Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1

Trang 1/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim

CHNG 6 h0hCh Luu B0C LAF vA BEh TAh
Nghch lu oc lap la bo bien oi ien mot chieu ra xoay chieu vi ien ap va tan so ngo
ra co the thay oi cung cap cho cac tai xoay chieu, phan biet vi nghch lu phu thuoc la che o
ac biet cua chnh lu ieu khien pha, cho phep chuyen nang lng t pha mot chieu ve li
xoay chieu co ap va tan so co nh khi goc ieu khien pha > 90
O
a c nhac en trong
chng 3. Nghch lu oc lap c ng dung rong rai trong cong nghiep va dan dung, co the phan
ra lam cac nhom sau:
1. Ngo ra ta n so cong nghie p (nho hn 400 Hz) khong oi: cac bo nguon xoay chieu ban
dan s dung lam nguon cho cac thiet b ien thay the ien li. Co the ke bo lu ien (UPS
Uninterruped Power Supply) cung cap nguon lien tuc cho tai, bo oi tan cung cap ien cho cac
thiet b s dung nguon khac tan so li
2 Ngo ra tan so cong nghiep thay oi: dung e ieu khien toc o ong c xoay chieu, luon
co au vao la ien li nen con goi la bien tan.
3. Ngo ra trung tan hay cao tan:
T 500 Hz en 25 KHz khi s dung SCR hay cao hn khi dung transistor la cac bo nguon
cho cac cong nghe ien: nung nong dung dong ien cam ng trong moi trng dan ien, hay
chuyen thanh rung ong sieu am cua cac vat lieu t giao. ac trng cua nhom nay la he so cong
suat cua tai rat thap, can mac tu ien song song nen tai co tnh cong hng.
day tan so tren 25 KHz con co cac bo nghch lu 1 pha lam trung gian cho cac bo bien
oi ap mot chieu khi muon s dung bien ap tan so cao nham giam trong lng va kch thc thiet
b (cac bo nguon xung a gii thieu trong chng 5). Trong cong nghiep con co cac bo dao ong
cong suat hnh sin s dung en ien t hay transistor, lam viec tan so t 50 KHz en vai MHz
dung cho toi cao tan hay nung nong ien moi.
Khac vi cac BB a hoc, cac s o nghch lu hoat ong rat khac nhau. Ngay ca khi
cung s o ong lc, co the dung nhieu cach ieu khien e cho ra tnh chat khac nhau.
VI.1 PHAN LOAI NGHCH LU:
1. Nghch lu song song va noi tiep:
La cac dang nghch lu s dung SCR cho ong ngat, co tu ien mach tai e am bao
chuyen mach. Trong mach ien gom R tai, t cam L va ien dung C tao thanh mach cong hng
LCR, lam cho dong qua SCR giam ve zero va SCR t tat. Hnh 6.1.1 bao gom hai mach nghch lu
song song: (a) la s o cau, (b) la s o ghep bien ap; ( c) tng ng vi nghch lu noi tiep.

V
V
o
V
V
C
L
R
SCR1
SCR2
L1 L2
+
_
+
_
SCR1
SCR2
R
SCR3
SCR4
C
T
SCR1 SCR2
C
L
+
_

(a) (b) ( c)
hinh G.1.1: hghich luu noi tie (c) va song song (a. sJ do cau; b. sJ do bien a co diem giua).
+ -
+
_
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 2/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
a. Nghch lu song song: (hnh 6.1.1.a va .b)
Dang song cac phan t tren s o 6.1.1.a c ve tren hnh 6.1.2.b. Cac SCR 1 va SCR 4
co cung dang xung kch cung nh SCR 2 va SCR3. Khi SCR 1 va SCR 4 dan ien, tu ien C c
nap en ien ap co cc tnh nh tren hnh ve. ien ap nay se at ien ap am vao SCR 1 va SCR
4, lam tat chung khi ta kch
SCR2 va SCR3. T cam L
au vao cach ly nguon va
cau chnh lu, lam cho dong
ien cung cap vao cau chnh
lu khong thay oi tc thi,
tranh kha nang chap mach
tam thi qua SCR 1 va SCR
2 (hay SCR 3 va SCR 4) khi
cac SCR chuyen mach.
Do co t cam gia
bo nghch lu va nguon nen

(a) (b)
hinh G.1.2: 0ang a, dong cua hL noi tie (a) va song song (b)
Tr so va dang ap ngo ra thay oi theo ac tnh tai. Tren hnh 6.1.2b, ap ra khong con dang xung
vuong va co the gan giong hnh sin khi tai co t cam (tai RL).
b. Nghch lu noi tiep: (hnh 6.1.1.c)
Mach ien hnh 6.1.1.c la dang n gian nhat trong nhom mach nghch lu noi tiep, co
mach tng ng la LCR noi tiep khi SCR dan ien. V du nh khi SCR 1 c kch, dong qua
mach se ve khong khi ap tren tu ien at gia tr cc ai (co dau nh tren mach ien) va SCR se t
tat. V the mach con goi la nghch lu chuyen mach tai. Khi SCR 2 c kch, tu ien se phong
qua no va dong ve khong khi ap tren tu ien ao cc tnh, chuan b cho chu ky ke tiep dang
song hnh 6.1.2.a.
Hai mach nghch lu nay c dung lam bo nguon trung hay cao tan (nhom th 3 trong
phan gii thieu au chng). Va nh vay, ngoai nhiem vu tat (chuyen mach) SCR, cac tu ien
trong hai nghch lu nay con la mot phan cua tai, gop phan vao viec cai thien he so cong suat cua
mach.
2. Nghch lu nguon dong va nguon ap:
a. Nghch lu nguon dong:
i
N
i
o
V

v
C
o
i
v
C
Mach tng ng
(C la tu chuyen
mach)
Tai RL
N
L
i
C
i
+
L =
S3
S2
S1
_
S4
R
L
C
hinh G.1.8
La mach nghch lu co L bang vo cung ngo vao, lam cho tong tr trong cua nguon co
gia tr ln: tai lam viec vi nguon dong. Hnh 6.1.3 trnh bay s o nguyen ly va mach tng
ng cua NL nguon dong mot pha tai RL. Dong nguon i
N
phang, khong oi mot gia tr tai,
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 3/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
c ong ngat thanh dong AC cung cap cho tai:
S1, S4 ong: i
O
> 0 ; S2, S3 ong: i
O
< 0
Vay tai nhan c dong ien AC la nhng xung vuong co bien o phu thuoc tai.
b. Nghch lu nguon ap:
Hnh 5.4 trnh bay s o nguyen ly va mach tng ng cua NL nguon ap mot pha. ac
trng cua NL nguon ap la nguon co tong tr trong bang khong (la accu hay co ien dung rat ln
ngo ra) e co the cung cap hay nhan dong tai. Mot ac trng khac la ngat ien luon co diod song
song ngc e nang lng t tai co the t do tra ve nguon.
Ap nguon mot chieu c ong ngat thanh nhng xung ap hnh vuong co bien o xac nh
e cung cap cho tai.
o
i
v
V
o
v
o
i
o
Mach tng ng
Tai RL
+
S2
S1
S3
S4
_
C
R
L
hinh G.1.4
VI.2 KHAO SAT NGHCH LU NGUON DONG:
1. S o mot pha :
- Khao sat trng hp n gian: tai R, t cam nguon rat ln.
Mach ien hnh 6.1.1(a) va (b) cho ta dang c ban cua NL nguon dong mot pha la viec
tan so cao. Tu C tao ra kha nang chuyen mach cua bo nghch lu. SCR 1 va 4 khi c kch cung
cap xung dong dng cho tai , nap tu C theo cc tnh nh hnh ve chuan b tat chung theo nguyen
tat chuyen mach cng. Kch SCR 2 va 3 se lam SCR 1 va 4 tat va cung cap xung dong am cho tai.
Khao sat chu ky ta xac lap mach ien hnh 6.1.1.a:
L
N
co tr so rat ln dong nguon phang, bang I.
Kch SCR 1 va 4, co cac phng trnh:

2
0
0
2
vi la gia tr au
; <6.2.1>
sau 1/2 chu ky, (v tnh oi xng) <6.2.2>
o o
o C
t RC
o o C
T RC
o C C
v dv
I C v V
R dt
v A Be v V A B
T
v V V A Be

= + = +
= + = + = +
= = +
/
/
( )
( )
( )

N
Tch phan cong suat qua cuon day L trong chu ky:
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 4/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
2
2
0
0
2
2 2
2 2
0 0
2 1
2
1 2
4
1 1
hay <6.2.3>
suy ra:
khi chuyen ve he n v tng oi, khi
T T
L o o
T
T
t RC
o
T RC t RC
o
T RC T RC
P I V v dt V v dt
T T
VT
v dt V At Be
T RC
V e e
v t
RC
e e
T

= = => =

= =


+
=
+

/ /
/
/
/
/ /
/ /
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 1
at ; :
<6.2.4>
k k
o
k k
t t k wRC
T
v e e
k
V
e e

= = =
+
=
+
/ /
/ /
( )

o th ien ap tren cac phan t va ap ra tai he n v tng oi v
O
()/V vi cac gia tr k
khac nhau c trnh bay tren hnh 6.2.1 (a) va (b). Nhan xet la cac quan he co dang ham mu, thi
gian v
O
< 0 chnh la thi gian am bao tat tq cho cac SCR.

