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MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

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MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

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MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH 23

;nt;lnjt nj)j vn +tvdjv t'(ffvndtt t+v'(t C!#jnhctfr!l!j- )v hB)h'2jt jnt(fdv)h(jj lvj Hvt(j+tf Cf((ht Ctldh(fn lt hdj2jt +t. Cht 0tj lv)jd* t'(h)jh(h# djn '*)tth nhdh/vflttt* +vfj)jhnt# ;j t't(2jnh ;n+*# dv'* 3tjjn2t nft+t(*# 0t(hlvj g(t)jtnj+t Mjgvhl Bttllf(j# )t(h vhdh ;n t)ht+t* )t(th =f'h(t )ht 0tj +jn)h(* t lvj G(t)j1n"# )ht )t(h (*+'vndh ;n 0fd )hl 0tj dj(h)t =tt0f+fh(hj (hljgjft+h 3j +v'(tnttv(tlh )t(h!j h(t '(f'(jh dh ft't"# t'h );nd ;n )hlhltlth )*(2j tlh +)(jjtf(vlvj# )(jtj)vl f,+h(v* tftdhtvnt =vn hff(t dh t hvtdt djn t0,jhntvl +*v# dh t!3j dh+v'(tnttv(tlj/t g;ndj(ht# dh t sj#!lt f 0f(tl* ltj)j/tnt* 3j vn dhj+0 nttv(tlj+t# )t ttjtvdjnh ljth(t(* sj#!ltt 3j jnthn2jfntt*"66. F,+h(vt2jj 'h )t(h nfj nv lh ;n2hlhgh0 dhlf) )t 'h f 'lhdft(jh "rf df#f s!t- )j )t 'h f 0tj d(ht't* t3h/t(h t jvdh)*2jlf( dh+'(h f +)(jh(h +v,t'(h)jtt*. Nhgljjt(ht vnj)vlvj t(tttt (hljgjf+ tl lvj G(t)j1n t tvvt d(h't )fn+h)jn2* 3j jgnf(t(ht 0t(jlf( lvj 0h(jth nv nv0tj )fn)h'tvtlh# )j 3j h+thtj)h 3j +tjlj+tj)h. Sh 't(h )* 3j dh dttt t)ht+tt# tvtf(vl 3tjh +* fjh 0tj lv)jd dh);t 0vl2j djnt(h )(jtj)jj +*j. ;n )vv;ntvl )*t(h )jtjtf(# G(t)j1n ff(0vlht/* t(hj jdhj j0'f(ttnth> $. C!#jnhctfr!l h +jngv(t )t(th djnt(h )hlh tt(j,vjth lvj t )*(hj "tthrnjttth 3j!f (h)vnft3th d(h't lh$jtj#- )hht )h nv nj +h 't(h );tv3j dh 'v2jn f dfvtd* dh j'f)(j/jh# )j vn 0fd 't(tdfBtl# tt;t dh f(h)vhnt ;n f'h(t +t# dh t +'vnh nv )* 'h )hlhltlth nv lh!t( fj +)(j+ hl# )j )*# +'(h dhf+h,j(h dh hlh# fd(t+lh nhlhgjtj0h tlh +'j(jtvlvj +*v# t(ttttvl dh+'(h ;0'*(t*3tnjh j/vf(*3th# )fnfj(0;nd f,+h(vt2jt lvj M. Bttllf(j# djn ;n+*3j )fndj2jt lvj tvthntj)* 3j fvndt0hnttl* dh '(hltt# dh '(hft# dh "tthr- 9. C!#jnhctfr!l +lvjh3th 0tj 0vlt tfhctj!jtttht dh);t jnghnjf/jtttht# )*(hjt ;j )fn+t)(t+h tnv0h f +)(jh(h t0'l* %Tsc! j#ht 5j trtt jn$hnjf2jt jj*- 3j# ;nt(!tdhv*(# nj)*jh(j ;n f'h(t +t nv +h 'ft (hg*+j 'tgjnj dh vn lj(j+0 3j dh f fh(vft(h 0j+tj)* tt;t dh jnthn+h )t tj)j9 5. Ct(tht t)ht+tt h 0hnjt* +* fjh vn ;nd(h'tt( 'hnt(v =0;ntvj(ht hth(n*" t +vflhthlf( )v)h(nj)h# ;n (;ndvl )*(f(t ;3j 'ft tflt )v tt;t 0tj lh+nh lf)vl 3j ='h(+ftnhlh" ff(0tth lt 3)ftlt t(tttthlf( tj'flfgj)h '(fftnh +tv t hBh0'lvlvj nt(ttjv djn Crjtjcfn!l. F0vl h 'v+ tj)j ;n ft2t f'2jvnjj dh)j+jvh> )*vtt(ht vnj(jj )v Dv0nh/hv +tv vhghtt(ht ;nt(!vn +j0jlj't(tdj+ v0tnj+t tvtfftg. C!#jnhctfr!l- ;n 'ffjdt )fndj2jhj 0tj v0jlh 'h )t(h tvtf(vl j!f (h)vnft3th# t)hht dh ;nd(v0t( '(t)tj)# f*(* t ;n)htt +* )(htd*# tft 'ft(jvjt dh)lt(t2jhj lvj G(t)j1n# )* 'ftth (jvtlj/t )v )hlhltlth +)(jh(j tlh +tlh# h+th )hhjt dh ,flt* t vj/jvnjj +tlh fntflfgj)h )f0'lhth# 'h)htht 0httfj/j)* t,+hnt* ';n* lt hl. Mftjvvl df0jntnt tl )hlf( )jn)j/h)j dh 0hdjtt2jj h+th f+'*2vl# 3j tnv0h f+'*2vl hvht(j+tjh# ,tn)hht +flh0n ;n )v(+vl )*(vjt fjh)t(h ft+'hth 'ftth (hjth(t ;n )hj' nh+;ngh(f+ jh(tft dh 'h )(v)h t lvj J+v+# 66 Mjgvhl Bttllf(j S. J.# Grtcjn v hl Btrrfcf- Hdj/jfnj dj Stf(jt h Lhtth(ttv(t# Rf0t# $%A7# '. 74.
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MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

0;n);ndv!$ 'h )hl +t)(jfj)tt dh d(tgvl )(httv(jj# ;nt(!f tt0f+fh(* dh )fnvjvjtljttth +t)(*# h))lh/jtl* 3j 'h(+fntl* tftfdtt*. S)hnh vhth(f! 3j nhfth+tt0hntt(h# fjgv(;nd 0f0hnth dh 0tBj0* t'(f'jh(h t f0vlvj dh Dv0nh/hv# +;nt )fnvf)tth )t th(0hn dh )f0't(t2jh 'hnt(v nht+h0vjt 0tj 0t(ht fh(j)j(h h*(*/jt* )(hdjn)jf3jlf( )t(h nv nv0tj )* +h 'ft t'(f'jt dh J+v+ ';n* lt ttjngh(h fj/j)*# dt( 3j!$ 'ft )hjt( ;n)f('f(t '(jnt(!vn t)t fj/jflfgj) +t)(t0hnttlj/tt# ;l 'ft dh)j =0;n)t" lt '(f'(jv# ;n )hj' (htl 3j tdhv*(tt# t3t )v0 +h (h'ht* 0tj ;n fjh)t(h 0hdjtt2jh :vh(h# rht4Vthr- s!1sttntjtlhhr h(tv th(0hnjj '(jn )t(h dhfjnht dfg0t t(tn++v,+ttn2jh(jj Cfn)jljvl djn T(hntfC. Stjlvl h+th =)hl )h(vt dh tj0'"# t))h+j,jl# t3tdt(# nv dft( 'v,lj)vlvj f,j3nvjt tl +)(jjtf(vlvj# hljtt jnthlh)tvtl* 3j +f)jtl* t v(h0jj# )j ;nt(hgjj tv(0h '*+tf(jth dh vn '(hft. Dj+)v(+vl# 0tj +j0'lv dh);t;n )hlhltlth t(tttth# dv'* )v0# +'h(*0# +h vt 'vtht )fn+tttt 3j djn t(tdv)h(ht (f01nht+)*# 0t()tt tftv3j dh vn +v,tjl )v(hnt 'h(+vt+jv )v jnflhBjvnj ,t(f)h# nv lj'+jt dh t))hnth dh!t d(h'tvl 3f)tnth 'hnt(v vn )jtjtf( dh t/j# t+v'(t )*(f(t tt(tgh0 tthn2jt '(jn nfth t0*nvn2jth lt thBt# ;l ;nvt2* 'h )(hdjn)jf+ +* +h '(hg*tht+)* dh )f0vnjvnh :'vn)tvl $C# +* +h )v0jnh)h :'vn)tvl 6C# +* )vlhtg* (ftdhlh +tv ,jnhft)h(jlh )v0jnh)*tv(jj :'vn)tvl 5C 3j# hBt(h0 dh j0'f(ttnt# dh)j+jv )hjt(# +* tdv)* 0vl2v0j(j lvj Dv0nh/hv :'vn)tvl &C# =hvht(j+tjh" ;n+h0n;nd =0vl2v0j(h# (h)vnf3tjn2*". Chnt(tljtttht 0ftjvvlvj h (hlhvtt* dh ;n+*3j '(j0t f)v(hn2* t th(0hnvlvj# ;n )hnt(vl '(f'(jv!/j+ tl )*(2jj# 0hdjtt2jt 6A# tBtt* 'h t)tvl hvht(j+tjh jn+tjtvtjv# Cjnt )ht dh Ttjn*> tj)j# 'hnt(v '(j0t ft(* ;n )v'(jn+vl t(ttttvlvj# t't(h 3j th(0hnvl +t)(t0hnttl '(f'(jv!/j+# +'. H!ctrjstjt. ;n 0t(ht 0tjf(jttth t )t/v(jlf( fjh)t(h 'vn)t t(h );th dfv* < t0 +'vnh )v vn th(0hn 0v/j)tl < 0j3)*(j> '(j0t jnt(fdv)h +tv (hjt th0t dh ,t/*# tdj)* tlhgf(h/t +tv hBh0'lvl )vlh+ djn j+tf(jt +t)(*# )ht dh!t dfvt lh 'h(+fntlj/ht/*# lh t'lj)* lt +jtvt2jt nh0jjlf)jt* t )hlvj )h '(j0h3th )v0jnh)*tv(t 3j (htlj/ht/* t+tfhl# ft2* dh njvhlvl '(j0vlvj 'vn)t# +tltvl fntflfgj) t,+flvt '(jn jngh(t(ht h(tnhj djvjnh# t(v'vl lvj J+v+. S;nt )fnvf)tth vn 0t(h nv0*( dh +)hnh ,j,lj)h 'hnt(v t )f0'vnh j0tgjnht vnj)* t )(hdjn)jf+vlvj )h!3j dhvf(ht/* hBtttj) Dv0nh/hvl )h!j vjnh ;n ;nt;0'jnt(h 3j j +h ffh(*# +'(h t!$ tdv)h lt Sjnh# )t jh(tf* +v,tjl* 3j(fjnd dh +;nghlh +'j(jtvtl tl T,+flvtvlvj jv,jtf(. P(jn)j'tlvl '(f)hdhv +tjlj+tj) tl dj+)v(+vlvj 0hdjtttjv hsth "trtlhlt7 0tj tftth 0hdjtt2jjlh +;nt )fn+t(vjth '(jn 'vnh(ht ;n '(h/hn2* t vnhj +)hnh ,j,lj)h +tv t vnhj tlhgf(jj 3j t (htljt*2jj hvht(j+tj)h ;n ftvft(ht t)h+thjt djn v(0*9 '(f)hdhvl +h (hg*+h3th 3j ;n )f0'f/j2jt fjh)*(vjt djnt(h )hlh 'tt(v 'vn)th tlh 0hdjtt2jjlf(# tl)*tvjth# lt (;ndvl lf(# djn );th dfv* 't(tg(tfh 0hnjth +* jnthn+jfj)h tlth(ntn2t dh 'ltnv(j. St(v)tv(t t)ht+tt h (h+'h)ttt* )v +t(j)th2h ;n 0t(ht 0tjf(jttth t )t/v(jlf(# hB)h'2jh f*);nd 0hdjtt2jjlh )v )t(t)th( dh ;nd(v0t(h 0tj ghnh(tl*# g(v'tth 0tj tlh+ '(jnt(h
MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

6A

vltj0hlh /h)h65. Mhdjtt2jjlh +;nt hBt(h0 dh tthnt f(gtnj/tth 3j +h dh+f*3ft(* 'ft(jvjt vnhj (jt0j)j +v,tjlh dh 'fh0 )v ff(0* fjB*# t0jntjnd dj+t(j,v2jt );0'v(jlf( dh ff(2* t(gv0hntttjvh djn +fnht# f*(* )t (jgft(ht ff(0tl* +* dj0jnvh/h 'f+j,jljt*2jlh dh vt(jt2jh. Dh lt lj(j+0vl ,v)flj) tl 0hdjtt2jhj 5&# dh f g(t2jh +vtv* )t dh );ntt(h tg(h+t*# jnthn+jtttht t(*j(jj +'j(jtvtlh +h ;ntl2* ';n* lt 'tthtj+0vl ljtv(gj) tl hBt(tf(djnt(hj 0hdjtt2jj A8# )t(h# (hlv;nd 0ftjvvl dh ,t/* tl Crjtjcfn!l!j- vjt2t )t 'h(hg(jnt(h# dh+f*3ft(* vnt djn )hlh 0tj tvl,v(*tft(h vf(,j(j dh+'(h )*l*tf(jt ;n 0ft(th )h nh t3tht't* +vflhthlh# +)tndtt* dh dtng*tvl djtftn 0httlj) tl jn+h(tv(jlf( lttjnh3tj. F )f0't(t2jh )v 0f0hntvl +j0jlt( djn Crjtjcfn!l- JJJ :)(jtj)t t $$!t# =Sft)(t vjh2jj"C# )fn+t(vjt )v +t(*lv)j(h 3j hl ;n '(hlvngj(ht ;ndhlvngtthj t(tdj2jj t =t(j,vntlhlf( 0f(2jj" djn Hvvl Mhdjv# dt( '*+t(tt ;n (hgj+t(vl '(fftn# d* 0*+v(t '(ffvn/j0jj 0httfj/j)h lt )t(h tjvngh G(t)j1n djn)flf dh +flv2jt th(h+t(* lj0jttt* t Jn+vlhj Nh0v(j(jj> f0vl 'ftth fj )v tdhv*(tt 0;ntvjt lt )t'*tvl vltj0hj )*l*tf(jj# dv'* =vn d(v0 lvng 3j '(j0hjdjf+"# )v =)*(*(j nh0tj,*lvth# t*(;0v(j nh0tjv*/vth"# );nd f0vl +h 'ftth '(h+)hj0,t ;n Dv0nh/hvl ;0'*(t*3jt 3j t)h+tt ;n f0# d*jnvjnd =f vh3nj)jh dh +ltv*"> t)flf +h tfl* tdhv*(ttvl )hnt(v

tl Fjjn2hj +'(h )t(h tjndht j0'lj)jt 3j 'hlh(jntjvl vjh2jj ;n th(h+t(jttth# tl )*(vj +)f'# dhlf) jnvtjl ;n 'h(+'h)tjvt t,+flvtvlvj# h(t df,;ndj(ht 'h(fh)2jvnjj f0hnh3tj dh '(j0* jn+ttn2*# t =h(fj)jt*2jj" ;n tftth +hn+v(jlh '(f'fv*dvjt* dh G(t)j1n. S!t( '*(ht# ;n t)ht+t* f(djnh dh jdhj# )* G(t)j1n!P(hftvl $!t dhlhgtt 'h G(t)j1n!Dj+!)h(n*tf(vl +* t(t+h/h ht(tt '(j0hj '*(2j t )*l*tf(jhj nft+t(h +'(h nfj ;n3jnh9 t f*)vt!f ;n )hj' jlv+t(v# )v 0jjlft)h tt;t dh jlv/jfnj+th# ;nh;t t0 ff+t thntt2j +*!j d*0 vjt*(jj vf)t2jt fvndt0hnttl* 3j +* td0j(*0# )hjt( dt)* ;nt(j+tt2j# vn vnjvh(+ fjnjt )fndt0ntt lt lj'+* dh t(tn+)hndhn2*. F(# C!#jnhctfr!l (h+tt,jlh3th '(f'f(2jjlh 3j ffh(* )hhjt +t(*dtnjjlf( f0hnh3tj> dh+*v;(3j(ht 'h(+fntl*# dv'* nf(0hlh tt;t dh jvdj)jf+# 'hnht(tnt 3j dh/t,v/tt (h)f0tndtth dh G(t)j1n# ;nt(!f lv0h t dv'lj)jt*2jj 3j t (*vlvj# nv ;n+ht0n* dh);t f htt'* '(hg*tjtft(h 'hnt(v 0t(ht t(h)h(h dh 'h v(0*. T)h+tt )(hdh0 )* h th+tt0hntvl +'j(jtvtl tl lvj G(t)j1n# +)(j+ ;n $@A5# )v )jn)j tnj ;ntjnth dh 0ft(th# 3j dhghj/tt +v, t't(hn2hlh vnvj 0fdh+t t(tttt '(t)tj) dh hdjfj)t(h (hljgjft+*. Nh;n2hlhgh(ht t)h+thj (htljt*2j +h 'h('htvht/*# dv'* )v0 t0 v*/vt# 3j ;n '(h/hnt. Ph +)v(t> 'hnt(v nfj# C!#jnhctfr!l- dh't(th dh t fj vn )f0'(f0j+ =dh +h(vj)jv"# )fntjnv* 3j ;n)vnvnht/*# (*+'vn/;nd vnvj j0,fld jnth(jf(# f'h(t dh 0f(tlj+t t lvj G(t)j1n# )*(hjt ;j tdtvg* dj0hn+jvnht 0httfj/j)*
65

Mhdjtt2jjlh &$# &4# &7# &% tv nv0tj t(hj 'vn)th9 0hdjtt2jjlh 67# &A# &@ :dft( 'vn)thlh 5 3j &C# &4# &7#&%#A8 < 'vn)thlh tv );th vn +jngv( 't(tg(tf. Mhdjtt2jjlh $# $@# $7# 67 3j &@ nv tv f +v(+* +'h)jfj)*9 djnt(h t)h+tht# dhf+h,jt dh jnth(h+tnt* 'hnt(v t dh0fn+t(t vnjtttht f'h(hj lvj G(t)j1n h+th 0hdjtt2jt $7# )fn+t(vjt* 'h f +)hh0* tlhgf(j)* )h 'ftth fj (hg*+jt* ;n CrjL 6@
MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

t,+hnt* ';n* ttvn)j. Dh ft't# vltj0vl +*v t(tttt h '(hfjgv(tt ;n)* djn (;ndv!(jlh )fn)lv/jvh tlh )hlvj djnt;j# Hrf!l7 =S* fjj h(fv tl lv0jj h 'v2jn +tv nj0j)9 +* fjj tl )h(vlvj h 0vlt> 3j tlh 0t(hlvj +*v Mfnt(h fjh ltvdt# fjh )jn+tj(ht# fjh glf(jt." Dh!t lvngvl )hlf(ltlth +)(jh(j +h 0tj 'ft ;nt;lnj 3j tlth +h0nh t+h0*n*tft(h. Dh )h ttvn)j t't(hntt +)jndt(h djnt(h f'h(t '(fftn* 3j +)(jh(ht +t (hljgjft+*# ;n+f2jt* dh dh+)fn+jdh(t(ht t)h+thjt djn v(0*O R*+'vn+vl# +;nth0 ;n)(hdjn2t2j# +h g*+h3th tft ;n 'tgjnjlh lvj G(t)j*n# 3j tnv0h ;nt(!vnvj djn )hlh 0tj 0j+th(jft+h 3j 0tj )f0hnttth tff(j+0h tlh Frtcfl!l!j #tn!tl. Cfnt(t( )hlf(ltlth# t)h+tt +h (hdv)h dh ft't lt hBh(g*# )t(h# ;nt(v);t t't(2jnh =vnvj 0t(h 0th+t(v"# nv nh)h+jt* )f0hntt(jj +v'lj0hntt(h> =T(h,vjh +* (h)v(gj lt 0jlft)h f0hnh3tj )t 3j )v0 n!t( hBj+tt 3j djvjnh# 3j lt )hlh dvjnh )t 3j )v0 n!t( hBj+tt 3j f0hnh3tj" :FM# 6A$C. j t3t 3j '(f)hdht/* G(t)j1n> ;n ;nt(htgt +t f'h(* dh '(f'hdhvtj)* 3j 'hdtgfgjh '(fftn*# hl 'vnh 0httfj/j)vl ;nt(h 't(tnth/h ;n t+h0hnht 0*+v(*# ;n);t t ff+t 3j h+th )fn+jdh(tt d(h't vnvl djnt(h +)(jjtf(jj )hj 0tj j(h0hdjt,jl +)vfvndt2j ;n j0tnhnt. T)h+t dh0h(+ ;n)*'*2;ntt ;n +t(j)tt 0vndtnjttth 'ftth dv)h ;n+*# )v0 t0 v*/vt# lt )fntv(t(ht vnvj tj' v0tn jdhtl 'hnt(v )fndj2jjlh lv0jj nft+t(h 3j tlh )*(vj ;n/h+t(*(j dh )vnft3th(h 3j tvtf)fnt(fl ;l ft) t't 3j 'hnt(v +tltvl ;n )hl*ltlt t*(;0# vndh 0vndtnjtttht# lt (;ndvl hj# vt fj 'v+* ;nt(h 't(tnth/h 3j vjttt*# )t 3j )v0 nj)j n!t( hBj+tt. P(h+jvnht djvjnvlvj vt t)2jfnt t+v'(t vnvj 0tth(jtl (h)h'tjv tf)0tj 'hnt(v )* dhvhnj+h (hf(t)tt( lt t0*gj(jlh lv0jj> =dh/t0*gjtvl"# ;nt(0tt )v vj(tvtht dj+)h(nh(jj# h )hl 0tj '(hg*tjt +'(h t 't()v(gh 3j vltj0vl d(v0# '(jn 'ft(tt ;ngv+t* t 0f(2jj. T)flf h 0f0hntvl );nd jnt(* ;n jf) hB)lv+jv 0jjlft)hlh djvjnh# +t)(t0hntvl hvht(j+tjh ;n '(j0vl (;nd. Dv0nh/hv ;n+v3j# '(jn Fjvl +*v# )t +* f'h(h/h ;n );0'vl v0tnvlvj# t t))h'ttt lj'+t 0jjlft)hlf( djvjnh 3j lh!t fflf+jt 'h )hlh v0tnh# t+v0;ndv! 3j djn jv,j(h t(v'vl 'jh(jtf(# +vfh(jn2t 3j 0ft(tht 'h )(v)h9 f0vl t))h't* jn)(hdj,jlvl t,+flvt# (h;nnfj(ht +t)(jfj)jvlvj nh+;ngh(f+ tl )*(vj jn+t(v0hnt dhvjnh hl ;n+v3j# )v ;nt(htgt!j fj/jflfgjh +v,tjl* 3j ,(vttl* tftfdtt*# dhvf(;nd j'f+tt/t t(h)*tft(h ;0,(*)tt* dh J+v+ ;nt(!f t)2jvnh dh jh(tf* jnfjnjt (h'htt,jl*# dt( nv +j0,flj)# =)t 3j )v0"# )j (htl 3j tdhv*(tt# ;nt(!f +j0'ljttth t jnjnthljgj,jlhj 0tnjfh+t*(j dh d(tgf+th )f+0j)*# J+v+ C(j+tf+ fjjnd +t)(jfj)ttf( 3j vj)tj0* dhf'ft(jv*. Thf!ftgjt hvht(j+tj)*# 0ftjvvl df0jntnt tl C!#jnhctfr!l!j- '(h+v'vnh f h'vj/t(h t v0tnvlvj 3j fj/jflfgj)vlvj )t vhhj)vlh tlh djvjnvlvj# djtftnj!/t(ht 0tth(jhj 3j t fvn)2jhj ,(vth# ';n* 3j ;n h'j+ftdhlh lf( g(fth3tj )h ;n+f2h+) f(j)h '(f)h+ dh 0tndv)t2jh> 0v3)t(ht h(tnhj# 0h+th)ttvl# dhglv!tj2jt# h(v)tt2jt +ttj+f*)vt*# )v(*2t(ht dtntv(jj dh (h+tv(j. T+h0hnht dhttljj fj/jflfgj)h ;l 'ft 3f)t 'h )jtjtf(vl nh'(hvhnjt# dt( hlh ;3j tv lf)vl lf( ;n h)fnf0jt t(tn++v,+ttn2jh(jj# '(jn )t(h njvhlvl hlh0hntt( +f(djd t(h,vjh +* fjh (*+)v0'*(tt ;n (htljtttht lvj 3j '(h+)hj0,tt ;n +v,+ttn2* djvjn* j0'tl't,jl*. P(f)h+vl t)h+tt dh )f0vtt(h tfttl* dh lt v0tn lt djvjn 3j
MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

27

jnvh(+ h 3j 0tj lh+nh jnthg(t,jl ;n +'t2jvl h+thtj) hj+'tnj)# vndh# tt;t ;n ljth(ttv(*# );t 3j ;n 'lt+tj)*# hBj+t* f t(tdj2jh t hj'h((htlj+0vlvj )t njvhl dh dh)flt(h ;n hB'h(jhn2t +'j(jtvtl*. Jn vltj0* tntlj/*# ;nt(htgt dj+)v2jh dh+'(h dh0h(+vl 0vndtn0httfj/j) tl lvj G(t)j1n# dft( +)hj2tt* ;n (;n!dv(jlh dh ft2*# +!t( 'vtht )lt(jfj)t '(jn (h)v(gh(ht# nv0tj t't(hnt (j+)tnt*# lt )fn)h'tvl dh Chnf2 :g(. Chnfsjs- =dh3h(tt(h"# =gflj(h"C# lvtt ;nt(!f dv,l* t))h'2jh> nv nv0tj Fjvl lvj Dv0nh/hv# djn t+)vltt(h ft2* dh Dv0nh/hv!Ttt*l# t))h't*# ;n ;nt(v't(ht +t# +tt(ht dh =gflj(h" dh tt(j,vthlh t,+flvtvlvj djvjn# ;nt(v t+v0t(ht tfttl* t )fndj2jhj v0tnh# =;nf0h!njndv!+h"# )j 3j f0vl# ;n t+)hn+jvnht +t )*t(h djvjnjttth# t(h,vjh +* +h +v'vn* tft vnvj '(f)h+ Ghnftj) )fn+t;nd ;n =gflj(ht" )f0'lht* dh v0tn 3j dh )fndj2jfn*(jlh v0tnvlvj# =;ndv0nh/hjndv!+h" '(jn v0jlj(h# +'(h t fj v(hdnj) +* '(j0ht+)* tj)j# ;n lv0h# h(tnt hvht(j+tj)* (h/vlttt* djn Ghnf/t h(j+tj)*. ;0'(hjv(t(ht )* 0j+th(vl hvht(j+tjh ;3j t(h lttv(t +t =fj/jflfgj)*"# ;n2hlht+* fjh )t 'vn)t dh 'lh)t(h 'hnt(v t+)hn+jvnht f0vlvj )*t(h Dv0nh/hv# fjh )t 'vn)t dh =+f+j(h" t lvj J+v+ ;nt(v'tt ;n )f,f(;(ht lvj jv,jtft(h )*t(h f0# nh!f t(tt* ;n+v3j G(t)j1n ;n )jvdttt 0hdjtt2jh 5A :=Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h P(vn)vl J+v+# +v(ghjvnjt ;n Hgj'tvl jnj0jj ttlh"C# vndh tlh!gf(h/t +h ;nth0hjt/* 'h f (htljttth )vltj)* +t(*vh)hh 3j djntftdhtvnt jdhntjfj)t,jl* ;n nv0h(ft+h (hljgjj +tv ttjtvdjnj (hljgjft+h v0tnh# 3j tnv0h +t)(jfj)t(ht (jtvtl* t djvjnjt*2jj +tv nv0tj t j0tgjnjj +tlh# v(0tt* dh jngh(t(ht hj +tv t (h+tv(jlf( hj. Dh+'(h =hgj'thnjj" '*g;nj )t(h nv j!tv t)f(dtt f+'h2jh P(vn)vlvj djvjn 3j ft0jljhj +tlh# G(t)j1n )fn+ttt* 0j(tt 3j jnt(jgtt )* =dt)* tft ;j 0;n)tv 'h /hjj tdf(t2j dh hj +tv dt)* tdf(tv d(h't /hjt*2j lv)(v(jlh 'h )t(h lh 0;n)tv# t( fj 'vtvt '(ht ,jnh tdf(t d(h't Dv0nh/hv 'h vn Df0n )h tvht +* +h ffh(h )t h(tn*". F,+h(vt2jt lvj# jntvjtjv* 0tj dhg(t,*# nj +h 't(h hBt(h0 dh j0'f(ttnt*# dfvhdjnd ;n)* f dtt* hB)hlhntvl jn+tjn)t )vltv(tl tl lvj G(t)j1n> ht f'h(ht/* f dh+)hjdh(h )*t(h f (htljttth jlv+t(t,jl* '(jn nhnv0*(tth hBh0'lh# tdh+hf(j fft(th t'(f'jtth dh +)hnt(jvl ljtv(gj) )(h3tjn# )t dh 'jld* (jtvl t/th) ThfDvtlf# dh+)(j+ dh f(t Bh0t(djnf dh Sthtgvn ;n 'tgjnj (*0t+h jnhdjth ';n* lt fjnhlh +h)flvlvj t(h)vt# 3j dh)j jnt))h+j,jlh lvj G(t)j1n# f(j tlth (jtv(j 0jt(tj)h +tv gnf+tj)h 6&. H vf(,t# ;n h+hn2*# dh f hB'h(jhn2* t 0f(2jj 3j t ;nvjh(jj '(jnt(!vn t)t +t)(jfj)jtl dh f,j)hj lj,h( t))h'ttt tl djvjnjt*2jj# )t(h ;ng*dvjh vjvjfj)t(ht vnf( +v,+ttn2h jnfh(jft(h# =0ft(th" ;n +jnh# dt( +'j!(jtvtlj/t,jlh '(jn t(tn++v,+ttn2jh(ht )h '(h+v'vnh# ;n )t/vl )(h3tjnjlf(#
6&

