Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis: Important: Please Read The Following

Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis
The purpose of this exercise is to cover the basic functionality of the Mechanical Toolbar (MTB) in the context of performing an actual analysis. Details of each command, along with an explanation of why you are using the command, are provided prior to each step. This will be a simple problem that will be performed entirely within the MTB to give the student a uic! overview of the MTB functionality. This exercise will use the very minimum of input re uired to progress through the steps and obtain results. The model will employ the no defeature"repair option during import of a solid #D part, MTB materials, $martsi%e meshing, simple area constraints, and area force loading. The analysis will be performed on a #&D solid model of an automobile front wheel axle. The model has already been sufficiently defeatured to facilitate building the finite element model. 'ou will use the MTB to determine maximum stress and deflection and if the axle can withstand the given loads without yielding. Important: Please Read the Following This exercise contains the step by step instructions to complete the problem described above. (ll instructions to the exercise are denoted by Blue colored text. This exercise also contains detailed information about the functions on Mechanical Toolbar. The information that is provided covers the re uired functions necessary to complete this exercise. )ther functions will be covered in later exercises. The information should be read before proceeding with the instructions. The detailed information is denoted by the Black colored text.
utline:
1! "aunch A#S$S%Pro&essional 'ith (he )(B:
1!1!"aunch A#S$S! 1!*!Acti+ate )echanical (ool,ar
*! Setup:
*!1!Engineering -iscipline! *!*!Analysis (ype *!.!/nit System *!0!1raphic (itle *!2!(ool,ar Properties
.! )odel:
.!1!)odel Preparation .!*!Importing )odels .!.!3iewing (he model .!0!)aterial Properties .!2!)eshing the )odel with SmartSi4ing .!5!(he )esh (ool
0! "oads And Boundary 6onditions:

0!1!En+ironment 0!*!Adding or -eleting "oads and B!6!7s
2! Sol+e:
2!1!Sol+e #ow 2!*!Sol+e "ater
5! "inear Elastic Solution Results

5!1!Results Item 5!*!Results -isplay 5!.!Reports
8! 6onclusion 9! Additional Functions
Step:,y:step Instructions:
*reate a folder on your computer for this +ob and copy the parasolid file axle!xmt;txt to this folder from the ,nput-iles folder on the *D. ,f you do not have a parasolid translator, copy the file axle!d, instead. .hen you reach section #./ (,mport Model), select A#S$S <=d,=> for type of file and import the axle.db file.
1! "aunch A#S$S%Pro&essional and Acti+ate the )echanical (ool,ar <)(B>

1!1! "aunch A#S$S using your start menu! (. Browse to select the wor!ing directory you +ust created for this +ob. B. *hange the 0raphics device name to .*. 1nter a +ob name (axle). (ll (2$'$ files created for this problem will have a filename of axle followed by a uni ue extension. D. *hange the Memory Requested &or (otal 'orkspace and &or -ata,ase si%es for this +ob to be *25 and 50 respectively. 1. *lic! R/# to start the (2$'$ 03,.
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Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis 6
The following step is re uired only if you are not running (2$'$ 5rofessional. 1!*! Acti+ate the )echanical (ool,ar <)(B>! (. *lic! on )enu6trls B. *lic! on )echanical (ool,ar! The Mechanical Toolbar (MTB) will now appear and replace the Main Menu, ,nput .indow, and the Toolbar. 4./.(
4./.B
By default the MTB will first display the $etup tab. This is where you will specify the analysis settings. The MTB options will vary depending on which Tab is currently active.
*! Setup
)n the Setup tab, you are re uired to specify the engineering discipline, analysis type, unit system, and the graphics title for the analysis. 'ou also have options for setting your MTB preferences and inputting user information. 1!.! Set the Engineering -iscipline To set the engineering discipline, clic! on the 1ngineering Discipline drop down list and select either $tructural or Thermal. The selected option will directly affect which options are presented to you in the Analysis Type drop down list.
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(. $et the Engineering Discipline to Structural 1!0! Analysis (ype To set the analysis type, clic! on the (nalysis Type drop down list and select the type. ,f the Engineering Discipline is set to Structural, you have the options of either $tatic or Modal. ,f the Engineering Discipline is set to Thermal, then you only have the option of $teady&$tate.
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(. $et the Analysis Type to Static
1!2! /nit System To set the unit system, clic! on the 3nit $ystem drop down list and select the unit system that you want to wor! in. 'ou also have the option to define a new unit system. The unit system that you choose has no effect on existing data or completed analyses. ,t is only used to define labels on the plots for convenience. ,f you change units during the modeling process, (2$'$ does not perform a unit conversion for you. That is your responsibility. Be consistent with your units.
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The unit system options include6 m&!g&sec&7* cm&g&sec&7* foot&slug&sec&7 inch&lbm&sec&7 mm&!g&sec&7* (dd 3nit $ystem (. $et the Unit System to m:kg:s:?6 1!5! 1raphic (itle To name the analysis, clic! in the 0raphic Title input window, delete the default name ((2$'$ (nalysis), and type in the new name. 'ou are allowed up to 8/ alphanumeric characters.
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(. 1nter a Graphic Title for the analysis6 Axle Analysis.
