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jzksh le,smrh Nd; lr kq ,nd .ekSu''

02
uhsfl%dgr bial=remamq wdudkh Nd; lr kq ,nd .ekSu
03
f.da,udkh Nd; lr kq ,nd .ekSu
04
p, wKalaIh Nd;fhka kq ,nd .ekSu ''
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n, iudka;rdi% kshufha i;H;dj fiu iy th Nd;fhka
fok ,o jia;=jl nr fiu
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ir, wj,nh Nd; lr .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fiu
10
fy,slaiSh kaklska wj,nkh lr we;s jia;=jl ialkaOh yd
foda,k ld,dj;h w;r inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsu
11
jksudkh Nd; lr iriq,l ixLHd;h fiu
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inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsu
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14
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Y%K l%ufhka >k jHhl YsIag ;dm Od;dj fiu

isis,k l%ufhka jhl YsIag ;dm Od;dj fiu
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ix.=Klh fiu
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.=re Wmfoia ( fyhd WmlrKfhys uQ,Ouh ksjer j isiqka wjfndaO lr f.k
we;a oe hs fidhd n,kak'
mlaIKh i|yd WmlrKh ksjer j wegug Wmfoia fokak'
wod< kq ksjer j ,nd .kafka oe hs kslaIKh fldg fodaI
ksjer lrkak'
mlaIKfha mdGdxl jd;d lsu iy wjidk .Kkh ls mlaId
lrkak'
8

mlaIK wxlh ( 09

nr fh mlaId k<hla Nd;fhka jhl >k;ajh fiu

bf.kq M,

( fuu mlaIKhg wod< jkafka bms uQ,Ouh nj m%ldY lrhs'

mlaId k<h isria j jfha bms,u i|yd iqiq jH yd jH
m%udKh f;dard .kshs'
jzksh le,smrh Nd;fhka k<fha IalNh uekSf l=i,;dj
jOkh lr .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla Nd;fhka tys wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh
.Kkh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK ( lelEre k<hla" Wia irdjla" m fmhla" jzksh le,smrhla"
,sgr i,l=Kq iys; m%ia;dr lvodis mhla" m%udKj;a ;r jh"
isyska je,s iaj,amhla
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKh i|yd wod< isoaOdka;h isiqkag wjfndaO we;a oe hs

mslaikak'
wod< kq ksjer j ,nd .kafka oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh .Kkh lsug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'
,nd .;a m%;sM, idlPd lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 10

ir, wj,nh Nd; lr .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fiu

bf.kq M,

( ir, wj,nfha ." ngdf.a flakah olajd ksjer j ukshs'

wj,nfha fm;g wdikak j tys my< u msysf ksfYk l+r
ksjer j i lrhs'
rdu >ldf l=vd u kqug wkqj m%;sY; fodaIh wju jk m
foda,k ixLHdj f;dard .kshs'
wj,nh l=vd fldaKhlska foda,kh lr rdu >ldj Nd; lr
foda,k ixLHdjg wkqrEm ld,h ksjer j ukshs'
mdGdxl w;r fyd| iqreula ,efnk m wj,nfha . i|yd
w.hhka f;dard .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fidhhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( ir, wj,nhla" gr fldajla" rdu >ldjla" ksfYk l+rla"

wdOdrl
.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrK wgjd we;s wdldrh fidais lr wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fokak'

m%;sY; fodaIh wju jk m foda,k ixLHdj f;dard .; yels wdldrh
ms<sn| Wmfoia fokak'
foda,k i|yd .; jk ld,h uksk wdldrh ksCIKh lr wjYH
Wmfoia fokak'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fiug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'

10

mlaIK wxlh ( 11

fy,slaiSh kaklska wj,nkh lr we;s jia;=jl ialkaOh

yd foda,k ld,dj;h w;r inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsu'
bf.kq M,

( foda,k i|yd .; jk ld,h ksjer j ueksh yels jk whqka

WmlrK wgjd .kshs'
ukskq ,nk ld,fha m%;sY; fodaI wju jk m foda,k ixLHdj
f;dard .kshs'
wj,nkh lrk ,o ialkaOh wkqj wod< foda,k ld,dj;h
ksjer j ,nd .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka ialkaOh yd foda,k ld,dj;h w;r
inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( fy,slaiSh kakla" 50 g m lg,hla" rdu >ldjla" ksfYk

l+rla" wdOdrl
.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrK wgjd we;s wdldrh kslaIKh lr wjYH Wmfoia fokak'

imhd we;s fy,slaiSh kafka oDVNdjh wkqj iy rdu >ldf l=vd
u kqu wkqj m%;sY; fodaI wju jk m ld,h uekSu i|yd wjYH
foda,k ixLHdj" .Kkh ls u.ska ;SrKh lsug isiqka fhduq
lrjkak'
t,a,kq ,nk ialkaOfha w.hka yhlg muK wod< mdGdxl .ekSug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka ialkaOh iy foda,k ld,dj;h w;r
inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsug Wmfoia fokak'

11

mlaIK wxlh ( 12

jksudkh Nd; lr iriq,l ixLHd;h fiu

bf.kq M,

( imhd we;s WmlrK wkqj wod< rdYsh fiu i|yd p,H ;SrKh
lrhs'
we;s ixLHd;hg jksudk lh iqir lsf l=i,;dj m%.=K
lrhs'
;ka;=j, lmkh ms<sn| wOHhkfha jksudkh b;d jeo.;a
jk nj ms<s.kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka iriqf,a ixLHd;h fidhhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( jksudkhla" ixLHd;h fkd okakd iriq,la" lsf,da.a? nd.fha m

lg,hla" Nd; l< jksudk lfha lene,a,la" gr fldajla"
f;o`vq ;=,djla'
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKh ie,iq l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| isiqkag wjYH Wmfoia

fokak'
lmkh jk iriq, iu. iqir jk ;=re jksudk lfha fia;=
w;r mr;rh ilia lrk whqre kslaIKh lr wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka iriqf,a ixLHd;h fiug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'

12

mlaIK wxlh ( 13

jksudkh Nd; lr we lhl ixLHd;h iy lmk . w;r

inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsu
bf.kq M,

( imhd we;s iriq,a lg,fhka uq,a jrg Nd; lsug W;

ixLHd;h we;s iriq, f;dard .kshs'
m<uq jrg uQ,sl iajrh ,efnk fia fia;= w;r mr;rh wdrNfha
ilia lrhs'
ixLHd;h l%ufhka wvqjk m O iriq,a i|yd wkqkdo jk
jksudk lfha . ksjer j ,nd .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka ixLHd;h iy lmk . w;r
inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( jksudkh" iriq,a lg,hla" lsf,da.a? foll muK Ndrhla'