T(j0jth0 ;n t)h+t +hn+ lt ,fgttt )h()htt(h t lvj C. G. Jvng :t))h+j,jl* nfv* dft( ;n t(tdv)h(h f(tn)h/*C# =Lh + 0,flh dh lt t(tn++v,+ttntjttjfn dtn+ lt Mh++h"# ;n vfj. Lhs rtcjnhs dh lt cfnscjhnch- Hd. Bv)hht!Cht+thl# Pt(j+# $%4$# ''. 687!56@# ;n +'h)jtl )t'. JJ# =Lh+ hf0flfgvh+ dv 0 +th(h dh lt t(tn++v,+ttntjttjfn". 67
MJJLFTCH FMHNHTJ J MJJLFTCH DJVJNH

't(tj)j't(ht )fn)(ht* lt )f('vl 3j +;nghlh lvj C(j+tf+ '(jn )f0vnjvnh# =)hjnv(jlh 0f(2jj 'h )(v)h fjjnd '(h0j+hlh jndj+'hn+t,jlh

tlh 0htt0f(ff/hj"6A. HBjghn2hlh 0vndtnjt*2jj +;nt tftdhtvnt (h+'h)ttth ;n t(ttttvl lvj G(t)j1n dh+'(h )v0jnh)t(h# 0h+hnjj 'fftj2j lt 0t(jlh f+'h2h 'v+h ;n 't(tlhl* )v )jnt hvht(j+tj)* +;nt 2jnv2j +* +h '(h/jnth )v (h+'h)tt(ht tvtv(f( )tnftnhlf( th(h+t(h# 'h 0*+v(t ,vn*vfjn2hj Ch(vlvj )f,f(;t '(jnt(h hj. Bvnt '(hg*tj(h t ='h(+ftnhj" 'hnt(v lv0h ;nlh+nh3th ;nt;0'jnt(ht )vvjjn)jft+* t dv0nh!/hj(jj. j )hjt( Ch(vl ;3j t(h =)v(thnjt" 3j =)v(thnjj" +*j# )v tlth )vvjnth dj+'fnj,jljtttht dh t =g*+j" 0jjlft)h f0hnh3tj )fnvjng*tft(h 'hnt(v 'vth(ht dh ;n2hlhgh(h 3j tdt'tt(h t ft0hnjlf(. Jvdh);nd t+tfhl# C!#jnhctfr!l nv 0tj 'ftth fj '(jvjt )t f dhvjh(h j/fltt* 3j )v(jft+* dh lt d(v0vl (hgtl tl 0t(jlf( f'h(h tlh lvj G(t)j1n# )j hl (h'(h/jnt*# dj0'ft(jv*# ;nt(hgj(ht hff(tvlvj +*v +'j(jtvtl )v vn 'tljh( t,+hnt ';n* ttvn)j# 0httfj/j)vl# 3j )v vtlf(j hB'(h+jvh t'(ft'h dh nh;nt;lnjt ;n )hlhltlth 3t+h )*(2j tlh '(vdhntvlvj jh/vjt# )v0 t( fj lj(j+0vl 3j 'tthtj+0vl 0j+tj). Nj +h +vgh(ht/*# t3tdt(# )* nv 't(tdj+vl 0h0f(jhj j+tf(j)h ;l 0;ntvjh3th 'h f0# )j t))h+vl '(jn 0jlt djvjn* lt t*(;0vl t(tn+)hndhnt# t)flf vndh +h tfl* Fhlj+jndt )ht )*vttt* dh C(jtjlf 3j Tnd(hnjf < tdhv*(ttt fh(j)j(h %Crjt.- JJJ# $8C. T't(j2jt C!#jnhctfr!l!j t(h +h0njfj)t2jt )(v)jj ;n*l2tth ;n v;(fvl vnvj hdjfj)jv +v'h(,# dt( t )*(vj dh+tjnt2jh h(t ;n)* nh'(h)j/tt*. Vn )v(hnt t+)hn+jfntl 'ft(t* ;n )hlh djn v(0* +'(h Ch( tft hff(tvl f0hnh+) 0vndtn# ;nt(!f fjntljtttht djvjn* )h '*(ht t fj ff+t 'v+* ;nt(h 't(tnth/h. G(t)j1n 3j!t vtjlj/tt# )v dj+)h(n*0;nt 3j '(ffvnd* hvltvjh# tftth dt(v(jlh 3j 0jjlft)hlh# tt;t 'h )hlh v0tnh# );t 3j 'h )hlh djvjnh# f*(* t lh +v'(t'vnh +tv t0h+th)t# ;n +)f'vl dh t 0t()t vn d(v0 'f+j,jl dh +tlvt(h 'hnt(v f0# fjjn2t '(jn hB)hlhn2* t0fj,jh# ;nt(h th(h+t(v 3j )hlh+t.

SFRJN MDRCVLHSCV
6A

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TTBHL CRFNFLFGJC

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30
TTBHL CRFNFLFGJC

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44 HRFVL

)f,f(tv# hl v()t# 3j!t+tfhl v()* lt '(f'(jv 3j )hjt( +h (jdj)*# dhft(h)h +vvh(tnvl# v*djt 0*gvljt# ;l ;n*l2* ;n ftvft(ht +t> )*)j t+)v2j0ht# dt)* nv df0nh3th# 0h(jt* +* )f!df0nht+)*. H+th# ;n f(j)h 'f(t# jf)hh(vl66 ;n/h+t(*(jlf(# 0t(h )(tjnj) tl (h'vtt2jhj> (hljhf )v!tt;t 0tj 0t(h# )v );t 0tj +v,lj0* th0hljt 65. S;nt t+)v2j0j ;n)f(fntth +'v+hlh f,j3nvjth tlh vnvj (hgh. Pjh(jt!tv 0t(j th/tv(h tlh 0fnt(hjlf(# dt( lh +;nt '*+t(tth +hntjn2hlh ;n vj+th(jjlh ftj0hj. Mvltf( lv't*tf(j lh!t ff+t dh 0tj 0t(h tjvtf( f t+)v2j0h dh);t tft fjh(vl h+)td(ftnhlf( lf( ;nt(0tth# '(h0jv tl vnhj t+)v2j0j fjjnd f vj)tf(jh. T ff+t ;n)h()t(h# t ff+t '(f)lt0t(h t )hlvj 0tj 0t(h )(hdjt# lt (hghlh ;n2hlh'2jlf( 3j lt )hl 0tj ;n2hlh't djnt(h (hgj 6&# '(f0'tjtvdjnht +hnthn2jft+* ;n t)ht )vl0h t '(f)h+hlf(# )*)j t+tt t ;n+h0ntt dj+'vtt(ht fjjlf( lt jvdh)tt*> 3j jv+tj2jt h t)(hdjttt* dh jnghnjf/jttth. j )hjt( ;n t(j,vntlh ,t(,t(h +h 0tnjfh+t* )hl )h h +ft(hlh hj. P(f0'tjtvdjnht t)hlvj 0t(h tv() (jvtlj/ht/* )v t)hht t lvj Sflf0fn. Vn hv(hv '(htjndht +* ttjh f vn)jh dh )t(nh djnt(!vn )(h3tjn# 'hdht'+* 3j )t0*t*9 +t*(vjt ;nt(!t)ht+tt )v hgtl* ;n)*'*2;nt(h ft2* dh +vvh(tnvl +*v 3j 'h(fjdjh ft2* dh Dv0nh/hvl J +*v. Pf(vn)j 0t(hlh jvdh)*tf( +* fjh tdv+h g(hvttth 3j )v2jt> ;l t0hnjn2* )v dh+)*'*2;nt(ht dt)* t*jt 0tj 0vlt +tv 0tj 'v2jn. T (hth/tt t+tfhl )v t+)v2j0h dj+'vtt 3j!t dtt lv0jj vn 0j(t)fl dh jnghnjf/jttth 6A. F(t)fl ;n )hlh 0tj 0t(j dv,jj h '(f0'tjtvdjnht# +fjnB ;n hnjg0h# fj( dh tv( ;n lt,j(jntv(j# 3j f,j3nvjh3th +* tj,* fj(ht lhvlvj# )t(h!3j '*+t(ht/* 0tBj0t +jljn2* 'hnt(v )ht 0tj 0t(h tntnghjh.
99

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HTRVL TL JV!LHT

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&@ HRFVL

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64 67

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HTRVL TL V!LHT

47

Vhnj# ;l )h()ht* 3j /j+h )* vtlf(ht/* vn f(t3> t'(h)jh(h lt!n*l2j0ht vnvj '(jn2. Rhghlh +t*(vj +* tflh dt)* nv!j g*+ht v(hf lj'+*. ;j (*+'vn+h )* tftth h(tv '(j+f+v(j. =Dt(# '(jn2h# tf2j )tvtlh(jj t)h3tjt ;l f+;ndh+) )*!j +)v(t." Hl# ttvn)j# dv);ndv!3j 0;nt Jt jtttgtn# /j+h> =Phnt(v vn )tvtlh( jnj0f+ nv hBj+t* t(0* +)v(t*# )*)j dt)* ft)h hl vn 't+ ;ntjnth# +h lvngh3th 3j ht );t t(h,vjh# 3j lj'+hj dh f2hl ;j 2jnh lf) jnj0t# '(jn )v(tj." 56 ;n)vnvnh )v ltv(j t)h+t 2hl 0*(jnj0jt ;n ffhn+h# 'h)hth tvgv+t* t 0t(jlf( jnj0j. Htd(jtn 55 t t(*ttt vn 0fd (t(# nv dft( td0j(t,jl# dh t t(jv0ft t+v'(t dv30tnjlf( );nd j!t +'v+ )hlvj 0tj 0t(h djnt(h!tj +*j> =Tj +)*'tt." Nv h ltvd* 'h 0*+v(t vnhj +'v+h t lvj Lvdfvj) tl ?H!lht tl F(tn2hj> =Nv (*/,vn* (hghlh ffhn+hlh tdv+h dv)hlvj dF(lhtn+."5& T)h+tht +;nt 0jnvnj tlh jnj0jj vnvj h(fv.

HTRVL TL V!LHT G!st tlhs(,

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56 55 5&

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&7 HRFVL

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HTRVL TL V!LHT 49

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HRFVL

HTRVL TL VJ!LHT H#jnhn +n ch4j #tj 1!n/&

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A6
HRFVL

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HTRVL TL VJJ!LHT H.chltrh c! +nt+jhttth/&

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HTRVL TL VJJ!LHT

A5

T ;n)httt +*!j '(h2vjt+)* nh+tttf(nj)t '*g;n*ttth 'h n*+)f)jtf(jj t(thlf( 3j t t(h)vt lt vhnh(t(ht lf(. T +)hj0,tt '(h2vj(ht ;n )vlt> g(h3htl* f,j3nvjt*# dt( )t(h&% v*dh3th );t vtlf(ht/* f '(jf(jttth. Ftlt ;n+* nv h +* fjj '(j0vl ;n tj0'# )j +* fjj '(j0vl ;n h0jnhn2*. Plv(tljtttht ;3j h+th ht ;n+*3j dj+)(hdjt# )hjt( ;n )t(tth '(h2jft+h9 3j# dj0'ft(jv*# (t(jtttht ltvd* 'h(fh)2jvnht 0fdh(tt*. H# t3tdt(# dj,*)jh nv dh (;nd +* n*+)f)h3tj 3lhtv nfv 'hnt(v hB)hlt(h# +* dh+)f'h(j d(v0 0fdh(n 'hnt(v )hlh,(jttth. S;nt 0vlth )*jlh )h dv) lt +jngvlt(jttth# nv tftth ,*tvth. Chlh 0tj nfj# dh3j t(vdnj)h# f,j3nvjh+) t fj +)v(t*tv(j )*t(h 0*(h2jh. T t'v)tt!f ;n2hlh'2h3th Sflf0fn 'h )tlht )ht 't3nj)*# l*+;ndv!j!f ttt*lvj +*v 'h )ht (*/,fjnj)*. T +)hj0,tt )tlht 3j t

tjvn+ )v 0tj 'v2jn* g(hvttth lt )tthgf(jt h(fjlf(. Tj,h(jv t '(hfh(tt +* f,2jn* '(jn 'fljtj)* )hht )h Tvgv+tv+ '(jn 0tgntnj0jttth. j 0t(hlh nf+t(v Fjlj' t gvvh(ntt dh 'h t(fnvl '(vdhn2hj +tlh ;nt(htgt lv0h# +'(h 0jnvnt(ht vht)v(jlf( tftth. j dt)* Ch/t(vl# nh;nvjn+vl +*v ttt*# t ff+t vn '(fdjgjv dh vjthjjh# Fjlj' t ff+t vnvl dh '(vdhn2*. Tv v()tt )v +fttvl t)h+tt 0vl2j djnt(h +f(jj Bj+h(j)jj ;n /hnjtvl )hlh,(jt*2jj. Vnjj '(jn h0jnhnt* +fjn2hnjh# tl2jj '(jn )vl0j dh h(vdj2jh9 )vtt(h '(jn 0tgnjfj)hn2* ;n )fn+t(v)2jj# 3j )vtt(h 'hnt(v )* t 3tjvt +* (hljhfh/h dh0njtttht. Cv t)ht+t* nfvttth dh 0tth(jj# tvj/t2jj 3j!tv f*)vt ;ntftdhtvnt lf) ;n 0tt(j)flt )hlf( 0t(j. F*(* t jh3j djn t(t*# jnghnjf/jtttht 3tjh +* jt+* djn f,j3nvjt 3j +* g*+ht+)* ;n '(ffh+jt ;n)*(vn2jt* 't+ nfv )*t(h h0jnhn2*. Hf(t2jv j!t )hdtt h(fj)vl lvj Vj(gjljv# jt( Mt(2jtl lvj Hf(t2jv lj(j)vl. Tv lvtt!f '(jn )f0j) Th(hn2jv# '(jn +ttj(j) Ph(+jv+# )v tf2jj t+'j(;nd lt 0;nd(jt dh t fj '(j0jj ;n ghnvl lf(> jnj0f+vl )t'(j)jv nv +!t 'lh)tt nj)jfdtt* j0jtt2jhj ft)jlh. Chl*ltlt ,(tv 'j)tf(A8 t v*/vt )t Tj2jtn# Rtfthl 3j tl2jj j!f lvt+h(* ;ntjnth. Lh h(t 0tj vjh ftj0t );nd tv 0v(jt. S!t fflf+jt dh jnvhntj!
&%

dtr ctrh7 ;n f(jgjntl# #.'h(f Dvh"# g(v' )fnjvn)2jfntl 'h )t(h T. dhl Hf f :TH!BG.FC# '.l@,C ;l jnth('(htht/* ;n +hn+ )fn)h+jv# h)hjvtl;ndv!$ )v =tvnDvh"# vtlft(ht t(htj)* '(f,tt* )v vn thBt djn Pfh#t dh Fhrnn Gfn2lh2. Mvlt 0tj )lt(* nj +h 't(h ;n+* fvn)2jt tdvh(+ttjv* 0fdh(n*# 'h(fh)t 'f+j,jl* 3j lt G(t)j1n. A8 Chlltlt 1rt! "jctfr7 S!t )(h/vt :T. Mf(hl!Fttjf# ;nt(!vn t(tj)fl djn B!llhtjn Hjs"tnj@!h- $%$8# '. 68&C )* t)h+t =gtltnth 'jntf(" t( fj ff+t Vhl1/Dvh/. T. Cf+th( %Btlttstr Grtcjn- hd. )jt.# '. %8C t ;0'*(t*3jt t)hht3j '*(h(h. F +flv2jh dhfjnjtjv* A&
HRFVL

vjtttht +t jnvjn)j,jl*> +!t t'v)tt +* 'j)th/h vfjnj)h3th. J!tv f,jh)ttt vnjj )* nv 'j)tht/* ;n 0tnjh(t +vtv* 3j ljn+*# ;n )t(h ;l 'vtht )fn)v(t 'h Tj2jtn# dt( hl j!t l*0v(jt )tvtlh(h3th )* 2jnh +* fjh 0tj dhg(t,* '(j0vl ;n t)ht g(f+fl*njh# dh);t tl dfjlht ;n dhlj)tth2h. S* hBtjndh0 'jldt lt f(j)h ;ndhlhtnj)j(h 3j f(j)h ,*(,tt (t( ;n2hlhtg* ,jnh +t(tttgh0t> )* ;n nfvtttht h0jnhnt* vt 3tj +* g*+ht+)* d(v0 jh3jt djn )f0vn )*t(h 0*(h2jh.

HTRVL TL VJJJ!LHT Hrf!l s "rhfhrh f1lj$t jjlh t"lt!dt1jlh,&

JLfv* 'tt(jj tv '(fdv+ dfj h(fj> 'h Hh()vlh# Th,t9 'h Cttf# Rf0t9 Hh()vlh t ff+t glf(jt vnjvh(+vlvj# Cttf t ff+t +v'*(t(ht Rf0hj. Ph vnvl l!tv td0j(tt tf2j ft0hnjj# 'h )hl*ltlt (f0tnjj l!tv f)fljt. Nv td0jth dj+)v2jh tvtnttjvl tvvt dh Cttf t+v'(t lvj Hh()vlh# dh v(h0h )h $!t ;nt(h)vt ;n '(vdhn2*> dt( Hh()vlh 'h Cttf $!t dh'*3jt ;n ftj0*. Mtj 0vlt* tnhvfjn2* 3j 0*jh+t(jh t dfvhdjt ;ndhlhtnj)j(ht lvj Cttf# dhft(h)h +!t tngtjtt +* ;0,l;n/ht+)* 0fn3t(j tj 0f(tvv(jlf(# 'h );nd Hh()vlh 'h!tj nttv(jj# dt( )ht t th,tnvlvj t tvvt 0tj 0vlt* ;nd(jtvj(h lt ftj0*. Dhf+h,j(ht t ff+t )* Hh()vlh t +*v;(3jt j+'(*vj t'ltvdt,jlh# jt( Cttf dhth+tt,jlh. T'ltvdt,jljtttht +lvj,hj t dv+ glf(jt Tl)jdvlvjA6
t '(f,lh0hj t dtt!f ;n+* Tnghl Vhgvh Gfldfnj# =Vn lvgt( )f0vn hn lt hj+tf(jt dhl t(th h+'tfjfl> Hl )t0,jf dh h+tjlf hn Tj)jtnf# Ntvt((hth# Hl G(h)f Vhlt/Dvh/"# ;n Trchj!f hs"thfl dh trth 8 tj@!hflf$jt- Mtd(jd# $%67# n. $8# hnh(f!t,(jl# ''. A4!A%. ;n thBtvl +*v# G(t)j1n t v(0tt vn 't+tj djn Tntfnjf Ph(h/ %F1rts 8 rhltcjfnhs*- ft't +h0ntltt ;n)* dh T. Cf+th( %f".cjt.- ''.$8$!$86C. G(t)j1n# t'fj# t ff+t v(0tt dh Bfvhfv(+# ;n Hntrhtjhns dTrjsth ht d H!$hnh :=Lh ,hl h+'(jt"# JVh hnt(htjhn# Pt(j+# $@4$C# tft f*(* )jtt(ht '(fvhnjhn2hj. Vhgvh +v+2jnh )* 'j)tf(vl ;n )hh+tjvnh t( fj ff+t Ntvt((hth )hl Mvt# )*(vjt P. Sjgvhn/t ;j tt(j,vj+h tfj(0t2jt dh 0tj +v+ ;n $@8A :;n Hjstfrjt dh lt Frdhn dh Stn Jhrfnj#f*- );nd Vhlt/Dvh/ tvht dft( 3t+h tnj. H vf(,t# dh ft't# dh vn lf) )f0vn# )t(h t't(h ;n j+tf(jt t(thj# fjjnd dh+hf(j vtjlj/tt ,vn*ft(* dh Vt+t(j. ;n+v3j Ptlf0jnf# 'h )t(h +h ,t/t t(gv0hntt2jt lvj Mf(hl!Fttjf# ;l tt(j,vj+h 0tj 0vltf( 'j)tf(j. %T"!d TH!BG.FC# '. $4,# nftt $.C A$ f1lj$t jjlh t"lt!dt1jlh. Cf. Fr.- @4. S9 $lfrjt Tlcjd!l!j7 Tl)jdh+ :TlGhjdh+C# tlt nv0h tl lvj Hh(tGlh+Hh()vlh+# h+th lhgtt dh lhghndt nt3th(jj th,tnh t h(fvlvj# fjv tl lvj Tnj'hjt( fn 3j nh'ft tl lvj TlGtjf+# =Vjtht/vl".
HTRVL TL VJJJ!LHT

AA

';n* lt 0t(gjnjlh lv0jj 3j!t( fj t(h)vt 3j djn)flf# dt)* hlh +!t( fj l*(gjt. Ct(t)th(vl nh'l*)vt tl +lvj,hj $!t )j()v0+)(j+ 'h Cttf ;n*vnt(vl /jdv(jlf( Rf0hj. Cv tftth t)h+tht# vnjj# 3j nv djnt(h )hj 0tj 'v2jnj jvdj)jf3j# '(hfh(* ;ndhlhtnj)j(ht 0*jt+t(* t)hlhjt 0tj t'ltvdt,jlh# 3j 'hnt(v hj vtlf(ht/* 0tj 0vlt td0j(t2jt )hlf( 'v2jnj dh);t t'ltv/hlh )hlf( 0vl2j# dt( vvlgt(j. Mj(t)flh 'hnt(v jgnf(tn2j lj +h /j)h ft'thlf( t'tlvdt,jlh. Tnhvfjn2*# 0*jh+t(jt vnhj ;ndhlhtnj)j(j +v'h(jft(h# 'v2jnj# dt( h0jnhn2j# lh f,+h(v*# 3j t+tfhl# )hj (t(j lh t)(hdjtht/*. Ft)jljtttht t'ltvd*(jj lj +h!ng*dvjh tvtv(f(t# +h vvlgt(j/ht/*# 3j t+tfhl t'ltv/hlh +;nt 'h );t dh vnjvh(+tlh# 'h!tt;t dh )f0vnh. Jnthn+jtttht vnvj 0j) nv0*( ;nvjngh nv0*(vl 0t(h tl vnvj vvlg ;nt(hg. H ;n+* f dj,*)jh +* dtj dh +lvj,hlh t'ltvdt,jlh. H+th vn t)t dh jvdj)jf/jttth +* tdh0hnh3tj tthn2jt )f0vn*. ;n ;ndhlhtnj)j(ht t'ltvdt,jl*# h0jnhn2t lj +h t(tt* tvtv(f(t# 3j )v vftv(jlh tvtv(f(t t ff+t '(f0fvtt* 3j (h'vtt2jt. Cvvjnh!lj!+h '(h2vj(h 0tj 0vlt* )hlf( 0tj 0t(j. ;n ttt(h j+'(*vj# hB)hlhn2t h+th 'j'*j,jl*9 3j# dt)* hvjdhnt*# t'ltvdt,jl*. Chlh 0*jh+t(h tv 0vlth t()tnh# l*+;nd )hlh,(jtttht ;n dv,jv. Nv0h+) +lvj,* t'ltvdt,jl* t)hht )t(h +h +*v;(3h3th ;n v*/vl tvtv(f(t 3j +'(h +ttj+ft)2jt tvtv(f(t# ;nth0hjndv!+h 0h(hv 'h (h'vtt2jh> +h hB)lvd t)hlht 'h!tt;t dh lj'+jth dh )(hdjt# 'h );t dh ;0'fv*(tth dh f+thntt2jh. Vn hj+t(jfn t(*jh3th ,fgtt ;n t'ltv/h# dt( +*(t) lj'jt ;n (h'vtt2jh. T fj# dt(# h0jnhnt ;nt(!f ;ndhlhtnj)j(h nf,jl*# hB'v+* thtt(vlvj vnjvh(+tl# t)ht+tt ;n+ht0n* t df,;ndj t'ltvdt,jljttth tvgv+t*.

Ft(h )h '(jn)j'j f)v'* )tttlftghlh ftj0hj# dt)* nv )hj (*/,fjnj)jO Lf( lj +h dttf(ht/* lt '(f'(jv (hnv0hlh dh 0t(j. Hj v0'lv lv0ht dh t'ltv/h# vht)v(jlh dh ftj0*# )*(2jlh dh ,(tvv(j# )*)j ,hlj!)f/jtttht h+th 0tj lh+nh t'ltvdt,jl* dh);t 't)jfj+0vl. Djn (;ndvl jvdh)*tf(jlf( +;nt tlh3j )t nh0v(jtf(j )hj +hvh(j# 'hnt(v )* jv+tj2jt f*(* )(v/j0h t ff+t ;ntfdhtvnt 0tj 'l*)vt* vvlgvlvj dh);t 0jlt 0flttj)*. ;n ;ndhlhtnj)j(jlh jnghnjf/jt*2jj t t(jv0ftt ;ntftdhtvnt t'ltvdt,jljtttht. Dvl)ht2t vnvj dj+)v(+ t'ltvdt,jl (h)(hht/* +vflhtvl# 0*gvlh3th tv/vl> 'h );nd v+)*)jvnht vnvj )fn)h't t()tnj) lh tf(tv(ht/* 3j lh +v'*(*.
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HRFVL HTRVL TL ?!LHT A4

HTRVL TL J?!LHT Dhs"rh ctrtt!l4rh$h

H/jt dt)* +* nv0h+) jnthljghn2* +tv nf(f) tflt(ht dh )*t(h vn h(fv t ;n/h+t(*(jj +tlh 0tjf(h# t tt(j,vtvlvj!(hgh tl )t't)jt*2jj +tlh. ;nt(!vnjj df0nh3th jnj0t# ;n tl2jj )t'vl> 3j h t)t dh '(f+tjh dt)* vnvl v(ht +* +tvdjh/h )v tjvtf(vl )v(tjvlvj# 3j tltvl +* lv'th )v t+)v2j0ht. Mvl2v0ht+)*!+h '*vnvl )v (fttt )f/jj +tlh. f*lht+)*!+h vvltv(vl )v /,f(vl +*v> t( fj f 0t(h 0fn+t(vf/jttth )t +t(v2vl +* t+'j(h t +h ;n*l2t# hB'v+ vnhj '(*,v3j(j 'jldvjtft(h9 0;ng;jh!+h )v 0;n!d(h2ht 'hnhlf(. Nv h f0 )t(h ;nt(!f tnv0jt* +lvj,* +* nv fj 'vtvt df,;ndj h0jnhn2t. j ;j vhdh0 )*!+ tt;t dh 'v2jnj# ;n);t lj +h /j)h (t(j# tt;t '(jn vnj)jttth# );t 3j '(jn hB)hlhn2*# 3j. )t fhnjBvl# nv +)t'* nj)j);nd dh ;ndfjtl*. Nj0hnj nv +h )fn+jdh(* nh'(j)h'vt 'hnt(v )ht 0tj 0t(h +lvj,*9 dt( dh )h ljngv3h3th 'ttj0t# dh/t0*gh3th t;(/jv tj0'vl. H+th f +)v/* +* nv fjj h0jnhnt ;n 0jjlf)jh# fjjnd 0jjlf)jv ;n h0jnhn2*9 nv ;n+* 3j +* fjj 0jjlf)jv ;n jnfj0# dt)* 'f2j fj '(j0vl ;n +v,lj0. T t(*ttt tdhv*(vl# dh3j 'fht# t)hlt> #.Tv +* nv ft)j nj0j) ;n )t(h +* th )fnt(t/j)* Mjnh(vt." A5 Dt( nv h nj0j) 0tj tnhvfjf+ dh);t +* dh/t0*gh3tj ;n '(jvjn2t )t't)jt*2jj. F# dh!t( hBj+tt fgljn/j 'hnt(v jnthlh)t# t3t )v0 hBj+t* 'hnt(v )hj'Q Hl t(h,vjh +*!3j fjh '(f'(jt fgljnd* 3j +h ftl+jfj)* lh+nh. F(j)jnh ;3j h+th '(f'(jvl +*v jvdh)*tf( g*+h3th nv0tjdh);t thBth dh +v,th(fvgjv 3j )f(v'h(j tlh 't+jvnjlf(. Mt(h h vt(jhtttht ;n)ljnt2jjlf(# '(fdjgjv dhlh)tt,jl tl nttv(jj9 tt;tt );t* ;n )hj'v(j# glt+v(j 3j th0'h(t0hnth. S;nt lt fhl dh 0vlth gv+tv(jlh )t 3j +lvj,hlh. Nv lj'+h+) t0ttf(j nj)j 'hnt(v )hlh 0tj jf+nj)h# ,t )hjt( jnft0h. j )hht )h n!t( 'vtht f,2jnh nj)j 'vth(nj)t '(hvhdh(h t )hlvj 0tj 'fljtj) (hgh# f ;nlh+nh3th ;n)ljnt2jt. Dt)* t( t(h,vj )t 0fnt(hvl +* ;0't(t* +t()jnjlh v0jlh < =Fjj tv 2*(tn# tv 0t(jnt(" <# )v(;nd t( )t'jtvlt ;n ft2t j0'f+j,jljt*2jj>
A5

:T! s n! ftcj nj#jc... "7 Hf(t2jv# Trs "fhtjct- 57A> =Tv njhjl jnvjtt dj)h+ ft)jh+vh Mjnh(vt" :=Tv nv vhj /j)h 3j ft)h nj0j) f*(* vfjt Mjnh(vhj"# t(td. dh Jfnhl Mt(jnh+)vC.

