sl%shd i|yd ;=,s; ilrK ,shd kslaIK i|yd fya;= meye,s lrkak'
WmlrK (
1.0 mol dm-3
fyda
fyda
-3
1 mol dm fh laf,darhs djKh
;kql khsla w,h
Wmfoia (
f*diaf*a whk djKfhka 1 cm3 muK f.k" fh laf,darhs djKfhka
1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
by; ,efnk M,hg ;kql khsla w,h tl;= lrkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
61
mlaIK wxlh ( 43
xxxx
fm ish
je,s
f,day nk
;dmh
rEmh 44 (a)
igyk (
WIaK;ajh 105 0C g jvd by< fkd hEug j. n,d .; hq;af;a wehs@
ksh; ialkaOhla ,efnk ;=re ksheosh wod< WIaK;ajh hgf;a r;a ug ;eh
hq;af;a uka o@
by; ia;r lrk ,o l%uh" CuSO4.5H2O jeks ic, ,jKhl wvx.= c, m%udKh
ksKh lsu i|yd Nd; l< yels o@
63
mlaIK wxlh ( 45
fh laf,darhs iy i,a*shqla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdj ^wjlafIam Wi uekSu&
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M, (
1 m%;sl%shdf oS we;s jk h .=Khl fjkia u wkqj m%;sl%shl w;r ujq, wkqmd;h
mlaIKd;aul j fidhhs'
2 m%ia;dr we|Sf iy m%ia;dr jgyd .ekSf yelshdj jOkh lr .kshs'
3 wjlafIamK l%uh Nd; lr idkaKh fkd okakd i,a*shqla w, djKhl
idkaKh ksKh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
0.5 mol dm-3 fh laf,darhs djKhla
0.5 mol dm-3 i,a*shqla w, djKhla
tl u wNHka;r IalNfhka hq;a mlaId k< oyhla
hqfrgq fyda l%udxls; msfmgq 2la
Wmfoia (
mlaId k< 1 - 10 olajd wxlkh lrkak' my; j.=f oelafjk mos wod< djK
mud hqfrgq fyda l%udxls; msfmgq wdOdrfhka uek Y% lrkak'
j.=j 45 (a)
mlaId k< wxl
10
10
fuu mlaId k< fyd|ska fid,jd wjlafIam ;ekam;a u i|yd tajd isria j isk
fia oskla muK ;nkak'
f wkaoug i,a*shqla w, mudj ksh; j ;nd fh laf,darhs mudj
fjkia lrka mlaIKh ;j rg;a lrkak' f i|yd j.=j 45 (a) Nd; lrkak'
64
j.=j 45 (b)
1
10
10
rEmh 45 (a)
10
ie'hq'
fuys oelajQ wdldrhg ika;; p,k l%uh fhdod iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h
m%dfhda.sl j fif oS 2(1 wkqmd;hg jvd je wkqmd; i|yd ^Wod( 3(1" 4(1 jeks&
th is lsug wmyiq;djla we;s f' Bg fya;=j ta i|yd fhosh hq;= mlaId k<
ixLHdj wl u" fhosh hq;= djK mud mlaId k<j, Od;dj blaujd hEu
hk m%dfhda.sl .eg u;= u hs'
fuhg ieula f,i ika;; p,k l%uhg u|la fjkia iuia; djK mudj
ksh; j ;nd .kska" m%;sl%shl djK foflys ujq,Nd. p,kh lr m%;sl%shdf
iafgdhslsfhd;sh ksKh l< yels l%uhla we;' Wod ( f, khsf iy
fmdgEish laf,darhs w;r iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h fuu l%ufhka fiu
i,luq'
j.=j 45 (c)
1
fmdgEish
laf,darhs
mudj$ cm3
10
11
10
11
11
1 mol dm-3
f, khsf
mudj$ cm3
2 mol dm-3
10
wjfCIam
Wi$cm
1 mol dm-3
f,
khsf$cm3
10
11
1 mol dm-3
fmdgEish
laf,darhs$cm3
11
10
rEmh 45 (b)
66
ixhq;sh
12
Wmu wjlafIamh ,enQ k<hg fhdok ,o m%;sl%shl ujq, w;r wkqmd;h" m%;sl%shdf