.=re Wmfoia

( mdGdxl .ekSf m<uq jrg wod< ixLHd;fhka hq;a iriq, f;dard

.kafka oe hs fidais lr wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
wkqkdo wjia:dj ksjer j ,nd f.k we;a oe hs fidais lrkak'
uq,a jrg uQ,sl wjia:dj ,efnk m fia;= w;r mr;rh ilid we;s
oe hs fidais lr wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
iqiq m%i;
a drhla weiqfrka ixLHd;h iy lfha . w;r inkaO;dj
i;Hdmkh lsug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

13

mlaIK wxlh ( 14

ixjD; k<hla Nd tla iriq,la Nd;fhka jd;fha jks

m%f.h iy k<fha wdka; fYdaOkh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( ixjD; wkqkdo k<hl jdhq l|la wkqkdo jk wjia:dj m%dfhda.sl

j ,nd .kshs'
lmkh jk iriq,la iu. ixjD; wkqkdo k<hl jd; l|
wkqkdo jk g Wm u Yohla ,nd fok nj m%ldY lrhs'
jd;fha jks m%f.h iy k<fha wdka; fYdaOkh .Kkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( IalNh 2'5 cm muK yd . 50 cm muK jQ k<hla " ixLHd;h

okakd iriq,la" gr nd.fha rE,la" Wi irdjla" c,h" wdOdrlhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( c, irdjl .s,a jQ k,hla weiqka ixjD; wkqkdo k<hla ilid

.ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
ixLHd;h okakd iriq, lmkh lr ixjD; wkqkdo k<fha uQ,sl
iajrfhka wkqkdo jk wjia:dj m%dfhda.sl j ,nd .ekSug isiqka
fhduq lrkak'
jdhq lf|a . je lrka kej; wkqkdo jk wjia:dj ,nd .ekSug
isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
wod< wkqkdo . weiqka jd;fha jks m%f.h ksKh lsug wod<
Wmfoia fokak'
k<fha wdka; fYdaOkh .Kkh lsug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
,enQ m%;sM, iy .Kkhka mlaId lrkak'

14

mlaIK wxlh ( 15

ixjD; k<hla yd iriq,a lg,hla Nd;fhka jd;fha jks

m%f.h yd k<fha wdka; fYdaOkh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( iriq,a lSmhla we;s g tla tla iriq, lmkh lsf wod<

uQ,sl wkqkdo wjia:dj mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka jd;fha jks m%f.h;a wdka;
fYdaOkh;a ksKh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( IalNh 2'5 cm muK yd . 50 cm muK jQ k<hla " ixLHd;

okakd iriq,a lg,hla" gr nd.fha rE,la" Wi irdjla" c,h"
wdOdrlhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( iriq,a w;=ka je u ixLHd;h we;s iriq, iu. uQ,slfhka wkqkdo

jk wjia:dj ,nd" wod< jdhq lf|a . uek .ekSug isiqka fhduq
lrjkak'
ixLHd;h wvq jk wkqms<sfj<g wfkla iriq,a i|yd o uQ,sl wkqkdo
. ,nd" tajdfha w.hka uek .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
iqiq m%ia;drhla ksudKh lr t u.ska jd;fha jks m%f.h iy
k<fha wdka; fYdaOkh fiug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
jd;fha jks m%f.h i|yd ,enqKq w.hka wod< WIaK;ajfha jd;fha
jks m%f.fha i;H w.fhka fjkia f m%;sY; fodaIh fiug
Wmfoia fokak'

15

mlaIK wxlh ( 16

p, wKalaIh yd re l=hla Nd;fhka

rej, j;kdxlh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( i;H .eUqr iy oDYH .eUqr u.ska jHhl j;k wxlh fif

oekqu Nd; lrka iDcqfldaKdi%dldr re l=hl j;k
wxlh fidhd .kshs'
p, wKaalaIh ksjer j Nd; lsf l=i,;dj jOkh lr
.ksh's
O . kq b;d ksjer j uek .ekSu i|yd p, wKalaIfhys
Wmfhda.S;dj w.h lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( iDcqfldaKdi%dldr re l=hla" p, wKalaIhla" iq lvodishla

.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKfha uQ,Ouh ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wjfndaOh mlaId lrkak'

mlaIKfha mshjr ksjer j wkq.ukh lrkafka oe hs kslaIKh lr
wvqmdvq ilia lrkak'
jd;d l< m%;sM, mlaId lrkak'

16

mlaIK wxlh ( 17

ms%iauhla ;=<ska isjk lsrKhl wm.ukh mlaId lr t u`.ska

ms%iaufha wju wm.uk fldaKh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( ms%iauhla ;=<ska j;kh jk wdf,dal lsrKhl wm.ukh" tys

m;k fldaKh iu. fjkia jk wdldrh m%dia;dl j ksrEmKh
lrhs'
w,afmfk;a;s u.ska wdf,dal lsrK m: ksKh lsf l=i,;dj
,nd .kshs'
jHhl j;k wxlh fiu i|yd O l%fudamdh fhdo .; yels
nj ms<s.kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( re ms%iauhla" is;a; fmdarejla" fmdare lgq" iq lvodishla"

we,afmfk;a;s lsysmhla" fldajla" fldaKudkhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKhg wod< isoaOdka; isiqka wjfndaO lr ;sf oehs mslaikak'

mlaIKh i|yd wod< jQ O m;k fldaaK ksrEmKh lsf fldaK
ksudKh i|yd iqiq l%uhla meye,s lrkak'
w,afmfk;a;s Nd; lr lsrK m: ,nd .kakd whqre myokak'
mlaIKhg miq we| we;s lsrK ksudK mlaId lrkak'
mlaIK jd;dfjys m%i;
a dr ksudKh iy fiiq .Kkh ls mlaId
lrkak'

17

mlaIK wxlh ( 18

wj fldaK l%ufhka m%siauhla ;kd we;s jHfhys

j;k wxlh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( ms%iauh ;kd jHfhys j;k wxlh fiu i|yd l,am l%uhla

bm;a lrhs'
tfia ykd .;a l%uh Nd; lr tu jHfhys j;k wxlh fidhd
.ksh's
w,afmfk;a;s Nd; lr wdf,dal lsrK m: ,nd .ekSf
l=i,;dj jOkh lr .kshs'
j;k wxl fif O l%u ii|ka tajd w.hhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( re ms%iauhla" is;a; fmdarejla" fmdare lgq" we,afmfk;a;s lSmhla "

iq lvodishla'
.=re Wmfoia

mlaIKfha uQ,Ouh isiqka ;=< ;yjqre we;a oe hs mlaId lrkak'

mlaIKh is fldg wod< ksudK lsug Wmfoia fokak'
is l< mlaIKfha lsrK igyk mlaId lrkak'
mlaIK jd;dj uYkh lrkak'