(a) (b)
hinh G.2.1: (a) la dang a, dong qua cac han tu va (b) v
O
()/v vJi cac gia tri k khac nhau.
Bai tap: tnh gia tr cua tq, tnh gia tr I cua dong chay qua nguon.
Hng dan: v
O
(tq) =0 =>
2
1 2 0
T RC tq RC
e e tq

+ =
/ /


2 2
2 2
0 0
2 2
T T
O O
v v
P V I dt I dt
T R VT R
= = => =

/ /
.
- Khao sat trng hp thc te: tai la RL, va ien khang nguon khong vo cung ln. Khi o
cac dang dong, ap co tnh dao ong, ap tren tu C sau khi qua gia tr cc ai se giam xuong, keo
theo giam tq, nhat la khi tan so lam viec thap. Khi o, ngi ta dung cac diod chan, cho phep gi
ap tren tu gia tr max - hnh 6.2.2 (a) va (b).
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 5/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim

V
+ -
+ -
Co Diod cha n
Kho ng Diod chan
C
v
t
v
C
t
L
+
_
SCR1
SCR2
R
SCR3
SCR4
C1
C2
D1 D3
D4 D2

hinh G.2.2.(a) mach dong luc va (b) dang a ra co va khong co diod chan.
- Khao sat gan ung nghch lu nguon dong: Trong thc te, tai thng la RL. Khi tnh toan
gan ung, ta co cac gia thiet sau du ien khang nguon khong ln vo cung:
* Xung dong cung cap cho tai la xung hnh
vuong, bien o I.
* Tu C va tai RL lam thanh mac loc cong hng,
lam cho ap tren tai v
C
co dang hnh sin va nh vay ch
co song hai bac 1 cua dong cung cap la i
1
tao ra cong
suat.
Mach tng ng c ve tren hnh 6.2.3.a khi
L
i
i
1
C
i
o
v
L
R
C

hinh G.2.8.a
ch xet thanh phan c ban (ba c 1). Hnh 6.2.3.b cho ta ca c vector: V
C
la ap ra, I
1
la hai c ban cua
dong ra i
O
; I
C
, I
L
lan lt la dong qua C va tai RL, ta co:
V
C
la ap ra, lech dong ra I
L
goc cua tai RL. I
1
sm pha V
C
goc e co ap am can thiet
tat c cac SCR (phan gach ng tronghnh 6.2.3.c).
V
I
I
I
L
C
C
1


wt

v
i
i
1
o
o
I
- I
V

hinh G.2.8.b va c.
Ta co - goc lech pha = .tq .
- Hieu dung hai bac nhat dong i
O
la
1
2 2

= I a I vi a = 1 s o 1 pha va
3
2

s o 3 pha ( dung cong thc phan VI.3.1, hnh 6.3.1).
T o th vec t, ta co:
SCR 1 va 4 dan | kch SCR 2 va 3
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

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1 .sin
.sin 1 .sin
tan
.cos .cos
.cos

= = =
L
C L C
L
L
C
I
I I I B
I
I B
I
vi
1
.
= = =
L L
C C
I Y
B
I Y C Z
, Z la tong tr tai RL,
2 2
( ) = + Z R wL va ta co
1
1 sin
tan
cos

=


B
B
. e tnh cac dong, ap ta tnh cong suat P bang
hai cach t nguon mot chieu (cung cap) va tai (tieu thu) khi xem hieu suat he thong bang 1:

1
2 2 1
. . .cos . . .cos . .
cos .2 2

= = = =
C C C
P V I V I V a I V V
a

T ap ngo ra V
C
co the suy ra cong suat P cua mach va dong nguon I.
Bai tap: Tnh mach nghch lu nguon dong s o mot pha. Ap nguon mot chieu 500 V, tan
so lam viec 1 KHz, R = 15 ohm va L = 0.001 H
- Tnh gia tr ien dung C e am bao thi gian tat SCR la 30 sec.
- Tnh gia tr hieu dung ap ra V
C
, suy ra cong suat tren tai P va dong nguon I.
2. S o ba pha : (hnh 6.2.4.b)
e tao ra he thong ba pha, cac ngat ien phai
c ong ngat theo mot th t khong thay oi oi vi
cac he thong ba pha, goi la LOGIC BA PHA. Nghch
lu nguon dong s dung logic ba pha co hai ngat ien
lam viec cung luc. ay cung chnh la th t ieu khien
cac SCR trong chnh lu cau ba pha. Nhan xet la ay
ch co hai ngat ien lam viec cung luc v dong nguon
Logic ba pha:
( hai ngat ien lam viec cung luc ).
nhom + S1 > S2 > S8 > S1
nhom SG > S4 > S5 > SG
chung S1 > SG > S2 > S4 > S8 > S5
khong oi (nguon dong) ch co the chay qua mot SCR cua nhom + mot SCR cua nhom . V du
khi S1, S6 ang dan, S2 c kch se lam tat S1 (Hnh 6.2.4.a).
(a)
i i i
N
i
A
C B
V

+
L =
S1
S5
S3
_
S6 S4
S2
(b)
hinh G.2.4: 0ang a, dong cua hL nguon dong 8 ha (a) mach dong luc (b)
Hnh 6.2.4 cho ta cac dang song va ma ch nguyen ly cua nghch lu nguon dong 3 pha.
Dong nguon, xem nh khong oi mot trang thai cua tai, oc phan bo cho cac SCR nh hnh
(a): moi luc ch co hai SCR lam viec, xung dong tren moi pha co dang ch nhat, ap ra thay oi
theo ac tnh tai. Cung giong nh nghch lu mot pha, dong qua tai i
A
sm pha hn ien ap v
A

(hnh 6.2.4.a). ay chnh la ieu kien e co s chuyen mach: khi xem tu chuyen mach la thanh
phan cua tai, tai se co tnh dung va at c ap am vao SCR ang dan khi SCR mi c kch.
Viec tnh toan gan ung nghch lu nguon dong 3 pha thc hien giong nh s o mot pha
nhng vi quan he gia bien o va thanh phan c ban (he so a) cua dong ien thay oi.
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 7/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
Mot nhan xet khac la nang lng ch chay mot chieu t nguon qua tai, lam ap ra thay oi
theo tai, tang cao khi khong tai v nang lng tch tr tai tang cao.
Ta co the thay oi ap ra bang cach thay oi ap nguon hay mac song song vi tai mot mach
ieu chnh cong suat phan khang.
Hnh 6.2.5.a cho ta mot v du ve nghch lu nguon dong cu the. Co the thay ay la s phat
trien cua s o 6.2.2.a thanh ba pha, SCR ang dan se tat khi mot SCR noi chung anod (catod)
c kch theo logic moi luc co hai ngat ien la m viec. Qua trnh tat T1 khi T3 c kch c ve
tren hnh (b), cac tu ien se at ap am vao T1 va nap en cc tnh ngc lai, chuan b tat T3
xung dong ke tiep. Cac diod c them vao e tranh tnh trang tu ien C b xa qua tai tan so
lam viec thap. Hnh (c) cho ta cac dang song tren cac phan t cua mach.

hinh G.2.5: SJ do, dang a, dong cua mot hL nguon dong 8 ha .
VI.3 KHAO SAT NGHCH LU NGUON AP:
1. S o mot pha :
Co the xem BB ap mot chieu lam viec 4 phan t ieu khien chung chng 4 vi ap ra
co tr trung bnh bang khong la mot trong nhng bo nghch lu nguon ap mot pha, c goi la s
o cau khi dung 4 ngat ien (hnh 6.1.4) hay na cau dung hai nguon (hnh 5.1.8).
Hnh 6.3.1 cho ta hai dang mach khac cua nghch lu nguon ap 1 pha ngoai s o cau hnh
6.1.4, la s o na cau dung mot nguon (a) va s o ay keo (b). Hai s o nay ch co the dung
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 8/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
cho cac bo nghch lu v cau phan ap dung tu va bien ap ch lam viec vi tn hieu xoay chieu.
Co the nhan xet de dang la trnh t ong ngat cac ngat ien cua cac s o nay se giong
nh BB ap mot chieu lam viec 4 phan t nhng luat ieu khien se thay oi, c ban nhat la
am bao trung bnh ap ra bang khong.
Cac ngat ien nh vay phai
co kha nang ong ngat theo s o
ieu khien, khong phu thuoc tai.
Hien nay cap cong suat di 100
kW ngi ta thng dung linh kien
ho transistor ( IGBT, transistor
Darlington, MosFET) va co the dung
SCR + mach tat hay GTO cong suat
cao hn.
Viec tnh toan dang dong, ap
V
V
o
V
o
V
S1
+
_
S2
D1
D2
C1
C2
T
S1
D1 D2
S2
+
_

(a) (b)
hinh G.8.1: hL nguon a, sJ do mot ha
tai RL co the dung cac cong thc a xay dng trong chng 5.
2. S o ba pha :
Nghch lu nguon ap nhieu pha co the bao gom nhieu bo nghch lu mot pha lam viec lech
pha mot goc qui nh cua he nhieu pha tng ng, v du 2/3 he 3 pha. Thng gap nhat la
nghch lu nhieu pha c tao thanh t nhng na cau nh hnh 6.3.2.b la s o ba pha, gom 3
nhanh lam viec lech nhau 2/3 tng oi mot. Vi nguon la nguon ap va co diod phong ien song
song vi moi ngat ien, nang lng truyen c hai chieu gia nguon va tai lam cho ap ra co
dang cac xung vuong co bien o la bien o ap nguon. Khac vi nghch lu nguon dong, nghch lu
nguon ap ba pha co the s dung logic ba pha co hai hay ba ngat ien lam viec cung luc.
Hnh 6.3.2.a gom dang xung ieu
khien cac ngat ngat ien, dang ap, dong ra
tai RL cua mot s o nghch lu ba pha
nguon ap. Nhan xet la moi luc co 3 ngat
ien lam viec. Dang dong va ap pha ve tren
hnh 5.11.a la cua mach tai RL noi Y.