iafgdhslsfhda;sl wkqmd;h f'
mlaIKh II
wjYH jH yd WmlrK (
5 mol dm-3 jQ BaCl2 djK 100 cm3 la
5 mol dm-3 jQ H2SO4 djK 100 cm3 la
idkaKh fkd okakd H2SO4 djKh 50 cm3 la ^tys idkaKh 1-5 mol dm-3
mrdifha meje;sh hq;= h'&
rE,la ^fikagr" ,sgr ,l=Kq lrk ,o&
Wmfoia(
fok ,o 5 mol dm-3 jQ H2SO4 djK fldgia ;kql lsfuka 1 mol dm-3 "
2 mol dm-3 " 3 mol dm-3 yd 4 mol dm-3 djK 100 cm3 ne.ska ms<sfh< lr .kak'
my; j.=f i|yka m djK Y% lrkak' wjlafIamh ;ekam;a ug bv yer Wi
uek .kak'
j.=j 45 (d)
k<h
5 mol dm-3 jQ
BaCl2 djKh
mudj$cm3
H2SO4
w, mudj$cm3
1 mol dm-3
2 mol dm-3
3 mol dm-3
4 mol dm-3
5 mol dm-3
idkaKh
fkd
okakd
rEmh 45 (c)
m%ia;drfha olajd we;s m idkaKh fkd okakd djKfhka ,o wjlafIamfha
Wig wkqrEm idkaKh ,nd .kak'
67
mlaIK wxlh ( 46
1'0
2'0
3'0
4'0
5'0
6'0
7'0
8'0
9'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
c, mudj$cm3
9'0
8'0
7'0
6'0
5'0
4'0
3'0
2'0
1'0
0.001 mol dm
Fe3+ whk
djK mudj$cm
68
j.=j 46 (b)
1
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
1'0
2'0
3'0
4'0
5'0
6'0
7'0
8'0
9'0
9'0
5'0
8'0
7'0
6'0
5'0
4'0
3'0
2'0
1'0
djK mudj$cm
c, mudj /cm3
46 (a) yd 46 (b) j.= wkqj djK Y% l< miq ta ta mlaId k<j, wvx.= Y%Kj,
jK ;Sj%;dj msfh weiska kslaIKh fldg" iudk jK ;Sj%;dj we;af;a l=uk
k<fha isg oe hs igyka lrkak'
igyk (
46 (a) yd 46 (b) j.= wkqj ,enqKq kslaIKj,ska mlaId k< wxl 5 yd bka miq
j we;s ish k<j, jK ;Sj%;dj iudk nj meyeos,s fjhs'
wxl 5 ork k<fha we;s djKj, ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak' tu ujq, w;r
wkqmd;h u`.ska Fe3+ whk yd ie,sis,sla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdf iafgdhslsfhda;sh
,ef' t u`.ska whka^III& ie,sisf,a whkfha iQ;%h o my; oelafjk wdldrhg
oelah yels h'
OH
OH
COOH
2+
Fe
+ Fe3+
+ H+
O
C
o
fuys oS Wmu jKh iys; k<h f;dard .kafka msfh weiska jK ieie|Sfuks'
tfy;a jK ;S%j%;dj uekSu i|yd jK;sl WmlrK Nd; l< g jvd ksrjoH
mdGdxl myiqfjka ,nd .; yels h'
69
WmlrK (
fmdgEish whf
fmdgEish whvhs
fidah ;fhdai,af*a
djH msIagh
wdiQ; c,h
fidah ldnfka fyda laf,dafrdf*da
;=,djla
msfmgqjla
kq irdjla ^100 cm3&
hqfrgqjla
wkqudmk ma,dial=
mud;sl ma,dial=jla
Wmfoia (
fidah ldnfka fyda laf,dafrdf*da fyda iaj,amhla tl;= lrk ,o" wdikak
70
igyk
WmlrK (
lelEre k<hla
rn wenhla ^ueka m,k ,o&
fmryka lvodis fyda ;Ska; fmdjk lvodis
Ydl m;% lsysmhla
71
jxf.h yd fuda,
t;fkda,a
flaIsl k< lene,a,la
3210987654321
3210987654321
3210987654321
3210987654321
3210987654321
wenh
lelEre k<h
fmryka lvodis
mh
laf,dafrd*s,a
ksiidrlh
a
t;fkda,a + c,h
rEmh 48 (a)
Wmfoia (
.ska 15 cm la muK jQ o" m<,ska 1'5 cm3 la muK jQ o" fmryka lvodis mhla
f.k tys tla fl<jrla ;=vla f,i lmd .kak