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HTRVL TL ?!LHT Hrf!l trh1!jh s45j sfndh2h sftjtt rjsc+nd

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A& AA

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HTRVL TL ?JJ!LHT @5

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46

dfn Tlfnsf7 Sh (hfh(* lt Tlfn+f +tv Tlffn+f tl V!lht )hl M*(jnj0f+# (hgh tl T(tgfnvlvj# Ctttlfnjhj# Nht'flvlvj 3j Sj)jljhj :$5%@!$&A7C# 0t(h '(fth)tf( tl t(thlf( 3j 3tjjn2hlf(. Gthtt- vnvl djn )hlh 0tj vh)hj f(t3h tlh Jttljhj# df0jn* )ft+tt djnt(h Rf0t 3j Nht'flh. T ff+t )v)h(jt* dh Tlffn+f )hl M*(jnj0f+ ;n $&5A.
45

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HTRVL TL ?JV!LHT

@A

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HTRVL TL ?JJJ!LHT Dhs"rh dh2jn!flt!rt&,

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HTRVL TL ?JV!LHT Dhs"rh tschndhnt!l fjrhsc&3

Ht
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HTRVL TL ?V!LHT Dhs"rh sj#"ttjt s!1lj#

4

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HTRVL TL ?V!LHT @4

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75

L!dfjc tl <J4lht7 Vh+tjt (hgh tl F(tn2hj :$&@$!$&75C# vnvl djn ;nth0hjhtf(jj vnjt*2jj nt2jfntlh# dh+hf(j 0hn2jfntt dh G(t)j1n# vnhf(j )(jtj)# '(h)v0 tj)j# djn +)(v'vlh dh 'fljtj)* t(j+tf)(ttj/tnt*# dt( tlthf(j td0j(ttjv# )v '(h2vj(h 'hnt(v 0t(ht lvj t,jljttth. 7& jnhl!l l!j G8$hs7 P*+tf( tl (hghlvj Ctndtvlh+ tl Lj,jhj# G gh+ t dhvhnjt 'f+h+f(vl vnvj jnhl )h!j )fnfh(ht jnvj/j,jljtttht dh'ljn* 3j dttf(jt* )*(vjt $!t 'vtvt v)jdh 'h (hgh# lv;ndv!j +f2jt 3j v(h;ndv!+h 'h t(fn ;n lf)vl lvj. Vh/j Plttfn# Rh"!1ljct- 5A%d# (hlvtt dh Cj)h(f# Dhs"rh +ndttfrjrj. JJJ# %. 7A ltn !rjlh th1tn!l!j7 H vf(,t dh =l*n2vgv(jlh lvj Hh()vlh" :=lt+ )tdhnjllt+ dh Hh()vlh+"C. J0tgjnht t)ht+tt t't(h ;n h0,lh0t lvj Tl)jttj jntjtvltt* Hlf@!hntjt ffrtjt!djnh "rthsttntjfr %Hlfcjnjt h s!"hrjftr 1rt!!rjj*- ;n )t(h Hh()vlh h (h'(h/hnttt )v lj0,t +t(*'vn+* dh ltn2v(j )v )t(h!j t(tgh dv'* +jnh 'h ft0hnj# +j0!,flj/;nd 'vth(ht dh )t'tjvt(h t hlf)jn2hj. Lv)jtn lh 0hn2jfnht/* j(fnj) %Hhrtldhs- 5C )t 'h )ht 0tj +v('(jn/*tft(h t(*+*tv(* tt(j,vjt* lvj Hh()vlh dh )*t(h )hl2j. Vh/j 3j Djsc- V9 Tsh.- ?J?9 Crjt.- JJ# 6 ht). ,

V3ft(* h 'f(nj(ht )*t(h 0t(jj ft0hnj# (t(* ;n+* )f(hlt2jt. St(jg* vnhf(j jnj0t# f*(* t t+)vltt h)fvl )f(h+'vndh(jj. Lt 3)ftlt jv,j(jj t)h+tt h t,h)hvl# vndh '(j0t lh)2jh '(jvh3th +j0'ttjt. Fjh# dt(# dj,*)jh ;n dj+)h(nh(h +* )vnf3tj 3j +* df,;ndh3tj +j0'ttjt 't+jv*. Tthntvl +* +h fflf+ht+)* dh t)ht+t* v(tj* nttv(tl*# 3j t(tt +* dv)* 0tj dh't(th )hht )h t ;n)h'vt nttv(t. Ph );t dh nhdj+)h(n*tft(h# 'h!tt;tt dh (tttt* h +t*(vjn2t dh t '(htjndh )hvt f*(* t)h+t htt;( fj(h+) 3j dh t 2jnh +* )v)h(h3tj vfjn2h f*(* 0vnj2jt +j0'ttjhj. Dt( )ht (hgtl* h+th (hgjnt ;n/h+t(*(jlf(# t(h)h dh hftt(hlh '(f!djgjvlvj> ,t/* )h t (jdj)tt +tttvjh# 'v(v(j# dh nh0v(j(h 'h 'ljnth dh +ft(t* '(jhlnj)*. T)ht+t* tvgv+t* ;n/h+t(t(h h vnhf(j t0f(2jt* 'hnt(v )* nv tjvng ';n* lt ht +vfl*(jlh htt;(vlvj. Pjtt(t 0tgnhtj)* nv tt(tgh fjh(vl ;n tft(t df0hnjvlvj +*v 3j nj)j +j0'ttjt nv t)2jfnht/* ;n tft(t +fh(hj +tlh dh t)2jvnh. T'(f'jh(ht h )ht 0tj dh +ht0* djnt(h )fndj2jj# nv 3j t0h+th)vl. Tthn2jh# t+'j(tn2j lt h(fj)jttth> ;n ht(vl t)h+tt (*+t(h vn +ft(h tl +t(*lv)j(jjQ

HTRVL TL ?VJ!LHT Rhnf!trht #rh jhj

T(j0hlh tngtj*(j +;nt vn hBt0hn tl )v(tjvlvj 3j ft(h)v0 vn 0fd dh t +)ftth ;n lv0h ftj0t 3j )t't)jtttht. Nv +;nt dh tjvn+ 0j(t)flh dh '(f'*3j(j )t +* (hljhfh/h dh,vtv(j f,j3nvjth 3j# )hl 0vlt# f(j)h hff(t vlth(jf( h 'htj)j(h t )hht )h t '(h)hdtt. Vn ;n)h'vt +'lhndjd# 'h l;ng* ft'tvl )* 'vnh ;n gt0* +vjtft(h t'ltv/hlh# f,ljg* 0vlt vtlft(ht. Sv+'j)jvnht# ;n 0tth(jh dh (h'vtt2jh# ;0'*(t*3h3th lt ;n)h'vt )fndj2jt '*)*tf+vlvj# )t(h# f dtt* tjvn+# nv 0tj +)t'* nj)jfdtt* dh dj+'(h2. R*+t(* vn h(fv )v +'lhndf(j dh +ft(h. T(h,vjh +* '(hfh(h tftdhtvnt ;nt(h'(jndh(jlh 0*(h2h# jt( lt ;n)h'vt# 0tBj0h. ;ndhlhtnj)j(ht f,j3nvjt* nv 'ftth tdv)h %$&v'$ jh3jt djn )f0vn 3j nj)j j+'(tvt 'jg0hh nv 'ftth tdv)h (h'vtt2jh dh v(jt3.
HTRVL TL ?VJ!LHT @%

Dh,vtv(jlh hB)hlhnth +;nt )hh/*3jj tlh f'jnjhj# jt( )hlh tlh vnvj h(fv t(h,vjh +* 2jntht+)* )v f +vt* dh +ttdjj 0tj +v+ dh);t 2hlv(jlh vnvj f0 dh (;nd. T)hl +ft(h tl )*'jttnjlf( 3j ghnh(tl tl h(fjlf(# )fnthlh h(fj) dh Fvhnth+ 7@# +!t n*+)vt ;nt(v t'ltv/h 'h d00vl +ft(hlvj# )t(h +h nt3th dh lt ;n)h'vt v(jt3 tl +t(*lv)j(jj. Jnt;jt lvj t)2jvnh t 'vtvt fj nfn"l!s !ltrt tl vnvj Mt(th> n!t f*)vt nfvj)jtt lt ftj0*# )j# djn '(j0t /j# t (f+tjt lhg*0;nt dh nh0v(j(h. Cfnt(t( '*(h(jj 0tj tvtv(f(t# hl t ;n)h()vjt f(t3vl Ct0,(tj# 'hnt(v )* h(t nhf,j3nvjt ;n )v'(jndh(h 3j ;n )v(tj. T ff+t )vnf+)vt 0tj dhg(t,* )t h(fv dh);t )t +fldtt. Dh 0vlt h nhvfjh )t +* th t)hj2j ,jnh dh f 0t(h t3th'tt(h. P(jvjtf(vl ;3j ft)h f jdhh ;ntlt*# fjjnd)*!$ )f+t* 0tj 'v2jn 'h hl +*!3j j0tgjnh/h j+'(*vjlh dh);t 'h f*'tvjtf(vl lf( +* lh ;ndh'ljnht+)*. F j+'(tv* nht3th'ttt* t f*)vt f 0tj 0t(h j0'(h+jh dh);t vn '(f!djgjv '(hvh+tjt dh t3th'tt(h. Mtj 0vlt )(h3th vn )hd(v ;n '(j0t )lj'* t /f(jlf( dh);t vn j+f' ;nt(!vn lv+t(v ;nt(hg# fjjnd)* dh,vtv(jlh (f,v+th f*g*dvjh+) v(jh3hnjh. Mt(j +;nt )fn+h)jn2hlh vnvj 0tBj0v0 ;n tnth)hdhnth> +h v*dh+) '(fth)2jt +f(2jj# 0*(h2jt )t't)jt*2jj# t'ltv/hlh

vnjvh(+tlh 3j +j0'ttjt f,3tht+)*. Nv +;nt ;n+* dh tjvn+ ;n)h'vtv(j ;n+vflh2jth# dt)* '(f'*3j(jlh +;nt l;n)hdh. Nh(f t ;n)h'vt )v t'ltv/h 'hnt(v fhnjB 3j t +f;(3jt )v dj+'(h2v(j 'hnt(v vt+jlj+). HBt(h0hlh dj+'(f'f(2jfntth# dt)* +h ;0,jn*# v*dh+) 0fn+t(vf/jttth. F t+h0hnht djfj)vlttth 'lhdht/* 'hnt(v dh+*v;(3j(ht vlth(jft(* t (hnv0hlvj# )t 3j 'hnt(v jnj2jh(ht lvj. Ftj0t +h ;nvh)hh3th 3j t'ltv/hlh ;0,*t(;nh+)# lt fhl )t tftth )hlhltlth# 'hnt(v )* lhgjlh tj0'vlvj nv )vnf+) hB)h'2jh. j )hlhj 0tj 0t(j +t(*lv)j(j# )hlhj t +ft(hlvj# j!tv (h'(f3tt fjlf/ffjj +hnjljt*2j 3j dh)*dh(j ;n lv0jn*. H+th# '(jn v(0t(h# f +t(tttgh0*# 'hnt(v vvltv( )t 3j 'hnt(v fhnjB# +* (hnfvh/h 0*(h2jh# +* ;ntjnh(ht+)* ftj0t 3j +* (htdv)* lt vjt2* t'ltv/hlh.
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F!hnths7 Phd(f Hn(jDvh/ dh T)hvhdf# )fnth dh Fvhnth+ dh Vtldh'h(f :$A6A4<$@$8C# nh'ft tl 0t(hlvj dv)h dh Tl,t# 0jljtt( jlv+t(v# t )fndv+ )t0'tnjj ;n (hgjvnht Mjltnf# ;n Pf(tvgtljt 3j F(tn2t# ;ntlt dh0njtt( 3j g(tndh dh S'tnjt# +v, Fjlj' tl H!lht 3j Fjlj' tl JJJ!lht.

Sft(hlh vt(jt/* f(j/fntv(j dh d(tgvl +'lhndf(jj# +)hj0,* thtt(h dh d(tgvl +t(*lv)j(jj# t+tfhl )t ;nt(!vn )t/ '(jvt2jt# 3j ;n )hl*ltlt nfvtttht +* ;nt(h2jn* td0j(t2jt 3j df(jn2t. Ch/t(jj jlv+t(tv djn nfv vnjvh(+vl ;n f(jhntvl Rf0hj lf( 3j (hn*3thtv dh fjh)t(h dtt* )t 0fnt(hj. Rhghlh 0httlhlf(# t(h);nd djnt(!f lv0h ;n tltt# t t(h)vt dh lt f hBt(h0* t dj+'(h2vlvj lt tltt t '(h2vj(jj. Cht 0tj 0t(h 'h(fh)2jvnh 'jh(dh dt)* h )ftjdjtn*# jt( ;0,vj,*(jlh )v ht +v'*(* '(h2vj(ht# dh/gv+t* t'(h)jh(ht.

HTRVL TL ?VJJ!LHT Frjch +n2hstrtrh- fr tfhcttrh&

Vv(j)h ;n/h+t(t(h# f(j)h (hljhf# f(j)h 'h(fh)2jvnh# vn h(fv t(h,vjh +* lh ;n)(v+th/h ;n +jnh9 dt( +* ft)* 't(td* dh v(hvnt# nj)jdh)v0. Tfh)tt(ht h ,tlt+tvl 0*(h2jhj. Cfn+t* ;nt(!f ltvd* dh +jnh# 0vt*> jt( ltvdt dh +jnh h+th )ht 0tj +jgv(* f)*(;(h dh +jnh. Ph(fh)2jvnht t(h,vjh +* fjh ;n tjnh# ltvdt ;n )hjltl2j9 3j h f 'hdht'+* 0h(jttt* )t 'h t)hlt )t(h!3j tdv)h t0jnth '(f+th3th dh +jnh ;n+v3j +*!$ dht ;n2hlh'2h3th vjt*(jj )hjltl2j. P(h2vj(ht h fft(th lj,h(*> nv +h +v'vnh t(tjfj)jvlvj# ;n)* 3j 0tj 'v2jn vjflhn2hj. Ct'jtvlht/* 0tj )v(;nd ;n ft2t vnhj hlf)vhnth t*)vth t ;n/h+t(*(jlf( dh);t ;n ft2t f+thntt2jhj ;nfv0v(tth. Vn 'j) dh '(h2vj(h '(f'(jh ;0'jhdj)* 0vlth t'ltv/h +t(*jnh. P(j)h'v2jj jvdh)* f(j)h ;n/h+t(t(h tfh)ttt* 0tj )v(;nd d(h't +jlnj)* dh);t nttv(tl*# 0tj )v(;nd d(h't t't(hnt* dh);t tdhv*(tt*# 3j t+tfhl t(h lf) 0t(h +)*dh(h ;n '(h2vj(h. Tf2j nt()j3jj +;nt '(f3tj# )hj tj )vghtvlvj ;n+*# dh f '(f+tjh jn)v(t,jl*# dhft(h)h ,ftlt h+th ;n lht). Dt( dt)* 't(tdt dh ;n/h+t(*(j h+th '(f+tjh dh f't77# 't(tdhj dh j0'h(fh)2jvnj nv!j vt (*0;nh nj)j vn g(td. Vnjj# )t +* fvg* dh tfh)tt(h# nj0h(h+) ;n )hnt(vl hj# dhft(h)h tfh)tht/* lj'+t dh tfh)tt(h.
74 77

Frjch +n2hstrtrh- fr tfhcttrh7 Cf. Djsc- $5# Fr.- $65# 644. "rfstjh dh f"t7 Tlv/jh 0httff(j)* lt rhtl dh t fchf :(htl dh f'tC# 0fnhd* ff(th dh t(gjnt ;n vh)hjvl +j+th0 0fnhtt( +'tnjfl.

HTRVL TL ?V0!LHT 4$

Tj,h(jv t f*)vt 't(td* dh dj+j0vlt(h# dt( n!t 3tjvt +* dj+j0vlh/h dj+j0vlt(ht. Chl 0tj 0t(h ht( tl vnhj t(th )fn+t* ;n '(f'(jt!j dh/0jn2j(h# jt( )hl 0tj 0t(h t(tjfj)jv# ;n t!$ t)f'h(j )v tltvl 0tj 0t(h. Mt(h h dh dfv* f(j )jnh )v'(jndh tftth dh+*v;(3j(jlh ;n hl ;n+v3j# dt( 'h nj)j vnt ;n '(h2vj(ht lf(. Cv f nh'*+t(h ghnh(ft+* t(h/h3th tthn2jt f,3tht+)* 3j# hl fjjnd f(, lt ;n/h+t(*(jlh +tlh# ;j ft)h T(gv3j 'h )hjltl2j. T)ht+tt nv0ht+)*!+h 0j(t)fl tl dj,*)jjlf(> )*)j dt)* tlthlh 'h )*(*(j nhf,j3nvjth dv) lt 0*(h2jh# ht# 'h vnt f'v+*# th )fndv)h lt t(fnvl ftj0hj# lt 'flfgvl nh0v(j(jj.

HTRVL TL ?VJJJ!LHT H#!lt jh +n #fdhlh

J! ff+t lj'+j2j ;n )ht 0tj 0t(h 't(th h(fjj fjh dh )f'jj# fjh dh )f'jj h(fj# dt( nv dh j0jtttf(j> )*)j 't(h!+h )* )h(vl j!t hB'v+ 0tj 0vlt )t hBh0'lh dh vtlft(h# dh);t )t '(f'tgttf(j tj nttv(jj. B*(,t2jj h0jnhn2j +;nt thBth ;n+vflh2jth tlh (h'vtt2jhj# 3j dh lt hj t(h,vjh ,*(,ttvl )vlt +* jt lh)2jj dh 0*(h2jh# (h'ht;ndv!lh ft'thlh 3j t*l0*)jndv!lh j+'(*vjlh. S* fjh '(f'v3j ;n fjh)t(h )tthgf(jh )hj djnt;j# nv tt;t 'hnt(v j0jtt2jh# );t 'hnt(v h0vlt2jh# nv +'(h t fj v(0t2j# )j ;nt(h)v2j. Thjlh t ff+t nh+f0n h(fj) 'hnt(v TlhBtnd(v 3j# df(0jnd ;n 0f(0;ntvl +*v# t dh3th'ttt ;nt(!;n+vl df(jn2t dh t!j ;nt(h)h ftj0t. Tv;ntttvl 0t)hdfn t dh+)hj+ f)hjj 'l;n+vlvj 3j '(h2vj(jj dhf'ft(jv*# 3j nv 'h Thjlh ;ng(f'tt $!t 'l;n+# )j 'h +jnh ;n+v3j# nhn*+)vt ,jnh ;nt(v ftj0*7%. L!t f,ljgtt t'fj TlhBtnd(v 'h Ch/t(# 3j )hht )h t ff+t Thjlh 'hnt(v TlhBtnd(v t ff+t TlhBtnd(v 'hnt(v Ch/t(> l!t ttjn+ lt
7%

+ntr! ftj#7 G(t)j1n '(hlv)(ht/* tj)j dfv* lhghndh djfh(jth> vnt +h (hfh(* lt TlhBtnd(v# )t(h# fnf(;nd +tttvjt lvj Thjlh dh lt T(fjt# nv dh'l;ngh 0ft(tht h(fvlvj# )j ;l fh(j)h3th fjjnd)* tvv+h+h ;n vjt2* vn '(jhthn )(hdjn)jf+ 3j# dv'* 0ft(th# vn 'fht ftj0f+ )t(h j!t );nttt ft'thlh dh vjthjjh :Plvtt(h# Vjh j "trtlhlh- =TlhBtnd(v"# $AC9 )htltlt* lt Ch/t(# )t(h# )jtjnd )hvt dh+'(h TlhBtnd(v# ;n tj0' )h +h tflt ;nt(!f tt,*(* ;n S'tnjt# t( fj 'l;n+# dt( nv dh jtlht 0f(2jj lvj# )j g;ndjndv!+h )*# lt v;(+tt 'h )t(h f tvht hl ttvn)j# TlhBtnd(v )v)h(j+h tt;tht 2*(j# 'h );nd hl nv f*)v+h nj)j f ft't* +t(*lv)jt* :Plvtt(h# f".cjL- =Cth+t("# $$C.

)ft(dt +j02jtft(h# lt ghnh(f/jtttht jnj0jj# 3j t ;ntjnttt tt;t dh 0vlt# ;n);t t 'v+ ftj0t ;n )fnt(fvh(+* 3j 0*(h2jt ;n )f0't(t2jh9 3j dt)* TlhBtnd(v t '(hf*)vt F(jhntvl ;n thtt(v tvgv+t 'hnt(v j+'(*vjlh lvj# Ch/t(# F))jdhntvl# 'hnt(v tlh lvj ;n+v3j. M*(jnj0f+vl dfn Tlfn+f tl T(tgfnvlvj 3j Nht'flhlvj +'vnht )* 'h ghnh(f+vl ,jdjvjv nv!$ ;ndht0n* t(;0,j2t t3t )v0 ;l ;nfl*)*(t 'h hl gft(nt ftj0hj )h/t(j)h%8. j +* +h jt nft* )v0 ;3j 0f3thnh+) t)h3tj h(fj '(jn h0vlt2jh 0*(h2jt# 3j '(jn 0*(h2jh ftj0t.

;n f(j)h +lvj,* h )jnhvt )t(h f)v'* '(j0t )lt+*# jt( 'h )ht dh jf+# tlt)jnhvt# dh t+h0hnht. Vnjj +;nt 0j(t)flh tlh hB)hl*(jj9 tl2jj +;nt tntj'f/j tj 0j(t)flhlf(. S* ;nvh2h dj+)h(n*tf(vl t!j jdhntjfj)t 3j# ;n t)h+t +)f'# +*!j fjh ,jnh )vnf+)vt* )tthgf(jt h(fjlf(# )tttlfgvl ftj0hj. Lj+tt )hlf( djn vh)hj0h t f*)vt!f Plvtt(h ;n Ptrtlhlhlh +tlh9 t )hlf( 0fdh(nj# Ptflf Gjfvjf%$ ;n Hlf$jjlh +tlh. H dh df(jt 3j f )(jtj)* dh+*v;(3jt jnthg(*# dt( )h jnghnjf/jttth +h vt ;n)v0htt +!f ft)*O H v3f( +* lh jndj)j lf) ;n tj0'# dt( g(hv ;n t'(h)jh(h. T( 'vtht fj 0fdhl vnjvh(+tl# dt)* n!t( dhvhnj 0j(t)fl# f*);nd dh '(j+f+ f(j)h j0jtt2jh# f)v';nd tftt* td0j(t2jt# 0fnt(hvl h(fjlf(# ;nt;jt 0jnvnh djnt(h )hlh ;n+vflh2jth tlh lv0jj 3j tl 'tt(vlht djnt(h Fjlj'jj S'tnjhj9 )*)j +ft(hlvj Tv+t(jhj j +h )vvhnht t 'tt(t +fh(*%6. Fjh fgljnd* vnjvh(+tl* )jnh (h'(h/jnt* tftth 0tBj0jt*2jlh# nv 0tj /j) 0*(h2jjlh.
%8

$ftrnt ftj#hj ch2trjch7 Tlv/jh lt f tfj(0t2jh t (hghlvj Tlffn+f tl V!lht )hl M*(jnj0f+ tl T(tgfnvlvj 3j Nht'flhlvj. (hltttt* dh Tntfnjf Ptnf(0jttnf# Lj1rf dh lfs djchfs 8 hhchfs dhl Rh8 Dfn Tlfnsf- Tnvh(+# $AA&# ffl. 5A v. %$ Ptflf Gjf!jf7 ;n f(gjntl# Jf!jf- j+tf(j) jttljtn :$&75!$AA6C# tvtf( )hlh,(v ;n h'f)*# f(h)vhnt )jttt 3j vtjlj/tt dh G(t)j1n# )t(h tj)j +h (hfh(* lt +)(jh(jlh +tlh Hlf$jt dfctfr?n !jrfr!# jn$hnjj jll!strj!# 3j Hlf$jt jrfr!# 1hlljct !jrt!th jll!s4trj!#- t(tdv+h ;n lj0,t +'tnjfl* dh Gt+'t( dh Bth/t# G(tntdt# $A@7. %6 t "ttrt sfhrt7 Jn hlfgjjlh td(h+tth lvj Fjlj' tl JV!lht# G(t)j1n t'hlht/* lt +j0,flj+tj)t t+t(tl*# (hghlh fjjnd =+ft(h"# ft't )fnfj(0tt 3j dh 'f/j2jt )vtth(nt(* f)v'tt* dh hl ;n +v))h+jvnht Fjlj'jlf(. F(# ;n )fn)h'2jt t(j+tfthlj)* 3j 'tflh0tj)*. ;n)* lt(g )(hdjttth ;n S'tnjt +h)flvlvj tl ?VJJ!lht# Sft(hlh hvflvt# )t f t 'tt(t 'ltnht*# ;n tl 'tt(vlht )h(> =;n tl 'tt(vlht )h( +h tfl* )ht 0tj 0t(h 3j )ht 0tj ,vn* djnt(h 'ltnhth# 3j tnv0h Sft(hlh" :Lj)hn2jttvl Mv()jt dh lt Ljtnt# Cf#"hndjf dh lfs Mhthhfrfs dhl Prjncj"h dh lfs Fjlfsfffs Grjh$fs 8 Lttjnfs Trjstfthlhs...- Mtd(jd# $@$A. Cf0't(t2jt (ht't(h ;n Djsc- J9 Gj(.# JJ# =Dhdj)t2jh" ht). HTRVL TL ?J?!LHT
73

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65

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PFLJTJCJTNVL DFN FHRNTNDF CTTFLJCVL $85

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DJSCHRNTFRVL

FVJP NV FJ JNCFNSHCVHNT Crjtjc

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NV FJ JNCFNSHCVHNT $@5

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@@

Dh#htrjfs7 Dh0ht(jf+ Pfljf()htvl :). 55@!). 675 ;.C(.C# (hgh tl Mt)hdfnjhj :6%&!674 ;. C(.C. Plvtt(h j!t )fn+t)(tt vnt djn ,jfg(tfjjlh +tlh. $@& DJSCHRNTFRVL

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FVJJP FMVL TVTVRFR FRHLFRA7 Scrjsftrh ctrh dfn Vjnchncjf J!tn dh Ltsttnfst
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@4

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tf'f+# +;nt dh+hf(j hvf)t2j dh G(t)j*n. Vh/j 0tj tlh+ Tsh.- ??JJJ# vndh +h (h'(fdv)h h0,lh0t $A$t lvj Tl)jttj dh+'(h Hh(t)ljt 3j Dh0f)(jt < =Jn vjtt0 hv0tnt0" < 3j vn +fnht dh Bt(tflf0h Lhfnt(df dh T(ghn+flt 'h t)hht3j th0*. Cf. 3j Crjt.- JJ# 6 ht). 48 t +#"r"t fc!"t jjlh7 Vh/j# Hccl- 5# $!7. FMVL TVTVRFR FRHLFR $@A

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DJSCHRNTFRVL BVNVL PRJCHPTFR $@4