Logic ba pha:
( ba ngat ien lam viec cung luc).
pha A S1 > S4 > S1
pha B S2 > S5 > S2
pha C SG > S8 > SG
S1>SG>S2>S4>S8>S5>S1

(a)

V
C B
A
S5 S4
+
S3 S1
S6
S2
_
D1 D2 D3
D6 D5 D4
(b)
hinh G.8.2: hL nguon a ba ha, cac dang song (a) va mach
dong luc (b).
Dang song ngo ra nghch lu nguon ap 3 pha co dang xung ieu khien hnh 6.3.2a c goi
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 9/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
la dang song 6 nac, c xem la can ban cho viec khao sat ac tnh NL nguon ap ba pha.
e tnh toan ap ngo ra nghch lu nguon ap, ngi ta thng gia s nh nguon co iem
gia n, ap cac pha v
An
, v
Bn
, v
Cn
, ap day v
AB
, v
BC
, v
CA
co cac quan he:

0 = + +
=
=
=
CA BC AB
An Cn CA
Cn Bn BC
Bn An AB
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v v

Khi ieu khien 4 1 S S = (S1 va S4 lam viec ngc pha), ta co the chng minh la cac ap
pha v
An
, v
Bn
, v
Cn
va cac ap day hoan toan xac nh t luat ieu khien cac ngat ien. He thong
nh vay con goi la ieu khien hoan toan (toan phan). He thong c goi la ieu khien khong
hoan toan neu co khoang thi gian ca hai ngat ien cua na cau eu khong lam viec. Khi o, ap
ra se phu thuoc vao dong phong ien qua diod, va nh vay ap ra se phu thuoc tai.
Hnh 6.3.2.a cho thay ap day v
AB
la xung vuong. e tnh cac ap pha tai, ta gia s tai noi
hnh sao, oi xng va co trung tnh la N. Ta co cac quan he sau khi bo qua ch so N cua ap pha tai:

0 = + +
=
=
=
C B A
A C CA
C B BC
B A AB
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v v
suy ra:
) (
3
1
) (
3
1
) (
3
1
BC CA C
AB BC B
CA AB A
v v v
v v v
v v v
=
=
=

T ay co the tnh c ap pha v
A
co dang nac thang va khao sat trong mot chu ky ta xac
lap dang dong bao gom cac oan ham mu la dong ien qua RL khi ap thay oi nhay cap.
Cung co the tnh ap pha tai theo ap ngo ra bo nghch lu:
) 2 (
3
1
) 2 (
3
1
) 2 (
3
1
Bn An Cn C
Cn An Bn B
Cn Bn An A
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
=
=
=

khi e y
Nn C Cn Nn B Bn Nn A An
v v v v v v v v v + = + = + = , , vi v
Nn
la ap gia trung tnh N
cua tai va trung tnh nguon n va
Nn Cn Bn An
v v v v . 3 = + + . Cac cong thc nay khong phu thuoc
vao nguyen ly hoat ong cua s o nghch lu ba pha.
Khac vi nghch lu nguon dong ch co mot s o ieu khien nh a trnh bay, nghch lu
nguon ap co the c ieu khien bang nhieu thuat toan khac nhau.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 10/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
3. Nghch lu a bac (nhieu nac):
Muc ch lam cho dang ap ra gan vi
hnh sin hn (hnh 5.12).
Co nhieu cach thc hien NL a bac:
- S dung nguon co nhieu cap ien ap
va nhieu ngat ien noi tiep.
- Noi tiep nhieu bo NL mot pha co
nguon rieng (cell nghch lu mot pha).
- Noi tiep nhieu bo NL mot pha lam
viec lech pha qua bien ap ngo ra.
0
wt
2

hinh G.8.8: 0ang song a ra hL 5 nac dien a.
a. Nghch lu nhieu bac dung nguon nhieu cap ien ap: (hnh 6.3.3)
- Nhieu cap ap nguon dung tu phan ap.
- So cap bang so tu ien n + 1.
- nguyen ly lam viec: Ngat ien pha trong (S13 hay S23) ch c khoa khi ngat ien
ngoai no (S12 hay S22) a khoa va nh the mot cap ien ap se c noi vao tai qua diod kep khi
cac ngat ien gia no va tai lam viec.
V
V
/2
/2
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
v
o
_
+
C
C
C
C
R
L



hinh G.8.4:
a. hguyen ly hL nam nac dung nguon nhieu ca dien a
b. Thuc hien nguyen ly hinh a. bang sJ do dung diod
ke(011 .. 021)
V
V
/2
/2
o
v
_
+
C
C
C
C
018
028
022
021
S11 011
012 S12
S18
S14
S24
S28
S21
S22

b. Nghch lu nhieu bac dung cac cell nghch lu mot pha: (hnh 5.15)

~
~
~
~
E1
S14
S18 S12
S11
R
R
E1

A
B
C
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
E11 E12 E18
E28 E22 E21
E88 E82 E81
R
R
R
L
L
L
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 11/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
hinh G.8.5.a: Mot cell nghich luu mot ha
va ky hieu (ve vJi tai R)
hinh G.8.5.b: hghich luu da bac ba ha dung to hJ ba
cell nghich luu mot ha cho moi ha tai.
- Nh co the nhan xet trong phan khao sat NL ba pha sau nac, cac dang ap na c thang nay
c tao ra t viec cong (tr) cac dang xung vuong lam viec lech pha nhau. Khi ta cong (tr)
nhieu ap ra cua NL mot pha, ta co the tong hp c dang ap nghch lu a bac.
- So bac: Moi cell co the co 3 mc: +V, 0, -V; tren mot nhanh co N cell tao thanh 2N+1
bac.
Nghch lu a bac cho phep tao ra cong suat ln, ap cao t cac cell cong suat be, ap thap.
Tuy nhien, BB yeu cau cac nguon mot chieu cach ly vi nhau.
c. Nghch lu a bac ghep bien ap ngo ra: (hnh 6.3.6)
- Moi cap co be rong nh nhau.
- S dung bien ap e cong cac xung vuong thanh ap nac thang.
- So bac bang 2 lan so bo nghch lu mot pha.
- n gian nhat nhng kch thc ln, hieu suat khong cao.
NL1
NL2
Nguon
mot chieu
V
V
o1
o2
V
o

hinh G.8.G: hguyen ly cong hai dang a nghich luu
dung bien a de tao ra dang song nac thang

hinh G.8.7.b: 0ang song 12 nac thang
Bang tong hJ a 8 ha tu G thanh han 1 ha lech 8O
0
:
Pha U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6
A 1
1/ 3

-1/ 3
-1
- 2/ 3
B
1/ 3
1
2/ 3
1
1/ 3
C -1
- 2/ 3
-1
-1/ 3

1/ 3

hinh G.8.7.a: Tong hJ dang song 12 nac tu G nguon
nghich luu mot ha
0
2
1
3
A
B
C
1
3
U1 U4 U5 U6 U2 U3
U1 U2 U3
U6 U5 U4
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6