18

mlaIK wxlh ( 19

jKdj,sudkh iSreudre lsu iy th Nd; lr

ms%iau fldaKh fiu'
bf.kq M,

jKdj,sudkfha Wmdx. k lrhs'

flaIh iudka;r wdf,dalh i|yd iSreudre lrhs'
iudka;rlh yd la isr ksis m iSreudre lrhs'
ms%iau fih W; wdldrhg ix;,kh lrhs'
ms%iau fih u; ms%iauh ksjer j ;nhs'
ms%iaufha wod< mDIaGj,ska mrdj;kh fmfkk la isf
m%;sn i|yd jKdj,sudkfha" jZksh mudK mdGdxl igyka
lr .kshs'
,nd .;a kqj,ska ms%iau fldaKh .Kkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( jKdj,sudkhla" iumdo ms%iauhla" wdf,dal m%Njhla ^iQ;s%ld mykla&

.=re Wmfoia

( flaIh iudka;r wdf,dalh i|yd iSreudre lsug Wmfoia fokak'

iudka;rlh ksis whqre iSreudre lr we;a oe hs mlaId lr wjYH
Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
ms%iau fih ix;,kh lsug wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
jZksh mudKfha mdGdxl ksjer j lshug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
,nd .;a kq weiqfrka m%siau fldaKh .Kkh lsug Wmfoia
wjika .Kkh mlaId lrkak'

19

mlaIK wxlh ( 20

jKdj,sudkh Nd; lr m%siauhl wju wm.uk fldaKh fiu iy

ms%iauh ;kd we;s jHfha j;k wxlh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( ms%iauhlska j;kh jk lsrKhl m;k fldaKh iu. wm.uk

fldaKh p,kh jk wdldrh ia;r lrhs'
iSreudre l< jKdj,sudkh fhdod .kska m%siauhl wju wm.uk
fldaKh fidhd .ekSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
tfia fidhd .;a wju wm.uk fldaKh iy ms%iau fldaKh
weiqfrka ms%iauh ;kd we;s jHfha j;k wxlh fiu i|yd
wod< isoaOdka; ksjer j fhdod .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( iSreudre l< jKdj,sudkhla" iumdo ms%iauhla" fidah oe,a,la

fyda fidah jdIam mykla'
.=re Wmfoia

( jKdj,sudkfha fih u; imhd we;s ms%iauh wod< m ;nd" wju

wm.uk fldaKh fiu i|yd m%siau fih;a" flaIh;a iu.d j
lrleug Wmfoia fokak'
wju wm.uk wjia:df la isf m%;snfha msysu;a" ms%iauh
bj;a l< miq la isf m%;
s nfha msy
s u;a jKdj,sudkfha mudKh
u.ska ksjer j uek .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
jd;d l< m%;sM, iy .Kkh mlaId lrkak'

20

mlaIK wxlh ( 21 I-

W;a;, ldphl m%;snj, msysgqu imd; l%ufhka

fidhd .ekSu iy t u.ska ldpfha kdNsh r fiu'
bf.kq M,

( W;a;, ldphlska we;s jk" jia;=jl ;d;a;al m%;snh iy

w;d;al m%;snh tlsfklska fjka fldg ykd .kakd whqre
ia;r lrhs'
imd; l%ufhka ;d;a;al m%;sj, msys fidhd .kshs'
imd; l%ufhka ^;, omk ;Srejla Nd; lr& w;d;a;al
m%;snj, msys fidhd .kshs'
O jia;= r i|yd wkqrEm m%;sn r fidhd iqiq m%ia;drhla
weiqfrka ldpfha kdNsh r ksKh lrhs'
,efnk m%;sM,fhys ksrjoH;dj w.hhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( wdOdrlhl kex jQ W;a;, ldphla" ksfYk l+re folla" ;, omk

;Srejla iy gr fldajla'
.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrK wegug iy ;d;a;al$w;d;a;al m%;sn ykd .ekSug

wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
mlaIKh is lrk w;r;=r" imd;h ,nd .ekSf we;s jk Ialr;d
ksrdlrKh lr fokak'
mlaIK jd;dj uYkh fldg wvqmdvq fmkajd" ksjer lrjkak'

21

mrSlaIK wxlh - 21-II

wj;, ldphl m%;snj, msysu fidhd .ekSu iy t u.ska

ldpfha kdNSh r fiu
bf.kq M,

( wj;, ldphlska we;sjk m%;snfha msysu iy iajNdjh ms<sn|

ia;r lrhs'
;, omk ;Srejla Nd; lrka tu m%;sj, msys imd;
l%ufhka fidhd .kshs'
O jia;= r i|yd wkqrEm m%;sn r fidhd iqiq m%ia;drhla
weiqfrka ldpfha kdNsh r ksKh lrhs'
,efnk m%;sM,fhys ksrjoH;dj w.h hs'

jH yd WmlrK ( wj;, ldphla" ksfYk l+re folla" ;, omk ;Srejla gr fldajla"

wdOdrl
.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrK wegug;a" m%;

s n ykd kslaIKh lsug;a wjYH Wmfoiaa
,nd fokak'
mlaIKh is lrk w;r;=r" imd;h ,nd .ekSf we;s jk Ialr;d
ksrdlrKh lr fokak'
mlaIK jd;dj uYkh fldg wvqmdvq fmkajd" ksjer lrjkak'

22

mlaIK wxlh ( 22

la,a k<h Nd; lr jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fiu

bf.kq M,

( mdGdxl myiqfjka ,nd .; yels jk m WmlrKh wgjd .kshs'

p,Hhka w;r fyd| iqreula ,efnk m wdo< mdGxl ,nd
.ksh's
wvq houlska l=vd rih m%udKhla fhdod f.k fuu mlaIKh
is l< yels nj ms<s.kshs'
ir, fh m%ia;drhla ,efnk m p,H yiqrejka iqiq
m%ia;drhla we| jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fidhhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( la,a k<h" g fldajla" l,m wdOdrlhla

.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrKh ksjer j wgjd we;a oe hs kslaIKh lr wjYH Wmfoia

fokak'
mdGdxl ,nd .kakd wdldrh kslaIKh lr ifodia ;eka wef;d;a
ksfodia lrkak'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fiug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'

23

mlaIK wxlh ( 23

ksh; mSvkfha jdhqjl mudj iy WIaK;ajh w;r inkaO;dj

i;Hdmkh lsu'
bf.kq M,

( mdGdxl .ekSug wfmalaId lrk WIaK;aj mrdih ;=< jdhq l|

c,h ;=< msysgk m WmlrK ksjer j wgjd .kshs'
mdGdxlhla .ekSug m%:u c,fha WIaK;ajh ksh; w.hl mj;ajd
.ekSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka jdhqf mudj iy WIaK;ajh w;r
inkaOh ,nd .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( rih |lska isr l< h,s jd l|la iys; tl fl<jrla ixjD; ;=kS
taldldr mgq k<hla" fh mudKhla" WIaK;ajudkhla" c,h iys;
Wi lrhla" uka:hla" f;mdjla" nkaika odylhla" l,m wdOdrlhla
.=re Wmfoia