1!8! (ool,ar Properties Toolbar 5roperties button contains options to allow you to affect the behavior of the MTB. To modify these options, clic! on the Toolbar 5roperties button. Three tabs appear on the dialog box6 0eneral, 3ser ,nfo, and (bout.
General Tab *lic! the 1eneral tab to change the start&up configuration of the MTB, to define a system calculator or system editor, or to enable 5ost$cript printing. (for .indows 2T systems only) ,f the *ABBR Toolbar or the nput !indo" has been turned off via the Menu#trls in the full (2$'$ menu system, you must turn off the Mechanical Toolbar and then turn it bac! on after choosing either of these configuration options from the Toolbar 5roperties dialog box. )therwise, they will not appear in the interface.
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Toggling )2 the =ABBR (ool,ar allows you to access the (2$'$ 03, component !nown as the :(BB; Toolbar. This toolbar contains a set of push buttons that execute commonly used (2$'$ functions. 'ou can customi%e this toolbar by adding or removing functions.
Toggling on the Input 'indow allows you to access the (2$'$ 03, component !nown as the ,nput .indow. 3sing this window, allows you to input commands directly to (2$'$.
The System /tilities:6alculator allows you to input the name of your preferred system calculator in the text entry box. The MTB will start the defined calculator when you clic! the $ystem *alculator button on the MTB.
The System /tilities:Editor allows you to input the name of your preferred system text editor. The Mechanical Toolbar will invo!e the defined editor when you clic! the $ystem 1ditor button on the MTB.
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The System /tilities:Ena,le PS print (.indows 2T systems only). *hec! this box if you are using a 5ost$cript&enabled printer for better print uality. User Info Tab *lic! the /ser In&o tab to provide user information for (nalysis. 'ou can record your name, company name, and company address in the corresponding text entry boxes. The Mechanical Toolbar uses these entries when creating the report.
About Tab *lic! the A,out tab to verify which version of the Mechanical Toolbar you are using. <ust in case you forgot. To put your changes into effect and exit the Toolbar 5roperties dialog
box, clic! @. To put any $tart *onfiguration changes into effect, you must also restart the Mechanical Toolbar.
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(. *lic! on the (ool,ar Properties button. B. The Toolbar 5roperties dialog will appear. *lic! on the /ser In&o tab. *. 1nter your name, and if you want, company name and address.
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D. *lic!
@ when finished.
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.! )odel
3nder the Model tab is where you import the geometry, assign shell element thic!ness, material properties and mesh the part. .ith the MTB you do not have the capability to create the volumes or areas, therefore the geometry must be imported.
1!9! )odel Preparation The following are a few tips on how to prepare the geometry before importing it into (2$'$. *reate a copy of the model in your *(D system. Modify the copy by simplifying the geometry to better facilitate the building of the finite element model. $uppress unnecessary features in the model such as external fillets, small holes, and any feature that is not essential to the analysis. *ut the model on all symmetry planes. )nly !eep the smallest uni ue piece that can be mirrored or copied (note that the loads and boundary conditions must also be symmetric). ;emove or suppress everything from the model that isn>t part of the model>s geometry, such as dimensions, construction lines, etc. 1ither move the model near the geometric center of the coordinate system or create an output coordinate system near the geometric center of the model. (naly%e the model and loo! for any small slivers or poor geometry. ;emove these areas or correct the geometry.
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1!A! Importing )odels To load a model into the Mechanical Toolbar, clic! the Import 1eometry button. The mport Geometry $ Select %ile dialog will appear.
*lic! on the Files o& type drop down list and select one of the import types.
*hange the directory to the directory containing the file to be imported. ?ighlight the desired file name and clic! Select mport Method dialog will appear. pen! The mport Geometry &
,f you do not have a parasolid translator, copy the file axle!d, instead. .hen you reach section #./ (,mport Model), select A#S$S <=d,=> for type of file and import the axle.db file.
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3se the mport Geometry & Select mport Method dialog box to decide which method to use when importing a model. $pecify whether the model is a #&D $olid or a $hell or /&D $olid.
'ou have two additional choices to ma!e concerning your model #o model clean:up & This is the preferred method@ it>s faster and more reliable. Allow model clean:up and de&eaturing & 3sing this method activates the defeaturing tools. ( better method is to remove all unnecessary features from your model in the *(D system. *lic! @ to proceed with the geometry import.
(. ,mport the geometry for this exercise. *lic! on the )odel tab on the MTB. #./.( #./.B
B. *lic! on the Import geometry button to bring up the mport Geometry $ Select %ile dialog box.
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*. *hange the Files o& type: option to Parasolid. #./.D #./.1
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D. *hange the directory to the directory containing the axle parasolid. 1. ,n the file list, highlight the file named axle!xmt;txt. -. *lic! pen. The ,mport 0eometry & $elect ,mport Method dialog will appear.
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#./.,
0. $elect .:- Solid. ?. Aeave the 2o model clean&up (faster) option set. ,. *lic! @. (2$'$ will import the 5arasolid file and draw the part in the graphics window.
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1!1B! 3iewing the model There are several buttons on the Mechanical Toolbar that allow you to
manipulate graphic plots. These buttons and their functions include6 Plot6 To access a fly&out toolbar of plotting options, do the following6 5osition the cursor on the Plot button.