Hnh 6.3.7 giai thch nguyen ly tong hp dang song 12 nac thang ba pha t 6 bo NL mot
pha lam viec lech 30
O
, dau cho biet phai ao cc tnh cuon day. Moi pha tai c cung cap
bang mach noi tiep 5 cuon th cap cua bien ap ngo ra cac bo NL mot pha vi bien o co t le
theo bang tren hnh 6.3.7.a.
4. Tnh toan gan ung nghch lu nguon ap:
ng dung mach tng ng hnh 6.3.8 khi xem song hai bac cao co tac dung khong ang
ke. v
1
, i
1
la thanh phan c ban (bac 1, tan so goc w), TAI chnh la mach tng ng cua phu tai,
c tnh tan so lam viec w.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 12/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
Nguon v
1
co tr hieu dung c tnh t khai trien Fourier
ap ngo ra BB (muc VI.4). T mach tng ng, ta tnh c
dong tai (xem nh bang i
1
), cong suat tieu thu, suy ra nh hoat
ong cua tai.
e anh gia tac dung cua ap ra BB khong hnh sin, ta
tiep tuc s dung nguyen ly xep chong e tnh toan dong, ap, cong
suat cua cac song hai bac cao, cong viec cung tng t nh tnh
toan vi thanh phan c ban.
1
v
i
1 T
A
I

hinh G.8.8: Tinh toan gan dung
nghich luu nguon a
VI.4 IEU KHIEN AP RA VA HAN CHE
SONG HAI:
1. Phan tch song hai ien ap:
Dang song ieu rong xung tren hnh
6.4.1 cho phep ta phan tch song hai hau het cac
dang ap ra cua mach nghch lu nguon ap

hinh G.4.1: 0ang xung cJ ban cho han tich song
hai nghich luu
thng gap. Truc tung c di en v tr truc oi xng xung ap co be rong a e khai trien Fourier
cua ap ra khong co thanh phan sin. Ngoai ra, v ap ra co /2 la tam oi xng, song hai ap ra
khong co tan so boi chan (n 2k):
( )
2 1
cos
n
n k
v V nwt
= +
=

k = 0, 1, 2, 3 vi tch phan theo bien t:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
2
4 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
na
n
V
n
a wt
a wt
n
V
n
a
a
n
V nwt V
dwt nwt V dwt nwt v dwt nwt v V
sin sin
cos cos cos
/
/
/
/
/
/

=
=

= =
= = =

ra suy
<6.4.1>
Khi a = /2 (xung ch nhat)
1
4 4 4 4 4 2
3 5 7 9
4
1,3,5, 7,9.. , , , , , ( 1)
n
V V V V V
n
V
n V
n

= =
Bai tap 6.1:
1. Chng minh dang song lech pha hnh 5.10 co goc lech pha = 2 / k khong co hai bac
boi k:
Khi hai na cau ieu khien lech pha = 2 / k , be rong xung se la va bien o cac song
hai la
k
n
n
V
n
V

=
.
sin
4
, 0 =
n
V khi n la boi so cua k .
V the trong cac bo nghch lu ba pha, tai khong bao gi co hai bo i 3 v cac pha c ieu
khien lech nhau 2 / 3 va ta co the bo qua hai boi 3 trong viec tnh toan song hai ien ap ngo ra.
2. Chng minh DANG SONG 6 NAC hnh 6.3.2a:
- cac thanh phan Fourier cua ap day van bang 3 cac thanh phan tng ng cua ap pha.
- T so gi a cac song ha i bac cao tren thanh pha n c ban (bac 1) cua ap day va ap pha la
nh nhau.
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 13/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
2. ieu khien ap ra:
ieu khien ap ra la mot yeu cau can thiet cho
cac bo nghch lu v:
- Gi on nh ien ap ngo ra, tranh cac sut ap
do tai, nguon va ca do cac phan t trong mach.
- Ap ra can ieu khien theo yeu cau cua tai. V
du nh vi tai ong c, khi lam viec vi nguon ap can
cung cap ien ap t le vi tan so lam viec e ong c
khong b bao hoa.
f
U/Um
(a)
(b)

hinh G.4.2: Bac tinh u / = hang so
theo ly thuyet (a) va thuc te (b)
V
o
i Vo
S1
S2
01
02
_
+
S8
04
08
S4
(a)
(b)
hinh G.4.8: Bieu khien a ra bang lech ha
Ta co cac phng phap sau:
a. Thay oi ap nguon cung cap:
Lam bien o ap ra thay oi, thng s dung khi nghch lu la nguon dong hay ap ra co dang co
nh. Khi o, bo NL thng c cung cap ien DC t bo nguon chnh lu ieu khien pha hay qua
BB ap DC.
b. ieu che o rong xung: Mot xung va nhieu xung.
Mach ieu khien phc tap hn v ket hp ca ieu khien ap va tan so vao cung s o nhng
mach ong lc n gian va kinh te hn.
Co hai trng hp: k hoan toan khi luon co 1 ngat ien lam viec mot na cau hay k
khong hoan toan khi co luc khong co ngat ien lam viec. Khi ieu khien hoan toan, ap ra c
xac nh t luat ieu khien ngc lai vi k khong hoan toan v khi khong co ngat ien lam viec
tren nhanh na cau, ap ngo ra phu thuoc dong phong ien (hnh 5.21 va 5.22).
hinh G.4.4: SJ do dieu rong nhieu xung (hL mot ha) khi
dieu khien hoan toan (sJ do cau hay hai nguon)

hinh G.4.5: 0ang a, dong hL nguon a mot
ha khi dieu khien khong hoan toan (mach
dong luc hinh G.8.1)
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 14/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
V du 6.1: Tnh toan dang dong cua bo nghch lu 1 pha, s o cau vi ieu khien lech pha
hnh 6.4.3. Ap nguon V, tai RL, chu ky T, goc lech pha ie u khien , o rong xung a p
( ) = 2 / T q , q tnh bang giay.
Xet chu ky tc xac lap, khi dong ien lap lai theo chu ky T.
Goi gia tr dong qua tai khi t = 0 la I
1
. Ta co phng trnh vi phan khi S1, S4 ong:
Ri L V
dt
di
+ = vi ieu kien au i (0) = I
1
,
suy ra ( )

+ =
/ t
R
V
R
V
e I i
1
vi R L/ = . Khi t = q, i = I
2
vi
( )

+ =
/ q
R
V
R
V
e I I
1 2
<vd6.1.1> . Luc nay, S4 ngat, S3 ong. Dong qua tai khong thay
oi tc thi,chay qua S1, D3. Ta co phng trnh vi phan:
Ri L
dt
di
+ = 0 vi ieu kien au i (0) = I
2
, khi lay lai goc toa o. suy ra


=
/ t
e I i
2
. Khi q t
T
=
2
, i = - I
1
v co s oi xng hai ban ky dng va am; ta co
( )
=
/ q
T
e I I
2
2 1
<vd6.1.2>
Cac pt <vd6.1.1>, <vd6.1.2> cho phe p ta tnh c cac gia tr I
1
, I
2
, va ve c dang dong
tai.



+

=
2
1
1
2
/
/
T
q
e
e
R
V
I ,
( )
( )



+


= =
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
/
/
/ /
T
q
T
T
T
e
e e
R
V
q
e I I
Kiem tra lai: khi q = T/2 th
2
1
1
1
2
2
I I
T
T
e
e
R
V
= =


+

/
/

Bai tap 6.2: Khao sat ap ra cua bo nghch lu co be rong xung khong oi khi tan so thay
oi (gia s ieu khien hoan toan).
Goi q la be rong xung tnh bang giay,
la khong oi trong bai tap nay. Tan so f cua
bo nghch lu thay oi, ln nhat ng vi tr
so chu ky toi thieu 1/f
MAX
bang 2.q . Be rong
xung tnh bang o bang:
q f q w = = 2 . Bien o song hai

hinh BTG.2
bac n = 1 (thanh phan c ban) la ( ) q f V
V V
. . sin sin = =

4
2
4
1
. e co ket qua khao sa t tong
quat, at tan so f = f/f
MAX
vi f
MAX
= 1/2.q hay f = f. f
MAX
va ham so khao sa t la:
( )
2
4
1 1
'
'
sin /
f
V
V V

= = , trong o f thay oi trong khoang 0 .. 1.

V co dang hnh sin. vi khoang tan so thay oi hp ly, kha xa tan so cc ai f
MAX
, ap ra co
the xem la tuyen tnh theo tan so. Nguyen ly nay cho phep xay dng s o ieu khien rat n gian
e thc hien nguyen ly V/ f = hang so.
Bai tap 6.3: Khao sat song hai cua bo nghch lu ieu khien lech pha theo goc lech pha.
(gia s ieu khien hoan toan).
Nh a chng minh, khi hai na cau ieu khien lech pha , ta co dang xung ieu rong, be
rong xung la va song hai bac n la:.
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 15/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
2
4

=
n
n
V
n
V sin , n ch co cac gia tr le va
thay oi trong khoang t 0 .. .
Khao sat ha m so
( ) 2
1
4

= =

n
n
V
n V
n
V sin
.
'
theo cho ta o
th sau vi n = 1, 5, 7, 11, 13 . Cac hai bo i ba
khong can xet khi dang song c ng dung
cho he ba pha
3. Han che song hai ngo ra:
a. Cac phng phap:

hinh BT5.2
Cac song hai bac cao co cac tac dung:
- Gay phat nong phu: do dong khong hnh sin va hai bac cao lam tang ton hao trong day
dan va loi sat.
- Gay momen phu: do cac thanh phan 3 pha bac cao tao ra trong ong c xoay chieu.
Co nhieu phng phap e han che song hai bac cao, chia lam hai nhom:
- S dung bo bien o i a cap: Dang song nac thang von co song hai rat be: Khi so sanh
dang song nac thang va thanh phan c ban (bac 1) tng ng, co the nhan xet la song hai bac cao
khong ang ke ke ca tan so (n1). f
O
, n: so nac thang.
e thay oi ap ngo ra, ta thay oi o rong xung cac bo bien oi mot pha.
Bai tap 3: Dung MatLAB hay MathCAD phan tch song hai cua dang song 12 nac thang
hnh 5.17, dung so lieu cua bang hnh 6.3.7.a.
- ieu che o rong xung (PWM): khi s dung nhieu xung cho mot ban ky va co be rong
khac nhau, cac song hai co tan so ln hn c ban f
O
se giam nhanh, nhng cac thanh phan tan
so > (n-1) f
O
co gia tr rat ln. ieu nay khong anh hng ln en hoat ong cua tai v dong ien
cua song hai tng ng khong ln. Tac dung co the la: gay tieng on, nhieu tan so cao, phat nong
trong loi thep.
Co nhieu phng phap: ieu che o rong xung hnh sin (SPWM) cung vi cac cai tien, triet
tieu cac hai chon trc, dung bo so sanh co tre (ieu rong thch nghi), ieu rong vevtor khong
gian (SVPWM).
b. Ch tieu anh gia ky thuat ieu rong xung (PWM) cua bo nghch lu:
* Ch so ieu che m: la t so gia bien o V
1m
cua thanh phan c ban (hai bac 1) cua ap ra
bo NL c khao sat va bien o thanh phan c ban V
1_sixstep
cua ap ra khi ieu khien 6 nac thang.
e y ay cung la t so cua hai gia tr hieu dung:

1 1 1
2 2
1 _
m m R
six step
V V V
m
V V V

= = =
vi V la ap nguon DC va V
1R
la hieu dung thanh phan c ban ap ra.
* Song hai dong (ap) co the anh gia qua THD% cua dong (ap) ngo ra:
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 16/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
He so meo dong ien ngo ra
2 2
2 2
2 1 2
1 1 1
% 100 100 100
nR nm
n R R n
I
R R m
I I
I I
THD
I I I

= =

= = =

trong o
I
R
, : gia tr hieu dung, I
1R
:hieu dung thanh phan c ban, I
1m
:bien o thanh phan c ban
va I
nm
:bien o thanh phan bac n cua dong ra.
Bieu thc cho he so meo ap ra cung co dang tng t.
Khi tai la RL, hien dung thanh phan bac n dong ien I
nR
:

( )
2
2
1 1 1
hay
nR nR nR nR nm
nR
R R m
V V I V V
I
nwL I n V n V
R nwL
= =

+

Neu e y V
nR
/V
1R
thng bang 1/n, dong bac cao thng giam rat nhanh (t le 1/ n
2
).
c. SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation) ieu che o rong xung hnh sin:
V
ref
V
o
V
c
7
3
2
4
6

hinh G.4.G.a: hguyen ly cua dieu rong xung hinh sin
La phng phap co ien, so sanh ap
chuan hnh sin v
REF
tan so f
O
va song mang tam
giac v
C
tan so f
C
e co luat ong ngat cac
nhanh cau NL.

hinh G.4.G.b: Chi so dieu che cua dieu rong xung
hinh sin. v
rm
: bien do a chuan v
re
.
v
m
: bien do song mang tam giac v
c
.

hinh G.4.G.c: Su tuJng duJng cua dieu
rong xung va nac thang
Co the chng minh khong
kho khan la t so chieu cao nac

hinh G.4.G.d: Cac dang song dieu rong xung hinh sin
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 17/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
thang v
av
tren bien o cc ai
V
CMAX
cua song mang v
c
bang o rong xung tng oi t
ON
/ T cua ap ra v
O
trong khoang khao sat.
T pho hnh 5.23d cua dang song v du hnh 5.23c, co the nhan xet la cac song hai co tan so
khong lan can cua boi so song mang n.f
C
rat be, ung vi y nghia cua phep ieu che.
10.087793
0
y
m
128 0 m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

hinh G.4.G.e: Fho cua dang song dieu rong xung hinh sin hinh d
Ch so ieu che m tr nen phi tuyen khi v
rm
/ v
re
> 1: bien o song mang be hn ap chuan
(hnh 6.4.7.b), hay he thong ch tuyen tnh khi m < 0.785 hay thanh phan c ban ap ra bang 0.5
bien o ap nguon mot chieu.
d. ieu che o rong xung hnh sin cai tien:
Bang cach thay oi hnh dang cua ap chuan, chat lng cua SPWM co the c cai thien,
chu yeu la cac ac tnh:
- Giam so lan ong ngat trong khi gi c ac tnh song hai bac cao thap.
- Quan trong hn, la ni rong pham vi thay oi ap ra trong khi van gi c quan he tuyen
tnh cua ch so ieu che m.
- Lam n gian s o ieu khien.
V du nh khi bo sung vao a p chuan v
REF
thanh phan th t khong (song hai bac 3), ta co
the n i rong vung tuyen tnh cua ch so ieu che m en 0.907 (hnh 6.4.7). Co nhieu cach thc
hien:
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 18/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com

Hnh 6.4.7.a: Dang song chuan Vref khi ni
rong vung tuyen tnh cua PWM (modified
SPWM)
Hnh 6.4.7.bb: ch so ieu che m tng ng.

- dang ap chuan hnh (a): la n gian nhat, khi nhan xet la do hai boi 3 khong ton tai trong
he 3 pha, ta co the nang cao thanh phan c ban trong VRef va tr bt i mot lng hai bac 3 sao
cho bien o ap chuan van bang bien o song mang tam giac:

2 1
6
3
cos( ) cos(3 ) ; 0 1
REF
v M x x M =


e. ieu che theo mau:
Khi ieu khien dung vi x ly, viec tao ra va so
sanh cac dang song thc hien bang phan mem. Ta co
the thay the song hnh sin bang dang song nac thang
e giam khoi lng tnh toan nh hnh 6.4.8.a .
Co the ieu che oi xng hay khong oi xng.
Khi ieu che oi xng, so gia tr hnh sin trong mot
chu ky bang boi so ieu che N = f
C
/ f
O
(tan so lay
mau bang tan so song tam giac). Be rong xung ky
lay mau th n c tnh theo cong thc (t hnh
6.4.8.b):

hinh G.4.8.a: hguyen ly dieu che theo mau: thay
the hinh sin bang dang nac thang


Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 19/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
hinh G.4.8.b: Bieu che doi xung hinh G.4.8.c: Bieu che khong doi xung

( )
1( ) ; 2( ) 1( )
2 2
S C a
S
C
T U u n
T n T n T T n
U

= =



.2
( ) sin( )
a M
n
u n U
N

=
Vi T
s
: chu ky lay mau; u
a
(n): ap chuan tai ky lay mau th n; U
C
,

U
M
: bien o song
mang tam giac va ap chuan hnh sin. T cac bieu thc tren, co the tnh trc ham sin(n.2 /N)
cha vao ROM va tnh ra cac o rong theo T
S
, t so U
M
/ U
C
.
Khi ieu che khong oi xng, so lan
tnh ham sin tang len gap oi (hnh 6.4.8.c).

f. ieu che vector khong gian - SVM
(con goi la ieu rong xung vector khong
gian - SVPWM):
La phng phap tien tien nhat hien
nay, thch hp viec ng dung cac phan t
tnh toan cho ieu rong xung hnh sin.
- Vector khong gian cua ap ba pha:
la c s cua ky thuat ieu che vector khong
gian, mo ta hoat ong he thong ba pha di
dang vector. Ta co cac trng hp sau (khi
ieu khien hoan toan):

hinh G.4.O: vector ha khong gian
* He ba pha hnh sin oi xng V
m
sin t , V
m
sin (t -2/3), V
m
sin (t -4/3) co the bieu
dien bang vector V

quay goc
e
la toc o (ien) cua t trng quay.
* Nghch lu 6 nac thang co the bieu dien bang bo 6 vector
1
V

,
2
V

,
3
V

,
4
V

,
5
V

,
6
V

mo
ta sau trang thai cua cac ngat ien trong bo nghch lu (hnh 6.4.9 va 6.4.10). Sau vector nay lam
thanh luc giac eu va ap ra lan lt i qua cac nh. Khi phan tch cac vector khong gian nay theo
cac vector c he 1, a = e
j2/3
, a
2
= e
-j2/3
, ta co cac trang thai ong ngat cua cac ngat ien tng
ng.
Nhan xet la ap ra khong thay oi c bien o va vector khong gian la gian oan, di
chuyen nhay cap lam song hai bac cao co bien o ln.

hinh G.4.1O: vector ha khong
gian cua hL sau nac thang (G
ste)
Vd
S1 S2 S3
S5 S6 S4
+
_
a b c


Trang
thai
hgat dien
dong
a ha tai
v
an

a ha tai
v
bn

a ha tai
v
cn

vector
khong gian
1 S1,S5,S6 2Vd/3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3

1
V

(1,0,0)
2 S1,S2,S6 Vd/3 Vd/3 -2Vd/3

2
V

(1,1,0)
3 S4,S2,S6 -Vd/3 2Vd/3 -Vd/3

3
V

(0,1,0)
4 S4,S2,S3 -2Vd/3 Vd/3 Vd/3

4
V

(0,1,1)
5 S4,S5,S3 -Vd/3 -Vd/3 2Vd/3

5
V

(0,0,1)
6 S1,S5,S3 Vd/3 -2Vd/3 Vd/3

6
V

(1,0,1)

Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 20/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
* Khi ieu rong xung hnh sin vi tan so song mang la f
C
= N.f
O
, he thong se gom N vector
trang thai nam tren ng tron coban knh thay oi theo ap ra mong muon.
Ky thuat ieu che o rong xung vecto khong gian la mo ta cac vector trang thai nay theo
cacvector cua NL sau nac thang. e co c bien o ap ra mong muon, ta bo sung them hai trang
thai
0
(0, 0, 0) V

va
7
(1,1,1) V

tng ng vi ba ngat ien S1, S2, S3 cung ngat va cung ong, tng
ng ap ra bang khong.
- Cong thc cho ieu che vector khong gian:
e thc hien vector khong gian * V

co bien o V* bang bo nghch lu ba pha, ta co the

phan tch * V

thanh hai thanh phan nam tren 2 vector lan can cua NL 6 nac thang, v du nh

hinh G.4.11.a: Fhan tich a ra thanh
cac thanh han khong gian

pha a
pha b
pha c
Tc Tc
Ts
to ta tb
2
to
2
Vo
Vo
V1
V1
V2
V2
V7 V7
S4 S4 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1
S2 S2 S2 S2 S5 S5 S5 S5
S3 S3 S6 S6 S6 S6 S6 S6
ta tb
2
to to
2

hinh G.4.11.b:
tren hnh 6.4.11.a, vector ien ap * V

co v tr t = gia 1 V

va 2 V

(goc 1/6 th 1) co the

phan tch thanh hai thanh phan
a
V

,
b
V

nam tren 1 V

va 2 V

vi:

3 3
3
*sin( ) sin
*sin( ) sin
a
b
V V
V V

=
=

suy ra:
2
3
3
2
3
*.sin( )
*.sin( )
Va V
Vb V

=
=

Goi T
C
la chu ky ieu che o rong xung, trong
khoang thi gian nay, trung bnh ap ra phai tng ng vi ap
ieu khien. T bieu thc vector:

o
V3
V4
V2
V5
V6
V1
w t

T
s
c
T
e
V
*
hinh G.4.11.c:
* 1 2
a b
a b
C C
t t
V V V V V
T T
= + = +

va
C O a b
T t t t = + + ta suy ra:

a
a C
V
t T
V
= va
b
b C
V
t T
V
= , thi gian con lai - -
O C a b
t T t t = co ap ra bang zero, co the
chon
0
(0, 0, 0) V

hay
7
(1,1,1) V

, sao cho so lan chuyen mach la t nha t. Hnh 6.4.11.b trnh bay dang
song ong ngat oi xng, goc c lay v tr gia cua khoang thi gian lay mau Ts, giong nh
trng hp ieu che theo mau phng an oi xng (hnh 6.4.11.c). Can lu y la chuoi ong ngat
t
o
, t
a
, t
b
c chon lai khi thay oi to hp vevtor 6 nac sao cho so lan chuyen mach la t nhat.
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 21/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
ieu kien e cac tnh toan tren co y ngha la
C a b
T t t > + , tng ng * V

nam pha trong

hnh luc giac eu hnh 6.4.9. Suy ra bien o ap ieu khien cc ai V* :

2
* .cos 0.577
3 6 3
d
d d
V
V V V

= = = ; Vd: ap cap ien mot chieu,

2
3
d
V chnh la bien o cua ap 6 nac thang (
1
V

6
V

)
tng ng vi ch so ieu che m gii han bang:
*
max
2
1
0.577
0.907
d
GH
six step d
V V
m
V V

= = =
Trng hp khao sat tren c goi la lam viec trong vung di ieu che (undermodulation
region), khi o m thay oi tuyen tnh theo bien o ap chuan. Khi muon co ap ra tang cao, ta can
m rong vung ieu khien ien ap bang cach tang cao ap chuan V*, he thong lam viec trong vung
qua ieu che (overmodulation), m khong con tuyen tnh va ta can thay oi cong thc tnh ta, tb.
g. Triet tieu cac song hai chon trc: Bang cach s dung nhng dang song co o rong xung
co nh a c tnh toan.
Vi dang song ieu rong xung co cac goc chuyen mach co nh, song hai ngo ra se la ham
so phu thuoc cac goc chuyen mach nay. Vi n goc chuyen mach, co the cho n song hai bang
khong e nhan c n phng trnh co an so la cac goc chuyen mach. Khi giai ra ta c thong so
cua dang song co cac song hai chon trc b triet tieu.
u iem cua phng phap nay la rat
hieu qua khi ta chon cac thong so hp ly: tac
dung cua song hai giam ang ke trong khi
tan so ong ngat van be. Bat li ln nhat cua
phng an nay la dang song ra co nh, phai
thay oi ap nguon ien mot chieu e thay
oi ien ap ngo ra va bien o mot so song
hai khac co the tang cao.

V du: Tnh cac goc
1
,
2
e dang
song v hnh 6.4.12.a khong co cac song hai
bac 5, 7.


hinh G.4.12: 0ang song dieu rong xung hinh sin (a)
va han tich chunh thanh cac dang cJ ban (b)
Dang song ieu rong xung hnh 6.4.12.a co the phan tch thanh cac dang song c ban nh
hnh 6.4.12.b va nh vay, ta co:
v
O
= v
O1
v
O2
+ v
O3
,
vi v
O1
, v
O2
, v
O3
la cac dang c ban co bien o 2V, 2V, V va o rong 2
1
, 2
2
va .
Dang tong quat cua bien o cac song hai la:

=
+
n
n n
V
n
V
1 2
2 2 1
4
. sin . sin
Viet ra bieu thc cua hai bac 5 va 7 :

=
+

+
7
7 2 7 2 1
4
7
5
5 2 5 2 1
4
5
1 2 1 2
sin . sin sin . sin
;
V V
V V
Cho V
5
va V
7
bang khong, giai ra
1
= 56.7

,
2
= 66.4

. ay chnh la cac thong so cua

(a)
(b)
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 22/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
dang song khong co hai bac 5 va 7.
Khi o V
1
= 1.068 V, tng ng vi gia tr hieu dung V
1R
= 0.755 V
Th tnh hai bac 11, 13: V
11
= 0.521V V
13
= 0.156 V
Cac tr so nay kha ln.
Co the ni ro ng phng pha p nay e tnh cac goc chuyen mach sao cho:
min

=
j
i k k
k
V a
2
, trong o
k
V la bien o cua cac song ha i ien a p can han che, co bac lay
t i en j;
k
a la cac trong so, co the la ham so cua k.
h. ieu che o rong xung s dung bo so sanh co tre:

at
Phan hoi
SO SA NH SMIT SO SA NH SMIT
Out
pha
Pha A
3 2
hinh 5.22.a: SJ do nguyen ly dieu rong xung dung bo
so sanh co tre
Khi cac ai lng mong muon noi ngo ra
BB qua mach loc cho qua tan so thap nh: dong
ien cua ong c khong ong bo, co the dung s
o hnh e ieu khien bo nghch lu. Tn hieu
at ay la ngo ra mong muon, hnh sin. Bo so
sanh se yeu cau mach ong lc ong ngat sao cho
tn hieu phan hoi sau khi qua bo t le bam theo tn
hieu at. V du nh ieu khien dong ong c
xoay chieu: tai moi thi iem, khi dong ien con
be hn gia tr at bo ieu khien se ong nguon
dng vao tai e lam tang dong tai. Khi dong tai

hinh 5.22.b: Cac dang song dieu rong xung
dung bo so sanh co tre han hoi dong dien:
i
ref
: tin hieu dat dong; i
O
: han hoi dong
v
O
: dang a ra; v
1
: hai cJ ban cua dien a ra
vt qua gia tr at, mach ieu khien se ong vao nguon am lam dong giam xuong. Nh vay ngo
ra se c gi gia tr gia tr at vi sai so nh trc, song hai khi o rat be.
S o ieu khien nay con s dung trong cac bo nghch lu can ap ra hnh sin. Khi o mot
bo loc LC se c s dung ngo ra bo nghch lu va nh vay co the ieu khien ap ra nay bam
theo dang song mong muon hnh sin.
Bat li ln nhat cua phng phap nay la tan so ong ngat phu thuoc ac tnh tai, rat kho
khong che. Thong thng, ngi ta s dung ngat ien co the ong ngat tan so rat cao nh
MOSFET, IGBT hay khong che thi gian ong (ngat) toi thieu. phng an sau, chat lng ngo
ra se b anh hng khi he thong lam viec ngoai vung tnh toan.
V.3 MACH IEU KHIEN NGHCH LU:
1. Mach tao logic ba pha:
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 23/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
V
f
Uk
S1
S2
. . .
S3
S4
U?
CD4017
CLK
14
ENA
13
RST
15
CO
12
Q0
3
Q1
2
Q2
4
Q3
7
Q4
10
Q5
1
Q6
5
Q7
6
Q8
9
Q9
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
hinh 5.8Oa: Mach tao logic ba ha
Hnh 5.30 trnh bay nguyen ly cua mach tao ra logic ba
pha, co the c s dung trong nghch lu nguon dong hay
nghchlu nguon ap n gian (ieu che o rong mot hay
nhieu xung). Cac s o ieu che xung hnh sin hay
CLK
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
S1
S2