( ish u mdGdxl ,nd .; yels jk m WmlrK ksjer j wgjd we;a

oe hs mlaId lr wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
mdGdxl ,nd .ekSf ksjeros ls%hd ms<sfj< wkq.ukh lrkafka oe
hs fidais lr wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
iqiq m%i;
a drhla weiqfrka jdhqf mudj iy WIaK;ajh w;r inkaOh
,nd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

24

mlaIK wxlh ( 24

ksh; mudf jdhqjl mSvkh iy WIaK;ajh w;r inkaO;dj

i;Hdmkh lsu'
bf.kq M,

( ksh; mud jdhq WmlrKfha n,anh imQKfhka c,h ;=<

msysgk m WmlrK wgjhs'
mdGdxlhla .ekSug fmr c,fha WIaK;ajh ksh; w.hl mj;ajd
.ekSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
n,anh ;=< jdhq mudj ksh; j ;nd .ekSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqka jdhqf mSvkh iy WIaK;ajh w;r
inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( ksh; mud jdhq WmlrKhla" WIaK;ajudkhla" c,h iys; Wi

lrhla" uka:hla" f;mdjla" nkaika odylhla
.=re Wmfoia

( mdGdxl myiqfjka .; yels jk m WmlrK wgjd we;a oe hs fidais

lr wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
mdGdxl .ekSug m%:u ksjer ls%hd ms<sfj< wkq.ukh lrkafka oe hs
fidais lr wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
iqiq m%ia;drhla weiqfrka jdhqf mSvkh iy WIaK;ajh w;r
inkaO;dj i;Hdmkh lsug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

25

mlaIK wxlh ( 25

Y%K l%ufhka >k jHhl YsIag ;dm Od;dj fiu

bf.kq M,

( WKqiq jHhla iu. isis,a jHhla uqiq lsf is jk ;dm

yqjudrej meye,s lrhs'
tu ;dm yqjudrej Nd; lrka >k jHhl YsIag ;dm Od;dj
fidhd .kshs'
tu fidhd .ekSf is jk mlaIKd;aul fodaI wju lr
.ekSf Wml%u id:l j ls%hd;aul lrhs'
tu Wml%u fhu ksid wjika m%;sM,fhys we;s jk ksrjoH;dj
w.hhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( le,grhla" uka:hla" ksl,aika ;dmlhla fyda fjk;a yqud,

;dmlhla ^fyda lelEre k<hla yd c, ;dmlhla&" Bh uQksiai
m%udKhla" c,h" ;=,djla iy m fmhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKfhys mshjr isiqka ksjer j wjfndaO lr f.k we;a oe hs

mslaikak'
fodaI wju lr .ekSf Wml%u ms<sn| Wmfoia fokak' Y% lsf
mirhg isjk ;dm ydksh wju lr .ekSu ms<sn| fYaI wjOdkh
fhduq lrjkak'
m%;sM, jd;dj mlaId lsf " ;dm ,dNh" ;dm ydkshg iu lsf
ilrKfhys ksrjoH;dj fYaIfhka mslaikak'
>k jHfhys YsIag ;dm Od;dj i|yd isiqjd ,enQ w.fha m%;sY;
fodaIh fiug Wmfoia fokak'

26

mlaIK wxlh ( 26

isis,k l%ufhka jhl YsIag ;dm Od;dj fiu

bf.kq M,

( iqiq mudK fhdod .kska WIaK;aj-ld, m%ia;dr ksudKh lrhs'

le,grh ;=< we;s jh taldldr j uka: lsf jeo.;al
meye,s lrhs'
fuu l%uh i|yd ;dmh ydks f YS>%;dj ixjykh u; fuka u
lsrKh u; o r|d mj;sk nj m%ldY lrhs'
m%ia;dr Nd; lr jfha YsIag ;dm Od;dj .Kkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( ndysr mDIaGh l lrk ,o le,grhla ^mshk yd uka:h iys;&

ndysr f,day nka folla ^O m%udKfhka hq;=& c, lrhla" j
lrhla" WIaK;ajudkhla" rdu Tf,daiqjla" f;o`vq ;=,djla"
le,gr mshfka we;s isre fol w;r rg iudk rlska isre idod
.;a ldfnda lene,a,la'
.=re Wmfoia

( ksh; mir ;;a;ajhla we;s lsf jeo.;alu wjfndaO we;a oe hs

mlaId lrkak'
le,grfha ndysr mDIaGh l lsf wjYH;dj yd jfhys;a
c,fhys;a iudk mud Nd; lsf wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrkak'

27

mlaIK wxlh ( 27

Y%K l%ufhka whsiaj, ,hkfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiu

bf.kq M,

( whsia iy c,h uqiq lsf is jk ;dm yqjudrej meye,s lrhs'

tu ;dm yqjudrej fhdod .kska whsiaj, ,hkfha YsIag .=ma;
;dmh ksKh lrhs'
tu ksKh lsf is h yels mlaIKd;aul fodaI wju lr
.ekSf Wml%u id:l j fhdod .kshs'
whsiaj, ,hkfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh i|yd ,enq w.h" tys iu;
w.h iu. ii|hs'

jH yd WmlrK ( le,grhla" uka:hla" WIaK;ajudkhla" c,h" whsia m%udKhla"

fmryka lvodis lSmhla" ;=,djla" m fmhla'
.=re Wmfoia (
mlaIKfhys is h yels fodaI wjfndaO lrf.k tajd wju lr
.eksSf Wml%u fhdod .kafka oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
jd;d l< m%;sM, mlaId fldg .Kkfhys ksrjoH;d j mlaId
lrkak'
whsiaj, YsIag .=ma; ;dmh i|yd ,enQ w.h" iu; w.h yd iei`ug
Wmfoia fokak'

28

mlaIK wxlh ( 28

Y%K l%ufhka c,fha jdIamSlrKfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiu

bf.kq M,

( yqud,h iy c,h uqiq lsf is jk ;dm yqjudrej meye,s

lrhs'
tu ;dm yqjudrej fhdod .kska yqud,fha jdIamSlrKfha YsIag
.=ma; ;dmh mlaIKd;aul j fidhd .kshs'
tu mlaIKfha is h yels fodaI wju lr .ekSf Wml%u
id:l j fhdod .kshs'
c,fha jdIamSlrKfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh i|yd ,enQ w.h" tys
iu; w.h iu. ii|hs'

jH yd WmlrK ( le,grhla" uka:hla" WIaK;ajudkhla" c,h" yqud, cklhla" yqud,

ynlhla" f;o`vq ;=,djla ^fyda ridhksl ;=,djla iy m fmhla&'
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKfhys is h yels fodaI wjfndaO lr f.k tajd wju lr