5ress and hold the left mouse button until the fly&out toolbar appears. The fly&out toolbar contains the following buttons6 Beypoint 5lot, Aine 5lot, (rea 5lot, Colume 5lot, 2ode 5lot, and 1lement 5lot. ;elease the left mouse button. 5osition the cursor on the desired fly&out button and clic!. ,liCue 3iew6 $ets the view of the graphic window to obli ue. 3iew6 $ets the view of the graphic window. To access a fly&out toolbar6
5osition the cursor on the 3iew button. 5ress and hold the left mouse button until the fly&out toolbar appears. The fly&out toolbar contains the following Ciew option buttons6 Top Ciew, Bottom Ciew, -ront Ciew, Bac! Ciew, Aeft Ciew, ;ight Ciew, )bli ue Ciew, .or!ing 5lane Ciew, and ,sometric Ciew.
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Pan:Doom:Rotate: This option activates the 5an&Doom& ;otate control, which allows you manipulate the model view by panning, %ooming, or rotating the model. #ote: This is a good option to leave on while wor!ing on the model. To change the view, clic! on the desired view button (Top, -ront, ,so, etc) 'ou can choose a Doom method. 'our options include6 Doom, Box Doom, .in Doom, and Bac! 3p (3nDoom). 5an"Doom buttons6 5an up"down left"right using the arrows. $mall dot %ooms out and the large dot %ooms in. The Rate slider located below the rotate buttons controls the amount of change in model si%e from %ooming in or out. The Rotate buttons allow you to define the axis of rotation. The rate slider that is below the rotate buttons controls the amount of rotation. -ynamic )ode6 This option allows you to use your mouse buttons to pan"%oom"rotate. .hen this is on, the left mouse button pans, the middle mouse button %ooms, and the right mouse button rotates. "ighting6 This option allows you to control the light source location, intensity, and the reflectance of your model. .hen this option is )2 the mouse buttons function as follows6 Aeft Button6 Move in E&direction to increase or decrease the reflectance of your model. Move in the '&direction to change the intensity of the directional lights (there are two directional lights, one in front and one behind your model). Middle Button6 Move in the E&direction to rotate the directional lights about the screen D&axis. Move in the '&direction to change the intensity of the ambient light. ;ight Button6 Move in the E& direction to rotate the directional lights about the screen '&axis. Move in the '&direction to rotate the lights about the screen E&axis. Fit: (utomatically ad+usts that amount of %oom in the active window so that your entire model can be seen within the window. Reset6 ;emoves any 5an&Doom&;otate changes in the active window. 'our model will be displayed in its default orientation and si%ed to fit within the active widow. 6lose6 Dismisses the 5an&Doom&;otate dialog box.
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(lternatives to using the 5an&Doom&;otate control 6 Pan F ?old down the 6(R" !ey and press the left mouse button. Move the mouse left, right, up, or down to move the model in the desired direction. Doom F ?old down the 6(R" !ey and press the middle mouse button. Move the mouse up to %oom in. Move the mouse down to %oom out. ,f you are using a two&button mouse, you may be able to mimic the action of a middle mouse button by holding down the SEIF( !ey and pressing the right mouse button. Rotate a,out D axis F ?old down the 6(R" !ey and press the middle mouse button. Move the mouse left or right to rotate the model about the D axis. ,f you are using a two&button mouse, you may be able to mimic the action of a middle mouse button by holding down the 6(R":SEIF( !eys and pressing the right mouse button. Rotate a,out F or $ axisG ?old down the 6(R" !ey and press the right mouse button. Move the mouse to rotate the model about the E (up"down) or ' (left"right) axis. Redraw )odel6 ;edraws (refreshes) the contents of the graphic window. Render )odel6 This option allows you to set the render options for the model. The render options include material coloring, material texturing, thic!ness, translucency, wireframe, gray scale, and show edges. Boundary 6onditions: Toggles boundary condition symbols on and off. Print Eardcopy: 5rints a hardcopy of the graphic window contents. (. $elect the Pan:Doom:Rotate button. The 5an&Doom&;otate dialog will appear .
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B. Thoroughly inspect the model by 5anning, %ooming, and rotating the model. 5lay with the light source option. *. ;eturn the view to ,liCue when you are finished. Aeave the 5an&Doom&;otate control open for the rest of the exercise.
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1!11! )aterial Properties By default, there are three materials that are available for use with the Mechanical Toolbar6 these are (2$'$&supplied aluminum, steel, and titanium. ,n addition to these (2$'$&supplied materials, you can add other materials to create your own personal material library. Creating a Personal Material Library To create a new material that will be added to your personal material library, you need to be on the Model tab. -ollow these steps6 *lic! on the -e&ault )aterial drop down list and select #ew )aterial, or place the cursor over the De'ault Material drop down list, clic! the right mouse button and select #ew from the list of options. The Material
5roperties dialog box appears. Three tabs appear on the dialog box6 Display, $tructural, and Thermal. )n the -isplay tab, type a uni ue name for the new material into the 2ame window. Material names are limited to #/ characters. *lic! on the arrow to the right of the )aterial (exture button. .hen the texture options appear, clic! the texture of your choice to select it. The
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Mechanical Toolbar will use the texture that you choose to depict the material in graphic plots. 3se the Source input window to record information about the source that you referred to for the definition of the material (up to G9 characters,
including spaces). *lic! on the Structural or (hermal tab (as applicable) and type in the physical constants that are necessary to define the new material. *lic! @ to put your changes into effect and exit the Material 5roperties dialog box. The new material will be added to your personal material library and will always appear in the Default Material drop down list box on your system.