Dj+)h(n*tf(vl nv t(h,vjh +* +h (h/v0h lt f +jngv(* f)v't2jh# nj)j +*!3j fjBh/h gv+tvl t+v'(t vnvj +jngv( f,jh)t# )*)j ;n+ht0n* +* 3j!$ lj0jth/h ;n )hj' nhfh(j)jt9 )h(vl $!t f*)vt nh0*(gjnjt# $!t )(h+)vt f*(* hftt(h9 +* nv +h (h+t(;ng* +jngv(# nj)j +* nv +h lj0jth/h. Mt(j ft0hnj )hj jndhfjnj,jlj# ;n vj(tvtht 0t(jj lf( 'lv(tljt*2j dh 'h(fh)2jvnj. S;nt tl2jj tt;t dh lj0jtt2j# )* ;ndtt* lh tflj gv+tvl# fjh )t +*!$ '(h;nt;0'jnj# fjh )t +*!$ 0*gvlh3tj# ;nt(v);t nj)j nv +h l*(gh3th# nj)j nv +h (*+';ndh3th. Ttvn)j );nd )h(vl t v(vt +* d*(vjt+)* vn fhl dh 0;n)t(h# t g*tjt 0tnt# )jf(v tl tvtv(f( dhlj)jjlf(# ;0,v)*tv(* 'hnt(v tftth 'lt)v!(jlh# ;n t )*(hj vnjvh(+tljttth t 'ft(jvjt!f 'h )ht t ,vnvlvj gv+t. T vf(,j 0h(hv g(tv '(j)jnvjh3th +v'*(t(h9 t glv0j tft tj0'vl# dj+'(h29 t fjlf/fft ;nt(j+tht/*# jt( t +ttj(j/t 0h(hv jndj+'vnh. Mt(hlh C*'jttn t ff+t 0t(h '(ftftj' tl dj+)h(n*tf(jlf(9 lt 'tltt +h 'v(tt dh 't()* nj)jfdtt* n!t( fj ff+t ;n )t0'tnjj# jt( ;n )t0'tnjj# )t 3j )v0 nj)jfdtt* n!t( fj t(*jt lt )v(th. Nv lt fhl )hl*ltlt# nv 0t(h +fldtt# )j 0t(h '(f+t# 3j )t(h# jnvjttt fjjnd dh f nf,jl* dft0n* +* dtn+h/h# lt tj0'vl 'ft(jvjt# tdj)* lt f +h(tt*# 3j!t +)v/tt jgnf(tn2t 3j 3j!t dtt 'h ft2* nhghjf,jt# /j);nd )* hl nv +h '(j)h'h +*!3j 0j3th 'j)jft(hlh ;n 'tltt# )j dft( +* dht djn 0;jnj 'h );0'vl dh lv't*4$. Ttvn)j ht +*(j# dv'* )v0 ;j h(t fhlvl> =P*j df0nvlh# 't(h!0j!+h )* t( fj ,jnh )t ;n v(h0h dh 't)h# v;(;t ;nt(!vn +t)# +* th tt;(nj )t f t(0v(*# ;n t3th'tt(ht '(jlhjvlvj"# ,t )hjt( ;j '(f'v+h )v(thnjtft(h 3j tlt lf) 0tj f(djnt( 3j 0tj 0h(jttt. Cvnf3tjn2hlh nv +h +t;njhnh+) vnhlh 'h tlthlh# nj)j gv+tv(jlh nv +h )fnt(t/j)9 ;n)t' tftth ;nt(!vn )hnt(v 3j 'hnt(v tftth h v(h0h )v '(jlhj. Vnjj nv tv tlt* f(* dh);t 'h!t lf(# 3j tftdhtvnt ;3j f)hh+) fflf+vl '(f'(jv. Cv0jnthlh t(h,vjh +* tj,* f f(* 'hnt(v +jnh 3j 0vlth 'hnt(v '(jhthnjj tlh3j. Phnt(v tftth t(h,vjh +* tj,* tj0'# f*(* nv0tj 'hnt(v nh)vvjjn2*9 3j nv vt fj +vfj)jhnt* +)v/t jnvf)tt* dh )jnhvt ;nt(!f +jtvt2jh fft(th v3v(ttj)*# 3j tnv0h )* )jnh h +f)ftjt )v0jnth /jvt nv vt fj +f)ftjt '(f+t nft'tht. T3t ;n);t# '(ht)vltvlh tl 0hv Vjn)hnjf# vjt2t fjh)*(vjt nv h tlt)hvt dh);t vn +'h)tt)fl t(tgj) 3j )f0j)# jt( tnvl ;n)h'h )v T(jh+ 3j +h th(0jn* ;n Pj+)j+# tjvng;nd +* +h )v0'*nht+)* nf(f)j(jlh )v nhnf(f)j(jlh# )f0j)vl )v t(tgj)vl. Vnvl +jngv( t(h,vjh +* jnth('(hth/h tftth (flv(jlh# lt v(h0ht 3j '(jlhjv(jlh lf(# );nd 'h )hl )v (;+vl# );nd 'h )hl )v 'l;n+vl# );nd 'h tl )v0jnthlvj 3j# vnhf(j# 'h tl '(f+tvlvj# )v )t(h +h 3j ;n)hhjh# )v v3v(t(h 3j t'ltv/h# (h'(h/hntt2jt. F# '(htdj+)h(n*tf( P(fthv46 t)hl 0t(h 't+jfntt tl nf+t(v# hB)hlhn2j +j0vl dh Lh0f+ 45# ;n tl )*(vj gv+t ,jnh ;0'*(2jt ;3j tv lf)vl tftth ;ndhlhtnj)j(jlh lj,h(tlh 3j ;n t )*(vj h(fj)* vnjvh(+tljttth ;3j tv (;nd tf2j h(vdj2jj# )vl2jj 3j dj+)h(n*tf(jj9 df)tvl 3j fjlftj0vl# '(hlttvl 3j )tvtlh(vl# v0tnj+tvl# j+tf(j)vl# fjlf/ffvl# ';n* 3j '(ht!+v,tjlvl thflfg9 h(fv )v tdhv*(tt vnjvh(+tl 'hnt(v f(j)h tj0'# 'hnt(v f(j)h gv+t 3j 'hnt(v f(j)h +lvj,*Q

FVJJJP BVNVL PRJCHPTFR4& Djtlf$ +ntrh dfctfrtl J!tn Frtncjscf Tndrhs 5j t!tfr
VFCTFRVL> Sh /j)h )* ,vnvlvj '(j)h'*tf(# 'v2jnh vf(,h. TVTFRVL> HV t3 /j)h )*# lt 'v2jnh vf(,h# ,vn '(j)h'*tf(# 3j nv nv0tj lt vf(,h# )j 3j lt )hj'# )t(h h 'ft(tt +vflhtvlvj# td(h+* t jnj0jj# ,t )hjt( ;l v*d lv;nd lt f)hj t*)h(ht ;n+*3j# )t(h vnhf(j hB'(j0* 0tj 0vlt 'hnt(v vn '(j)h'vt dh);t f 'fljlfghjh 'hnt(v vn '(f+t. DFCTFRVL> Tdhv*(v(jlh )t(h nh jnth(h+ht/* )hl 0tj 0vlt nh tjvng tftdhtvnt )v jv0*ttth dh gv(*. TVTFRVL> T3t h+th# dt( '(hv*/*tf(vl '(j0ht+)*!lh )v tftt* '(j)h'h(ht.
4

J cj dftr s dht djn.#+jnj "h c+#"!l dh l!"t7 Tnh)dft* '(hlvtt* djn B. Ct+t(!gljfjjh# JJ Cfrtj$jtnf- J. "jhtdjsch#tfr Prfth!7 Vh/j 3j Fr.- 44. 45 Lh#fs7 H+th vf(,t dh+'(h dfn F(tn)j+)f Fh(n1ndh/ dh Ct+t(f :$@$5!$@@6C# tl nfv*lht )fnth dh Lh0f+# dv)h dh Ttv(j+tnf# nh'ft tl )fnthlvj dh Lh0f+ )t(h $!t '(fthjtt 'h Ch(vtnth+. T ff+t vj)h(hgh tl T(tgfnvlvj ;nt(h $@&5 3j $@A6. ;n 'tlttvl +*v +h ;nt(vnht f t)tdh0jh ljth(t(*. G(t)j1n ;l vt 0tj hlfgjt ;n Crjt- J# 6
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B!n!l "rjch"tfr7 Vh/j Fr.- 6A# jntjtvltt jdhntj)# tff(j+0vl fjjnd vn (h/v0tt tl t)h+tvj =(hljhf" tl Djsc. G(t)j1n 'f(nh3th dh lt '(fvh(,vl =t ,vhn hnthndhdf( 'f)t+ 'tlt,(t+ lh ,t+ttn" :=,vnvlvj '(j)h'*tf( j!+ dh!tjvn+ 'v2jnh vf(,h"C. $@7 DJSCHRNTFRVL DFCTFRVL> T+tt j!t ff+t dh tjvtf( T0fjfnvlvj nf+t(v t(t!gfnh/ 4A# ttvn)j );nd# 'h(+h)vttt dh!tj +*j# t g*+jt +'(jjjn 3j

)hjt( t'ltv/h lt ;n)f(fnt2jj dhlfjnj +t(*jnj. TVTFRVL> Tt;t h dh 'vth(nj)* f t(0fnjh# 3j 0tj tlh+ )v tt;t dh dvl)j )fn+fntn2h# )v0 tv ff+t )hlh tlh 0jn2jj lvj '(fdjgjft+h. DFCTFRVL> S'vnh(ht dh tdhv*(v(j t tjvn+ +* fjh ;n)fndhjtt* )v nv0hlh dh '(f+tjh. TVTFRVL> Bt )hjt(# )t +* nv 't(* fjh )f'jl# fjh '(f+t# nj0hnj nv v(ht +*!$ 0tj +'vn*# ;nt(v);t nv 0tj h lt 0fd*9 0tj +;nt 'h lv0h dft( );thvt (h+tv(j djn hl# 3j ;n)* 3j t)h+tht +;nt dh/v*lvjth )t vn 0j+th(# )v )h(h0fnjh 3j '(h)tv2jh. DFCTFRVL> Svvh(tnjlf( lj +h t(tt* tftdhtvnt fjltt. TVTFRVL> Hj +* )vghth ;n+*> lh h!n jf) '(*,v3j(ht +tv ;n*l2t(ht. DFCTFRVL> Tdhv*(*tttht h f fh)jft(* 'h );t dh f(v0ft+*# 'h!tt;t dh (v3jnft+*# d(h't )t(h v0,l* 0h(hv t)f'h(jt*. TVTFRVL> Svvh(tnjj +* f dh+)f'h(h )v fjlftj0jh# )*)j hj t(h,vjh +* fjh ;n 0t(h 0*+v(* ghj)jtf(j dh tdhv*(v(j 3j )lt(v*/*tf(j dh dh/t0*gj(j. Cv );t 0tj 0vlt lj +h +'vn '(jnt(h djn2j# ;n+ht0n* )* lh +;nt dtth gttt 0h+th)tth# )t +* +h 0j+tvjh 0tj ,jnh 3j +* fjh 0tj dh fflf+. j dh/t0*gj(ht h+th 'fljtj)jtn*# v0,l* dh f,j)hj );nd +h ;ng;n* /jvt )v nft'tht# fjh )t +* +h (ht(tg* ;n ,h/nhlh ljngv3j(jj# dt)* d* dh '(f+tjh# fjh )t +* '*3ht+)* ;n lv0jnt tdhv*(vlvj# dt)* d* dh )v0jn2hnjh. DFCTFRVL> Mh(jt* +* vh/j# ;ht(!f ;nt(h)h(h dh '(j)h'v2j# /*,tvt vnvj )j()v0+'h)t 3j tthn2jt vnvj '(hv*/*tf(Q T)hlt f)hh3th# t)h+tt g;ndh3th# 3j 0tj tlh+ ;n dh/t0*gj(j. TVTFRVL> Dt# )*)j ;n2hlhgh(ht t(h,vjh tdt'ttt* +jtvt2jjlf(> ;n )hlh ftvf(t,jlh# +t(;ng;nd 0h(hv h*2v(jlh )(h/*(jj9 ;n )hlh fdjft+h# d;ndv!j f(;v lj,h( 3j )hjt( 'jnthnj. C;t ;ntjntht/* ljngv3j(ht# lt )hl )h vf(,h3th# tt;tt +* f dht ;nd*(*t +tgt)jtttht# lt )hl )h t+)vlt*# )*)j tftdhtvnt (htljtttht t ff+t 0tj 'v2jn dh jv0*ttth djn ;n)hj'vj(h.
4A

T#fjfn!l!j nfstr! trt$fnh27 Tlv/jh lt Tntfnjf Pg(h/ :). $A5%!$@$$C# fjv nttv(tl tl lvj Gfn/tlf Ph(h/# '(j0vl t(tdv)*tf( tl Fdjshjj+n lj0,t +'tnjfl*# f0 dh +ttt# 0jnj+t(v tl lvj Fjlj' tl JJ!lht. C*/;nd ;n dj/g(t2jt (hghlvj# h )fndt0ntt lt 0ft(th# dt( f (hvflt* 'f'vlt(* ;l tjvt* +* fvg* 3j +* +h (hfvgjh/h ;n F(tn2t. ;n $A%7# lt Pt(j+# 'v,lj)* f )t(th jv+tjfj)ttjv*# Rhltcjfnhs- 3j tft t)flf# 3j ;n t)hlt3j tn# 'v,lj)* 3j vn fft(th j0'f(ttnt h'j+tflt( :Ct(tt+C. G(t)j*n ;l )f0't(* )v Tn;fjfn# dhft(h)h# t3t )v0 t)hlt (jdj)t+h Th,t )v ft(0h)vl );nth)vlvj +*v# lt fhl 3j Tntfnjf Ph(h/ );3tjgt+h ,vn*vfjn2t +vvh(tnjlf( Hv(f'hj )v +)(j+f(jlh +tlh. BVNVL PRJCHPTFR
$@%

DFCTFRVL> ;n +jtvt2jj fdjft+h# hv vnvl t3 )vghtt dj0'ft(jv*# dh v(h0h )h# ;nt(!f v3ft(* t0hnjn2t(h# ;nt(!f nh;n+h0ntt* ;n)(vntt(h# j +h t(tt* '(j)h'vtvlvj );0' ;ntjn+ dh '*3jt. TVTFRVL> j dh j+'*3jt# 'ftth9 3j '(j)ht'* )*!j 0vlt 0tj 0vlt )hht )h j +h t(h)h +v, t*)h(h ft2* dh 'v2jnvl )h j +h +'vnh. ;n 'vn)thlh f(tgjlh# )v0jnthlh v0,l* )v 0vlt tt)t 3j# )v );t +jtvt2jt h 0tj +v'h(fj)jtl*# hl ft)h 't3j dh 'lv0, );nd 2jnth3th# )v lj0,* dh fvlg );nd +h +t(h)ft(*. DFCTFRVL> Fft(th g(hv h +* th dtj d(h't '(j)h'vt ;n 'vn)th +v'v+h )(jtj)jj 3j dh/t0*gj(jj# dhft(h)h g(hv )(h/j )h nv df(h3tj. Nv h nhvfjh dh 0vlt* hlf)vhn2* )t +* fj0 )fnvjn3j dh )hht )h nh )tdh ,jnh# 3j nj)j tftt* )ht t lvj Dh0f+thnh nv!j dh tjvn+ 'hnt(v )hht )h nh )tdh (*v. TVTFRVL> T tjvn+ +* ;n+h0nh 'v2jn '(j)h'h(ht# h nhvfjh vnhf(j +* ghj)h3tj# )*)j +;nt ft0hnj )t()!3j 'h)htlvjh+) jnj0t 3j lh 'vt(h/h+) ttjnhlh!n 'jh't. DFCTFRVL> S* ft)j ttvn)j )t 0hdj)vl dj,t)j# )t(h jt 'vl+vl )hjt( djn (*+vflt(h9 lt fhl fjlf/ffvl tthnt# dv'* th(vl djn gv(*# t(h,vjh +*!$ '*t(vnd* 'h )hl l*vnt(j). TVTFRVL> T 3tj nv +t(j)* nj)jfdtt*. DFCTFRVL> Vnhf(j ;n+* dft(h 3j# t3t )v0 '(h;nt;0'jn* )v0jn2hnjt )hlh )h +!t( +'vnh# j+th2j0ht )tt* +* f,+h(vh )h +!t +'v+. SfjnBvl 'h(fjd '(td* d(v0vl vjh2jj# jt( )jnh nv!j '(j)h'vt h 'jh(dvt. Hnjg0* h# 3j fft(th djfj)jl*# )vnft3th(ht dh +jnh t f0vlvj9 dft( vn Hdj' f dh/lhtg*# 3j )hjt( hl# )v 3ft'th tjvt*tft(h. TVTFRVL> NV h nj0j) 0tj v3f( dh);t )vnft3th(ht tltvjt. DFCTFRVL> j nj0j) 0tj g(hv dh);t )ht dh +jnh.

TVTFRVL> NV h ntjv )t(h +* nv fjh (*vt*)jf+. DFCTFRVL> j )t(h# ntjv fjjnd ft2* dh g(h3hljlh '(f'(j# +* nv fjh 3j(ht ft2* dh )hlh tlh tltf(t. TVTFRVL> F,+h(v* fj(j3ft(hlh dh '(tf djn f)hjj vh)jnvlvj. DFCTFRVL> j!n tj lvj nv vhdh ,;(nhlh. TVTFRVL> P(j0vl 't+ +'(h t 3tj h +* th 3tjj. DFCTFRVL> j nv 'ftth fj '(j)h'vt )jnh nv!j '(j)h'*tf(. Dt( tff(j+0vl )v0 )* +* th )vnf3tj 'h tjnh ;n+v2j lh+nh!j dh +'v+# g(hv dh dv+. TVTFRVL> Cjnhvt# 'hnt(v )* $!t '(f'fv*dvjt# t ff+t t(h)vt ;n (;ndvl )hlf( 3t'th ;n2hlh'2j. DFCTFRVL> Phnt(v t!$ fj v(0tt# nj)j vnvl# ';n* t/j. Cv );t vnjj 3tjv 0tj 0vlt dh+'(h )hjltl2j# dh+'(h +jnh 0tj 'v2jn9 jt( '(f+tvl 0tj 0vlt 3tjh dh+'(h )t+t tltvjt dh);t dh+'(h t lvj> ';n* 3j '(f!
$48

DJSCHRNTFRVL

vh(,hlh 0h(g t)v0 'h df+4At. Vnjj ;3j ,tt )t'vl )v )h nv!j '(jvh3th dhlf)# 3j dhlf) )v )h lh!t( fj dh 0vlt fflf+. TVTFRVL> Cv0# h ft(h v(hf f)v't2jh 0tj (ht dh);t lj'+t dh f)v't2jhO DFCTFRVL> Dt# )v(jf/jtttht jnvtjl*. TVTFRVL> F# g(jjj tlh ft0hnjlf(# 3j ;n lv)(v(j );t* lj'+* dh 0jh/Q4@ DFCTFRVL> T(h,vjh +* dj+tjngh0 dh t+h0hnht ;nt(h ;n)htjnhtlt vnvj )j()v0+'h)t 3j nhtthn2jt vnvj v3v(ttj)9 vnjj hBtgh(ht/*# tl2jj 0jnj0tlj/ht/*9 dj+)ht(n*# t3tdt(# tthntvl '(j)h'*tf(> )*)j 'h!tt;2jt j!tv 'jh(dvt )(hdvljt*2jlh 3j jn)(hdvljt*2jlh dhf'ft(jv*. TVTFRVL> Dh!t)hht j!tv +'v+ )v ;n2hlh')jvnh ,t(,t(jj +)j2j t1n*(vlvj Phlhv44 )* ft0hnjj +;nt (;v(j9 'h );t tlht(g*# hj# +h f'(h+) hlh# 3j dh f,j)hj tv 0tj 0t(h td;n)j0h )hlh )h +;nt 0tj 'ftfljth 3j 'ft(t* 0tj 0vlt* t'* )hlh )h ft) 0tj 'v2jn /gf0ft. DFCTFRVL> S;nt 3j +jtvt2jj ;n )t(h ,*nvjtlt t(h 'vth(h dh dfvtd*> )*)j dh+'(h +f2jt lvj Ch/t( < t +'v+!f hl ;n+v3j < nj)j 0*)t( /vfnvl479 jt( );nd ;n )hl jnth(h+tt +h jnfjlt(ht/* ;ndfjtlt# ;n )hjltl2j t(h)h d(h't# 3j )hjt( h+th# hvjdhn2*. TVTFRVL> Cvvjnthlh tv 0tj 0vlt* +tv 0tj 'v2jn* td;n)j0h# dv'* +v,jh)th. DFCTFRVL> S!tv ;nh)tt 0vl2j 'hnt(v )* nv lh!tv 0*+v(tt9 '(j)h'vtvl '(j)h'*tf( +* lh +fndh/h 3j +* jt +ht0t )* ftlt ;nftvlvj h 3tjjn2t dh t!2j fh(j htjnt. TVTFRVL> j 0tj tlh+ dt)* h dh 'v('v(*. j )v t+tt# +* 0h(gh0# vnvl lt j+tf(jt lvj# tdj)* lt ;trt$f2t tntjcj&3- 'h );t dh df(jt* dh )v(jf/jttth# 'h!tt;t dh jlv+t(tt* dh h(vdj2jh# jt( hv lt fjlf/ffjt 0ht dh+'(h Br1tt!l tthnt78.
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FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

$. Tft!l h4tc!# +n t"f$h!- 5j4n chl #tj #trh trtt dh t fj "hrsftn. Mtj 0vlt +h )h(h t/j 'hnt(v vn ;n2hlh't dh);t ;n vh)hj0h 'hnt(v 3t'th# 3j dh 0tj 0vlt tj nhvfjh )t +* t(tth/j )v vn +jngv( jn+ ;n vht)vl nf+t(v dh);t )v vn 'f'f( ;nt(hg ;n )hlh t(h)vth. 9. Fjrh 5j jn$hnjf2jttth&7 )hlh dfv* f+jj tlh +t(*lv)j(jj ;n/h+t(*(jlf(9 vnt Jt(* tltt. nf(f) ;njv0*t*2jt. Nv!j dh!tjvn+ jnthljghn2t# h dh df(jt 3j fj(h+)vl. Nhnf(f) dh '(f+t +*!2j g(h3h3tj )hh0t(ht ;n '(jvjn2t +t*(jj# +lvj,hj# lf)vlvj# tntv(tjvlvj. 5. F4 j l!crrjlh c! s!s"hnsjh&. Vj0j(h lt nfvttth ;n+ht0n* '(h2vj(h lt (hv3jth. Jf)vl )v )*(2jlh 'h ft2* nv h nj)j dh fflf+# nj)j dh ,vn gv+t. N)d)/v*lvj(ht j0hdjtt* ;nt(h2jnh )v(jf/jtttht# 3j 0tj tlh+ );nd 0*(h2jt +lvj,hj h f,jh)t tl vnjvh(+tlhj t3th't*(j> jndj)* ttjn*!n tftth 3j '(jn ;n+*3j t()tnjtttht hj '(fvft)* vhnh(t2jt 6. Chjt( );nd th ft)j ;n2hlh+# )tt* +* fvgj dh f(tn)hh2h# dv'* )v0 nj)j ;n (hlt2jjlh )v ft0hnjj nv t(h,vjh +*!2j hB'vj tvtv(f(t l*vnt(vl. T*)h(ht )j()v0+'h)t* h +tn)tvt( tl )v0jn2hnjhj. Hft*(;(ht dh)lt(tt* n!t ff+t nj)j);nd t'(h)jtt*9 0tj dhg(t,* +h hB'vnh ,lt0vlvj# jt( dt)* +f;(3h3th nhft+t# vt fj dh dfv* f(j nhfh(j)jt*. J0jt* dh)j '(f)hdt(ht djvjn* 5 +'(h t!j ft)h 'h tf2j +* (*0;n* tthn2j 3j vjgjlhn2j.
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t)h3tj dfj th(0hnj# 0tj tlh+ jn$hnjf. F't;nd t)v0 'hnt(v jn$hnjf2jttth- )(hdh0 )* nh t'(f'jh0 0tj 0vlt dh )fn)h'tvl g(t)jtnh+). +hdjv 3j j/vf( tl ft)vlt*2jj jnvhntjvh 3j t+f)jttjvh t +'j(jtvlvj. 5 F4 j l!crrjlh c! s!s"hnsjh7 Cf. Hr.- J9 Djsc- !JJJ) Tsh- !#J". Cv tlth )vvjnth# f* tftvl +t;(njnd ;n )hjltl2j t3th'tt(h 3j )v(jf/jttth. 56 !hnhrt jt7 Cf. Tt)jt# T$rjcflt- 58# $5> =f0nh jgnftv0 '(f 0tgnjfj)f h+t". 55 "rfchdtrht dj!jn7 T+)vn+* 3j 0tnjfh+ttt* ;n t)hlt3j tj0'. Cf. Crjt.- J# 5. 240 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

&. Itjjn t 5j c!rtj!l tlthrnht2 #rh jt&. Phnt(v )* +;nt nh0v(jtft(h# th ft) lt fhl9 tt;tt h3tj );t 3tjj# jt( ;nv*2ttvl 'ftth tftvl. F0 f*(* )vnf3tjn2h# lv0h!n ;ntvnh(j). Sftt 3j ff(2h# f)hj 3j 0;jnj9 f*(* )v(tj# h +tht('* 3tjjn2t. A. +ntrh jnh dh"hndhn t&. Jdflvl6 nv h f*)vt dh!tv(jtf(vl# )j dh!tdf(ttf(vl lvj. J+)v+jtvl v(ht 0tj 0vlt tt;(n*tf(j dh hl dh);t (h)vnf+)*tf(j. F(v+t(h/j t3th'tt(ht )v(thnjtft(h dt)* 'vj th0hj 'h (h)vnf3tjn2t vvlgt(*# )*)j 'h );t dh ,jnh 2jnh 0jnth t)hht# 'h!tt;t h dh vjtv)* t)ht+tt. Mtj 0vlt f,2jj dh 'h v(0t dh'hndhn2hj dh);t t )v(thnjhj9 +*tvlvl ;ntft()h nv0tjdh);t +'tthlh j/vf(vlvj# jt( 'f(tf)tlt +tft(+* )tdh djn tv( ;n +ttv(5. Sf;(3jndv!+h dh'hndhn2t# +f;(3h3th 3j )f(h+'fndhn2t 3j# )v ht# )fn+jdh(t2jt. Fjh lh)2jh# 3j ;n)* dh '(j0 )ht+& ;n hB'h(jhn2*# +!f ;nt(h2jj# nv +!f!0'ljnh3tj# '*+t(;nd 0h(hv nhvfjt dh tjnh )hjt( 3j lt ;n)f(fnttvl 'tt(fn9 dt( +* nv tjvngj )v0vt lt hB)h+vl dh!t t*)ht )t +* g(h3ht+)* 3j nj)j dh!t ft)h jn)v(t,jl (*vl tltvjt '(jn fflf+vl t*v. @. F# +n t"f$h!&. Nv th nt3tj ;nt(hg9 )v fjh)t(h /j th dh!+*v;(3h3tj )t 'h(+ftn*# )t +lvj,*# ';n* tjvngj lt t'fghvl fjjn2hj 'h(fh)th# lt ;0'ljnj(ht!n ;n/h+t(*(j# ;n hB)hl1(j> t(h,vjh +* th )vnf3tj dv'* (hljhft(ht gv+tvlvj# 'v(jfj)t(ht jnghnjf/jt*2jj# dv'* 0ttv(jtttht jvdh)*2jj# dv'* l*0v(j(ht vfjn2hj. Vnjj nv tjvng nj)jfdtt* +* fjh dh'ljnj# lh lj'+h3th 0h(hv )hvt9 tl2jj ;nt;(/jh +* dhvjn*. B*(,ttvl 'h(fh)t# ;n2hlh't ;jj +'v+h# )v0jnth ;n ft'th# h '(j0jt 3j )hjt( df(jt ;n +f)jhtttht (t(* t dj+)h(n*tf(jlf(.
& Itjjn t 5j c!rtj!l...7 Cf. Hr.- JJJ# JV9 Dj+)# V9 Crjt.- JJ# 7. A +ntrh jnh dh"hndhn t7 Cf. Fr.- 56# $74# $7%# 67@. Tdj)* f*!th jndj+'hn+t,jl 'hnt(v )hjltl2j 3j ;nt(h2jnh t)h+t (t'f(t dh dh'hndhn2* tl )hlf(ltl2j ft2* dh tjnh. A6 Jdfl!l7 Rhflh)2jt t)ht+tt h f tdt'tt(h t vnf( vh(+v(j djn Mt(2jtl# H"j$rt#h- VJJJ# 6&# A!@> =Evj fjngjt +t)(f+ vhl 0t(0f(h vvltv+# nfn ft)jt jjlh Dhf+> Dvj (fgtt jjlh ft)jt" :=Cjnh ;n)hj'vjh j0tgjnj +t)(h djn 0t(0v(* +tv djn tv( nv ft)h /hj# )jnh +h (ftg* ;j ft)h"C. A5 "frtfctlt... djn t!r +n stt!r7 ;n f(jgjntl# jf) dh )vvjnth> =)th dhl f(f tl lfdf". J0tgjnht t't(h ;nt(!f +)(j+ft(h t lvj Tntfnjf P*(h/# )t(h +'vnh )* +vvh(tnjj =+h fflf+h+) dh ft0hnj )t dh 'f(tf)tl*# 'h )t(h f )tvt* 'hnt(v +v) 3j# dv'* )h j!$ +)ft# f t(vn)* djn 0;n*" :TH!BG. FC# '. $A&tC. A& lhc jh... dh"rj# chts7 ;n vnjvh(+jt*2jlh 0hdjhvtlh# )v(+v(jlh )hlh 0tj j0'f(ttnth +h 2jnhtv lt '(j0t f(* t dj0jnh2jj. @$ F# +n t"f$h!7 Cf. Djsc- ?VJJ9 F(.# 5%#658#6579 Shnh)t# Dh jrt- 6#$8#@> =+)jt nh0jnh0 nt+)j +t'jhnth0# +hd fjh(j". FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 6&$

4. H!jt !jctfrjj ts!"rt "ttrfn!l!j&. V(;t* h f(j)h j/,;nd*# jt( t+v'(t +t*';nvlvj# +tv '(f+tht+)*# +tv ftttl*. Sv'h(jf(jtttht t ff+t 0h(hv dhth+ttt*# 0tj tlh+ dh +v'h(jf(jtttht ;n+*3j. Tthn2jt f,j3nvjh3th +*!3j t+)vnd* tvtnttjhlh 0*(vnth# t+)vn/;nd dh 'jld* f(v0v+h2ht +v, nhf(;ndvjtl*. Vhj g*+j lh+nh jn3j gttt +*!3j (h)vnft+)* jnfh(jf(jtttht ;n nf(f) 3j fj(h# dt( ;n jnghnjf/jttth nj)j vnvl# )v tt;t 0tj 'v2jn f +vvh(tnjttth> ht h+th tt(j,vtvf((hgh 3j# )t ttt(h# f(j)h )(j0* ;0'ft(jv*!j h dh lh/0tjh+ttth. S;nt +vvh(tnj# 3j vf( +* fjh 3j!n )hht )h!j '(jn hB)hlhn2* t+tfhl. P(jn)j'jlf( lh 'lt)h +* fjh tjvtt2j# dt( nv ;nt(h)v2j# 3j f(j)h +f*tvj(h +!t't(* 0tj dhg(t,* v*tvj(h 6 t (ht0jntj(jj )hlf( vjttth dh);t lv0jnt(h t )hlf( nh'(j)h'vth dh hj. Sv,tjljtttht t)ht+tt nh!f '(f'*v*dvjh+) fh(j)jt )hjt( t3t(jj# )t(h# 0*)t( )*!j +;nt fh)jf(j 3j +t(*lv)jtf(j# nj)jfdtt* nv +h 0*+ft(* )v v*'*jlh +ft(hlvj. 7. F# nh"tj#t5- chh25jh t chlhj #tj #trj +nl j#j dh c!$ht&. ;n+*3j +v'h(jf(jtttht +t ;l j/,*vh3th dh +v'vnh(ht ft2* dh 't+tgh(h j0'(h+jj vvlgt(h. Nv h+th 0tj 0t(h +t*';nj(h dh);t )ht dh +jnh6# t '(f'(jjlf( 'ttj0j# t(jv0ftl lj,h(vlvj t(,jt(v. j )hjt( dt)* 'ttj0t t( )v'(jndh 'h(+ftnt# +* nv +h!n)v0hth lt fvn)2jh# 3j )v tt;t 0tj 'v2jn# )v );t h 0tj 0t(h> 0jjlf) (h/fnt,jl dh!t hvjtt nh'l*)h(j 3j )hjt( dh!t +)v(tt )tlht +'(h (h'vtt2jh. %. Dh2#jnth4 j #hthhnhlh nt jhj&. T't ;0'*(t*3h3th ;n+v3j(jlh ,vnh +tv (hlh tlh vjnhlf( '(jn )t(h )v(gh# jt( f0vl 'h! tlh )lj0hj ;n )t(h +!t n*+)vt. Vnjj dttf(ht/* 0tj 0vlt dh);t tl2jj 'tt(jjlf( lf(# tv;nd 't(th t)flf dh vn /hnjt 0tj '(jhlnj). Nv h nt2jh# nj)j )hjt( djn )hlh 0tj )vlth# +)vtjt* dh v(hvn dhfh)t f(jgjnt(# 'h )t(h vh)jnjj nv '(hght* +* j!$ vh3thjht+)*# fjh djn vj)lhnjh# fjh )t 0;ng;jh(h. H t(jv0f*tft(h dj,*)jh +*!nd(h'2j +tv 0*)t( +* dh/0jn2j t)h+th +tjg0tth nt2jfntlh> df,;ndh3tj t+tfhl t'ltvdt,jlt ftj0* dh vnj) ;nt(h tj t*j# )*)j )hht )h h+th 0tj 'v2jn t3th'ttt h '(h2vjt 0tj 0vlt. S;nt 3j 0hthhnh )h 2jn dh ft0jljh# dh +tt(h# dh +lvj,* 3j dh v;(+t*# )t(h# dt)* +h!nt;lnh+) tftth ;nt(! vn jn+ 3j nv +;nt '(h;nt;0'jntth dh tthn2jh# tl)*tvjh+) vn 0fn+t(v nh+vfh(jt.
4 H!jt !jctfrjj ts!"rt "ttrfn!l!j7 Cf. Hr.- J?# ?JJ9 Sjr.- &- A> =;ntjntht ;0'*(ttvlvj nv th t(*tt )* h3tj ;n2hlh't"# f(t/* )jttt* ;nt(!f +)(j+ft(h t lvj Tntfnjf Ph(h/# =T vn g(tn '(jvtdf"# BTH# t. ?JJJ# '. &4$. 46 sft!jrh... !t!jrh7 ;n f(jgjntl# jf) dh )vvjnth> = Dvh hl tvj+f htgt tnth+ vj+f dh..." 7$ F# nh"tj#t5... Cf. Dj+)# ?JV9 Shnh)t# Dh jrt- 5# @# $. 76 st"+njrh... dh sjnh7 Cf. Djsc- JF9 Fr.- A6# AA# @%9 Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj ctrh L!dlj!- C?JJJ> =T fj +t*';n 'h tjnh h +t*';nj(ht )ht 0tj 0t(h" :hd. )jt.# '. &&$C.