.eksSf Wml%u fhdod .kafka oehs kslaIKh lrkak'
jd;d l< m%;sM, mlaId fldg .Kkfhys ksrjoH;dj mlaId
lrkak'
c,fha jdIamSlrKfha YsIag .=ma; ;dmh i|yd ,enQ w.h" iu;
w.h yd ieiug Wmfoia fokak'

29

mlaIK wxlh ( 29

Tm oeuQ le,grhla weiqka jd;fha idfmalaI wd;dj fiu

bf.kq M,

( ;=Idr iEu i|yd ;sh hq;= wjYH;dj meye,s lrhs'

;=Idr ne`u wrUk wjia:dj yd ;=Idr bj;a jk wjia:dj ksjerj
kslaIKh lrhs'
;=Idr wxlh weiqka jd;fha idfmalaI wd;dj .Kkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( Tm oeuQ le,gr folla" l=vd whsia len,s" uka:hla" 00 C - 500 C

rih WIaK;ajudk folla" wdOdrl folla'
.=re Wmfoia

( whsia Nd;fhka" Tm ouk ,o le,grfha ;=< we;s WIaK;ajh

fika my; fy,k wdldrh ms<sn| Wmfoia fokak'
wfkla le,grfha mDIaGh iu. ii`|ka ;=Idr ;ekam;a jk wjia:dj
yd w;=reoyka jk wjia:dj ksjer j kslaIKh lsug Wmfoia
fokak'
,nd .;a mdGdxl iy ix' jd' mS' j.=jla weiqrska idfmalaI wd;dj
fiug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 30

iz,a l%uh u.ska f,dayhl ;dm ikakdhl;dj fiu

bf.kq M,

( ;dmuh wkjr; wjia:djg m;a u m%dfhda.sl j ykd .ekSf

yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
ksh; mSvk ysi Nd; fldg ;dmuh wkjr; wjia:df
WIaK;ajh iqiq m md,kh lsf yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
iqikakdhlhl ;dm ikakdhl;dj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( ;dm ikakdhl;dj fif iz,a WmlrKhla" rih WIaK;ajudk

y;rla" yqud, cklhla" ksh; mSvk ysila" jzksh le,smrhla" rdu
>ldjla" lrhla" f;o`vq ;=,djla'
.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrKh ksjer j wegug Wmfoia fokak'

WIaK;ajudkj, mdGdxl kslaIKh lsfuka ;dmuh wkjr; wjia:dj
ykd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
WIaK;ajudkj, mdGxl iqiq f,i md,kh lsug ksh; mSvk ysi
Nd;d lsug Wmfoia fokak'
wod< mdGdxl ,nd f.k j.=.; fldg f,dayfha ;dm ikakdhl;dj
.Kkh lsug Wmfoia fokak'
jd;d l< m%;sM, yd .Kkhka mlaId lrkak'
30

mlaIK wxlh ( 31

h,s fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh iy oHq;a .dul n,h fiu

bf.kq M,

( mm:hl uq m%;sfrdaOh p,kh lsu u.ska Odrdf p,kh is

lrhs'
fjda,agrh iy wegrh ksjer f,i mm:hlg inkaO
lrhs'
p,Hhka iqiq m m%ia;dr .; lr wjYH m%;sM, ,nd .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( h,s fldaIhla" ,s wegrhla" fjda,agrhla" Odrd kshdulhla"

.=re Wmfoia

mCIKh i|yd iqiq mm: igykla imhkak'

mm:h ksjer j ilia lr .ekSu i|yd Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
mm:h mlaId lr wkque;sh ,nd fokak'
Wmdx. ksjer j yiqrejka wod< mdGdxl ,nd f.k iqiq m%ia;rhla
weiqka fldaIfha oHq;a .dul n,h yd wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh ksKh
lsug Wmfoia fokak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 32

gr fia;=j Nd; lrka m%;sfrdaO folla ieiu

bf.kq M,

( fok ,o mm: igyklg wkqj mm:hla ksjer j wgjhs'

.e,ajfkdagrhg wdrlaIl Wml%uhl wjYH;dj yd tys Nd;
lsu meye,s lrhs'
fYa%Ks.; m%;sfrdaOhla u.ska .e,ajfkdagrfha ixf;djg is
lrk n,mEu meye,s lrhs'
m%;sfrdaO foll w.hhka ieiu i|yd gr fia;=j fhdod .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK (

.=re Wmfoia

gr fia;=jla" imK h;=rla" oHq;a .dul n,h 2 V muK jk

ixpdhl fldaIhla" ueo x .e,ajfkdagrhla" ieiug wjYH
m%;sfrdaO fol" Odrd kshdulhla" 1000
m%;sfrdaOlhla" fmakq h;=re
folla'

( fok ,o mm:h wegf fmakq h;=re jD; j ;nd .kska mm:h

wgjk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
mm:h weg jQ miq th mlaId lr ksjer j mlaIKh lr f.k
hdug Wmfoia fokak'
wdrlaIl mm:h ksjer j Nd; lsug Wmfoia fokak'
,nd .;a m%;sM, wkqj m%;sfrdaO fol w;r wkqmd;h fiug Wmfoia
fokak'
31

mlaIK wxlh ( 33

gr fia;=j Nd;fhka f,dayhl m%;sfrdaOfha

WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fiu'
bf.kq M,

( fok ,o mm: igykg wod< mm:h ksjer j wgjhs'

c, ;dmlhl WIaK;ajh md,kh l< yels wdldr ia;r lrhs'
.e,ajfkdagrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd wdrlaIK mm:h Nd; lrk
whqre myod fohs'
m%;sfrdaO fmfha w.% iy fmakq Nd;h ia;r lrhs'
m%ia;drhla weug W; f,i mdGdxl ,nd f.k iqiq
m%ia;drhla weiqfrka f,dayfha m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh
ksKh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( 100
muK mjD; l o`.rhla" ueo x .e,ajfkdagrhla" iamY
h;=rla" fmakq h;=re folla" oHq;a .dul n,h 2 V muK jQ
ixpdhl fldaIhla" WIaK;ajudkhla" uka:h iys; le,grhla"
c, ;dmlhla" f;mdjla" nkaika odylhla" grfia;=j" 1000
m%;sfrdaOlhla" 0 -500
m%;sfrdaO fmhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( WmlrK wegf ish u fmakq h;=re jD; lr ;eug Wmfoia

fokak'
imhd we;s WmlrK ,nd we;s mm: igykg wkqj ksjer j wgjd
we;a oe hs mlaId lr ksjer lrkak'
m%i;
a drhla weug wjYH mdGdxl ,nd f.k iqiq m%i;
a drhla weiqfrka
m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fiug isiqka fufyhjkak'