hinh 5.8O.b: Cac dang song logic ba ha,
moi luc co hai ngat dien ban dan lam viec.
ieu khien bang vi x ly cung co nhng khoi co cung chc nang e am bao th t cua he ba pha.
CD4017 la vi mach em vong Johnson 10 trang thai: sau moi xung ong ho CLK lan lt
co mot ngo ra len 1 (hnh 5.30.b), Q6 a ve chan Reset e he thong ch con 6 trang thai tng
ng vi logic 3 pha. Cac mach OR to hp cac ngo ra bo em lam thanh cac xung ieu khien ngat
ien ban dan theo s o moi luc co hai ngat ien lam viec (tren hnh 5.27.b ve tn hieu ieu khien
hai ngat ien S1 va S2, cac ngat ien khac cung tng t xem muc V.3 va V.4 ve logic 3 pha).
Bai tap : S dung cac Set Reset Flip Flop e suy ra cac tn hieu ieu khien s o nghch
lu nguon ap hnh 6.3.2.a (moi luc co 3 ngat ien lam viec) t logic ba pha dung CD4017 tren.
2. Mach tao ap chuan hnh sin dung ROM va DAC (bien oi so tng t):
Trong cac s o SPWM
hay ieu khien ngo ra bam
theo hnh sin chuan dung pha n
cng, hat nhan cua mach ieu
khien la bo tao hnh sin co bien
o va tan so ieu khien c.
Vi s o SPWM, hat nhan
nay cung cho ra dang song tam
giac co tan so la boi so va
ong bo vi hnh sin chuan.
ieu nay se am bao
V
f
Uk
PC
BEu KhEh
BEh AF
ROM
ROM
ref
Data
ref
Data
ref
Data
DAC
DAC
DAC
DAC
ref
Data
+v
ROM
ROM
dia chi
Pha A
Pha B
Pha C
VFC

hinh 5.81: Mach tao a chuan hinh sin va song mang rang cua
cho sJ do dieu che do rong xung hinh sin (SFMw)
ap ra giong nhau ca c pha va loai bo kha nang co song hai tan so thap hn tan so c ban (cua
hnh sin chuan).
Trong mach tao ap chuan hnh sin dung ROM va DAC, bien o hnh sin chuan va cac song
tam giac c lay mau (thc chat la tnh toan) va cha trong ROM. e tai hien lai cac dang song,
cac gia tr nay c oc lai tuan t va chuyen oi ra tn hieu tng t (analog) bang DAC. Tan so
tai hien (playback) f c tong hp bang bo bien oi ien ap - tan so VFC t ap ieu khien
Uk :
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 24/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
f = k .Uk = N . f
O
, vi k : he so t
le (Hz/ volt); f
O
: tan so ngo ra mong muon; N : so
mau cua mot hnh sin chuan.
f chnh la tan so xung ong ho cua bo em
chng trnh PC cung cap a ch cho ROM cha
gia tr bon dang song: ba cho hnh sin ba pha va
mot cho song tam giac. Cac DAC bien oi t so ra
ien ap, tao ra cac tn hieu mong muon. e thay
oi bien o cac hnh sin, DAC c s dung la
loai nhan va tn hieu ieu khien bien o c a
vao chan ap chuan REF cua no.
Khoi ieu khien ien ap KU co the n
gian thc hien quan he U / f = hang so, hay gom
600
300
25 12.5 50
k = 24 k = 12
k = 6
f
f
c
o
c c

hinh 5.82: quan he tan so song mang
C
va tan
so ngo ra
0

ca viec bu giam toc theo tai.
Vi s o hnh 5.31 ta co s ong bo gia cac hnh sin chuan 3 pha va song mang tam
giac. V ch co mot song mang dung cho ba pha hnh sin, tan so song mang f
C
can la boi sau cua
tan so ngo ra f
O
e cac dang song ngo ra giong nhau. ieu nay se khong that s can thiet khi t so
f
C
/ f
O
kha ln (vai chuc).
Hnh 5.32 la mot v du minh hoa qui luat thay oi f
C
theo f
O
(ng am tren hnh) vi
f
CMAX
= 600 Hz va f
CMIN
= 300 Hz. k
C
= f
C
/ f
O
la boi so ieu che. Khi tan so be hn 12.5 Hz
ta khong can co s ong bo gia hai tn hieu. Mot kho khan khac phat sinh la khi k
C
thay oi, co
s thay oi khong lien tuc cua song hai bac 1 cua ien ap ra.
3. Mach ieu khien nghch lu dung chng trnh ROM:
Vi nhan xet trang thai cua cac ngat
ien ban dan trong bo nghch lu ie
khien o rong xung la ong hay ngat
mot cach tuan t co chu ky, khong
thay oi neu dang song ngo ra
khong oi (nh dang song triet tieu
cac hai chon trc a khao sat); co
the ghi trang thai ong ngat sau cac
khoang thi gian bang nhau cua
V
f
Uk
PC
B0 TAh
S0
ROM
en cac
ngat ien
2 : Bia chi quet trong chu ky
1 : Bia chi chon chu ky
1
2
ong bo VFC

hinh 5.88: Mach dieu khien nghich luu dung chuJng trinh R0M
cac ngat ien thanh chng trnh cua bo nh ch oc ROM. Chng trnh nay se c truy xuat
tuan t e ieu khien cac ngat ien cua bo nghch lu, tao ra dang song mong muon . Hnh 5.33
trnh bay mot s o khoi thc hien nguyen ly nay. ien ap ieu khien U
at
c bien thanh tan so
qua bo bien oi ien ap/tan so VFC, lam xung nhp cho bo em chng trnh PC, la bo phan cung
cap a ch cho ROM. PC la bo em nh phan co so trang thai bang so trang thai tao thanh dang
song ieu khien nghch lu trong mot chu ky ap ra. Noi dung cua ROM a c tnh toan sao cho
am bao ap ra co tr so mong muon (ieu khien ap) va song hai bac cao be (han che hai bac cao).
Khi thay oi U
at
,tan so xung nhp PC thay oi va tan so ngo ra c c thay oi theo t le.
e thay oi dang song ngo ra theo tan so, ROM cha nhieu dang song ng vi cac tan so
khac nhau va khoi o tan so se thay oi phan a ch do no quan ly e ch en vung d lieu tng
ng. Co the xem dang song mot chu ky mot tan so la mot trang va cac trang thai cua cac ngat
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 25/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
ien trong mot dang song la nhng dong trong mot trang. Vay PC cung cap a ch cac dong va bo
o tan so cung cap a ch trang. Tn hieu ong bo t PC yeu cau bo o tan so ch c phep thay
oi ngo ra au cac trang e tranh nhng thay oi dang song khong kiem soat.
V du:
- Tan so ngo ra nghch lu f
O
thay oi t 1 .. 64 : Chon moi Hz la mot dang song, suy ra
ROM co 64 trang dang song, ia ch trang gom 6 bit.
- Chon moi dang song co N = 255 trang thai (chon chia chan cho 3) co the a ch hoa
bang 8 bit. Vay PC la bo em nh phan 8 bit nhng c reset trang thai th 255 va ROM can 14
chan a ch, tng ng dung lng la 128 Kbit hay 16 Kbyte.
- Tan so xung nhp cua PC la N. f
O
= 255.f
O
, cc ai bang 255*64 = 16.32 kHz .
- Co the s dung bo e m 6 bit e lam bo o tan so, thi gian m cong la 64/16320 = 3.92
mili giay ( em c 64 xung tan so xung nhp bang 16.32 kHz).
- Khi quy nh s thay oi cua bien o U
at
va khoang tan so ngo ra tng ng, co the suy
ra he so cua VFC.
u iem cua phng phap nay la co the ieu khien ien ap va han che song hai bac cao
vi chat lng kha tot trong khi mach x ly rat n gian. Nhc iem ln nhat la dang song moi
tan so la a nh trc, khong the thay oi theo ieu kien thc te v du nh ap li giam so vi
tnh toan, hay can bu sut ap theo tai ... , so dang song la hu han.
4. S dung vi x ly cho ieu khien nghch lu:
Viec s dung cac phan t tnh toan cho ieu khien co cac ac tnh:
- Chc nang ieu khien phong phu, thay oi de dang.
- Tnh tch hp cao: giam kch thc he thong, giam kha nang hong hoc.
- Thc hien c cac thuat toan ieu khien t n gian en rat phc tap vi gia thanh
khong tang theo t le.
- Ngoai kha nang ieu khien, vi x ly con ap ng c cac yeu cau cua mot thiet b cong
nghiep hien ai ma gia thanh khong tang nhieu: ieu khien t xa, ghi nhan trang thai lam viec
(loi), noi mang thong tin, giao dien han thien vi ngi dung
He thong ieu khien nh vay la mot may tnh cho muc ch ieu khien, co the co bo giao
tiep vi cac ngoai vi tng t e lay ac tnh dong ap, co kha nang tnh toan manh e thc hien
c cac thuat toan phc tap (tnh ma tran, sin cos) vi o chnh xac can thiet. e ieu khien chat
lng cao, thng phai dung vi x ly > 8 bit + DSP (bo x ly tn hieu so).
V.6 BIEN TAN:
La bo bien oi ien xoay chieu cua li cong nghiep thanh ien 3 pha co tan so thay oi,
bien tan hien c ng dung rong rai trong cong nghiep e ieu khien toc o ong c AC. ay la
phng an hieu qua nhat:
- Co the s dung ong c khong ong bo re tien, chac chan
- ieu khien tan so ong c AC la phng ap co hieu suat cao, chat lng tot.
Cac bo bien tan co mach ong lc at tien, s o ieu khien phc tap, ch c pho bien
trong thi gian gan ay nh s phat trien vt bac cua cong nghe che tao ban dan, ca lnh vc vi
mach va cong suat.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 26/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
Co hai dang bien tan: Bien tan trc tiep (cyclo-converter) va bien tan qua trung gian mot
chieu.