Ydl m;% lsysmhla jfka oud c,h yd t;fkda,a iaj,amhla iu`. wUrd .kak'
Ydl hqI fmrd idka fmrkhla ,nd .kak'
flaYsl k<hl wdOdrfhka" fuu idka fmrkfhka |la" fmryka lvodis mfha
;=fvys isg 3 cm muK ka" lvodis mh u; ;jrkak'
t;fkda,a yd c,h Y%Khlska iaj,amhla lelEre k<hg oud rEm igyfka
oelafjk m WmlrKh wgjkak' fuys lvodis ;=v djKh ;=< .s,S ;sh hq;=
f'
djl fmruqK lvodish f.a by< ke`. by< fl<jrg im j;a u" lvodis mh
bj;g f.k mjfka h<d .kak'
igyk (
flaYdlIKh lrK fldg djlh lvodish f.a by<g .uka lsf kshefha
wvx.= ixrpl o ta iu`. by<g p,kh f' tajdfha Nd. ix.=Klj,g wkqj
fuh is jkqfha tlsfklg fjkia f.j,sks'
fuys wp, l,dmh l=ula o@
fuys ip, l,dmh l=ula o@
jKl .uka l< r" tajdfha Nd. ix.=Kl yd tajdfha Rf w.h w;r inkaO;dj
l=ula o@
O ixhq;sfhka hq;a t;fkda,a - c,h Y%K Nd; lr t u`.ska jKl fjka jk
wdldrh ixikaokh l< yels h'
72
mlaIK wxlh ( 49
A lelEre
k<h
mrSCId
k<h
rEmh 49 (a)
ldur WIaK;ajfha mj;sk idka wefudaksh laf,darhs djKhlska 10.0 cm3
A lelEre k<hg .kak' ;U l oe, lelEre k<fha ueo isr lrkak' B
mlaId k<hg c,Sh wefudakshd djKh 15 cm3 muK oukak' icl k<h
iys; wenh A k<hg ;oska i lr ksoyia fl<jr wefudakhd djKfha .s,jkak'
s
a
;U l oe, wefudaksh laf,darhs djKfhka ka g fiafok fia WmlrK
73
;o ks,a
wjK
rEmh 49 (b)
75
}
}
}
}
}
76
V1 cm3
10 cm3
(V1- 10) cm3
V2 cm3
(V1- 10) cm3
mlaIK wxlh ( 50
WmlrK (
0.02 mol dm-3 HCl djKh
fu;s,a Tfka
c,h
hqfrgqjla
msfmgqjla
wkqudmk ma,dial=jla
mqkS,hla
hqfrgq r|jkhla
re lrhla
Wmfoia (
mlaId l< hq;= c, idm,fhka 100'00 cm3 ksjeros j uek .kak' ^msfmgqjla
ke;a k hqfrgqj Wmfhda.S lr f.k 100'00 cm3 fo jrlg uek .kak'& fuhg
msfkd,ama;e,ska iaj,amhla tl;= lr 0.02 mol dm-3 HCl djKh iu`. wkqudmkh
lrkak' wka;,laIHfha oS hqfrgq mdGdxlh igyka lrkak'
wk;=re j" ,enqKq Y%Khg fu;s,a Tfka oYlh tl;= lrkak' kej; 0.02
mol dm-3 HCl djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' wka;,laIHfha hqfrgq
mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak'
igyk (
m<uq wkqudmkfha hqfrgq mdGdxlh weiqka
yels h'
77
idkaKh .Kkh
"
idkaKh$mol dm-3
(aq)]
pH w.h
ys pKa1 } 6'37 jk w;r pK2 } 10'33 f'
^a& iy ^b& wjia:dj, djKfha pH w.h .Kkh lsug fykavika ilrKh
Wmfhda. lr .; yels h'
^a& wjia:df
^a& wjia:df oS [
]}[
] neka
} 0 f' f ksid
f'
^b& wjia:djg wod< pH w.h fidhkak'
c, kshefha pH w.h okakd fgl by; m%ia;drhg wkqj kshefha H2CO3"
HCO3- yd CO32- m%udK ms<sn| woyila ,nd .; yels h'
c, kshefha OH- w.h mj;S k" tys pH w.h 11 muK f' tfy;a idudkH
c, kshehla t ;r by< pH w.hj, fkd mj;S'
78
uq`M laIdh;dj
79
= 10 X mg dm-3
mlaIK wxlh ( 51
81
fuu uex.kSia vfhdlaihs u`.ska wd,sl udOHfha oS whvhs whk" whka njg
TlaislrKh flf'
82
m%udKh }
mlaIK wxlh ( 52
83