32

mlaIK wxlh ( 34

Njudkh Nd;fhka oHq;a .dul n, ieiu'

bf.kq M,

( oHq;a.dul n, ikaikaokh i|yd Njudkfha we;s jeo.;alu

w.h lrhs'
Njudkh Nd;fhka oHq;a.dul n, ikaikaokh lsf
yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
ixf WmlrK wdrlaIdld j myrKh lsf l=i,;dj ,nd
.ksh's
jH yd WmlrK ( Njudkhla" 2 V welshqf,agrhla" f,la,dka fldaIhla" veksfh,a
fldaIhla" ueo x .e,ajfkdagrhla" fo ux h;=rla" fmakq h;=rla "
1000 m%;sfrdaOlhla' inkaOk l
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKh i|yd wjYH mm: igyk imhkak'

Njudk mm:h ksjer j ilia lr .ekSu i|yd Wmfoia ,nd
fokak'
.e,ajfkdagrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= Wmfoia ,nd
fokak'
isiqka iska mm:h ilia l< miq j mlaId lr wkque;sh ,nd
fokak'
wod< mdGdxl weiqka oHq;a.dul n, ikaikaokh lsug Wmfoia
fokak'

33

mlaIK wxlh ( 35

Njudkh Nd;fhka m%;sfrdaO ieiu'

bf.kq M,

( iqiq Nj wka;rhla ,efnk m Nj fn mm:hla ilia

lrhs'
wjYH;dj bgq jk m fo ux h;=re Nd; lrhs'
mlaIK m%;sM, fhdod .kska m%;sfrdaO ikaikaokh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( Njudkhla" 2 V welshqf,agr folla" ikaikaokhg imhd we;s

m%;sfrdaOl folla" fo ux h;=rla" p,H m%;sfrdaOlhla" fmakq h;=re
;=kla" 1000 muK wdrlaIl m%;f
s rdaOlhla" imK h;=rla" ueo x
.e,ajfkdagrhla" inkaOk l'
.=re Wmfoia

( m%;sfrdaO ikaikaokh i|yd fhdod .kakd mm: igykla imhkak'

isiqka iska ilia lrk ,o mm:fha ksrjoH;dj mlaId lrkak'
isiqka iska jd;d lrk ,o m%;sM, mlaId lrkak'

mlaIK wxlh ( 36

Njudkh Nd;fhka fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fiu'

bf.kq M,

( wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhla iys; fldaIhlska .,d hk Odrdj wkqj tys

w.% w;r Nj wka;rh fjkia jk nj meye,s lrhs'
p,H w;r inkaO;dj m%dia;dl j ksrEmKh lsu i|yd
m%ldYkhla ,nd .kshs'
p,H w;r ilia l< m%ia;drh u.ska wjYH m%;sM,h ,nd .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( Njudkhla" 2 V welshqf,agrhla" h,s fldaIhla" 50 m%;sfrdaO

fmhla" fmakq h;=re folla" 1000 muK wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOlhla"
imK h;=rla" ueo ka .e,ajfkdagrhla" inkaOk l
'
.=re Wmfoia ( mlaIKh i|yd wjYH jk mm: igykla ,nd fokak'
iqiq iu;=,s; .la ,efnk m m%;sfrdaO fmfha m%;sfrdaO fjkia
lsug Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
m%ia;drh weu i|yd m%ldYkh ,nd .ekSug Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
mlaIKfhka ,nd .;a m%;sM, jd;dj mlaId lrkak'

34

mlaIK wxlh ( 37

Njudkh Nd;fhka b;d l=vd oHq;a.dul n, fiu

^;dm oHq;a hq.uhl&
bf.kq M,

( b;d l=vd oHq;a.dul n, uekSf idudkH Njudkhla fhdod

.ekSu iqiq fkd ug fya;= meye,s lrhs'
b;d l=vd oHq;a.dul n, uekSu i|yd Njudkh kej; ilia
lr l%udxlkh lrhs'
;dm oHq;a hq.auh iys; j Njudk mm:h ilia lr wjYH
kq ,nd .kshs'
imhd we;s jH yd WmlrKj,ska jvd ksrjoH m%;sM, ,nd .ekSu
i|yd l%fudamdhhka fhod .ekSf l=i,;dj m%oYkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( Njudkhla ^lfha m%;sfrdaOh okakd& 2 V welshqf,agrhla" ;dm

oHq;a hq.auhla" iu; fldaIhla" m%;sfrdaO fm folla" ueo x
.e,ajfkdagrhla" imK h;=rla" fmakQ h;=re folla" 1000 muK
wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOlhla" inkaOk l'
.=re Wmfoia

( idudkH Njudkhla u.ska b;d l=vd oHq;a.dul n, uekSu iqiq

fkd ug fya;= isiqkaf.ka uikak'
b;d l=vd oHq;a.duln, uekSu i|yd Njudkh kej; ilia lr
l%udxlkh lrk whqre mm:hla u.ska meye,s lrkak'
l%udxlkfha iu;=,s;;d ,laIHh lfha uOHhg wdikak jk
m m%;f
s rdaO fm foflys w.hhka iSreudre lsug Wmfoia fokak'
fufia lsug fya;=j uikak'
;dm oHq;a hq.uhl oHq;a.dul n,h uekSu i|yd mm: igykla
imhkak'
isiqka iska ilia lrk ,o mm:fha ksrjoH;dj mlaId lrkak'
isiqka iska jd;d lrk ,o m%;sM, mlaId lrkak'

35

mlaIK wxlh ( 38

wO ikakdhl vfhdavhla i|yd I-V pl%h ,nd .ekSu'

bf.kq M,

( we;s mm: igykg wkqj vfhdavhla" wegrhla" fjda,agrhla"

Odrd kshdulhla" fldaI yd m%;sfrdaO ksjer j inkaO lrhs'
Nj fnula f,i Odrd kshdulh fhdod .kshs'
l=vd Odrdjka uekSug ,s wegrhla iy Nj wka;r uekSu i|yd
fjda,agrhla Nd; lrhs'
I - V m%ia;drh weiqfrka vfhdavhla i|yd ok fjda,ah;dj$
lmdye fjda,ah;dj (knee voltage/ cut in voltage) wkdjrKh lr
.ksh's

jH yd WmlrK ( 1N 4001 vfhdavhla, 7.5 V ixpdhl fldaIhla" 0-1 V fjda,

a grhla"
Odrd kshdulhla" 100 1W m%;sfrdaOhla" 0-50 mA ,s
1000
wegrhla" inkaOk l'
.=re Wmfoia