hinh G.G.1.a: A ra (mot ha) bien tan truc tie su
dung BBB dao chieu la hai cau 8 ha, dieu khien
chung tuyen tinh. a, b la hai goc BKF cua hai bo
chinh luu, thay doi theo luat tam giac.
hinh G.G.1.b: A ra (mot ha) bien tan truc tie su dung
BBB dao chieu la hai cau 8 ha su dung ngat dien
chuyen mach cuJng buc, tao ra a co tan so cao hJn tan
so luJi dien.
- Bien tan trc tiep chnh la bo bien oi ao chieu (chnh lu ieu khien pha ao chieu),
c ieu khien e co ap ngo ra thay oi cc tnh co chu ky: ap ra xoay chieu nay ch co the co
tan so kha be so vi tan so li ien. Bo bien oi ao chieu hnh 4.6.3 co the lam thanh mot pha
cua bo bien tan trc tiep vi thuat toan ieu khien thch hp. Khi thay the SCR bang ngat ien co
ieu khien khoa, ta co the nhan c nhieu tnh nang tot hn.
- Bien tan co trung gian mot chieu co s o khoi nh hnh 6.6.2, gom hai bo phan: chnh
lu au vao va nghch lu au ra. To hp hai BB nay lam ra nhieu s o khac nhau vi kha
nang va pham vi s dung rat khac biet. Thuat toan ieu khien bien tan cung rat phong phu, va
hien van tiep tuc phat trien cung vi viec ng dung cong cu ieu khien mi nham nang cao chat
lng hoat ong.
Co hai loai: Bien tan vi nghch lu nguon
dong (NLND) va nghch lu nguon ap (NLNA).
Cac bien tan nay can am bao cac yeu cau:
- Thc hien c logic ba pha, thay oi tan
so ra.
- ieu khien ap theo ac tnh cua tai, v du
neu tai ong c phai am bao mach t khong bao
hoa bang quan he U/f = hang so nh a khao sat.
- Han che c song hai ap (dong). ac
NL
NA
3 3
Li Tai
NL
ND
3 3
Li Tai
L
C
L
hinh 5.84: Bien tan co trung gian mot chieu
tnh nay phu thuoc vao s o ong lc, algorit ieu khien nghch lu.

Nguyen ly ieu khien ong c AC dung bien tan:
Khi tan so thay oi, t trng quay cua cac cuon day xtator co toc o thay oi theo quan
Bi ging tm tt mn in t cng sut 1
Trang 27/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn Hunh Vn Kim
he
p
f
n
o

=
60
; trong o n
o
tnh bang vong/phut, f : tan so (Hz) va p la so oi cc.
Rotor se quay theo t trng quay vi o trt s hau nh khong oi.
Co hai nguyen ly chnh cho ieu khien ong c khong ong bo dung phng phap thay oi
tan so:
- ieu khien U/f hang: khi tan so thay oi, ien ap at vao cuon day cung thay oi t le e
tranh viec tang mat o t thong dan e tang dong t hoa.
-ieu khien vector ong c KB:
La phng an hien ai, s dung cac vi x ly mi co kha nang tnh toan rat manh e ieu
khien ong c KB.
Phng an nay khac phuc nhc iem quan trong cua cac s o ieu khien U/f hang la
momen ong c thap, ac biet khi tan so lam viec nho hn 3 Hz. BB ieu khien U/f hang ch
cung cap cho ong c mot ien ap ba pha tng ng tan so lam viec, dong qua ong c thay oi
theo trang thai cua ong c.
Bang cach khong che oc lap dong t hoa (tao ra t thong khe h) va dong rotor (tao ra
momen quay), bien tan ieu khien vector co the ieu khien c momen ong c KB nh a
lam vi ong c mot chieu, ben canh kha nang ieu khien toc o thong qua s thay oi tan so.
Co hai s o ieu khien vector: co phan hoi v tr rotor (co cam bien v tr) va khong dung
cam bien (sensorless). S o au tien cho phep ieu khien chnh xac nhng phai dung ong c
che tao rieng trong khi phng an sau co the dung ong c KB thong thng.
Khi bien tan c dung e ieu khien toc o ong c, s o ieu khien con co cac chc
nang: han che sut toc khi hoat ong, bao ve qua tai, ieu khien thi gian tang, giam toc.
V.7 NG DUNG:
1. Cac bo nguon tan so cao:
Nh a gii thieu trong muc phan loai, ta co the nung nong cam ng cac vat lieu an ien
bang dong ien cam ng. Day tan so lam viec thay oi t tan so cong nghiep en vai tram KHz:
- Tan so lam viec giam khi cong suat tang.
- Tan so can phai tang tang khi be day lam viec giam (toi be mat thep).
Co the s dung NL noi tiep hay song song vi ngat ien la thyristor trong cac bo nguon
tan so cao. tan so ln hn 100 KHz, co the dung transistor hay cac en chan khong truyen
thong.
Nh a khao sat V.2, cac s o NL song song co dang NL nguon dong vi tai cong
hng la cuon day lam viec va ien dung bu cos cho no. Trong thi gian gan ay, ngi ta bat
au dung transistor vi cac s o co chuyen mach khi dong (ap) bang khong.
2. Cap ien ong ngat (bo nguon xung) s dung nghch lu:
Bo nghch lu co the dung cho bo cap ien ong ngat co s o khoi hnh 4.21 cua chng 4, bien
oi ien mot chieu thanh xoay chieu, cung cap cho bien ap tan so cao. Nh o kch thc va gia
thanh bien ap nay va mach loc ngo ra giam ang ke.
Mach nghch lu co dang s o na cau khi cong suat nho hn 500 w va s o cau khi ln
hn. Trong hnh 5.7.1.a, T1 la bien ap giam (tang) ap, ta co ngo ra mot chieu sau khi chnh lu va
loc phang. e co ap ra on nh, ngo ra c phan hoi e thay oi o rong xung bo nghch lu.
Hc k 2 nm 2004-2005

Trang 28/Nghch lu c lp v bit tn http://www.khvt.com
Vi s o na cau, ieu khien khong
hoan toan c s dung. Do ngo ra bien
ap c chnh lu, tai bo nghch lu c
xem la thuan tr.
Hnh 6.7.1.b la mach ieu khien,
tac dung ay keo (push pull - hay luan
phien dan ien cua S1 va S2) nh bo
chia hai dung flipflop. ay la hat nhan
cua vi mach TL494.










23. Bo nguon xoay chieu khong
gian oan (bo lu ien hay
uninterrupted power supply):
V
S1
+
_
S2
D1
D2
C1
C2
T1
T1
L1
C3

hinh 5.25.a: mach dong luc han nghich luu cua ca dien
dong ngat (bo nguon xung) sJ do nua cau
Uk
u
B
S1
S2
Dao ong tam giac
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
CLK
Q
- Q

hinh 5.25.b: mach dieu khien nghich luu day keo ( dung
trong ca dien dong ngat )
Nap
Accu
Nghch
lu
Li
Tai
Chuyen mach
ieu khien

hinh G.7.2: SJ do khoi bo nguon xoay chieu khong gian doan
Hnh 6.7.2 trnh bay s o khoi bo lu ien (UPS), c s dung cho cac thiet b dung ien
quan trong khong the mat ien bat ng nh may chu cua mang may tnh hay cac may ien t y te.
UPS se cung cap ien tam thi khi mat li trong khi ch lu d lieu ang lam viec hay cho chay
may phat d phong. S o khoi bao gom bo nghch lu s dung accu va bo chuyen mach (r le
hay TRIAC). Bnh thng tai dung ien li, ch chuyen sang s dung nguon nghch lu khi mat
nguon nen UPS co s o khoi nh vay c goi la loai OFF-LINE. Thi gian chuyen mach phai
u be, khoang vai chuc msec e tai xem nh c cung cap ien khong gian oan. Bo nap accu t
ong am bao he thong luon san sang lam viec. Co loai UPS khong co bo chuyen mach va bo
nghch lu luon lam viec, nh la bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu vi nguon d phong la
accu mach mot chieu (loai ON-LINE).
cac bo UPS cong suat be (< 1.5 kW), mach nghch lu la mot pha s dung bien ap co
iem gia, thch hp vi accu co ien ap be (12V hay 24V). Ap ra c dieu khien bang cach
thay oi o rong xung. Mot vi mach tng t TL494 co kha nang lam viec 50 Hz c s dung
cho ieu khien nghch lu (SG3524).