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Copy, Delete, and Modifying Material Properties 5lace the cursor over the De'ault Material drop down list, clic! the right mouse button and select 6opyH -eleteH or Properties!
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Assigning Material Properties (ny unassigned model entities will ta!e on the material that is currently displayed in the Default Material drop down list. To assign a material to entities in a model, you need to be on the Model tab. -ollow these steps6
*lic! on the Assign )aterial button. The Material for (ssignment dialog will appear.
,n the Material 'or Assignment dialog box, select the desired material and then clic! 6ontinue. The (2$'$ 5ic!er will appear. ,n the pic!er, ma!e the desired pic!er selections (for example, $ingle pic!, Box pic!, and so on). ,n the graphic window, select those parts of the model to which you want to assign the material. *lic! Apply in the pic!er. ;epeat steps 4 through = until you have assigned a material to all appropriate entities in the model. *lic! @ in the pic!er.
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(. 2ext we want to change the material properties from the default of (luminum to $teel. *lic! on the Assign )aterial button in the MTB.
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B. (2$'$ has built in properties for (luminum, $teel and Titanium. ?ighlight Steel in the list. *. *lic! 6ontinue.
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D. The pic!er dialog will appear for you to select volumes for material #.9.* assignment. *lic! the button that says Pick all. The plot will change to reflect the change in material.
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1!1*! )eshing the model with Smart Si4ing Meshing the model is performed on the Model tab. *lic! on the Mesh $mart$i%e slider and move it from left (fine mesh) to right (coarse mesh) to define the overall element si%e for the mesh. (s you move the Mesh $mart$i%e slider, notice that the Mesh Model icon that appears to the right of the slider changes in si%e as you move the slider.
'ou can use $mart $i%ing to set different mesh si%es for different parts of a model. To do so, set a $mart $i%ing level and mesh only those entities in the model that should have that level. Then continue setting levels and meshing entities (one or more entity at a time), until all entities in the model are meshed. $et the level of the $mart $i%e by moving the slider either to the left or the right, then select the Mesh Model button.
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1!1.! (he )esh(ool pro+ides access to more ad+anced meshing controls and meshing operations! Element Attribute Controls 1lement (ttribute *ontrols on the MeshTool are ignored when the Mechanical Toolbar is active. SmartSi ing Controls *lic!ing the $mart $i%e chec! box toggles $mart$i%ing on and off. This option is identical to $mart$i%ing on the Mechanical Toolbar>s Model tab. Si e Controls Pro!ide more "ontrol o!er element si e spe"ifi"ations# 1lo,al6 *ontrols the setting and clearing of global element edge lengths. *lic!ing Set opens a dialog box for setting the global edge length
*lic!ing 6lear clears this specification. Areas6 *ontrols the setting and clearing of element edge lengths on selected areas. *lic!ing Set opens a pic!ing dialog for selecting areas, followed by a dialog box for setting element edge lengths on the selected areas
*lic!ing 6lear allows you to select areas and clear this specification.
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"ines6 *ontrols the setting and clearing of the divisions and spacing ratios on selected unmeshed lines. *lic!ing Set opens a pic!ing dialog for selecting lines, followed by a dialog box for setting divisions.
*lic!ing 6lear opens a pic!ing dialog for selecting lines to be cleared of divisions. *lic!ing 6opy opens a pic!ing dialog to let you copy line divisions (including spacing ratios) from one line onto other unmeshed lines. -irst, pic! the line from which divisions will be copied, then clic! )B in the pic!ing dialog. 2ext, pic! the lines to which the divisions should be copied, then clic! )B in the pic!ing dialog. ,f previously set line divisions exist, the copied divisions overwrite them. *lic!ing Flip opens a pic!ing dialog to let you flip the spacing ratio of line divisions (from one end to the other) on an unmeshed line. -irst pic! the line to be flipped, then clic! )B in the pic!ing dialog. "ayer6 Aayer meshing is used in the modeling of fluid flow. ,t is not of use to Mechanical Toolbar users. @eypts6 *ontrols the setting and clearing of the edge lengths of the elements near a selected !eypoint or !eypoints. *lic!ing $et opens a pic!ing dialog for selecting !eypoints, followed by a dialog box for setting edge lengths. *lic!ing *lear opens a pic!ing dialog for selecting the !eypoints for which you wish to clear the !eypoint si%ing specifications. Mes$ing %peration Controls )esh: *ontrols which type of entity is being meshed. -or Mechanical Toolbar users, only Columes (for solids) and (reas (for shells and planes) are valid choices.