%$ #hthhnhlh nt jhj7 Cf. Djsc- J# JJ9 Crjt- JJ# 5.

242 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

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6$9 "r!dhn st! j#"r!dhn 7 Vh/j 0tj +v+. Djsc- V# '. # nftt $@&. Cf. 3j T(j+!tfthl. Pfljtjct. 4. $> =Tt;tt nf(f) ;j (hvjnh fjh)*(vjt# );t* '(vdhn2* +tv vj(tvth". 66 F# c! t"lt!dt1jlh c!nf5tjn h7 Cf. Hr.. JJJ> Dj+)# V. 66> tftth chlh 5t"th7 Sh (hfh(* lt )hlh 3t'th t(th lj,h(tlh +tvdjtth ;n vnjvh(+jt*2jlh Hvvlvj Mhdjv 3j )t(h 'vthtv fj ;n+v3jth f*(* t th ;njf+j# +'(h dhf+h,j(h dh )hlh 0h)tnj)h +tv 0tnvtlh. Hlh h(tv f(dfntth ;n dfv* )j)lv(j> trjjj!# :g(t0ttj)t# (htf(j)t 3j djtlh)tj)tC 3j @!tdrjj!# :t(jt0htj)t# 0v/j)t# ghf0ht(jt 3j t+t(fnf0jtC. 65 S n! tj njcj !n stj$#tt7 Hr.- VJ9 Crjt.- JJ. $$. 656 Dtc4n!4!l "hrfhc j!njj7 ;n f(jgjntl# =Hl +jnf dh lt 'h(fhh)jfn". P(f'f/j2jh hlj'tj)*# +hn+vl fjjnd )* f(j)h 'h(fh)2jvnh t(h vn =dt)*" +tv vn =dt)* nv"# tdj)* t(h vn +tjg0tt. 65!'Nj "ttj# "hntr! hlh7 Mftjv dh/vflttt ;n Djsc- ?VJ 3j ??. 65& rhstrj5tht ntt!rtl7 Dv'* Svhtfnjv+# jhj$h +#"rt jlfr- =Jvljv+"# &A# 3j Ct+tjgljfnh# JJ Cfrth$jtnf- 9- &8. Ch/t( 'v(tt )vnvnt dh ltv(j )t +*!3j t+)vnd* )hhljt. Tftfdtt* Ch/t( +h (h0t()t '(jn '(h/hn2t +t dh +'j(jt# )t(h!j 'h(0jtht +* ;ntft()* ;n ftvft(ht +t nh3tn+hlh. Vh/j# dh 'jld*. Tsh?VJJ> =Ch/t(# ;n Tf(j)t# +*(jnd djn ,t()*# +h ;0'jhdj)* 3j )*/v# dt( nv0tjdh);t )f(h)t* '(hvh+tj(ht# /j);nd> Thnhf th Tfrjct. N!t0 )*/vt# )j th!t0 lvtt ;n +t*';nj(h. T f*)vt vn h)hjvf) ;nt(h )*dh(h 3j ;0,(*2j3t(ht '*0;ntvlvj."

6&. Th#"hrht24 j j#t$jnt jt. Vnhf(j +t(vnjnd!f# tlthf(j tjv!t;nd!f# )*)j h tftvl 'hnt(v fh(j)j(h# 3j tjv+t;nd!f$ 3j )v0jn2hnjt. Dhvjnh tj(tn*> nv +h 0tj 0vl2v0h3th )v +'h)vlt2jt# )j t(h)h lt ft'th# 3j )hjt( f,j3nvjh3th t 'vnh +t*';nj(h 'h vjt2*# f*);nd!f 'l*)vt* +tv t'*+*tft(h# dv'* nh(f/jt )h!j )*3vn*# 'hnt(v )* nh ft)h nh0vl2v0j2j +tv ;nh;ntt2j dh nfj ;n3jnh6. Vnf(t lh ;nf*2j3ht/* nh)fnthnjt )hjnv(j# '(hf*);ndv!+h ;n )*l*v df0h+tj) tl '(f3tjlf(9 tltf(t lh '(f'vnh nf(f)j(j 3j tvhntv(j )v f(jvfl* ;nfv0v(t(h. Jtt* );th 'ftth# dt)* n!f ;nf(;nht/* '(ht'(vdhntvl ,vn!+j02 5. 6A. B!n "rjch"tfr. tjjn2t dh t )vghtt h(t t(t* t t(thlf(9 t)v0 nv 0tj tjvngh> t(h,vjh +* ghj)h3tj# 3j 0tj tlh+ ;n dh/t0*gj(j. Nv 'ftth fj '(j)h'vt )jnh nv!j ,vn '(j)h'*tf(. HBj+t* )lt(v*/*tf(j tj jnj0jj 3j ljnh3j tj jnthn2jjlf(. Tdhv*(v(jlh )t(h nh jnth(h+ht/* )hl 0tj 0vlt nh vjn 0h(hv (f+tjth 'h jv0*ttth> tthntvl )tt* t lh '(j0j )v '(j)h'h(ht ;nt(htg*> dt)* ftvf(t,jlh# +t(;ng;nd h*2v(jlh )(hdvljt*2jj9 dt)* fdjft+h# d;ndv!j 'jnthnj. 6@. Gsh5th4j fjhcr!jt 5!r!1!l&. H t(tt dh!t 0j3)t vfjn2h. Cfn+t* 0tj 0vlt ;n dj,*)jh dh);t ;n hft*(;(h> f 3tjjn2* '(jn )t(h +* '*t(vn/j ;n fjh)t(h6. Nv h vfjn2* f*(* 'ttj0* +'h)jtl*> 3j djfh(jth# dv'* vt(jhtttht gv+tv(jlf(. Tf2j +;nt jdfltt(j# vnjj tj )fn+jdh(t2jhj# tl2jj tj jnth(h+vlvj# jt( )hj 0tj 0vl2j tj 'l*)h(jj. j(htlj)vl h dh t )vnft3th t)h3tj jdflj 'hnt(v 0ftjvt(h# )vnf+h;ndv!j fjh)*(vjt j0'vl+vl hfj)jhnt> h )t 3j )v0 tj tvht )hhjt v(h(jj )hlf(ltl2j. T(h,vjh +* 0h(gj lt 0ftf(vl '(j0. )t(h nv!j tftdhtvnt )hl +v'(h09 )hl 0tj tdh+ht h )hl 0tj dh jf+# fjjnd)* 'h lv0h +;nt 0tj nv0h(f3j
6& tj!st+nd4f...7 ;n f(jgjntl# '(f'f/j2jh djfj)jl dh ;n2hlh+ djn )tv/t +v'(j0*(jj '(fnv0hlvj )f0'lh0hnt dj(h)t> = tvn FOP tjv+tt lt )f(dv(t"# t)h+tt fjjnd '(f,t,jl lt. )v tnth)hdhnt =j0tgjnt2jt". Vh/j RN!FM# '. A4# nftt &# 3j BP!BG.FC# '. 547. 6&6 ...+nh+ntt j dh nfj +n5jnh7 Cf. Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- J?# 68> =Mj+h( h+t Dvj +h nfn ,httj++j0v0 jvdj)tt" :=Cjnh nv +h +f)fth3th vn f0 fh(j)jt h+th vn nhfh(j)jt"# hd. )jt.# ''. 6$!66C. 6&! 1!n4sj# 7 ;n f(jgjntl# =+jndh(h+j+"# vh/j Fr.- %@!$. Cf. Crjt.- JJ# %# 3j Jgnt)jf dh Lf flt. H.hrcj jj- 5$&. 6A B!n "rjch"tfr7 Vh/j Djsc- VJJJ. nftt 4&9 )f. Fr.- 6$8# 66A. 6@ 5!r!1!l7 ;n f(jgjntl# =hl tf()hdf("# jn+t(v0hnt dh tf(tv(*# fflf+jt 'hnt(v t +0vlgh 0*(tv(j+j(j# dhnv0h3th tj)j 'vn)tvl +lt, +tv# 0tj hBt)t# +l*,j)jvnht df0jntnt*. 6@6 s "tr!n2j +n fjhctrh7 CJ. Hr.- JJ> =H tftvnt +*!j dh+)f'h(j vnvj ,*(,tt tfh)tvl 3j +*!j dh+)hj/j f 'f(tj2* +'(h ff(t*(ht2t )t't)jt*2jj +tlh."
6&7

FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

dh/f(dfnt2jj dh);t f(dfnt2jj. T(h,vjh +*!j '(hvjj 0tj ;nt;j fj(ht# +*!j ttjngj t'fj 0tnjt# +* ttt)j )v 'ttj0t# )t(h vt dt nhg(h3jt 0tt lj,h(vl t(,jt(v. 64. Prhfhr h.thnsj!njj jnthnsj!nht&. Ph(fh)2jvnht nv +t* ;n )tntjttth# )j ;n )tljttth. Tft )h h fft(th ,vn t ff+t tftdhtvnt 'v2jn 3j (t(> 0vltvl h dj+)(hdjtt(h. Chjt( '(jnt(h ft0hnj# v(jt3jj +;nt dh f,j)hj tdhv*(t2jj 'jtj)j. Vnjj '(h2vjh+) )*(2jlh dv'* 0t+jvjtttht lf(# )t 3j )v0 t( fj +)(j+h )t +* hBh()jth 0tj dhg(t,* ,(t2hlh dh);t jnghnjf/jt*2jlh. HBthn+jvnht +jngv(* n!t 'vtvt dh'*3j nj)j);nd 0hdjf)(jtttht 3j h fltghl tl ft0hnjlf( vnjvh(+tlj# dh ,jnh )h +h vf( 'h+th tft# nv!+ nj)*jh(j6. Jnthn+jvnht )fnfh(* h0jnhn2*# 3j ;n)* h(fj)*# dt)* ;n 0tth(jh +v,lj0*. 67! +n nj#jc !!l$tr&. Nv ;n gv+t. F# 0t(h ;n2hlh't6 )hl )h +h nh)*jht )* ft'thlh +tlh h(tv 'h 'lt)vl )hlf( 0vl2jQ ;0,vj,*(j )v t'ltv/h dh (;nd nv!j 0vl2v0h+) 'h dj+)h(n*tf(j. S;nt vnjj )t0hlhfnj 5 tj 'f'vlt(jt*2jj ;nt(!tt;tt# ;n);t nv! 3j tfl* +ttj+ft)2jt ;n tdjh(jlh '(ht+vtvh tlh lvj T'flf# )j dft( ;n +vflt(ht vvlgt(*. Nj)j ;n jnthlh)t> nv '(hfh(t 0j(t)flhlh vvlgvlvj# )*)j nv!+ tlt)hvt dh);t +'h(jhtf(j 'hnt(v jgnf(tn2j# vj0jnd nhghjf,jt f,3tht+)*# 'h );nd lvt(ht!t0jnth +jngvlt(* f dh/t0*gh+). 6%. F# jnth$r!. Pv(v(j dh 't(tht (t2jvnjj# )v tt;tt d;(/hnjh ;n g;nd# ;n);t nj)j 'ttj0t vvlgvlvj# nj)j +jlnj)jt tj(tnj)* +* nv!$ f,ljgh v(hfdtt* +*!n)tl)h hftt(vl (t2jvnjj. Dt( )jnh f fj ft(h t)h+t fhnjB tl nh'*(tjnj(jjO C*)j jnthg(jtttht t(h 'v2jnj tdh'2j. Mvl2j f (jdj)*!n +ltv*# dt( nv lt hj t)t+*$9 tl2jj f v(0ht/* ';n* lt 'h(j)fl> ;n ft2t lvj# '(hf*)v2jj f t*g*dvjh+)# 'fljtj)jhnjj f df+h+). Ht nv h/jt* +*
64... jnthnsj!nht... Cf. Fr.- $8A. 646... n!4s njcjhrj7 Cf. Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- JJ> =Cjnh h+th '(htvtjndhnj nv h+th nj)*jh(j" :hd. )jt.# '. &C9 Mt(2jtl# H"j$rt#h- VJJ# 45# @> =Dvj+Dvj+ v,jDvh ht,jttt. MtBj0h# nv+Dvt0 ht,jttt" :=Cjnh lf)vjh3th '(htvtjndhnj# MtBj0v+# nv lf)vjh3th nj)*jh(j"C. 67 +n nj#jc !!l$tr7 Cf. Hr.- V9 Fr.- 68@# 6&A. 676 #trh +n hlh"t7 Cf. Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- ??J?> =Nj)jfdtt* n!t0 v(fjt +* fjv 'h 'lt)vl 0vl2j0jj# )*)j )h )vnf+) hv# 0vl2j0ht nv '(h2vjh3th 3j )h '(h2vjh3th 0vl2j0ht# hv nv )vnf+)" :hd. )jt.# '. 47C. 675 ct#hlhfnj7 Dv'* f )(hdjn2* t(tn+0j+* ;n)* djn Tntj)hjttth# +h )fn+jdh(t )* h(tnt hB)lv+jv* t )t0hlhfnjlf( t( fj th(vl# (h'(h/hnttt tj)j dh =+vflt(ht t'ltv/hlf(" vvlgt(h. 6% dt( nv lt hj tcts7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl )vlh+ dh Mt()hj/vl dh Stntjlltnt> =Jv+!tj)jt# 0t+ nf 'f( nvh+t(t )t+t" :=D(h'ttth# dt( nv lt nfj t)t+*"C. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 6&%

+h f'vn* '(jhthnjhj# 'vth(jj 3j )hjt( '(f'(jvlvj jnth(h+# 3j!tj)j h (j+)vl dh!t nv f (h)vnft3th. Vj)lhnjj t,+t(tg 6 )v 0httfj/j)* t'ltv!dt,jl*# +'(h t nv ffhn+t fjh (t2jvnht +v'h(jft(*# fjh 'h )ht dh Sttt# dt( ,*(,ttvl nh+t(*0vttt jvdh)* dj+j0vlt(ht d(h't vn +fj dh t(*dt(h5# +h 0;nd(h3th 0tj 0vlt )v thnt)jtttht dh);t )v +tgt)jtttht# +h tfl* vndh +h tfl* tdhv*(vl9 3j# dt)*!j '*(*+h3th 'h +h0hnj# 0ftjvvl nv h nh+tttf(nj)jt +t# )j t lf(# )t(h l!tv '*(*+jt hj '(j0jj &. 58. N! ftch ct2 dh fc!"t jj djscrhdjttth&. j 0tj 'v2jn dh )hlh hj0h(j)h# )t(h +lvjh+) 0tj 0vlt +*!2j tt(tg* dj+'(h2 dh);t )(hdjt. Mvlth +;nt +h)thlh )t'(j)jvlvj# 3j ,*(,ttvl )v0jnth t(h,vjh +* fvg* dh tftth. S;nt gv+tv(j hBt(tvtgtnth )t(h +h lj'h+) tftdhtvnt dh tft )h (h+'jng ;n2hlh'2jj> t(*jh+) fft(th 0vl2v0j2j dh f(j)h ,j/t(h(jh 3j# )hjt( dt)* t+tt!j ft)h fft(th )vnf+)v2j# h 0tj 0vlt djn '(j)jnj dh (;+ dh);t dh (h'vtt2jh. Tthntvl nv t(h,vjh +* +h ft)* (h0t()tt nj)j )hjt( ;n 'f+tv(t dh ;n2hlh't6# nh)v0 ;n )hlh )h!3j t)f'h(* dh (jdj)fl tdh'2jj9 nv lh +'h)jfj)*0# fjjnd)* lh!t '(h)j/tt dj+'(h2vl f,3th+). 5$. C!nft5th4j "h fhrjcj j- ct s4j tlh$j- 5j "h nhnfrfcj j- ct s f!$j dh hj&. Nhnf(f)j(ht h dh f,j)hj )(j0* dh '(f+tjh# 3j nj)j f )fnttgjvnh nv!j tt;t dh 0flj'+jtft(h ;nt(h )f'*(tt3j. S* nv dh+!
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gjnht hBth(jft(*# '*+t(ht/*!2j!f 'h )ht jnth(jft(*# )t +!f ;nd(h'2j# )t +!f t0hljf(h/j. Cvnft3th!2j 'vth(jlh )v0jn2hnjhj 3j!tlh 'h(+'j)t)jt*2jj ;ntjnth dh!t ;nt(h'(jndh )hvt9 'j'*jh!2j )h(,j)jt ;ntjnth dh!t th tv;ntt9 +fndht/*!2j td;n)v(jlh 3j );nt*(h3th!2j )t't)jtttht ;n f(j)h ;0'(hjv(t(h. %8. Trtt dh t trj #!lt&7 +* t(*jh3tj ,jnh. Dfv* lv)(v(j vjn jvth dh ht) vjh2jj> '(f+tjt +tv tj)*lf3jt. Vnjj 3j!tv 'jh(dvt!f 'hnt(v )* n!tv 3tjvt +!f '*+t(h/h# tl2jj 'hnt(v )* n!tv v(vt. T3t )v0 vj(tvtht ;3j h+th '(f'(jt (*+'ltt* 6# tft t+tfhl vj)jvl ;3j h+th 'hdht'+* +jh3j> )jnh t(*jh3th (h'h/jt ;n vj)jv +f;(3h3th jvth ;n dfv* fhlv(j 59 )jnh t(*jh3th (h'h/jt ;n vj(tvth nv 0ft(h nj)jfdtt*. Jnthg(jtttht )vghtvlvj +h t(tn+0jth t(v'vlvj# 3j lvng* h +f)ftjt* vjt2t ,vn* & nv dft( ;n jnthn+jvnh# )j 3j ;n hBthn+jvnh.

%$. Tc jfnht2 tftdht!nt fr scr!"!l dh j#"r!dhn &. Tht0t dh nh(hv3jt* lt )hl )h t)2jfnht/* dhvjnh nv0tjdh);t hvjdhn2* 'hnt(v )hl )h '(jvh3th# )v tt;t 0tj v;(tf+ dt)* h+th (jvtl. Dt)* jvdh)ttt ;3j ft)h +)(v'vl 3j!n )*ldv(t 't+jvnjj# 0tj t;(/jv# lt (h)h. +h vt f+;ndj 'hnt(v '(f+tjh nftf(jh6. S;nt '(j0hjdjft+h t)2jvnjlh lt )t(h '(vdhn2t +t* ;n )v0'*n*> 0tj +jgv(* t( fj (hnvn2t(ht. Cv0jn2hnjt nv td0jth dv,jj> '*3h3th tftdhtvnt ;n t0jt/t lv0jnjj (t2jvnjj. Cv0 'ftth jh3j )v ,jnh f ;nt(h'(jndh(h )t(h# t,jt 'v+* lt )tlh# +h 3j vhdh )fndt0ntt* dh nh;n)(hdh(hO Jt( dt)* 3j dh)j/jt )ht 0tj '(f0fvtt* )v vn nh#jnh djscrh"tnth9 l*vnt(j) +h!nt;0'l* +* h3vh/h# )h 0tj t3tht't* )ht )t(h t dh,vttt ;n 3fv*jtlt (t2jvnjj 3j!n (hlhlh '(h+j02j(j tlh jvdh)*2jjO
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%6. Crhjhr s!"hrjfr&7 /j) ;n tftth. H ;nt;jt 3j +v'(h0t (hgvl* t lv)(*(jj 3j!t vf(,j(jj# )v tt;t 0tj (h)f0tndt,jl* )v );t +lvj,hlh +;nt 0tj 0t(j 3j 0tj ;ntlth. Mtj '(h2jf+ h vn d(t0 dh )v0jn2hnjh dh);t f)tlh dh +v,tjljttth 6. H f '*3j(h +jgv(*# dh3j nv '(ht t'ltvdtt*# dt( (h'vtt2jt dh f0 )v0jnth h ;n+v3j t(jv0fvl ftj0hj> vt fj dh tjvn+ +*!j 0vl2v0h3tj 'h )v0jn2j# t )*(f( t'(f,t(h h 'jtt(t dh ;n)h()t(h t +v))h+hlf(. %5. F# !nj!hrstl&. Tl)*tvjt djn tftth dh+*v;(3j(jlh# vtlf(ht/* );t 0vl2j. Ft)h vjt2t '(htfh(j)jt*# ;0'*(t*3jnd t)ht+t* dh+f*tt(h )hlf( t'(f'jt2j. Vt(jhtttht ;n+f2jt* dh 'h(fh)2jvnh h ,v)v(jt vjh2jj. Mt(h t(t* )ht dh!t 3tj +* '(ffj2j dh tft )h h ,vn. j dh v(h0h )h nttv(t $!t f*)vt 'h f0 vn )f0'hndjv tl ;nt(hgjj fj(j '(jn h0jnhn2t +t# ft)* djn hl t(tt vn vnjvh(+ '(jn hBh()jtt(ht 3j )vltjvt(ht gv+tvlvj 3j!t jnthlh)tvlvj. %&. Nhc!"rjndhrh t ct"tcjt jj&. B*(,ttvl tthnt fh(ht+)*!+h +*!j fjh +fndtt* td;n)j0ht# fjh t 3tjjn2hj# fjh t vtlf(jj# dt)* v(ht +* fjh dh tf2j vhnh(tt> d)/v*lvjt+)*!+h )vnft3th(jj# nv ;n2hlhgh(jj. Nj0hnj +* nv!j dj,vjt+)* lj0jthlh )t't)jt*2jj# djn '(j)jnt v*djthj '(j0hjdjj dh dh/t0*gj(h. S* nv dht nj)jfdtt* '(jlhj )vjvt +*!$ '(j)ht'* 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl> 0tj 0t(j hfh)th dh vhnh(t2jh tv '*(h(ht 3j dv,jvl ';n* vndh tjvngh )t't)jtttht fjh)*(vjt d));t hvjdhn2t hj# f(j);t t( fj dh 0t(h. %A. T 5tj s +ntrh jj t5th"ttrht&7 t(h,vjh +!f tlj0hnth/j nh)v(0tt9 0vltvl f*g*dvjt+)* 0tj 0vlt# 3j )ht 0tj ,vn* ft't* fjh 0t/6 'hnt(v 3j 0tj ,vnh. Nv 0j/t tftvl dh lt '(j0t 0;n*> 0t(h 3tjjn2* h +* 3tjj t!2j d(*0vj ff(2hlh# ;n 3tjjn2*# 3j t! 2j g(*,j t(jv0fvl.
%6 Crhjhr s!"hrjfr. Cf. H(.# ?9 Fr.- 67# &59 Crjt.- JJJ# @. %66 drt#... fctlh7 Ff(0vlt(h ,t/tt* 'h =(hff(0t" vnf( '(fvh(,h )v(hnth> =Mt+ vtlh fn/t dh '(vdhn)jt Dvh t((f,t dh )jhn)jt"# =Mt+ vtlh fn/t dh jvj)jf Dvh Dvjnttl dh ttlhntf" ht). :Cf((ht+C. Cf. 3j Hr.- ?# '. A7. Vh/j ;n t)h+t +hn+ RN!FM#'. $77# nftt 6. %5 F# !nj!hrstl7 Cf. Dj+).# VJJ9 CrjL- J. %. %& Nhc!"rjndhrh t ct"tcjt jj7 Cf. Hr.. $9 Fr.- 5. %A T 5tj s +ntrh jj t5th"ttrht7 Cf. Hr.- J9 Dj+)# ?JJJ9 Fr.- A7. %A6 fjh #t27 H)hjvtl*0 t+tfhl +'. =hnvjdt( dh 0t f(h+"# '(jnt(!vn th(0hn ;0'(v0vttt tft djn lhBj)vl jf)v(jlf( dh )*(2j# #t2 fjjnd +v0t )h +h tdtvg* lt 0j/*. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 273

%@. Dhs"rh #trht sjndhrh2&. H t(fnvl (t2jvnjj# ,t/t '(hvhdh(jj# )*)j# dttf(jt* hj# nj0h(j(ht 2jnthj )f+t* 'v2jn. H nf(f) )h(h+)# 3j ;n)* )hl 0tj (;vnjt# )t ;nt;jvl 3j )hl 0tj ,vn> '(j0t 'jh+* djn t(0v(*# dh!f ttt(h v(ghn2*# ;n);t nj)j f tltt )t(h j!t( lj'+j vnvj f0 nv l!t( )tljfj)t d(h't lj'+jt9 0jnv+vl hj +h vhdh 0tBj0. Tftth lv)(*(jlh vjh2jj dh'jnd dh ;n(;v(j(ht hj 3j tftth!j )h( )fnfj(0t(ht# )*)j tftvl t(h,vjh +* fjh )v )(hjh(. Cfn+t* djnt(!f ;n)ljnt(h ;nn*+)vt* )*t(h tft )h!j 0tj 'ft(jvjt )v (t2jvnht# ;n+f2jndv!+h tftdhtvnt )v )h!j 0tj nj0h(jt. %4. Df1+ndh5th 5j"stjht24 j rh"!tt jt. H v/vf(v)tvl ftj0hj. Cf+t* +)v0'# fjjnd)* nt3th djn h0jnhn2h# )t(h +;nt lt fhl dh (t(h 'h );t dh )f0vnh +;nt 0hdjf)(jt*2jlh. F dtt* df,;ndjt*# h lh+nh dh '*+t(tt. F,ljg* 0vlt 3j (htlj/ht/* 3j 0tj 0vlt. P(jn +v,lj0jtttht f(jgjnjj 3j!t +fh(hj +tlh h vn +fj dh 0tjh+ttth );nd dhvjnh vhnh(t2jh9 tftv3j# nv0tj (h'vtt2jt +v,+ttn2jtl* h 0h(hv vtlf(ft+*. %7. +ncjfrht24 j !fjn t&. Pt+jvnjlh +;nt 'f(tj2hlh )vghtvlvj. Cht 0tj '(t)tj)* 3tjjn2* )fn+t* ;n dj+j0vlt(h9 )jnh jft)* dh+)f'h(jt (j+)* +* 'jt(d*. Rh/h(vt '(h)tvtvlvj lv'th )v tthn2jt )v(jf+vlvj> ljn)3jlf( )vv;ntvlvj. +h'jjlh l*vnt(vlvj. Gv+tvl nv!2j fjh )vnf+)vt# 'hnt(v t nv!2j fj '(hvhnjt# dh vnjj )t +*!$ )fnt(t/j)*# dh tl2jj )t +*!$ 0*gvlht+)*. %%. Rhtljttth 5j t"trhn &. Lv)(v(jlh nv t(h) d(h't )hht )h +;nt# )j d(h't )hht )h 't(9 +;nt (t(j )hj )h '(jvh+) 'h djn*vnt(v 3j 0vl2j )hj )h +h 0vl2v0h+) )v t't(hn2t. Nv h dh!tjvn+ +* tj d(h'ttth )v )hj' dh (ht!)(hdjn2*.
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274 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