( vfhdavhla i|yd I - V jl%h ,nd .ekSug iqiq mm: igykla isiqkag

,nd fokak'
wod< mm: igykg wkqj WmlrK ksjer mm:hl inkaO
lsug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
isiqka iska inkaO lrk ,o mm: igyk mlaId lrkak'
Nj fnula f,i Odrd kshdulh Nd; lrka ok fjda,ah;dj$
lmdye fjda,
a h;dj (knee voltage /cut in voltage) blau jQ miq mdGdxl
,nd .eksf fjda,ah;d w.hka fjkia l< hq;= mrdih ms<sn|
wjYH Wmfoia isiqkag ,nd fokak'
vfhdavhla i|yd I-V jl%h m%dfhda.sl j ,nd .ekSug;a wod< jl%h
Nd;fhka ok fjda,ah;dj$ lmd ye fjda,ah;dj (knee voltage
/cut in voltage) ykd .ekSug isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'

36

mlaIK wxlh ( 39

fmd fudapl kHdifha g%dkaisiagrh jOlhla f,i Nd; lr

IB yd IC w;r ixl%duKsl ,dlaIKsl jl%h ,nd .ekSu'
bf.kq M,

( Nj fn WmlrKhla f,i p,H m%;sfrdaOlhla Nd; l<

yels whqre myohs'
g%dkaisiagrhl mdo ykd f.k mm:hla ksjer j wgjhs'
IB iq p,khlska IC Yd, p,khla isu u.ska
g%dkaisiagrh Odrd jOlhla f,i ls%hdlrk nj m%ia;drh weiqka
myohs'

p,H m%;sfrdaOlhla" 1 k
p,H
jH yd WmlrK ( 0-5 Vfjda,agrhla" 2 k
m%;sfrdaOlhla" 56 k m%;sfrdaOlhla" 0-100
uhsfl%da wegrhla"
0-10 mA ,s wegrhla" 6 V ixpdhl fldaI folla" 2 SD 400
g%dkaisiagrhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( wjYH mm: igyk ,nd fokak'

mm:h ksjer j wgjd we;a oe hs mlaId lr wjYH k" ksjer
lrkak'
muK jk f;la IB "
m%udKj,ska fjkia lrka
IC ys w.h 5
IB yd IC i|yd o;a; ,nd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
IB iy IC i|yd m%;sM, igyka lr m%ia;drh weug Wmfoia fokak'
w`k ,o m%ia;drh mlaId lrkak'

37

mlaIK wxlh ( 40

ir, uQ,sl ;dlsl oajdrj, i;H;d j.= mlaIKd;aul j

uid ne,Su'
bf.kq M,

( NOT, AND, OR, NAND yd NOR uQ,sl oajdrj, i;H;d j.=

m%dfhda.sl j ,nd .ekSu u.ska oajdrh ykdf.k m%ldY lrhs'
ix.Dys; oajdr mm:j, w.% ykd .ekSug yd m%dfhda.sl j
mm:j, fhdod .ekSug yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
TTL (7400) fYa%Ksfha yd CMOS(4000) fYa%Ksfha oajdr ix.Dys;
mm:j, m%dfhda.sl Nd;fha fjkial ia;r lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( 7404" 7400" 7402" 7408" 7432" TTL IC y;rla fyda 4001" 4011" 4071"
4081" CMOS IC y;rla" r;= LED ;=kla" 330 1/2W ldnka m%;f
s rdaOl
y;rla" 100k 1$8 W ldnka m%;sfrdaOl folla" mm: mqjrejla "
+5V hdukh l< n, iemhqula" inkaOk l'
.=re Wmfoia

( wod< mm: igyk imhkak'

mm: mqjrej u; ix.Dys; mm:h yd wod< WmlrK ksjer j i
lr mm:h f.dvke.Sug Wmfoia fokak'
Nd; lrk TTL (7400) fyda CMOS (4000) ix.Dys; mm: wkqj
mm:hg iemhsh hq;= fjda,ah;dj ms<sn| wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
mm:h ieliQ miq" th mlaId fldg wjYH k ksjer lsug
Wmfoia fokak'
oajdrj, i;H;d j.= we;s Wmfoia wkqj m%dfhda.sl j f.dvke.Sug
Wmfoia fokak'
ks.uk jd;d l< miq th mlaId lrkak'

38

mlaIK wxlh ( 41

lhl wdldrfhka we;s f,dayhl ^jdfka& hx udmxlh fiu'

bf.kq M,

( l=vd ;;shla uekSu i|yd fuu WmlrKfha jzksh uQ,Ouh

Nd; lr we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'
lfha YalNh uekSu i|yd uhsfl%dgr bial=remamq wdudkfha
jeo.;alu w.h lrhs'
WIaK;aj fjkia ksid we;s h yels fodaI wju lsu i|yd
l folla fhdod .ekSf wjYH;dj meye,s lrhs'
oDV wdOdrlhl l t,ajd .ekSf jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( tl u oDV wdOdrlhlska t,af,k 3 m l muK . we;s IalNh 0'5

mm muK isyska taldldr l folla" gr fldajla" bialremamq
wdudkhla" ,sgrj,ska l%udxls; m%Odk mudKhla yd jzksrh
mudKhla" nr r|jkhla" lsf,da.a? nd.fha m lg,hla'
.=re Wmfoia

( mlaIKhg Nd; flfrk lh ke rys; j mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd

iqiq wdrNl nrla f;dard .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
nr fhf ;a" nr bj;a lsf ;a jzksh mudKfha mdGdxl .ekSug
Wmfoia fokak'
lfha uOHkH ;;sh ,nd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
mlaIKfha jd;dj mlaId lrkak'
jdfkaj, hx udmxlh i|yd ,enqKq w.h iu; w.h yd ieiug
Wmfoia fokak'

39

mlaIK wxlh ( 42

jhl ^c,fha& iai%d;d ix.=Klh flaYsl m%jdy l%ufhka fiu

^fmdhsfi,a iQ;%h weiqfrka&
bf.kq M,

( j m%jdyh taldldr j mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd ksh; mSvk WmlrKh

fhdod .kshs'
flaYsl k<fha wNHka;r IalNh ksjer j fidhd .kshs'
flaYsl k<h fl<jfrys kQ,a lene,a,la t,Af wjYH;dj
meye,s lrhs'
c,fha iai%d;d ix.=Klh .Kkh lsug fmdhsfi,a iQ;%h
Nd; lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( 25 cm muK . flaYsl k<hla" ksh; mSvk WmlrKhla" kq

is,k
s v
a rhla (100 ml), ,S wdOdrlhla" rdu >ldjla" p, wKalaIhla"
kQ,a fmdgla" iqiq rn k< lene,a,la" ;kql khs%la w,h iy
;kql fidah yhsfv%dlaihs djKhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( flaYsl k<h msis lsug wjYH Wmfoia fokak'

wkdl+, m%jdyhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd ksh; mSvk WmlrKh
iSreudre lsug Wmfoia fokak'
flaYsl k<h ;sria j i lr .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
flaYsl k<fha uOHkH wNHka;r IalNh fidhd .ekSu i|yd p,
wKalaIh Nd; lsug isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'
jd;d l< m%;sM, mlaId lrkak'