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Shape6 *ontrols the shape of the elements used to create a mesh ( uadrilateral, triangle, hexahedral, or tetrahedral). Mechanical Toolbar users should leave this control set to Tet when meshing volumes, and Huad when meshing areas. )esher6 *ontrols which type of meshing (free or mapped) is used to mesh a model. Mechanical Toolbar users should leave this control set to -ree for both volume and area meshing. )esh6 $tarts the meshing operation. *lic!ing Mesh opens a pic!ing dialog that lets you select the entity to be meshed. 'ou can also start a meshing operation by clic!ing the Mesh Model button on the Model tab of the Mechanical Toolbar. 6lear6 *lears the selected volumes, areas, lines, and !eypoints (i.e., vertices) of their meshes. *lic!ing *lear opens a pic!ing dialog that lets you select the entity to be cleared. &efinement Controls Re&ine at6 *ontrols the general location at which mesh refinement occurs. *lic!ing the drop down list box causes a list of available choicesF2odes, 1lements, Bey5oints, Aines, (reas, and (ll 1lemsFto appear. ;efine6 $tarts the refinement operation. *lic!ing ;efine opens a pic!ing dialog box that lets you select the specific area(s), line(s), etc. at which you want refinement to occur. Close *loses the MeshTool# 'elp Displays the full (2$'$ product>s help for the MeshTool.
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)eshing: .e will use the default $mart$i%e meshing to create a mesh on the part. The resultant mesh will be good enough to run the preliminary analysis. (. The slider bar in the MTB controls the $mart$i%e mesh density in various levels from very fine (left most setting) to very course (right most setting). .e will use the default (center setting). B. $ince there is only 4 volume in the model, clic! on the )esh )odel button to create the mesh. The (2$'$ meshing process may ta!e a few minutes. .hen meshing is complete, the mesh will appear in the graphics window. *. Ta!e a loo! at the nodes. ,n the MTB, clic! and hold on the Plot button momentarily until the fly&out options appear.
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D. *lic! on the Plot #odes Button. 2otice that the ;ender Model option has changed to Show Edges.
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1. *lic! on Render )odel. Try some of the other ;ender Model options. ;eturn to )aterial 6oloring when you are finished
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-. *lic! and hold on the 5lot Button and pic! Plot Elements!
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0! "oads and Boundary 6onditions

2ow that we have completed the model definition phase, itIs time to apply the loads and boundary conditions.
1!1! En+ironment (n environment is a set of boundary conditions (loadcases) applied to the model. 'ou are allowed to define multiple environments. This is useful when you want to examine and compare the behavior of the model under different loads or boundary conditions. The MTB allows you to add, copy, rename, or delete an environment.
(e) En!ironment To create a new environment and assign a name, perform the following6 $elect the #ew En+ironment!!! option from the Aoad 1nvironment drop down list box, or ;ight&clic! the mouse while it is positioned over the Aoad 1nvironment drop down list and clic! on #ew. The (e" En)ironment dialog box appears. Type the name of the new environment. 2ames are limited to #/ characters.
*lic! @. The new environment name now appears in the list of existing environment names.
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Copy En!ironment To copy an existing environment to a new environment, perform the following6 $elect the 6opy En+ironment!!! option from the Aoad 1nvironment drop down list box. The #opy En)ironment dialog appears. $elect the environment to be copied in the -rom window, and type in the new environment name in the To window.
*lic!
Delete En!ironment To delete an environment perform the following6 $elect the -elete En+ironment!!! option from the Aoad 1nvironment drop down list box. The Delete En)ironment dialog appears. $elect the environment to be deleted and clic! @!
&ename En!ironment To ;ename an environment perform the following6 $elect the Rename En+ironment!!! option from the Aoad 1nvironment drop down list box. The Rename En)ironment dialog appears. $elect the environment to be renamed. Type in a new name and clic! @!
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1!*! Adding or -eleting "oads and Boundary 6onditions ,n the Mechanical Toolbar, you specify whether you want to add or delete a load before selecting the specific type of load. *lic! the Add B!6. or the -elete B!6! button, and then clic! the button representing the load type you want to add or delete.
Ma!e sure the proper 1nvironment is set prior to creating a load or boundary condition. (fter you clic! on a load type button, a pic!er appears that allows you to select the entity to which you are applying the load, or from which you are deleting the load. *oundary Conditions To create boundary conditions *hoose the environment for which this B.*. applies. *lic! the Add B!6! button. Constraint
$elect 6onstraint to remove one or more degrees of freedom from the selected ob+ect type. .ith the cursor positioned on the *onstraint button, hold down the left mouse button. ( fly&out toolbar appears. 'ou can constrain a !eypoint, a line, or an area.
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*lic! on the button representing the entity constraint you want. ( pic!er appears. $elect the !eypoints, lines, or areas to be constrained. *lic! @. ( #onstrain dialog box appears. $elect the direction(s) in which you want to constrain the model.
$elect the coordinate system you want to use to specify the direction if other than the default 0lobal *artesian system. *lic! +i,ed @.
$elect Fixed to remove all degrees of freedom from the selected ob+ect type. .ith the cursor positioned on the Fixed button, hold down the left mouse button. ( fly&out toolbar appears. 'ou can fix a !eypoint, a line, or an area.
*lic! on the button representing the entity you want to fix. ( pic!er appears. $elect the !eypoints, lines, or areas to be fixed. *lic! @.