$88. Br1tt dh2t#$jt&7 )(h3tjn ;n2hlh't# )v(thtn fjlf/ff. Dt( +* nv 't(j t3t. nh)v0 +!f +j0vlh/j. Fjlf/fft(ht h dj+)(hdjttt*# dh3j h ;ndhlhtnj)j(h dh )*'hthnjh t!n2hlh'2jlf(. tjjn2t )v0jn2jlf( nv 0tj t(h tvtf(jttth. Shnh)t t jnt(fdv+!f lt Rf0t9 +!t '*+t(tt f v(h0h 'h lt )v(2j9 t/j t(h)h d(h't j0'h(tjnhn2*. Dh/t0*gj(ht t ff+t ;n+* tftdhtvnt h(tnt '(vdhn2hj# dh+f*tt(ht jnthg(jt*2jj. $8$. J!#ttth dh l!#h j+dh dh chtltlt j!#ttth- +n "rfstjt t!t!rfrt&. Stv tftvl h ,vn# +tv tftvl h (*v# dv'* '*(h(j9 vnvl gfnh3th dv'* )hht )h tltvl '(jgfnh3th. P(f+t jn+v'f(tt,jl )hl )h v(ht +* f(dfnh/h f(j)h f,jh)t dv'* '(f'(jv!j )fn)h't. Dh+*v;(3j(jlh nv dh'jnd dh vn +jngv( 'lt)> tt;tht gv+tv(j );th )hj'v(j# 3j lt fhl dh vt(jtth. Nv!j dhfh)t f*(* tfh)t# nj)j nv t(h,vjh +* th dh+)v0'*nh3tj djn '(j)jn* )* vn tnv0jt lv)(v nv lh 'lt)h vnf(t# )*)j nv vf( lj'+j tl2jj )t(h +*!$ '(h2vjt+)*9 dt( nj)j t'ltv/hlh t)h+tf(t +* nv!2j fjh '(jlhj dh ;nfv0v(t(h# 'hnt(v )* tl2jj ;l vf( )fndt0nt. Rhgvlt tdhv*(tthj 0vl2v0j(j h t'(f,t(ht ,*(,t2jlf( (h'vtt2j 3j )t(h!3j 'ft dt '*(h(ht ;n t)ht f(djnh dh lv)(v(j. Nv t(*j0 dv'* f +jngv(* '*(h(h6# nj)j dv'* vn +jngv( f,j)hj# nj)j ;nt(!vn +jngv( vht). $86. Stf#tc "hntr! #trj d!#jct j tj sftrthj&. ;n t(v'vl '(vdhn2hj# f 'j'ft* nv h 't(tht )ht 0tj nh;n+h0ntt*# dhft(h)h f 0t(h )t't)jttth h tl)*tvjt* djn '*(2j 0t(j. Bvnhlh nf(ft)h nv!$ ;0'fv*(ht/* 'h )jnh 0h(jt* tlthlh 0tj 0t(j> )hht )h 'hnt(v vnjj h jndjgh+tjh 'hnt(v tl2jj h ;nff0htt(h. Mvl2j +;nt )hj )*(f(t f(j)h fhl dh 0;n)t(h fft(th tlh+ lh )tdh g(hv djn )tv/t 'v2jn*t*2jj fj(jj lf(# nh)(h+)vt* 3j nhn*+)vt* 'hnt(v +lvj,h tt;t dh +v,lj0h9 (hlt2jjlh )v lv0ht lj +h t0*(1+)# jt( djn '(j)jnt fv0v(jlf( )h +h (jdj)* djn (h'vtt2jt lf( )tl'*# tjvng +*!3j 'jt(d* )t'vl 69 +;nt ;n 0t(h '(j0hjdjh ;n lf)v(jlh ;ntlth# 3j nv!j ;n)t'h 'jhlht# 'hnt(v )* nv ;n)t'h!n
$88$ Br1tt dh2t#$jt7 Cf. Crjt.- J# =Cjtjtf(vlvj"9 JJ# 6. < Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- V. Dh nfttt +t(v)tv(t (jt0j)* t tff(j+0vlvj# 'h )t(h t0 )*vttt +!f '*+t(*0# tj)j )t 3j ;n tlth lf)v(j# 3j ;n t(tdv)h(h. $8$$ J!#ttth dh l!#h...7 Cf. H(.# V# DC9 C(jt# J# $$ :lt;n)h'vtC> JJ# $$. $8$6...f sjn$!r "rhrh7 Shntjn2* djn Ph(+jv+# A# A5> =vhllh +vv0 )vjDvh h+t. nh) vftf vjvjtv( vnf" :..Fjh)*(vjt t0,j2jt +t# nv t(*jh3tj dv'* f +jngv(* df(jn2*"C. $86$ Stf#tc...7 Cf. Hr.- JV9 Djsc.- ??9 Fr.- 6%6. Rht0jntj0 )* thBtvl jn+'j(ttf( tl t)h+tvj tff(j+0 h+th G. Bfth(f %Dhttj #h#frt1jlj- ffl. &% v(.C. $866 ...s45j "jtrd ct"!l7 Cf. Shnh)t# Dh 1rh!jttth !jtth- ?JJJ# 4> =F Dvtntt0 )tljgjnj+ 0hntj,v+ nf+t(j+ f,j)jt 0tgnt fhlj)jtt+" :=F# )h nf(j (*+';ndh3th 'h 0jn2jlh nft+t(h f 0t(h fh(j)j(h"C.

FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

64A

hj nf(f)vl. T(tth# t3tdt(# 0t(hlh ,*(,tt )* ;n)*!j 0tj (*0;n +;nv(j 'hnt(v lv)(v(j 3j 0tj 0t(j 3j fvg* )v )ht 0tj 0t(h g(jj* dh f(j)h t( 'vtht dt +h0nh dh jnj0* ;ngv+t*. $85. Fjhcr!jt dh#njttth "h #s!r&. Fjh!2j tftth ft'thlh# dt)* nv tlh vnvj (hgh# dh0nh dh vnvl# dv'* +fh(t tt9 'v(tt(ht (hght+)*# ;n lj0jthlh +f(2jj ttlh )v0jn2j> +v,lj0jttth ;n ft'th# hlhvt2jh!n )vght*(j. j!n tftth t+h0vjh!th vnvj (hgh# '(jn 0h(jth# dt)* nv ;n (htljttth# )*)j vh(jtt,jlt +vvh(tnjttth +t* ;n jnthg(jtttht 0f(tvv(jlf(9 nv vt tvht dh )h +* 'j/0vjt+)* 0*(h2jt )jnh!j 'ftth fj hBh0'lv. Mtj tlh+ )hj djn '(htj0t t(fnvlvj +* jt )hvt djn tdhv*(ttt +v'h(jf(jttth9 ;0'*(t*3ht+)*!+h 0tj dhg(t,* djn ;n/h+t(*(jlh 0tjh+t*2jj dh);t djn )h(h0fnjjlh vtnjt*2jj# f*(* t n*/vj lt j0'h(fh)2jvnht ;nfv0v(*(jj# )j lt (hljhft(ht 0jh/vlvj. $8&. Jt "!ls!l sl!j1hlfr&. ;3j tv fhlv(j0ht lf(> )vnft3th(h dh 0tgj+t(v 3j )t(h '(htjndh lvt(h!t0jnth9 vnhlh )h( )v(tj# tlthlh +v,tjljttth. S;nt 0tj lh+nh dh ;0'ljnjt )hlh )t(h dh'jnd dh (h)tjtvdjnh 3j 0tj g(hv )hlh )h dh'jnd dh t(tjfj)jv> )v f fj(h ,vn*# nv h nhvfjh dh 0tj 0vlt 'hnt(v t)hlht9 'hnt(v t)h+tht# nv!+ dh!tjvn+ nj)j tftt* tthn2jt 3j vjgjlhn2t. Tnhvfjft+* f)v't2jh t gvvh(nt ft0hnj# dt( 3j 0tj 3j nh,vnj +tv '(f3tj 6> h nhvfjh dh )(hjh( dv,lv );nd tj dh!t ft)h )v )jnh n!t(h dhlf). Slvj,* dh nh;ndv(tt )ht )t(h th +flj)jt* 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl# )v )ht+v(j nv0*(tth 3j 0vn)* nh+)hj0,tt*9 0tj ,vnh +;nt )hlh lj,h(h dh 'lj)tj+htl*# ;0,jn;nd vt(jhtttht )v g(tvjtttht# dhft(h)h tlth(nt(ht ;0'(f+'*tht/* gv+tvl. Chlh 0tj '(h2jft+h +;nt )hlh )h '(h+v'vn f dh'hndhn2* 0tj 0vlt +tv 0tj 'v2jn ;ndh'*(ttt*. j )ht 0tj (ht h t)hht )t(h lt v(0* th ft)h +* t+v/j lt dh+)*()t(ht f0hnht+)* 5 3j# 0tj v;(tf+# lt )ht djvjn*&.
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)v hlh9 v*ttfj ;n tft lf)vl# ft) gtlh(* djn )hht )h t( 'vtht fj hlj/hv. Dt( dt)* jnth(vjnh 't+jvnht# ;0'jng tftvl lt hBt(h0. Dj0'ft(jv*# ,vnt )(hdjn2* g*+h3th +)v/* lt tftth# dt)* nv jnthn2jt# nhtthn2jt. $$8. N! t5th"tt s fjj sftrh +n tsfjn jt. H 0tBj0* t )v0jn2jlf( +* +h lh'hdh dh lv)(v(j ;ntjnth dh t +h lh'*dt hlh dh hj. ;nvt2* +* ft)j vn t(jv0f )hjt( djn '(f'(jvl t*v +f;(3jt# )*)j vnhf(j 3j +ft(hlh# ;n 'ljn* +t(*lv)j(h# f,j3nvjh3th t +h (ht(tgh dv'* vn nf(# 'hnt(v )t nj0hnj +* nv!$ vtd* )*/;nd# 3j nh lt+* nhdv0h(j2j dt)* t t'v+ f(j ,t. Fh(h3th!2j fjjn2t dh t'v+v(j )t +* nv!2j 'lh+nht+)* dh (h+t(j3tj9 nv t3th'tt +* 2j +h!ntft()* +'tthlh# )*)j vhj fj ;ng(f'tt dh vjv 'hnt(v 0;hnj(h 3j 0f(t 'hnt(v '(h2vj(h6. P(j)h'vtvl ;3j 'hn+jfnht/* lt tj0' )tlvl 3j nv t3tht't* )t# 'ftj)njndv!+h# +* +t;(nht+)* hfhfth dh (;+ ;n tfjvl tlh(g*(jj59 f(v0v+h2ht +*!3j +'t(g* fgljndt lt tj0' 3j )v vj)lhnjh# jt( nv )v nh(*,dt(h 0tj t;(/jv# v*/;ndv!3j dh/t0*gj(ht. $$$. S* tj "rjhthnj&. H t dfvt fjjn2*. F(j)h '(jhthn h ,vn 3j ;n2hlh't 'hnt(v '(jhthn9 ;nt(h hj# tftvl jh+h ,jnh. Vtlf(h/j tt;tt );t vf( )hjltl2j 3j. )t +* v(ht# t(h,vjh +* lh );3tjgj gv(t '(jn jnj0*. Nj)j f v(*jjtf(jh nv +h )f0't(* )v ,vnvl +h(vj)jv# jt( 'hnt(v t );3tjgt '(jhthnjj )hl 0tj ,vn 0jjlf) h +* lh ft)j. Dh'jndh dh )hjltl2j tft )h tvh0 0tj 0vlt 3j 0tj ,vn. T(h,vjh +* t(*j0 )v t0j)j +tv )v jnt0j)j9 +t(*dvjh3th!th /jlnj) +*!2j tgfnj+h3tj vnvl# dt)* nv jntj0# 0*)t( tfh)tvf+# )*)j vnjj ;2j (*0;n )fnfjdhn2j t(h);nd '(jn (hv3jtt hlh)2jvnjj. $$6. C+5tj$4 j "jftst j!1jrh&. C*)j 3j Ctv/t '(j0* 3j +v'(h0* f '(hvhdh 3j f (;ndvjh3th# ;n )hlh 0tj dh +ht0* lv)(*(j tlh +tlh. Lt )fn)h't jnt(j '(jn tfh)t. Vnjj +h ;n)(hd tt;t dh 0vlt ;n 0h(jt# ;n);t dj+'(h2vjh+) +t(*dvjn2t9 tthn2jt 3tjh ;n+* ,jnh );t dh 0t(h h f)flvl
FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ
64%

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0h(jthlf( +jngv(h dt)* nv +;nt tjvttth dh ftvft(h. Bvn*vfjn2t ;nlh+nh3th 3j ;nlf)vjh3th tftvl9 ht nv nv0tj '(h+v'vnh tftdhtvnt ;n/h+t(*(jlh# )j lh 3j 'vnh6# '(h)v0 )v(tjvl# jnthg(jtttht# 3tjjn2t# ';n* 3j dj+)h(nh(ht9 nv vhdh nj)jfdtt* lttv(jlh v(;th# fjjnd)* nv v(ht +* lh vtd*. Nt3th dh f,j)hj djn 'ft(jvj(ht 0tth(jtl* ;n fj(h# nt2jh# (vdhnjh# 'tt(jh 3j +lvj,*9 )ht +'j(jtvtl* h 0tj +v,lj0* ;n ;n/h+t(*(j# ;ndttf(j(j# (h'vtt2jh# 0h(jth. Tftt* g(hvtttht h +!f );3tjgj# )*)j dh '*+t(tt h lh+nh. Pf2j +!f df,;ndh3tj '(jn +t(*dtnjj 3j +*!nvh2j t f fflf+j. $$5. Lt sftrt "rjhlnjc- "rh$th5th4th dh cht !jtrh$&. H )hj,/vjt +*!2j ft)j vt(t '(fvj/jj 'hnt(v jt(n*# 3j h 0tj lh+nh> +;nt jhftjnh ttvn)j htt;(v(jlh# h ,hl3vg dh '(jhthnjj. H ,jnh +* 'vj dhf't(th 'hnt(v v(h0ht (ht# )*)j tdvh(+jtttht h +)v0'* 3j lj'+jt* dh tftth6. S* tj (h/h(v* dh t0j)j 3j dh (h)vnf+)*tf(j# fjjnd)* ;nt(!f ,vn* /j vhj 'vnh '(h2 'h )hht )h t)v0 nv jhj ;n +ht0*. Mfjj)jt nv t(h nj)jfdtt* '(jhthnj lt '(f+'h(jttth# 'hnt(v )*!j nh+f)fth3th 59 lt (h+t(j3th# f nh+f)fth+) hj 'h ht. $$&. N! cfnc!rt njcjfdtt&. F(j)h '(hthn2jh )v f'f/j2jh 3tj(,h3th (h'vtt2jt9 )f0'htj2jt ;n)ljn* j0hdjtt +* +tjg0ttj/h/h )t +* dj+)(hdjth/h. Pv2jnj 'ft(t* (*/,fj )jn+tjt. H0vlt2jt dh/v*lvjh dhfh)thlh 'h )t(h )v(thnjt lh vjtt+h> 0vl2j tv t(*jt t'(h)jt2j );t tj0' n!tv tvvt )fn)v(hn2j. Ff)vl (jvtljt*2jj t2;2* +tv (h;nvjh nhlhgjvj(jlh 0ft(th# dh/g(ft'* dvhf(j t(h)vth 3j t(hjt(h)vth. Cf0'htj2jt ;n)h'h )v dt(ht lt jvhtl* t 'hthlf(# tjvt;ndv!+h )v f(j)h 'ftth 3j nv +h )tdh# 3j )v tftth )* vnhf(j# ,t )hjt( )hl 0tj tdh+# jjgnj(jlh nv!+ t(0h dh fflf+# ;3j g*+h3th tftv3j ;n hlh f jf+nj)* 0vl2v0j(h 'hnt(v (*/,vnt(h# 3j 'h!t)ht+tt f +)vtv(* )v tt;tt +hth# ;n);t ft)h +* +t(* dh 'h 'hth '(tfvl vjt*(jj. Bvn*vfjn2t t ff+t tftdhtvnt 't3nj)*# 3j (h'vtt2jt ,jnhvfjtft(h.
$$66 ...cj lh 5j "!nh7 Cv tlth )vvjnth# =lh 'vnh" t)flf vndh nv hBj+t*# tt(j,v!jndv!lh )vj nv lh 'f+hd*. $$5 Lt sftrt "rjhlnjc...7 Cf. Fr.- $A@9 C(jt# JJ. 5. $$56 lj"sjt dh tftth7 Cf. Fvjdjv# Trjstjt- $#%# A!@> =Dfnh) h(j+ +f+'h+# 0vltf+ nv0h(t,j+ t0j)f+> th0'f(t +j fvh(jnt nv,jlt# +flv+ h(j+" :=C;t tj0' vhj fj fh(j)h# t0j)jj th!0'(h+ft(*. Dh +h!nnf(ht/* v(h0ht# tft +jngv( f +* fjj"# t(td. dh Thfdf( Ntv0C9 Shnh)t. Scrjsfrj- J?> =;n jv(vl )hlf( 'vth(nj)j +t* d(ftjh dh '(jhthnj" :hd. )jt.# '. $%C. $$55 ...nhsfcfth5th7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl> =Cvtndf hl vjlltnf h+t1 hn hl 0vlf# nj )fnf)h t Djf+ nj tl 0vndf" :Cf((ht+# =C;nd 0fjj)vl h 'h )tt;(# nv!$ 0tj )vnft3th nj)j 'h Dv0nh/hv# nj)j lv0ht"C. $$& N! cfnc!rt njcjfdtt7 Cf. C(jt# JJ9 $$. 678 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL l TRTT PRVDHNTHJ

$$A. Dh"rjndh4th c! ctrtcthrhlh rhlh tlh chlfr djn tnt!rtj!l t!> lt fhl# )v )hj'v(jlh v(;th9 t+tt!2j h dh!tjvtf(t(h );nd lt 0jjlf) h!tt;(nt(h. S;nt fj(j +*l,ttj)h# dh nv 'f2j t(*j nj)j )v hlh# nj)j f*(* hlh. H# t3tdt(# f j+)v+jn2* +* th f,j3nvjh3tj t(h'ttt# )t 3j )v v(;2hnjt# 'hnt(v t nv th lvt '(jn +v('(jndh(h ;n g(f/*vjt ;0'(hjv(*(jj. P(j0t ft(* ;n+'*j0;nt*# dt( ;n)htvl )v ;n)htvl ;2j 0tj 'jh(/j djn '(j0t f(ft(h ft2* dh hlh# jt( '(h)tv2jt '(hvjnh +v'*(*(jlh +tv lh +v'f(t* 6. $$@. Trttht2 tftdht!nt c! ft#hnj dh ctljttth. Pf2j +* th f,ljgj ft2* dh hj 3j +*!j f,ljgj. ;n+*3j )tljtttht lh h )hl 0tj ,vn /*lfg tl 'v(t*(jj# )hjt( ;nt(!vn )fnflj)t# 'hnt(v )* t)2jfnht/* t3t )v0 +;nt9 3j h '(hfh(t,jl +* lv'2j )v ft0hnj dh ,jnh dh);t +* t(jv0fj t+v'(t vnf( ft0hnj dh (*v$. Cv tj)*lf3jt nv hBj+t* ,vnh (hlt2jj# 'hnt(v )* nv +h +f)fth3th dttft(h jnthg(jt*2jj9 dh t)hht# ;nt(h tj)*lf3j nv hBj+t* nj)jfdtt* '(jhthnjh tdhv*(tt*6 3j nj)j tfh)2jvnht lf( nv h dh +fj ,vn# fjjnd)* nv +h ;nth0hjt/* 'h fnft(h. Lht'*d*!th tftdhtvnt dh f0vl f*(* ht# )*)j )jnh n!f '(h2vjh3th nv '(h2vjh3th vj(tvtht. Jt( fnft(ht h t(fnvl jnthg(jt*2jj. $$4. N! !fr1j njcjfdtt dhs"rh tjnh&. F(j tj +* th ltv/j# 3j h ;nfv0v(t(h# f(j tj +* th ,lt0h/j# 3j h lt3jttth# 3j# )t 0jnv+ dh )v0jn2hnjh ;n )hl )h vf(,h3th# h )hjn 'hnt(v t+)vlt*tf(j. Dt)* t(h,vjh +* hvj2j t3t )hvt ;n jntj0jttth# 0vlt 0tj 0vlt ;n 'f+tv(j +v,lj0h# vndh vf(,h3tj ;n 'v,lj) 3j vndh t(h)h nv0tjdh);t d(h't '(f+tjh f(j)h t't(hn2* t hj. T)hlt3j nhtjvn+ dh )v0jn2hnjh ;l dfvhdh3tj 3j vf(,jnd dh+'(h )hj dh ft2*# djn )tv/t '(j0hjdjhj dh t th j/,j dh vnt djn t)h+th dfv* +t;n)j> t ljngv3j(jj +tv t f)*(;(jj. $$7. C+5tj$4 j rhn!#h dh c!rthnjtfr&7 )*)j h dh tjvn+ +'(h t th ft)h t'ltvdt,jl. Cv(thnjt h '(jn)j'tlt 't(th t )vltv(jj# vn +fj dh
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$$76 n! +ns h$tl7 T0hlft# ;n t(tdv)h(ht +t# t0jnth3th )*# dv'* Jvtn Rvff %T"fth$#ts. $66C# t th 'v(tt )v tf2j ft0hnjj lt fhl t( ;n+h0nt +* ,hj 3j +* 0*n;n)j djnt(!vn +jngv( vt+ 3j +* ttj ';jnht 3j )ht't )v t)hlt3j )v2jt. $$% Nv th ftch tntj"ttj2tt7 Cf. Djsc.- ?VJ9 Fr.- @. $$%6 M!l j !rsc $rtt!jt7 Cf. Jftn- $A# 6A> =Dvjt fdjf ht,vh(vnt 0h g(ttj+" :=0!tv v(;t 'h dhght,t"C. $68$ Trjh5th4n "ts c! !rh#ht7 ;n f(jgjntl# Vj!jj t Jf "ltjcf- tdj)* =t(*jh3th t3t )v0 +h '(t)tj)*". Cf. Djsc.- V# ?J?9 Fr.- &5# $68# $55# $AA. $686 c!# sh f1j5n!jh5th7 ;n f(jgjntl# =t tjh0'f+"# lf)v2jvnh jnth('(httt* )t +jnfnj0* )v =t vh)h+" :=vnhf(j" +tv ='h (;nd"C# ;n RN!FM# '. 65A# nftt &9 +tv )v =hn )fnff(0jdtd )fn lf+ tjh0'f+" :=)fnff(0 v(h0v(jlf("C# ;n TH!BG. FC. '. $7A,. nftt @. F't*0 'hnt(v t)h+tt djn v(0*. $685 G!st!l ct"hthlfr7 ;n f(jgjntl# =Hl gv+tf dh lt+ )t,h/t+". F(# ct1h2ts- f*(* )tljfj)ttjv ftvf(t,jl :,vnh# 0tj ,vnh ht).C t(h f nvtn2*# +'vnh Rf0h(t Ntvt((f :RN!FM. '. 65A!65@# nftt @C# dh +v,t'(h)jh(h# dhft(h)h# dh3j t(h f vtlft(h jndj!vjdvtlj/tnt* 3j dh 'h(+fntlj/t(h v0tn*# ct1h2t :)t'C +h t'lj)* 3j lt ;nt(hgvl vnvj tnj0tl +tv tl vnhj vjth dh f(j)h +'h)jh# jt( dt)* ft0jljjlh h(tv nv0*(tth# ;n vhdh(ht fjB*(jj j0'f/jthlf(# dv'* nv0*(vl dh )t'hth# tft dv'* )t'hth +h nv0*(tv 3j tv(0hlh dh vjth9 )t ttt(h# =hl gv+tf dh lt+ )t,h/t+" h)hjvtlht/* )v gv+tvl )hlf( 0vl2j +tv tl )hlvj 0tj 0t(h nv0*(# )v f nvtn2* )lt( dh'(h)jttjv*. 2#2 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNTHJ

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FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

2#3

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$6A. Mj fj ctrth !hrdh&. Sh0n )* ftj0t 2j!h 'vt(hd* h+th '(hf)v't(ht dh jnft0jt tltf(t. Vnjj t( v(ht# )v 'hthlh )hlf(ltl2j# +* 3j lh!t+)vnd*# dt)* nv )hjt( +* 3j lh +'hlh# 'h!tlh lf(9 +tv +h )fn+flht/*# )hht )h h f )fn+flt(h t '(f3tjlf(. T)h+tf(t lh dvhnh3th gv(t# )*)j +;nt ht/ntlhlh +)v(+f(jlf( dh 0thtlt. ;n t3t )hvt# 'h );t +t'j# 'h!tt;t th +'v()j. Pv2jnj +)t'* dh v(hf 0hththn* '(f'(jh# fjh dj(h)t# fjh 'jh/j39 nv +;nt )vnf+)vth g(h3hljlh )hlf( 'v2jnj )vnf+)v2j. Tthntvl fh(ht+)*!+h t dhvhnj )ttt+tjf dh jnft0jj# )*)j ;n+ht0n* +* fjh (*,fj dhth+ttt 3j# dh3j vjv# +vflht 0f(t. $6@. N! h "rfst cjnh ftch "rfstjt- cj tchlt ctrh- f dtt fc!t- n! 5tjh s4f tsc!nd &. Tfh)thlh t(h,vjh 2jnvth +v, 'h)hth# 3j 0tj 0vlt ;n)* dhfh)thlh. Tf2j ft0hnjj ft) g(h3hlj# )v f dhf+h,j(h ;n+*> dh3th'2jj 3j lh dh/0jnt 'h )hlh f*)vth# jt( '(f3tjj lh 0jnt6 3j )v )hlh ;n)* nhf*)vth. Rh'vtt2jt )fn+t* 0tj 0vlt ;n +h)(ht dh);t ;n ft't*9 )*)j dt)* nv h3tj jnf)hnt# fjj vjgjlhnt5. Nhgljjhn2hlh 0t(jlf( ft0hnj +h f,+h(v* 0tj v3f(# )t h)lj'+hlh 0t(jlf( lv0jn*tf(j. Fjh f hB)h'2jh dh lt '(jhthnjh t nv!2j 0*(tv!
$6A$ ...)t(th !hrdh7 Cf. Crjt.- JJ# $$. Rht0jntj0 )* '(jn =)t(th vh(dh" :+'. =lj,(f vh(dh"C G(t)j1n ;n2hlhgh tj)j# )t 3j ;n Crjt.- f =)fndj)* t nhlhgjvj(jlf(". Lj1rf !hrdh h(t )t(tht ;n )t(h +h ;n(hgj+t(t ghnhtlfgjt =)(h3tjnjlf( nfj" %cfn!hrsfs- hv(hjj )fnvh(tj2j lt )(h3tjnj+0C. Ctrtht !hrdh t T(tgfnvlvj t ff+t (hdt)ttt* lt +f;(3jtvl +h). tl ?V!lht. Cf. 3j Crjt.- JJJ. @ ht). $6@$ N! h "rfst cjnh ftch "rfstjt. ..> Cf. Hr.. JJ) Fr.- 6@69 Crjt.- JJ9 $$. $6@6 Jh #jnt7 ;n f(jgjntl# =0jhnthn" :0jntC# )t(h nv t(h ;n+*# )(hdh Rf0h(t Ntvt((f# nj)j vn +hn+. d(h't )t(h '(f'vnh )f(h)tv(t =0jhnttn"# dh lt #hnltr- t 0hn2jfnt# t 'f0hnj# vh/j RN!FM# '. $6@# nftt 7. Cv tftth t)h+tht# nfv* nv nj +h 't(h j0'f+j,jl dh jnth('(httt nj)j ff(0t =0jhnthn" djn thBt# dh lt #hntjr- t 0jn2j# vh(, '(h/hnt ;n thBthlh lvj G(t)j1n 3j )v ;n2hlh+v(jlh dh t dhghj/t# t t+)vndh# t 0t+)t# t ftl+jfj)t# t t0*gj# t f(v+t(t# vtjlj/tt* dh tvtf( 'hnt(v t t+jgv(t 't(tlhlj+0vl )v =dh+0jhnthn"> =lf+ +tgt)h+ dh+0jhnthn lt+ hh)ht+# lf+ nh)jf+ 0jhnthn lt+ 'f( ht)h(". C(hdh0 )* 0hnfj(t(h,vjh jnth('(httt ;n t)h+t )t/ )t tv;nd f vtlft(h dj(h)t t(tn/jtjv* vjflhnt*# +hn+vl fjjnd =lh 0jnt"# tdj)* =lh dtv d(h't tdhv*(tth". HBj+thn2t tt;tf( )fn+t(v)2jj 'h(h)hh ;n thBthlh tvtf(vlvj )fn+tjtvjh vn t(gv0hnt 'vth(nj) 'hnt(v '*+t(t(ht ff(0hj =0jhnthn". )hjt( dt)* ;nt(!f t))h'2jh ff(2tt* 3j 'h(+fntl*# ;0'(hjv(t(h fft(th f(h)vhnt* lt G(t)j1n. $6@5 jnfchnt... j$jlhnt7 P(f'vnh0 t)ht+t* nfv* +flv2jh dh h)hjvtlt(h t jf)vlvj dh )vvjnth djn thBt> =)t+tf... )tvtf"# ;n lf)vl 'h(h)hjj ='(ht )t+t < '(h)tvt"# djn '(j0t vh(+jvnh t t(tdv)h(jj. G(t)j1n 'f(nh3th dh lt '(fvh(,vl =Sj nf h(h+ )t+tf +h )tvtf" :Cf((ht+C# )t(h t(tdv)h '(fvh(,vl lttjnh+) =Sj+ )t+tjf(# +fdtlj+# tvt +j+ )tv!tjf(". Cf. 3j =)tvth nj+j )t+th". FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 67A