40

mlaIK wxlh ( 43

wKalaI lodjla Nd;fhka c,fha mDIal wd;;sh fiu'

bf.kq M,

( re lodj msis lr .kakd wdldrh myohs'

jZksh le,smrh iy uhsfl%dagr bial=remamq wdukh" Nd;fhka
re lodf . iy >klu ksjer j uek .kshs'
c, mDIaGhl iamY fjka mj;sk wKalaI lodjla u; mDIal
wd;;sh ksid we;s lrk n,h fidhd .ekSug iqiq l%ufoh fhdod
.ksh's
wod< mdGdxl fhdod .kska c,fha mDIal wd;;sh .Kkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( wKalaI lodjla" lrhla" f;o`vq ;=,djla ^ fyda ridhksl ;=,djla&

jzksh le,smhrhla" uhsfl%dagr bial=remamq wdukhla" isyska kQ,a
lene,a,la" kQ, we,ug iqiq ue,sh iaj,amhla" ;kql khsl
% a w,h"
;kql fidah yhsfv%dlaihs djKhla" msis c,h'
.=re Wmfoia

( re lodj msis lr .ekSug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

re lodf ;,h isria j mj;sk fia kQ,a lene,a, u.ska ;=,df
t,ajd" iu;=,s; lsug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
re lodf . odrh c, mDIaGfha iamY jk fia ;nd lodj c,
mDIaGfhka bj;a lr .ekSu i|yd fhh hq;= wu;r Ndrh fidhd
.ekSug isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'
re lodf . iy >klu iqiq WmlrK Nd; lr uek .ekSug
isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'
wod< kq fhdod .kska c,fha mDIal wd;;sh .Kkh lr .ekSug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
mlaIKfha jd;dj mlaId lrkak'

41

mlaIK wxlh ( 44

inka djKhl mDIal wd;;sh ksKh lsu

^l rduqjla Nd;fhka&
bf.kq M,

( we;s WmlrK Nd; lr ksjer wegjqu ilia lr .ekSf

ksmqK;dj ,nd .kshs'
l rduqj u; mDIal wd;;s n, ls%hd lrk wdldrh ia;r lrhs'
iqiq ;=,djla Nd; lr l=vd n,hla uekSf l=i,;dj jOkh
lr .kshs'
,nd.;a m%;sM, weiqfrka djKfha mDIal wd;;sh .Kkh lrhs'

jH yd WmlrK ( isyska l lene,a,la" lmq kQ,a fmdgla" fm iShla" f;o`vq ;=,djla

^fyda ridhksl ;=,djla&" p, wKalaIhla'
.=re Wmfoia

( l rduqfjys inka djK mg,h ;kd th ;=,dj u.ska ix;=,kh

lsug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
;=,dj ksjer j Nd; lrk wdldrh wjOdrKh lrkak'
lfha ;sria fldgfia . uek .ekSu i|yd p, wKalaIh ksjer
j Nd; lsu ms<sn| Wmfoia fokak'
,nd .;a mdGdxl wdY%fhka inka djKfha mDIal wd;;sh fiug
isiqka fhduq lr wjika m%;sM, mlaId lrkak'

42

mlaIK wxlh ( 45

flaYsl Woa.uk l%ufhka c,fha mDIal wd;;sh fiu'

bf.kq M,

( we;s mlaIK wegjqu ilia lr .ekSf yelshdj jOkh lr

.ksh's
p, wKalaIh fhdod .kska jvd;a ksjer j . uekSf we;s
yelshdj ixjOkh lr .kshs'
flaYsl k<hla msis lr .ekSf l=i,;dj jOkh lr .kshs'
flaYsl Woa.uk ixisoah fhdod .kska c,fha mDIal wd;;sh
mlaIK;aul j ,nd .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( 15 cm la muK jQ flaYsl k<hla" p, wKaalaIhla " lrhla" Wia

my;a l< yels wdOdrl nxl=jla" iqiq f,i ilid .;a oYlhla ^keuQ
w,afmfk;a;la&" ;kql khs%la w,h" ;kql fidah yhsfv%dlaihs
jKhla" wdOdrlhla" ;=kS rn mqvq'
.=re Wmfoia

( flaYsl k,h msis lr .ekSug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

flaYsl Woa.uk l%ufhka c,fha mDIal wd;;sh fiu i|yd fhdod
.kakd WmlrK wegjqu isiqka ,jd ilia lrug wjYH Wmfoia
,nd fokak'
p, wKalaIh fhdod .kska flaYsl k<fha by< ke.s j lf|ys Wi
fidhd .ekSug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
mlaIKfha m%;sM, yd ks.uk jd;dlrKh mlaId lrkak'

43

mlaIK wxlh ( 46

f. l%ufhka jhl mDIal wd;;sh fiu

bf.kq M,

( f. WmlrKfha Wmdx. ksjer f,i wgjd .kshs'

jh ;=< flaYsl k<h .s,S we;s Wi yd flaYsl k<fha wNHka;r
IalNh ksjer j uek .ekSug p, wKalaIhla Nd; lrhs'
uefkda grhl j l|ka w;r Wfiys fjki uek .kshs'
f. l%ufhka ,nd .;a mdGxl yd o;a; Wmfhda.S lr .kska"
we;s jhl mdIal wd;;sh fidhd .kshs'

jH yd WmlrK ( f. WmlrKhla" lrhla" mDIal wd;;sh fih hq;= jh" >k;ajh

wvq f;,a ^uefkdagr jh i|yd&" p, wKalaIh" wjYH wdOdrl" Wi
fjkia l< yels nxl=j fyda ,S l=hla'
.=re Wmfoia

( f. l%ufhka mDIal wd;;sh fiu i|yd iqiq mlaIKd.dr

wegjqu" f. WmlrKh fhdod f.k ilia lr .ekSug isiqkag
Wmfoia fokak'
mDIal wd;;sh fih hq;= jfha .s,ajd we;s k<fha fl<jka jdhq
nqnq msg f f.h" mlaIKd;aul kq ,nd .ekSug myiq jk
fia ilia lr .ekSug isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'
k<fha fl<jka jdhq nqnq, msg jk g we;s jk Wm u mSvkh
uefkdagrh wdOdrfhka uek .ekSug isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'
jh ;=< k<h .s,S we;s Wi p, wKalaIh wdOdrfhka uek .ekSug
Wmfoia fokak'
mlaIK m%;sM, igyk mlaId lrkak'

44