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(pply the boundary constraints to the model (. *lic! on the "oad tab in the MTB. 2otice that the current environment is En+ironment 1. B. Ma!e sure the Add button is depressed. 9. /. ( 9./.B 9./.* 9./.D
*. *hange the graphics to a Colume plot to hide the elements. *lic! and hold the cursor on Plot to get the fly&out toolbar. *lic! on 3olume Plot! D. *hange the ;ender Model option from )aterial 6oloring to Show Edges. This will ma!e it easier to view the areas 1. *lic! on the Pan:Doom:Rotate button (if it not already activated) and orient the plot approximately as shown
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-. *lic! and hold the cursor on the 6onstraint button to get the fly&out toolbar. *lic! on 6onstrain Area. The 5ic!er dialog will appear.
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0. 5ic! the / inside face of the # holes as shown (total of G faces). 'ou may want to %oom in on the individual holes to pic! the faces and then Fit the view to move on to the next hole. (ip6 *lic! and hold the left mouse button and move the cursor around the hole faces until the correct face highlights, then let go of the mouse button. (The selection does not occur until you release the mouse button). Do the same for all faces. ,f you accidentally select an incorrect area, clic! the right mouse button. The cursor will toggle from an up arrow (select) to a down arrow (deselect). 'ou can then deselect the incorrect area. *lic! the right mouse button again to toggle bac! to select, and try again.
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?. .hen all G faces have been selected, clic! The #onstrain Area dialog will appear.
@ on the 5ic!er dialog.
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,. .e are going to constrain the inside faces of the holes from translating in the E and ' direction. *lic! on the chec! boxes next to F direction and $ direction.
9./.,
9./.< <. *lic! @. The symbols for the constraints will now appear on the inside hole faces of the model. ,f the symbols disappear, you may need to clic! on the Boundary 6onditions button to display them. B. *lic! on the 6onstrain Area button again. appear. The 5ic!er dialog will
9./B 9./.<
41
A. 5ic! the bottom face of the counterbored hole on both the upper and lower attachment locations as shown. (<ust the / holes shown)
9./.A
9./.A
9./.M
M. *lic!
@ on the 5ic!er dialog. The #onstrain Area dialog will appear.
42
2. *onstrain these areas in the D direction only. *hec! on only the D direction chec! box. *lic! @. The constraint symbols will appear on these / faces.
9./.2
9./.2
43
1!.! "oads To create loads *hoose the environment for which this Aoad applies. *lic! the Add B!6! button.
+or"e $elect Force to apply a force to the selected ob+ect(s). .ith the cursor positioned on the -orce button, hold down the left mouse button. ( fly&out toolbar appears. 'ou can apply a force on a !eypoint, a line, or an area.
*lic! on the button representing the type force you want.
( pic!er appears. $elect the !eypoints, lines, or areas for applying the force. *lic! @. ( Total -orce on dialog box appears. $pecify the value of the force in the re uired direction(s). This is the total force applied to all selected ob+ects. $elect the coordinate system you want to apply if other than the 0lobal *artesian system. ,f you choose 2ew *oordinate $ystem, special conditions apply. *lic! @.
44
Moment
$elect )oment to apply a moment to the selected )b+ect(s) .ith the cursor positioned on the Moment button, hold down the left mouse button. ( fly&out toolbar appears. 'ou can apply a moment to a !eypoint, a line, or an area.
*lic! on the button representing type of entity you want to apply moment to. ( pic!er appears. $elect the !eypoints, lines, or areas to apply the moment to. *lic! @. ( Total Moment on dialog box appears. $pecify the value of the moment in the re uired direction(s).
$elect the coordinate system you want to apply if other than the 0lobal *artesian system. *lic! @.
45
Displa"ement
$elect -isplacement to set an initial displacement on the selected ob+ect. .ith the cursor positioned on the Displacement button, hold down the left mouse button. ( fly&out toolbar appears. 'ou can displace a !eypoint, a line, or an area.
*lic! on the button representing type of entity you want to apply displacement to. ( pic!er appears. $elect the !eypoints, lines, or areas to be
displaced. *lic! @. ( Total Displacement on dialog box appears. $pecify the displacement along the appropriate axes. $elect the coordinate system you want to apply if other than the 0lobal *artesian system. *lic! @.
46
Pressure
$elect Pressure to apply a pressure to either a line or area .ith the cursor positioned on the Pressure button, hold down the left mouse button. ( fly&out toolbar appears. 'ou can apply pressure to a line or an area.
*lic! on the button representing type of entity you want to apply pressure to. ( pic!er appears. $elect the lines or areas you are applying a pressure to and clic! @. ( 5ressure on dialog box appears. 1nter the pressure value you want to apply.
*lic!
@.
47
*ody Load
$elect Body "oad to apply a volumetric or field load. ,n the MTB, you can apply gravity, temperature, and angular velocity as body loads. *lic! on the Body Aoad button. ( .hole Body Aoads dialog box appears. To apply gravity body loads, clic! the 1ra+ity tab, enter the gravitational acceleration load values for the E, ', and"or D directions, then clic! @. To apply temperature body loads, clic! the (emperature tab and ma!e choices depending on whether the temperature load is uniform or is a result of a thermal analysis. -or a uniform temperature load, clic! the /ni&orm radio button and enter the load temperature and the reference temperature, then clic! @.
48
To apply angular velocity body loads, clic! the (ngular Celocity tab, enter the rotational speeds about the E, ', and"or D axes in revolutions per minute (;5M), then clic! @.