(j+j dhfh)thlh nj)j hj 3j nj)j )hjt(# dh!j )v 'vtjn2*# jdhntjt*2jj ttlh&. Th 'f2j ;n+* fflf+j tj)j dh )htltlt* (hgvl* dh vjt2*# +* ;nvh2j t vjttA. $64. Dh2jn!flt!rt +n tftth&. H vjt2* t ;n/h+t(*(jlf(# +vflv tl vf(,j(jj# +vflht tl f*'tvj(jj# (hljhf tl ;n+h3j (hljhfv(jlf(. Chlhltlth 'h(fh)2jvnj +;nt f(nt0hnt tl nttv(jj# dt( dh/jnvfltv(t h )hjt( tl 'h(fh)2jvnjlf(> ';n* 3j!n fhlvl dh!t g;ndj h )hlh,(tt*. jnh )hl 0tj 0vlt dh '(jvjlhgjv6# +t(*dtnjhj ;j h+th )hl 0tj 'v2jn dttft(h# )*)j h +v'h(jft(* 3j dj+)j'ljnhj9 t(h)h dh v3v(jn2* 3j ;nt(h)h hlhgtn2t9 '(h+v'vnh t'lf0, 3j tdtvg* dh+*v;(3j(h. F*(* ht# f(j)h f(v0v+h2h h 0ft(t*# 3j f(j)h g(t2jh# dj/g(t2jh. H )f0vnj)t,jl* )v(tjvlvj# ;n2hlh')jvnjj# '(vdhn2hj# ;n+h3j 0tjh+t*2jj. H +)v(t*tv(* 'fljtj)* ;n (h/flvt(ht t(h,v(jlf( dh +ttt 3j jh3j(h )vlt* djn f(j)h j0't+. $67. Hlh!t jh dh c!$ht&. Sh nv0*(* '(jnt(h )hlh 0tj dh +ht0* )h(jn2h )t +* fjj h(fv# dhft(h)h ;nfl*)*(ht/* )*t(h tftth fhlv(jlh dh 0*(h2jh> (hljhfht/* gv+tvl# 0*(h3th jnj0t# ;ntl2* g;ndj(ht# ;nnf,jlht/* )fndj2jt 3j '(hdj+'vnh lt 0tjh+ttth. F(jvndh +!t( tflt# +h dj+tjngh# jt( vnhf(j# dh/0jn2jt* dh 'j/0t +f(2jj# +h ft)h ff(th +* t(fnh/h9 +h l*(gh3th ;n vfjn2*# f(j);t t( fj dh 0*(gjnjt* ;n 'vtjn2*. j!f (h)vnf+) d(h't j/vf( 0*(jnj0jt# nf,lh2ht 3j f(j)h ;n/h+t(t(h h(fj)*. $6%. N! th "l+n$h njcjfdtt&. Pl;ngh(ht dj+)(hdjtht/* tftdhtvnt. Mtj 0vlt +lvjh3th )t '(ftftj' dh f,(*/nj)jh 'hnt(v 'ttj0* dh);t dh )fn+flt(h 'hnt(v )f0'*tj0j(h9 dh+)hjdh d(v0 )vj f tvdh# )t +* ft)* lt fhl# jt( 3tj(ht ffhn+hj )hlvj djnt;j h dj+)vl'* 'hnt(v )h!$ dh!tl dfjlht.
$6@& t 9j!4 j #rt!rjsj dhfhcthlh... njcj chjtr... jdhntjt jj ttlh7 Rhgvl* +t(tthgj)* 3j tt)tj)* t '(vdhn2hj g(t)jtnh3tj# 2jn;nd dh t)hht3j +fh(* t =dj+j0vl*(jj" ,t(f)h# 'h )t(h t0 ;nt;lnjt!f ;n tt;tht (;ndv(j. P(h)tv2jt ;j )h(h dh)j ='h(+ftnhj" +* nv!3j 0*(tv(j+ht+)* dhfh)thlh nv nv0tj '(jhthnvlvj jntj0# dhft(h)h 3j hl +!t( 'vtht fflf+j );ndvt dh t)ht+t* ttjn* ;0'ft(jvt tt# dt( nj)j )hjt( 2jh ;n+v2j# '(f'(jhj ttlh =jdhntjt*2j"# dh3j nf2jvnht dh =jdhntjdtd" 't(h :RN!FM# '. 6&%# nftt $AC lj'+jt* dh f(j)h fvndt0hnt htj0flfgj) +tv v/vtl# '(h/hnt;nd dft( f vtg* tntlfgjh )v "hr4 sfnth jdhntjtts djn lj0,tjvl jv(jdj). Cf. 3j '(fvh(,vl +'tnjfl =Dh+)v,(j0h t hl )f0f t0jgf# t(0f+h0h )f0f th+tjgf" :Rfd(jgvh/ Mt(jn# =M!t0 t(*ttt lvj )t '(jhthn# 3j 0j +!t ;nt(0tt )t 0t(tf("C. $6@A s +n!h j t !jtt7 H+th )hjt( h'jg(tfvl Fr.- 6@6. $64$ Dh2jn!flt!rt +n tftth7 Cf. Hr.- !JJJ. $646 "rj!jlh$j!7 ;n f(jgjntl# ='(jvjlhgjf"# )v +hn+vl dh dt( ;nn*+)vt. $67$ Hlh!t jh dh c!$ht7 Cf. Hr.- JV. $6% N! th"lln$h njcjfdtt7 Cf. Fr.- 1<5) Shnh)t# Dh tt- 9- 55#$. 67@ FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

Vnjj# )v 'l;ngh(jlh lf( dh+'(h jjgnj(jlh t(h)vth# dtv '(jlhj )hlf( vjjtft(h 3j# '(htjn/;nd lht) +tv 0;ng;jh(h# tt(tg +ttj+ft)2jt 3j )hjt( dj+'(h2vl )hlf(ltl2j. F 0tj ,vn* 'fljtj)* h +* '(f+l*vh3tj ;ndttf(*(jlh vnf(t# )t +* lh +tht )hh/t3h tltf(t# jt( hvf)t(htVnf( htt;(v(j f*)vth dh t,+hn2j ;n+ht0n* t lh +flj)jtt )hlf( '(h/hn2j> ;n+ht0n* t vjndh tltf(t )(hdjtvl vnf(t. Jt( ,*(,ttvl tthnt +* nv!3j ft)* nj)jfdtt* 'v,lj)h nj)j (h+t(j3tjlh# nj)j dhfh)thlh> '(h2vj(jlh ;n+* dt# )*)j hlh +h(vh+) lt ;n)v(tjt(ht '(jhthnjlf( 3j dh+)v(tjt(ht dv30tnjlf(. $58. F 5j f s "tr&. Lv)(v(jlh nv t(h) d(h't )hht )h +;nt# )j d(h't )hht )h 't(6. T vtlf(t 3j t 3tj +!f t(*2j ;n+ht0n* t vtlf(t dh dfv* f(j> )hht )h nv +h vhdh h )t 3j )v0 n!t( fj. Nj)j (t2jvnht ;n+*3j nv h vhnh(tt* );nd n!t(h ft2* 'h 0*+v(*. S;nt 0vlt 0tj 0vl2j t0*gj2jj dh);t tvj/t2jj9 '(h)v0'*nh3th t0*gj(ht# jt( lv)(v(jlh +;nt jvdh)tth djn tft(*. HBj+t* lv)(v(j )t(h +;nt )v tftvl tltfhl dh )v0 't(. HBth(jf(vl 'l*)vt h )ht 0tj ,vn* (h)f0tndt(h t 'h(fh)2jvnjj l*vnt(j)h5. $5$. Fjlftj#jh dh ctrtcthr&. Svflhthlh ;3j tv ghntjlh2ht lf(# f g(t2jh t +'j(jtvlvj# )v tlh )*(vj t)2jvnj fjlftj0h f jnj0* +h v0'lh dh dj+tjn)2jh. Nv lh h dtt* tvtv(f(t# )*)j '(h+v'vnh 0*(jnj0jh. P(j0t hj '(hf)v't(h h+th +*!3j vf(,ht+)* dh ,jnh dv30tnvl 3j +* t)2jfnh/h 0tj ,jnh. Cht 0tj 0t(h +t(*lv)j(h 3j!f v*dh3th ;n +jtvt2jjlh (*/,vn*(jj> nv j lh tnvlht/*# )j j lh t0hljf(ht/*# '(h!+)hj0,;nd!f# );nd h )hl 0tj t'(ft'h dh ,j(vjn2*# ;nt(!f nhg;ndjt* ghnh(f/jttth. H+th 3j 'fljtj)*# ,t )hjt( lt0v(t (t2jvnjj dh Sttt. Nv ft)h nj)jfdtt* 't(td* dh t(jv0fv(j# )*)j dh nj0j) nv ft)h# jt( );nd j lh df,;ndh3th 0h(jtvl# j lh t+)vndh +j0'ljtttht. $56. F !2 dh trhjsftt&. Ctlht (h'(jvj(jj h )ht 0tj +jgv(*# 3j 0tj tlh+ );nd +ttj+ft)2jt nv h v*djt*9 lt+*!2j tj0'# fjh )t +* t))h'2j# fjh
$58 F 5j f s "tr7 Cf. Dj+).# !JJJ) Fr.- %%. $586 ... )hht )h 't(h> Rhjt jdhntj) '(j0t f(t/* djn Fr.- %%# ht ;n+*3j '(hlvtt* djn Djsc.- ?VJJ. Ht vt (ht'*(ht t'(ft'h jdhntj) ;n Crjl- J. Rf0h(t Ntvt((f :RN!FM# '. $%@. nftt $C )jtht/* 3j +hntjn2t jttljtn* #JLh )f+h nfn +fnf )f0h +fnf# 0t )f0h +j vhdfnf" :=Lv)(v(jlh nv +;nt )v0 +;nt# )j )v0 +h v*d"C. $585 t "hrfhc j!njj l!ntrjch7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl :Cf((ht+C =Lt ,vhnt )t(* h+ )t(tt dh (h)f0hndt)jfn" :.ft2t 'l*)vt* h +)(j+ft(h dh (h)f0tndt(h"C. $5$ Fjlftj#jh dh ctrtcthr7 Cf. Dj+).# J") Fr.- 6A%. $56 F !2 dh trhjsftt7 Cf. Djsc- !J9 !") Fr.- $&#AA# 489 Crjt.- J# $8. Rhcfn4shjf h vn )vv;nt )(htt dh G(t)j1n# lt fhl )t 3j tlthlh t+h0*n*tft(h )t# dh 'jld*# :rh#f2f dh 'tlt)jf" %Djsc.- JJC# t(tdv+ dh nfj =t(hjfh)jf( dh 'tltt". FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 2#7

)t +* th t3h/j 0tj ,jnh> +h jvh+) nfj th0hjv(j +'(h!t )fnfj(0t 3j ;nt*(j jvdh)ttt. Dt)* h vf(,t dh dtt# dt(vl h 0tj t'(h)jtt )t 0*(tv(jh t )v0jn2hnjhj dh);t ;n 'l*)h(ht '(f0'tjtvdjnjj> tftdhtvnt '(h2vjh3tj 0tj 0vlt )hht )h df(h3tj. Dt)* h3tj +jljt +* (hfv/j# (*0;nh lf) 'hnt(v 0fd 3j 'hnt(v )ft)h(ht n!4!l!j- ;n);t +* fjh 0tj gv+tf+9 3j )hl 0tj tdh+ht# f dtt* t(h)vt '(j0vl ff) tl df(jn2hj# (h+t(j3tht (hfv/vlvj nv 0tj h (h+j02jt*# t'fj# lt (h)h. Cvj )h(h jvth# t)f(d*!j t;(/jv# )*)j h +t(tttgh0* 'hnt(v t dj+t(tgh tthn2jt. $55. Mtj dh$rt1 nh1!n c! tf j dhc+t c!#jnth dh !n!l sjn$!r&7 /j) ft0hnjj 'fljtj)j. C*)j dt)* tf2j +;nt t+tfhl# nv vhj 'jh(dh )v nj)j vnvl. Dt( dt)* h +jngv(*# )v0jn2hnjt vt fj lvtt* d(h't nh,vnjh> +h )vvjnh# dt(# +* v(0h/j )v(hntvl. Cht 0tj 0t(h 3tjjn2* h# vnhf(j# t nv 3tj +tv t th ft)h )* nv 3tjj. T(h,vjh +* t(*jh3tj )v tl2jj# 3j jgnf(tn2jj +;nt )hj 0tj 0vl2j. Ct +* t(*jh3tj dh vnvl +jngv(# t(h,vjh +* fjj +tv ;n 0t(h 0*+v(* Dv0nh/hv +tv 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl df,jtf) 6. Hv ;n+* t3 0fdh(t tff(j+0vl# /j);nd> 0tj dhg(t,* )v0jnth )v )hj 0tj )v0jn2j dh);t nh,vn dh vnvl +jngv(. Vnjj vf( +* fjh +jngvlt(j ;n hj0h(h. $5&. D!1lht24 j #jjlftchlh nhchstrh !jh jj. ;n+ht0n* t!2j dv,lt vjt2t. Dh'hndhn2t nv t(h,vjh +* fjh vnj)*# 3j nj)j nv!0,(*!2j3t vn +jngv( lv)(v# fjh hl hB)h'2jfntl> tftvl +* fjh ;n dv,lv hBh0'lt(# 3j 0tj tlh+ )tv/hlh '(ffjtvlvj# ,vn*vfjn2hj# 'l*)h(jj. H 0flj'+jtft(h nh+tttf(nj)jt lvnjj# hftt( tl 'h(0tnhn2hj# dt( 3j 0tj 3j $ )hlh )h tt;(n* dh vfjn2t v0tn*# )t(h h 3v,(hd*. Cfnt(t f(tgjljt*2jj# +* tvh0 '(fvj/jt dh (h/h(v*# 3j (hgvl* 0t(h ;n t(tt vjh2jj fjh dv,lt(ht 0jjlft)hlf( ,jnhlvj 3j fflf+vlvj. T3t )v0 t dv,ltt nttv(t 0h0,(hlh )hlh 0tj ;n+h0ntth 3j 0tj hB'v+h# t3t 3j t(tt 'h )hlh tlh dh'hndhn2hj. $5A. S n! tj s"jrjt dh cfntrtdjc jh&7 )*)j ;n+ht0n* t th ;0'fv*(t )v '(f+tjh 3j +v'*(t(h6. Cfnt(t lvj t(h,vjh +* )fn+'j(h )v0jn2hnjt. T f,jh)tt lt f(j)h 'ftth fj jnghnjf+# dt( ;n)*'*2;nttvl
$55 nh1!n c! tf j...7 Cf. Fr.- &5# $68# $5A# $&8# 6489 Crjt.- JJJ9 &. $55> Ct s trjh5tj dh !n!l sjn$!r...> Cf. T(j+tfthl# Pfljtjct- $#$#$&> =Cjnh nv h+th )t't,jl dh )fnvjh2vj(h# +tv nv t(h nhvfjh dh ht fjjndv!3j +vfj)jhnt +jh3j# +tv nv ft)h 't(th djn )httth> )t ttt(h# +tv h vn tnj0tl# +tv h vn /hv." $5& 5j #tj 5j7 Sh +v,;n2hlhgh> =3j 0tj nh+tttf(nj)h". $5A s"jrjt dh cfntrtdjc jh7 Cf. Djsc- !J") Fr.- &5# $68# $55# $75# 648# 64%. 1352 s!"rtrh7 H vf(,t dh +v'*(t(ht 'h )t(h lh!f '(fvf)j )hlf(ltl2j.

288 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

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nj0j) nv )h(h 0tj 0vlt t fj '(jvjt 'h djn*vnt(v. H f dhf+h,j(h ;nt(h t ;n2hlhgh lv)(v(jlh 3j t )vnft3th 'h(+ftnhlh# 3j h 0t(h fjlf/ffjh t '*t(vndh fj(jlh 3j!t dh+lv3j th0'h(t0hnthlh ft0hnjlf(. H lt fhl dh nh)h+t( +* +tvdjh/j ft0hnjj )t 3j )*(2jlh. $A7. +n!t s th fflfsh5tj dh "rjhthnj&. T)ht+tt!3j t(h '(f'(jt t(t* t dj+)h(nh(jj> vnjj +;nt ,vnj dh lt dj+ttn2*# tl2jj djn t'(f'jh(h# 3j )hl )h nv h 'ftth ,vn 'hnt(v )fnvh(+t2jh h ,vn 'hnt(v )f(h+'fndhn2*. Dh'*(tt(ht 'v(jfj)* vnhlh dhfh)th# 'h )t(h '(h/hn2t lh f*)ht jntflh(t,jlh. Ctvt* lt hj nv nv0tj 'l*)h(ht# )j 3j fflf+vl# )*)j t(h,vjh +* tj,* )hlh t(hj )tljt*2j tlh ,jnhlvj +tv# dv'* tl2jj# tlh fjjn2hj> vnvl# ,vn 3j tdhv*(tt 6# dhft(h)h '(jhthnvl h tftth t)h+tht. Pv2jnj 'ft fj ,vnj# jt( nh'(j)h'h(ht dh t!j tlhgh ;j ft)h 3j 0tj 'v2jnj. T 3tj +* 2j!j '*+t(h/j h 0tj 0vlt dh);t t 2j!j ft)h '(jhthnj. Ctvt*!j t+tfhl# ;n);t +* 'ftt* dv(t# 3j )hjt( dt)* lt ;n)h'vt +;nt nfj# tjvng*!2j 'hnt(v 0vl2v0j(h )* +h vf( 'vtht ;nvh)hj. Nht'*(tt# )hj 0tj ,vnj +;nt )hj fft(th +*(t2j# )hjt( dh!tj fflf+j f ,vth ;n ;n)h()t(h 5. Nv h dh3h(t )t vjt2t f*(* '(jhthnj> '(jhthnjt ;n0vl2h3th )hlh ,vnh 3j ;0't(th (hlhlh9 h lht) vnj) ;0'ft(jvt +f(2jj tdvh(+h 3j v3v(t(h t +vflhtvlvj. $A%. +n!t s4j s!"fr j "h "rf5tj&. ;n2hlh'2jj tv ff+t 0h(hv 'v2jn (*,d*tf(j# fjjnd)* )jnh tdtvg* 3tjjn2* tdtvg* nh(*,dt(h6> 0vltt )vnft3th(h h g(hv dh 0vl2v0jt. Rhgvlt )ht 0tj 0t(h t vjh2jj# dv'* H'j)tht# h+th (*,dt(ht# 3j lt ht t (hdv+ f jv0*ttth djn
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dh+tvlh t'ltv/h 'hnt(v f vf(,* ,vn* dh+'(h )hl )h vf(,h3th dh (*v9 nv h (*/,vnt(h 0tj h(fj)* dh);t '(jn 0h(jth 3j ;n/h+t(*(j )t(h ;nvjng 3j tf(tv(ht/* jnvjdjt. Fjh)t(h nf(f) h f (*+v)j(h dh jvv*2 'hnt(v (htvt!vfjn2*# jt( glf(jt (jvtlvlvj h+th jtd 'hnt(v jnvjdjf+. T)ht+t* 'hdht'+* h +f)ftjt* )ht 0tj 0t(h> +* ft)j vhnjn djn fh(j)j(h. Jnvjdjf+vl nv 0ft(h f +jngv(* dtt*# )j dh tft tt;tht f(j );th t(*jh3th ;n /vfnv(j dh t'ltv/h )hl jnvjdjtt# 'h(hnjtttht ftj0hj vnvjt ;nt(h);ndv!+h )v 'hntljtttht )hlvjltlt> '(j0vl h nh0v(jtf( ;nt(v +ltv*# tl dfjlht ;nt(v )t/n*. T(;0,j2t ftj0hj# )t(h +vn* t nh0v(j(h 'hnt(v vnvl# vh+th3th 0ft(th 'hnt(v )hl*ltlt# f+;ndjndv!$ lt 'ttj,vlvl vnhj tt;t dh 'j/0vjtft(h 'ttj0j. $@5. N! cdht njcjfdtt +n dj2$rt jt fhrjcjt!l!j djn #jl "hntr! nhnfrfcjt &. Phnt(v vnjj h nhnf(f) )hht )h 'hnt(v tl2jj f,j3nvjh3th t fj nf(f)# )*)j n!t( fj vnvl fh(j)jt# dt)* n!t( fj 0vl2j tl2jj nhfh(j)j2j. Nhnf(f)j2jlf( lh +t* ;n fj(h +*!3j tt(tg* +j0'ttjt ft0hnjlf(# t)ht+tt v(;nd +* (*+'l*tht+)* '(jn ftvft(ht +t jnvtjl* dhftvft(ht +f(2jj9 3j +!t 'vtvt vhdht vnhf(j )v0 )hl )h ;n '(f+'h(jttth t ff+t dhth+ttt dh tf2j# ;n (h+t(j3th t ff+t )f0'*tj0jt dh tf2j> (*/,vnt(ht 'h )hl ;n*l2tt +!t '(h+)hj0,tt ;n )f0't+jvnh 'hnt(v )hl )*/vt. J+)v+jtvl +* jt +ht0t ;n+* )v0 t0h+th)* +ft(tt +t*(jlh. S;nt vnjj )t(h nj)jfdtt* nv v0,l* dh);t )v nhfh(j)j2jj# j +h!tl*tv(* t/j# dhft(h)h h nhnf(f)jt# t)hlvjt dh )t(h jh(j fvgj+h(*# fjjnd)* h(t fh(j)jt9 t+tt dfvhdh3th 'ftth nf,lh2h dh )t(t)th(# dt( nv '*t(vndh(h. $@&. Scftth c+th ch!t lt !hdhrh&7 )t +* )h()hth/j t))h'tt(ht# +* vh/j )v0 +;nt '(j0jth# 0tj tlh+ )hlh )v (hv3jt* 3j t(h)h(h ;ndfjhlnj)*.
$@5 ...dj2$rt jt fhrjcjt!l!j djn #jl "hntr! nhnfrfcjt7 Cf. Djsc- ??JJJ9 Fr.- 5$# @&# 67A9 Crjt.- JJ# @. Vnvl d9n )hlh 0tj g(hv jnth('(htt,jlh tff(j+0h djn Fr.- fv0j/;nd t(gv0hnth ;n '(j0vl (;nd 't(tj/tnjlf( th/hj vnvj G(t)j1n 'h+j0j+t (tdj)tl# )jnj) 3j f*(* +)(v'vlh# 3j f*);nd djfj)jl* +v+2jnh(ht 3j t(gv0hntt(ht th/hj )fnt(t(jj. S;nt# 'h l;ng* )hl dh ft2*# ;n)* t(hj tff(j+0h )t(h ff(0ht/* vn ,lf) vnjtt( djn t)h+t 'vn)t dh vhdh(h> C!nft5th4j "h fhrjcj j ct s4j tlh$j- 5j "h nhnfrfcj j- ct s f!$j dh hj :5$C# +n!t s th "2h5tj dh nhct2!rj :@&C. Nv "jhrj dh nhfhrjcjrht tlt!jt :67AC# dh)j 5$# @&# $@5 3j 67A. Tdhv*(vl h# '(f,t,jl# )t ;ntftdhtvnt# lt 0jjlf). G(t)j1n +h 0j3)* tj)j ;n t(jt '(vdhn2hj 0vndtnh# 3j )hht )h. +j0'lj+t# t( 'vtht '*(ht lj'+* dh +)(v'vl nv h dh ft't dh);t f tthnt* 0tnhv(* '(ffjlt)tj)*# vj/;nd '(fthjt(ht ='h(+ftnhj"# t f0vlvj dh+*v;(3jt# dh jnflvhn2hlh 0tljgnh tlh nhdh+*v;(3j(jj 'h(+fntlh t tltf(t# ;nt(v);t# ;n vj/jvnht lvj G(t)j1n# nhfh(j)j(ht nv 2jnh nv0tj dh ;nt;0'lt(h +tv dh +ft(t*# )j 3j dh )t't)jtttht jndjvjdvlvj )vnf+)*tf( dh +jnh dh t +h dh/vfltt '(jn t+j0jlt(ht +tv (h+'jngh(ht jnflvhn2hlf( 0hdjvlvj. $@&$ Scftth c+th ch!t lt !hdhrh7 Cf. Djsc- VJJJ9 Fr.- $5. 300 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

T+jgv(j ,vnt ;n)hhjh(h 3j!2j (*0;nh tj0' fjh 'hnt(v tngtjt(h# fjh 'hnt(v (ht(tgh(h. ;n t)h+t )hj' +h 'ft +fndt v(h(jlh# jt( tthntvl 3tjh 'h )h )tl)*> 0tBj0* '(hvhdh(h ;n +flj)jtt(h# df(jn2* 3j gvvh(nt(h 6. $@A. Pftrt r21fj cfrhct&. ;n2hlh'tvl 'ftth fj +jljt +*!$ 'ft(th# nv ;n+* 0;(3tv> fjh)t(h t(h,vjh +* t)2jfnh/h )v0 ;j h

fhlvl# nv )v0 h +jljt. H t'ltvdt,jl* fjlftj0jt ;n (jvtljttth9 +h )tdh +* lv'2j nv dft( )t +* ;nvjngj '(jn ff(2*# )j '(jn ff(0*. T ;nvjngh jf+nj) nv h vj)tf(jh# )j ;nf(;ngh(h. Ghnh(f/jtttht t ff+t tftdhtvnt +v'h(jf(jttth. F0vl dh ,jnh nv (h)v(gh nj)jfdtt* lt t(0h jnth(/j+h# )v0 +;nt )hlh tlh '(jhthnjhj lj)hjdtth ;n fflf+vl v(jj n*+);ndh# )*)j nv t(h,vjh +* th fflf+h3tj dh ;n)(hdh(h ;n fflf+vl (*/,vn*(jj9 tft )h 0j(ft+h t t(*dt(h )fntt0jnht/* ,vnvl nv0h. Lt ft0hnjj dh fnft(h h 0tj 2j'*tf( f(j)h ttf0 dh tj)*lf3jh> nf,lh2ht dh jf+nj)jh t(h,vjh +* +tht lt 0t(h dj+ttn2*. F*lh3th!th )*# dt)* fjlftj0jt# ghnh(f/jtttht 3j fjdhljtttht +!t( 'jh(dh djn lv0h# hlh t( t(h,vj )*vttth ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. $@@. Dhfsh1h5th "h f#!l s"!shlfr dh chl tl ft"thlfr&. H f dj+tjn)2jh )t'jttl*# )t 3j )ht djnt(h '(jhthnvl 'h(+ftnhj f(j tl +lvj,hj# )t(h +;nt fft(th djfh(j2j. R*v h# );nd n!tj vf(,* ,vn*# +* n!tj ft't* (ht9 3j 0tj (*v# );nd n!tj vf(,* (ht# +* n!tj ft't* ,vn*6. T/j nv nh
$@&6 $!!hrntrh7 Dv'* )v0 +h0ntlht/* RN!FM# '. 56A# nftt 7# +h 't(h )* tj)j h+th f tlv/jh lt 0fdvl dh t gvvh(nt '(t)tj)tt dh Fh(ntndf Cttflj)vl# t3t )v0 (hjh+h djn (hltt*(jlh lvj F(tn)h+)f Gvj))jt(djnj# )v'(jn+h ;n +)(jh(ht +t djfv/tt* +v, djfh(jth tjtlv(j )t T!!hrtj#hntj- Cfnsj$lj- Prf"fsjtjfnjPrhchttj h shnthntjh. Rjcfrdj ht). 3j tj'*(jt* ;n nv0h(ft+h hdj2jj :Pt(j+ $A4@# Vhnh2jt $A75# Tnvh(+ $A7A9 Vhnh2jt $A77#$A%7# $@87C# )t(th t,+hnt* djn ,j,ljfth)t lvj Lt+ttnf+t# )hht )h nv 'h(0jth +* +h )fnjh)tv(h/h ;n )h hdj2jh t )fn+vlttt!f G(t)j1n. $@Aj Pftrtt r21fj cfrhct7 Cf. Dj+)# JV9 Fr.- $@$9 Tsh- ???# vndh vltj0t jdhh t tff(j+0vlvj h tt(j,vjt* lvj F(tn)j+) J tl F(tn2hj# )t 3j ;n Crjt.- JJ# $8# 'h v(0hlh lvj Lfdfvj)f Gvj))jt(djnj :f(tth 0tj 0t(h tl lvj F(tn)h+)fC# ;n +)(jh(ht 'v,lj)tt* lt Vhnh2jt# ;n $A@A# +v, tjtlvl Dhttj h ftttj "jtch!flj ht $rt!j...# (hhdjttt* ;n t)hlt3j lf) 3j +v, t)hlt3j tjtlv# dh )hl 'v2jn ;n)* )jn)j f(j ;n +h). tl ?VJ!lht# (htj'*(jt* tlthf(j +v, tjtlvl Hfrh dj rjcrhttjfnh :Vhnh2jt $A46... $@8&# $@68# $@&A ht).C 3j +v, t)hlt3j tjtlv ;n jttljtn* 3j f(tn)h/* 3j lt Pt(j+ :$@$8#$@6&# $@5@C9 )v0 nj)j t)ht+t* )t(th nv +h tfl* ;n ,j,ljfth)t Lt+ttnf+t# nv +h 'ftth '(h)j/t ;n )h hdj2jh t fflf+jt!f G(t)j1n. Vh/j RN!FM# '. 564# nftt $5# 3j BP!BG!FC $# '. &$8. $@@ Dhfsh1h5th "h f#!l s"!shlfr...> Cf. Fr.- $A@#$%$# 6869 Crjt.- $.$5>$$$#5. $@@6 !fr1 (ht... ft"t 1!n7 P(j0t 't(th t f(t/hj :;n f(jgjntl> =Mtlf h+# nf thnjhndf 'tlt,(t ,vhnt# nf thnh( f,(t 0tlt"C h )fn+t(vjt* )fnt(tdj)tf(jv# dh d(tgvl 't(tlhlj+0vlvj9 't(tht t dfvt :='hf(# nf thnjhndf 'tlt,(t 0tlt# nf thnh( f,(t ,vhnt"C 'f(nh3th# '(f,t,jl# dh lt /j)tlt =Nj f,(t ,vhnt# nj 'tlt,(t 0tlt" :=Nj)j ft't* ,vn*# nj)j vf(,* (ht"C# '(jn )t(h +;nt j(fnj/t2j )hj )h '(f0jt 0vlt 3j nv ;nf*'tvjh+) nj0j). Vh/j RN!FM# '. 567# nfthlh 5 3j &. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 301