Model Symmetry $elect )odel Symmetry, if you are a constructing a symmetric
model, to define symmetry boundary conditions. These can be represented as an area on a #&D model or a line on a /&D (or #&D shell) model. *lic! the )odel Symmetry button. ( pic!er appears. $elect the line (for a /&D model or #&D shell model) or area (for a #&D model) on which to define the symmetry boundary conditions. *lic! @.
49
(pply the loads to the model (. *hange the view to better facilitate the loads application. *lic! on the ,liCue 3iew button. B. *lic! and hold the left mouse button on Force to get the fly out toolbar. *lic! on Area &orce. The 5ic!er dialog will appear
9.#.B 9.#.( *. $elect the small area as shown (you may want to %oom up on the area) and clic! @! The (otal Force on Area dialog will appear.
9.#.*
50
D. ,nput 5BB newtons for the &orce along the $:axis and G102B newtons for the Force along the D:axis. *lic! on @! The symbols for the force will appear on the small area.
9.#.D
9.#.1
51
1. 5ic! the Area Force button again. The 5ic!er will appear
9.#.1
-. 5ic! the 9 areas on the axle as shown and select
0. ,nput G*89B newtons for the -orce along the E&axis and 9*.B
9.#.D
newtons for the -orce along the D&axis. ?. *lic! on @! The symbols for the forces will appear on the axle.
9.#.0
9.#.D
52
2! )odel Solution
3se the Sol+e tab to solve the analysis. 'ou can choose to solve now or solve later.
1!0! Sol+e #ow To solve now, select Sol+e #ow from the Sol)e Time drop down list box and clic! the $olve 5roblem button. ,f you defined a single environment for a structural static or thermal steady&state analysis, a $olve 1nvironment(s) dialog box appears stating that the environment is ready to be solved. *lic! the @ button to initiate the solution.
,f you defined a single environment for a modal analysis, a $olve 1nvironment(s) dialog box appears. 1nter the number of mode shapes you want to view and the fre uency range (if desired), then clic! )B to initiate the solution.
53
,f you defined multiple environments for a structural static or thermal steady&state analysis, a Sol)e En)ironment*s+ dialog box appears. *hoose the environment(s) you want to solve and clic! @ to initiate the solution(s).
.hen the solution is finished, the Mechanical Toolbar brings up the ;esults tab and automatically displays an appropriate plot (based on the discipline) and a text window that lists the environment(s), and summary information based on the discipline. 1!2! Sol+e "ater To solve later, follow these steps6 $elect Sol+e "ater... from the Sol)e Time drop down list box. ( $olve Time dialog box appears. 1nter the date and time you want the solution to begin and clic! @. *lic! the Sol+e Pro,lem button. ( Sol)e En)ironment(s) dialog box appears whose content varies depending on the number of environments you want to solve and whether the problem involves a modal analysis . 1nter any re uired information in the $olve 1nvironment(s) dialog box and clic! @. ( $olve Aater ,nformation dialog box appears which displays the solution start time that you entered, the wor!ing directory name and location where files will be stored, and a statement specifying that system specific processes must be running before using the solve later option. ,f these systems are running, clic! @ to accept the name and location of the wor!ing directory, or specify another name and location for the wor!ing directory by clic!ing Browse!!!H choosing the name and directory location in the Sol)e ,ater Bro"se !or-ing Directory dialog box, then clic!ing @.
54
$olve the exercise (. *lic! on the Sol+e tab on the MTB. =./.( =./.B
B. *lic! on the Sol+e Pro,lem button. The Sol)e En)ironment*s+ dialog will appear since there is only one environment. *. *lic! @ to proceed with the solution. This may ta!e a few minutes D. .hen finished, a text window will appear =./.* showing that the solution successfully completed and will list the maximum displacement and stress. The graphics display will show the Con Mises 1 uivalent $tress plot. 2ote that the maximum stress value is well within the yield limit stress of steel.
55
5! Results
(fter completing a successful solution, itIs now time to post process the model and ta!e a loo! at the results. By default the MTB will select the ;esults tab after a successful solution. To loo! at the results, clic! on the Results tab
,f you solved multiple load environments, you can view the results for each of them by6 *lic!ing on the Aoad 1nvironment drop down list box. *lic!ing on the environment for which you want to see results. 1!5! Results Item 'ou can view any of the following types of result information for a structural static analysis by clic!ing on the Results Item drop down list6 ECui+alent stress & (Con Mises stress) a representation of any arbitrary stress state as a single positive stress value. -isplaced shape & physical displacement of the model. Stress intensity & the difference between the maximum (4st) and minimum (#rd) principal stresses. 1st and .rd principal stresses & The maximum and minimum principal stresses. Stress in the glo,al FH $H or D direction & individual stress components for each direction in the global *artesian system. (fter selecting the Results tem clic! on Plot Results
56
1!8! Results -isplay 'ou can plot, uery, animate, or list the result item shown in the ;esult ,tem drop down list box.
*lic! on the Plot Result button to plot the selected Results tem To uery the results, clic! the Iuery Result button. ( pic!er appears. ?old the left mouse button down and drag it over the area of interest. ;esult values appear both on the plot as well as in the pic!er dialog. To animate the results, clic! the Animate Result button. *lic! the blac! arrow to the right of the icon to specify the number of frames to animate (default J 4K frames).
(n (nimation *ontroller appears that allows you to start or stop the animation, play continuously or forward only, or apply delay. *lic! on the "ist Result button to see a tabular listing of the results.
AetIs view the ;esult ,tems for this exercise

Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis 57
(. *hange the Results tem to -isplaced Shape B. *lic! on the Plot Results button. The Displacement $hape plot will
G./.(
G./.B
appear. The displacement are small in comparison to the thic!ness of the model indicating good compliance with small displacement theory *. 5lot the other result items for !ic!s.
D. ;eturn the plot to ECui+alent Stress when you are done having fun.
58
1. (nimate the results. *lic! on the arrow next to the Animate button
G./.,
G./.1.0
-. *hange the number of frames to 9 0. *lic! on the Animate button to start the animation ?. *lic! on 6lose when you are satisfied. ,. Huery the results. *lic! on the Iuery Results button. The 5ic!er will appear. <. *lic! on the )in and )ax buttons on the pic!er to display a label indicating max and min stress. B. .ith your cursor clic! on some other areas to display the stress. ,f you clic! and hold the left mouse button down and move it over the model the system will temporally display the stress values.
G./.?
G./.<
59
1!9! Reports 'ou can generate a report using a predefined format (template) or you can generate a report using a template that you created. 'ou can also view an existing report. (ll reports are generated in standard ?TMA. 'ou can forward them electronically, post them on a web site, or print them.
General &eport +ormat The 0eneral ;eport format includes the following items6 (itle page & name of analysis (ta!en from the 0raphic Title entry in the $etup tab), name of analyst"designer (ta!en from the 3ser ,nfo tab LToolbar 5roperties button within the main $etup tabM), date of report, lin!s to $ummary, Model ,nformation, (nalysis ,nformation, and ;esults ,nformation sections. Summary & (2$'$ plot of the original model, text summary including information on analysis type, environments, and results data. )odel In&ormation & source of model file, (2$'$ mesh plot, tabular details of the finite element model and material properties. Analysis In&ormation & (2$'$ plot and tabular listings of loads and boundary conditions. Results In&ormation & (2$'$ plots and tabular listings of results data.
60
To generate an ?TMA report using the predefined format, do the following6 *lic! on the Show Report button. The Report .ptions dialog appears. *lic! on the 6reate a new report radio button. *lic! on the 1eneral Report option. *lic! @. The report is generated in the default ?TMA browser, and a directory named reportn is created (where n increments with each report generated) that includes the report>s ?TMA file and all graphics files associated with the report. -ie)ing an E,isting &eport
To view an existing report, do the following6 *lic! the Show Report button. The ;eport )ptions dialog box appears. *lic! the 3iew an existing report radio button. Type the directory path and file name of the ?TMA report file you want to view and clic! @ or use the Browse button to loo! through the directories and locate the report.
61
*reate a ;eport (. *lic! on the Show Report button
G.#.(
B. Toggle )2 the 6reate a new report options and clic! on 1eneral Report
G.#.B
G./.* *. *lic! @! The report generation may ta!e a few minutes. (2$'$ will generate a professional loo!ing report summari%ing the model definition including element type, number of nodes and elements, applied loads, and constraints. (ll stresses, displacements and reaction force components will be plotted and summari%ed as well. D. .hen complete, (2$'$ will launch the report in your ,nternet browser. Ta!e a few moments to review each section. This report can be customi%ed and included in other documentation by cut and paste, or through hyperlin!s. 1. -or a sample ?TMA report, clic! here.
62
8! 6onclusion:
The true intent of this exercise was to guide you through the Mechanical Toolbar and explain the various options that are available to you. The analysis of the axle showed that the part displayed no signs of yield under the given loading condition. Mesh refinements can be made in locali%ed areas to determine more accurate stress values, but we will explore that in later exercises.
9! Additional Functions:
1!A! #ew )odel: This option allows you to clears the database stored in memory and start with a new one. 1!1B! Resume )odel: ;estores the database from the database file as it was at the last time that it was saved. This button is valid only for resuming database files that were generated using the Mechanical Toolbar. ,f you want to bring an (2$'$ model into the Mechanical Toolbar, you need to use the ,mport 0eometry button instead. 1!11! Sa+e )odel: $aves the current model to a database file. (. AetIs save our wor!. *lic! on the Sa+e button in the MTB. 1!1*! 6ontext Eelp: ,nvo!es your system>s default .eb browser and displays the table of contents for the Mechanical Toolbar>s ?TMA&based help. 1!1.! (our: Displays the Mechanical Toolbar>s tour help. The tour provides an overview of the Mechanical Toolbar, its controls, and how to use it to perform an analysis. 1!10! Fully Functional A#S$S: $witches to full (2$'$ functionality. 2ote that only one environment may be brought over.
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1!12! System 6alculator: ,nvo!es the system calculator 3se the Toolbar 5roperties dialog box to define the system calculator. 1!15! System Editor: ,nvo!es the system editor (if one is available). 3se the Toolbar 5roperties dialog box to define the system editor.
64

Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis: Important: Please Read The Following

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Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis: Important: Please Read The Following

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Exercise 1: Axle Structural Static Analysis