0tj h(*nj0 )v vf(,h5# )*)j nv!+ dh);t v;nt# nj)j nv 0tj t(*j0 djn )v(thnjj# )*)j h f t0*gj(h )v(thnjtft(h> t v;nt '*+*(j )v fgljndt h+th tdhv*(ttt f(,j(h. Vtnjtf3jj +h dtv ;n v;nt dv'* v;nt. Vf(,hlh t(h,vjh +* fjh /*lfg tl ft'thlf( 3j t+tfhl +* tj,* t)hht3j vtlft(h. Cf't)jj )t(h nv dtv (fd# )j f(vn/h# dh f,j)hj n!tv jnj0*> +h )tdh +*!j )vnf3tj> 'f0jj 'hnt(v fflf+# )f't)jj 'hnt(v v0,(*. $@4. +n!t s th tj! j&. ;n 0t(jlh j0't+v(j nv h tfv*(*3jh 0tj ,vn* dh);t f jnj0* d;(/*6> 3j dt)* '(hght*# t(h,vjh +!f ;nlf)vjh3tj )v 0*dvlt(hlh djn t'(f'jh(ht hj. Nh)t/v(jlh!j 't( 0tj 0j)j )vj 3tjh +* +h tjvth. Nv )t'jtvlt ;n ft2t +f(2jj# tlt0jnth(j ;2j vt dhvhnj dh nh+vfh(jt. Vnjj +h +v+2jn 'v2jn lt 0vn)j 3j lh!ndfjh+)# nh3tjjnd +* lh ;ndv(h. Cjnh t tjvn+ +* +h )vnft+)* ;3j tjvt* +l*,j)jvnht )v )hj,/vjn2*# jt( dj+)h(n*0;ntvl ,j(vjh tftvl# )hjt( 3j +thlhlh 5. $@7. Nv dh!hnj #fnstr! tl "rfstjhj&. T+tt +;nt tf2j vtnjtf3jj# ;n)(h/v2jj# ;n)*'*2;nt2jj# )t'(j)jf3jj# )t'+f0tnjj# hB)hnt(j)jj# ftn!df+j2jj# 0*+)*(j)jj# /vfnt(jj# 't(tdfBj3tjj# +h)tt(jj 3j tftth +fjv(jlh dh )t'hth )t'jj# 0fn3t(j# tf2j# tj nhf,(*/*(jj. F(j)h 0fn+t(vf/jttth t )vghtvlvj h 0tj )v0'ljt* dh);t )ht t t(v'vlvj 6# dhft(h)h +h dh/j)h dh f(v0v+h2ht +v'h(jft(*. Cjnh vt!nd(h'tt ;n+* tt;tt +)(;n!tj(h f,3tht+)*Q Vndh lj'+h3th ,vnvl!+j02 n!t(h )h )*vtt ;nd(v0t(ht# jt( )hht )h t(h,vjh +* fjh f,+h(vt(h td;n)jt* t dh(j/jvnjj h f (*v ;nth0hjtt* '(h/v02jh dh t'ltv/h j0tgjnt(h. $@%. Tthn jh #tj #trh s n! dtj $rh5 f dtt dhc+t s nj#hrh5tj dh f s!t dh frj &. Nj0hnj nv +h vjt* lt +ft(hlh +t(*lv)jtf(# 3j tf2j lt
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$48$ Fflfsh5th rh2hr!hlh...7 Cf. Hr.- J9 Fr.- A7. $486 #tj #!lt h j!#tttht dhc+t +ntrh$!l7 Tlv/jh lt 't(tdfBvl lvj Hh+jfd# vh/j Hr.- J# nftt %. S)hf'hnhtvh( t f,+h(vtt '(j0vl )* 't(tdfBvl nv!j t't(2jnh lvj Pjt! tt)f+ djn Mjtjlhnh. $4$ Tv jrfsj ft!ftrht7 Cf. Crjt.- JJ# @. JVJ6 tncfrt stcr7 ;n f(jgjntl# =+tg(tdt tn)f(t"# h(t tn)f(t )ht 0tj 0t(h. '*+t(tt* )t vltj0 0jjlf) dh +tlvt(h ;n )t/ dh fv(tvn*. T. dhl Hf f )(hdh )* t( 'vtht fj vf(,t 3j dh vn jf) dh jdhj ;nt(h th(0hnvl ntvtj) 3j j0tgjnht Fh)jft(hj )t tn)f(* t +tlv*(jj. Cf. 3j Tl)jttj# H#1lh#t $&5# )t(h ft)h tlv/jh lt '(fvh(,vl lttjnh+) =tnhhf(t0 +t)(t0 +flvh(h"# )jttt dh )f0hntttf(jj lvj Tl)jttj. $46$ N! th "!nh...7 Cf. Fr.- $$@9 Crjt.- JV# &. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNTHJ 303

0vlt dh 'jh(dvt ;l ft)h (h2jnvt9 lv;nd +ht0t lt fnft(h# jt 3j lt f'v+vl hj 3j# tngtj;ndv!+h tthnt# '(f)hdht/* tt;t dh lhnt# ;nh;t ;j lt+* '(vdhn2hj tj0' +* +h (ht(tg* lt tj0' 3j +* 'vn* lt td*'f+t fnft(ht. Nj)j )v ,j(vjn2t nv vhj (h);3tjgt )hht )h tj 'jh(dvt dft( hB'vn;ndv!th +* 'jh(/j. $45. N! f+ dh stjcl +n rhlt jj&. j )v tt;t 0tj 'v2jn ;n '(jhthnjh. Vnjj +h +'t(g )v 0t(h v3v(jn2*# dh/v*lvjndv!3j 'v2jnt )fn+j+thn2*9 +h t)f'h(* 'h hj ;n3j3j dh ffhn+*# 'h )hjltl2j dh +v'*(t(h. T(tt* )* tv f fj(h 0tj )f'jl*(ft+* dh);t 'v'jlhlh f)hjlf(# dh v(h0h )h nv!ng*dvjh +* fjh ttjn+* nj)j ;n glv0*# nj)j ;n tdhv*(9 f jjgnh3th 3j!vnnf(# nj)j nv!j nhvfjh dh nf(fj6. Chj )t(h!j f(h)vhntht/* t(h,vjh +* +h 'ft(th )v 0vlt tt)t# 0hntj;ndv!lh 0h(hv +v+)h'tj,jljt*2jlh9 lj +h dtv dv'* '*(# 3tjjnd )* 3j )hl 0tj 0j) (*+'*(5 lh dj+'lt)h. T)h3tjt +;nt dh f,j)hj fft(th 'ljnj dh +jnh# (f,j tj 'lt)vlvj lf(# dh d(tgvl )*(vjt t( t(h)h 'h+th f(j)h# jdfltt(j tj '(f'(jhj 2;fnh. Fj(ht vnvj t0tnt t(h jv0*ttth djn djt0tnt & ;n dv(t(h 3j!n ;ndv(t(h. $4&. N! trj $r1jt&. T 3tj +* (h't(tj/h/j lv)(v(jlh ;n+ht0n* t 3tj +* lh +tvv(h/j. Mvltf(t lh '(j+f+h3th vjt2t 3j lj +h j+'(*vh3th nf(f)vl9 (ttht/* ,v)v(jjlh# )*)j nv lh +tvv(ht/*# 3j!t( v(ht t'fj +* +h ;ntft()* dv'* )h +h 'f0hnh+) tt;t dh dh't(th9 +v(vgjj tj vjh2jj# )t(h gftnhj f,3th3tj t tj0'vlvj ;j tdtvg* 3j '(h)j'jtt(ht fj(jj lf(9 t( v(ht +* dhvf(h/h ;nt(!f /j )hht )h t,jt vf( 'vtht 0j+tvj tftt* vjt2t9 t(*jh+) '(j'j2j ;n fh(j)j(j# ;3j 0*n;n)* tnjj )h vjn 3j# v0,j;nd )v tt;tt g(*,j(h# j+'(*vh+) (h'hdh tftvl. Chjt( 3j ;n v(h(ht dh t 3tj )tt* +* fjh f 0*+v(*# )t +* nv 3tjj lv)(v(jlh (*v 3tjvth. Mtj 0vlth /jlh!+ dh);t ,jnh6. Lt dh+f*tt(h# ;n)ht9 lt ft't*# jvth. J+'(*vjlf( lh +t* ,jnh +*v;(3jth9 0vl2v0j(jlf(# (*v# j+'(*vjth.
$45$ Tv t dh stjcl +n rhlt jj7 Cf. Djsc- ?JJ. =Dh +tj)l*"# t3t )v0 )(hdht )* h+th lj)hn2jttvl Rfdtjt# h(fvl nvvhlhj )h(vtntjnh Hl ljchncjtdf Vjdrjhrt :Lj)hn2jttvl Stj!)lftn2*C# tl )*(vj nv0h t )*'*ttt )j()vlt2jh 't(h0jflfgj)*> :Shr hl ljchncjtdf Vjdrjhrt. T'lj)t+h t tDvhllt 'h(+fnt... t Dvjhn tfdf ffhndh 0flh+tt" < S,t(,j. $456 nfr... nfrfj7 H)hjvtl*0 jf)vl dh )vvjnth djn f(jgjntl> =0ftt+" =nftt+". $455 "r... rs"r7 H)hjvtl*0 jf)vl dh )vvjnth djn f(jgjntl> =gv1(dtnlh+ lfs tjrhs 'f(Dvh hl 0t+ lhvh dhstjrh Jh+ dh+t/fnt". $45& t#tnt... djt#tnt7 P(hlv*0 jf)vl dh )vvjnth t#tnth < djt#tnth- )jtjt dj4t#tnth. S'. t#tnth ;n+ht0n* =)hl )h jv,h3th )hvt"# nv nv0tj ;n +hn+ h(ftj). $4& N! trj $r1jt7 Cf. Fr.- $489 Crjt.- JJ# &# 49 JJJ# J# %. $4&6 2jlh... 1jnh7 H)hjvtl*0 t+tfhl 'h(h)hht t+fntn2tt* djn f(jgjntl> =Sfn 0t+ lf+ djts Dvh lt+ djcht H vf(,t dh tdt'tt(ht vnvj '(fvh(, )fn+h0ntt ;n)* dh Cfvt((v,jt+> =Mt+ djt+ ht Dvh lfngtnj/t+" :=S;nt 0tj 0vlth /jlh dh);t );0t2j"C. 304 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 58A

$4A. F# s!1sttn jtl&. Jt( )hl )h h+th nv +h 0vl2v0h3th )v )hj )h nv +;nt. Nhfh(j)jt* h h0jnhn2t )t(h nv +h! nth0hjt/* 'h +v,+ttn2*. Nv tf2j )hj )h 't( +;nt ft0hnj> +;nt vnjj )tl'j# )t(h /*0j+lh+) djn hj0h(* 3j!tdv) 'h lv0h 'hhljvtnjj9 3j +;nt tl2jj dh!f tht'* )v hj )t(h!j +'(jjjn* 3j '(hfh(* jn)h(tjtvdjnht f*g*dvjt* dh!f ;n3hl*tf(jh# dhft(h)h h 0vlt*# )h(tjtvdjnjj )hh/*3vjth dh vn tdhv*(# dhft(h)h h 'v2jn*. P;n* lt v(0*# )t'(j)jjlh lf( +f;(3h+) (*v# fjjnd)* n!tv th0hljh dh jnthg(jttth. Sjngv( tdhv*(vl 'ftth dt (h'vtt2jh tdhv*(tt* 3j dft( +v,+ttn2t h dh fflf+. F 'hhljv*njh t(h nhvfjh dh 0vlth tlthlh 3j t+tfhl# ;nt(htgt /jdj(h h hj0h(* 3j# )v0 +h!nth0hjt/* 'h th(# +h '(*,v3h3th nht'*(tt lt '*0;nt> f dh/f(djnh nv tjvngh nj)jfdtt* lt td;n)j ,*t(;nh2j9 '(jvhlj3tht 0vltvlvj 'h )t(h!$ '(f0jth h dh+tvl )t +* f ft)* +v+'h)t*# t3t )v0 dfvtdt hB)h+jv* h jntd0j+j,jl*. $4@. Itjj. st! tsc!lt4l "h chl )h 5tjh&. F*(* ;n2hlhgh(h# '(f'(jh +tv dh ;0'(v0vt# nv +h 'ftth t(tj9 +;nt ;n+* 0vl2j )t(h jgnf(* )* nv 3tjv# 3j tl2jj )t(h )(hd )* 3tjv# nh3tjjnd. Mhthhnhlh djn '(f+tjh +;nt jn)v(t,jlh# dhft(h)h jgnf(tn2jj# nh)vnf+);ndv!+h# nv )tvt* nj)j )h lh lj'+h3th. Vnjj t( fj ;n2hlh'2j dt)* n!t( )(hdh )* +;nt. Djn '(j)jnt t)ht+tt# f(t)flhlh dh ;n2hlh')jvnh# dh3j +;nt (t(h. t(*jh+) dhght,t# fjjnd)* nj0hnj nv lh )fn+vlt*. T )h(h vn +ftt nv 0j)3f(ht/* 0*(h2jt# nj)j nv )fnt(t/j)h )t't)jtttht9 dj0'ft(jv*# v(0t(ht vnvj +ftt ,vn f t)(hdjtht/*. Dh/,tth# dt(# )v (t2jvnht# dh nv# th ,tth nhnf(f)vl. $44. H!jt ft#jljtrjt jlh +n rhlt jj&. Nv t(h,vjh fflf+jth 3j nj)j ;ng*dvjth. Cjnh h '(ht ft0jljt( ;3j 'jh(dh (h'hdh +v'h(jf(jtttht 'h )t(h j!f d*dht g(tvjtttht# 3j# dv'* ht# )fn+jdh(t2jt. T3t(jj# nhfjjndv!nh t'(f'jt2j# +h 0hn2jn ;n +'lhndft(ht lf(. Djvjnjtttht '(htjndh (h+'h)t9 f(j)h f0hnjh ;nlh+nh3th dj+'(h2vl. Lv)(v(jlh f0hnh3tj# )v );t lh tj 0tj dh+# )v tt;t lh '(jvh3tj 0tj dh +v+# dhft(h)h '(jn )f0vnj)t(h +h )f0vnj)* 3j j0'h(fh)2jvnjlh 'h )t(h (h/h(vt lh t+)vndh. Cv nj0hnj nv h )fnvhnt,jl +* th 'f(2j ft0jljt(> )v +v'h(jf(jj nv# djn )tv/t '(j0hjdjhj# nj)j )v jnfh(jf(jj# djn )tv/t nh)vvjjn2hj9 nh)v0 )v 0fjj)j0ht )t(h# djn
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;n2hlh't dh);t th0vt )t 'h(fjd. Chj +jn)h(j +;nt jv,j2j# dt( t0*gj2j. Cht 0tj 0t(h vj)lhnjh h +!f t+)vn/j# )*)j h +f)ftjt* d(h't t0*gj(h# ;n vht)vl dh tv( t ;nflf(jt nh'(jh*nj(ht9 ;n t)h+tt dh fjt(h# (*vtttht. Rh'vtt2jt dh f0 )t(h 3tjh )h t(h,vjh +* ft)* h fnf(t,jl* 3j jn+'j(* ;n)(hdh(h# dt( )ht dh f0 vj)lhtn h +ffj+tj)tt* 3j nt3th +v+'j)jvnh. 668. C+nd n! "f j +#1rct "jhlht dh lh!- +#1rtc4f "h cht dh !!l"h&. T 3tj +* )hdh/j v(h0jj ;n+ht0n* +* th hB)hdh/j. Cjnh!3j (htlj/ht/* +)f'vl nv!3j 'jh(dh nj)jfdtt* (h'vtt2jt. Jn lj'+t 'vth(jj# dj,*)jh9 'h vn d(v0 +tv 'h tltvl# f(j 'h )hl (hgtl tl )v(tjvlvj# f(j 'h +)v(t*tv(t 3j(hthnjhj. Mtj 0vlt t f*)vt vj)lh3vgvl dh);t ff(2t 6# 3j 0tj dh+ j!tv ;nvjn+ ;n2hlh'2jj 'h vjthjj dh);t jnvh(+. C;nd nv!2j 'f2j ttjngh +)f'vl# vjnh dj+'(h2vl. 66$. N! fj "rf!fcttfr&7 nj)j )t +* th tngtjh/j# nj)j )t +* tngtjh/j. HBj+t* 'ftj)njtf(j tj )vvjjn2hj# tt;t t lf( );t 3j t )hlf(ltl2j# 0h(hv '(hdj+'v3j lt '(f+tjh. Sh lhtg* )v 0t(h v3v(jn2* 3j (v' nhfh(j)jt. Nv!3j )f) /jvt f*(* f +vt* dh +v'*(*(j9 tftnt lh h!n (*+'*(# 3j t+tfhl# )fnt(t/j) 'h tf2j 3j tftth );th +;nt9 3j!tv ;0,(*)tt jvdh)ttt 'h df+# 3j t+tfhl# dh/t'(f,* tftvl. Chj 0tj 0t(j thntttf(j tj )v0jn2hnjhj +;nt ;n+* )hj )h nv ft) nj0j)t ,jnh 3j vf(,h+) (*v dh+'(h tftth# )*)j +;nt 0vl2j 0fn3t(j ;n vt+tt 2t(* t j0'h(tjnhn2hj. 666. F# sfcftjt- "rf1 dh "r!dhnt&. Lj0,t h fjt(* 3j# dt)*!j dtj d(v0vl# fft(th g(hv f 0tj 'vj ;n ltn2. H 'vl+vl +vflhtvlvj# dv'* )t(h ;n2hlh'2jj ;j )vnf+) dj+'f/j2jt9 tj)j 'j'*jh tthn2j ,*ttjt jnj0jj. R*vl h )* tf)0tj )jnh t( t(h,vj +* fjh )hl 0tj 0vlt h )hl 0tj 'v2jn (h2jnvt. ;n2hlh'tvl hvjt* +v'*(*(j 3j ,v)lv)v(j 3j t(tt* );t h dh +t*';n 'h +jnh9 +h 'ft(t* )j()v0+'h)t# Jtnv+ ;n nh'*(tj!nj(h# T(gv+ ;n )h()htt(h. Mf0f+ 0tj ,jnh t( fj +j02jt lj'+t vnf( f)hj lt 0;jnj dh);t t vnhj fh(h+t(vj)j lt 'jh't6.
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665. N! fj h.chsj! dh sjn$!ltr&. Djn tfh)tt(h +tv nh,*gt(h dh +ht0*# vnjj +;nt dh f +jngvlt(jttth nftt,jl*# )v t)2jvnj 0tnjt)tlh# )t(h +;nt 0tj 0vlt dhfh)th dh);t djfh(hn2jh(j. j t3t )v0 vnjj +;nt fft(th )vnf+)v2j '(jn );th!f v(;2hnjh t't(th t )hj'vlvj# t3t 3j t)h3tjt# '(jn );th vn hB)h+ ;n )f0'f(tt(h. Sjngvlt(j/t(ht nv +lvjh3th dh);t )t ,lt0# )v vn 't(tj)vlt(j+0 )h +t;(nh3th# 'h (;nd# lt vnjj (;+vl# lt tl2jj +v'*(t(ht. 66&. +n!t s t"!cj l!cr!rjlh&7 nj)jfdtt* ;n (*+'*(# )hjt( dt)* vjn. Tftth tv ft2* 3j (hvh(+. Chl 0tj ,vn 3j 0tj ftvf(t,jl# dt)*!$ t'v)j dh t*j3# vtt*(n*9 dj0'ft(jv*# )hl 0tj f+tjl# dt)* dh 'l*+ht# t'*(*. Mvlth# )t(h!tv tdv+ n*'t+t*# t( fj tdv+# dt)* lj +!t( fj )*vttt tvtnttjhlh# 0vl2v0j(h. ;n tftth hBj+t* '*(2j ,vnh 3j (hlh> dj,*)jt h t 3tj +* dtj dh fflf+. T)hlt3j lv)(v ft)h t'h fft(th djfh(jth# dt)*!$ '(jvh3tj +v, lv0jnj djfh(jth> '(jvh3th!$ +v, )ht t fh(j)j(jj. Nv t(h,vjh +* ;n)v()j d;(lfgjj ,jnhlvj 3j!tj (*vlvj. T3t +h ft)h )* vnjj g*+h+) ;n tftth 0vl2v0j(ht# jt( tl2jj nh)t/vl. Mt(h lht) ;0'ft(jvt lfvjtv(jlf( +f(2jj 3j 0t(h (hgvl* dh vjt2* 'hnt(v f(j)h v(h0h 3j 'hnt(v f(j)h +lvj,*. 66A. C!nft5th4 j dhfhct!l4rh$h&. Nj0hnj nv t(*jh3th f*(* hl# )fnt(t'fndh(h lt dt(vl h0jnhnt# 3j# dt)* ;n)ljnt(ht ;l ftvf(j/ht/*# ;n(f,h3th tj(tnj). S*!n)h'j t!j dh)lt(t (*/,fj# +)vl;nd ;0'ft(jv*!j g(jjt# jt( '(j0vl 't+ fjh dt(ht ;n vjlhtg# dhft(h)h# fjjnd )vnf+)vt# vt fj ,*tvt# 0tj tlh+ dt)* )hl jnth(h+tt ;l jvdh)* lt fhl )t 3j )hj )h j!$ ;nfjh(ht/*. Ct +* fjj +t*';n 'h tjnh h nh)h+t( +* vhghh/j t+v'(t tt. F dtt*!nvjn+ t)h+t )t' tl j0'h(fh)2jvnjlf(# tftth vf( )t'jtvlt. 66@. Tthn jh s +ndttfrh2j&. Chj 0tj 0vl2j nv vf(,h+) 3j nj)j nv t)2jfnht/* dv'* )v0 +;nt# )j dv'* )v0 ;j f,ljgj. F(j)jnh 'ftth t)(hdjtt )v '(j+f+jn2* (*vl# 'hnt(v )* (*vl h fft(th )(h/vt# )hjt( dt)* vnhf(j jn)(hdj,jl. Tft )h tvh0 0tj 0vlt 3j 0tj ,vn dh'jndh dh (t'f(tv(jlh )v )hjltl2j. Vnjj +h 0vl2v0h+) +* tj,* d(h'tttht dh 't(tht lf(# dt( nv!j dh! tjvn+# )*)j h nhvfjh +!f tjv2j )v +;(gvjn2t. ;ndttf(t(ht )f+t* vnhf(j fft(th 'v2jn 3j vtlf(ht/* 0vlt> )v vf(,h )v0'h(j ft'th. ;n t)ht+t* 0t(h )t+* t vnjvh(+vlvj nv h +)vl* tt;t
665 N! fj h.chsj! dh sjn$!ltr7 Cf. Djsc.- ?VJ9 F(.# $&5. 66& +n!t s t"!cj l!cr!rjlh7 Cf. Fr.- 7&# 7%# 6$$# 66$. 66A$ C!nft5th4 j dhfhct!l4rh$h7 Cf. Fr.- 7%# $@$#657. V(0*0# ;n '(j0t f(t/*# 'vn)tvt2jt '(f'v+* dh BP!BG. FC$# '. &65,# )fnff(0 hdj2jhj '(jn)h'+. 99'& Tthn jh s

+ndttfrh2j7 Cf. Hr.-VA Djsc.-<<lFr.-3'- $$6#$$7.

322 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNTHJ

dh nht(h,nj)*# ;n);t# 0*)t( lt vn tn f dtt*# +* nv ft)* t(h,vjn2* 3j# )hjt( dh!t( vtlf(t 'v2jn# ;j vhj +j02j 0vlt lj'+t.

Fjh)t(h vf(,h3th dh+'(h f,jh)t 0;ntt dh tfh)t. 664. N! fj tl "rj#hj j#"rhsjj&. Vnjj ;3j jtv dh nhvh+th '(j0t vh+th# t3t ;n);t )hlhltlth +;nt )fn)v,jnh 3j# )v0 0jn)jvnt h 0h(hv ;n f(vnth# nv 0tj (*0;nh lf) 3j 'hnt(v tdhv*(. Nv t(h,vjh v0'lvth nj)j vfjn2t )v '(j0vl f,jh)t# nj)j jnthlh)tvl )v '(j0t '(f'f/j2jh# )*)j ;n+ht0n* jn+vfj)jhn2* t )t't)jt*2jj. Vnjj tv '(f'(jhtttht vl)jf(vlvj nfv 6# 'h )t(h 'vnh +t*';nj(h ;nt;jvl 0j(f+# tt;t tl lj)f(jj '(ft+th# );t 3j tl )hlhj ,vnh. C;nd t)ht+t* jn+vfj)jhn2* tjvngh t!j fj )vnf+)vt*# ht dhvjnh d*vn*tft(h# dhft(h)h d* vtd vj)lhnjhj (*vt*)jft+h> (*v jnthn2jfnt2jj +h g(*,h+) +* vf'+ht+)* ;n )vlft(ht lf( )(hdvljtttht. R*0;n* tftdhtvnt lf) 'hnt(v (hhBt0jnt(h9 '*+!t(h/h!3j TlhBtnd(v )htltlt* v(h)hh 'hnt(v 't(tht tdvh(+*5> (*0;n* lf) 'hnt(v t dfvt 3j!t t(hjt jnff(0t(h. J0'(h+jfnt,jl jtttht h +h0n dh jn)t't)jttth 3j h+th t'(ft'h dh 't+jfntljttth. 667. N! fj $!r rht&. Nh)v0 +* tj t+h0hnht (hnv0h# )*)j t( ;n+h0nt ftj0* dh ftj0fff, 6. Nv fj jnghnjf+ 'h +'jnt(ht )hlf(ltl2j# )* h 0tj )v(;nd fdjf+ dh);t tnhvfjf+. Sh (*/,vn* tf2j 'h tjnh# vf(!,jndv!th tf2j dh (*v# 3j# )v0 tv h3tj +jngv(# jt( hj 0vl2j# 0tj dhg(t,* th vf( ;nvjngh dh);t ;j vhj )fnvjngh. R*vl nv t(h,vjh +* ,v)v(h nj)jfdtt* 3j nj)j +* nv fjh )f0hnttt. Clhvhtjtf(vl h dhth+ttt ;n vh)j 3j# )hjt( dt)* vnhf(j ;3j 0tj ft) dh vf(,* )v hl 'h(+fntjh +v+'v+h# f ft) 0tj 0vlt dh d(tgvl /hflh0hljj dh);t djn +tj0* 'hnt(v )v0jn2hnjt lvj. Jt( )jnh vf(,h3th dh (*v ;3j tvdh tftdhtvnt vf(,h 3j 0tj (hlh5.
664$ N! fj tl "rj#hj j#"rhsjj7 Cf. Fr.- 78. $&@# 6&79 Crjt.- $. %9 JJ# $$. Rf0h(t Ntvt((f )jtht/* '(fvh(,vl jttljtn> =Vf0f dj '(j0t j0'(h++jfnh# vf0f dj vltj0t j0'(h++jfnh." 6646 "rf"rjhtttht !lcjfr!l!j nf!7 Cf. P(fvh(,vl> =T lt vt+jjt nvhvt dv(t hl (h+t,jf dh Jf Dvh +h h)hf hn hllt" :=;n vl)jf(vl nfv d*jnvjh 0j(f+vl t )hht )h tj v*(+tt ;n hl"C. Cf. 3j Hf(t2jv# S)(j+f(j# J# JJ# @%!48> =Vt+vl dh t(gjl* nfv* 0vlt* v(h0h vt '*+t(t Mj(f+v!t,+f(,jt fdtt*..."# t(td. dh Lhljt Thfdf+jvC. Vh(+v(jlh lvj Hf(t2jv tv ff+t t0*nvn2jt glf+tth dh vnt djn 0t(jlh tvtf(jt*2j tlh +'j(jtvtljt*2jj jh/vjth# Tlfn+f Rfd(jgvh/ :$A57<$@$@C# ;n Hjhrcjcjfs dh "hrfhhcjfn ! jrt!dhs )(j+(tnf+ :$@8%C# $#6#%. 6645 Phntr! "trtht td!hrs7 T0 0tj ;nt;lnjt t)ht+t* tlv/jh. Rht0jntj0 thBtvl jnj2jtl djn Tsh- ???> =T+tfhl# TlhBtnd(v ;3j t+tv't f v(h)hh );nd tv/ht f ;nvjnvj(h 3j# ;nt(h,tt dh )h ft)h t3t# (*+'vn+h> Ph t+tt f '*+t(h/ 'hnt(v ';(;t." 667 Nv fj $!r (ht> Cf. Djsc- J?9 Fr.- 7@9 Crjt.- JJ# $$. 6676 ftj#fff17 H)hjvtl*0 t+tfhl vn )vv;nt )(htt '(f,t,jl dh G(t)j1n# cfntrt4ft#ts- tdvh(+t( tl (h'vtt2jjlf(# dhf*j0*tf(. 6675 cjnh !fr1h5th dh r!... Cf. '(fvh(,vl> =Evjhn 0tl dj)h# 'hf( f h." FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 323

66%. +n!t s4 j +#"r j !jt t c! djschrnhrh&7 nv )v0 vjn ;0'(hjv(*(jlh# )j )v '(hvhdh(h 3j hlh)2jvnh. H t(vdnj)* f*(* f'(j(j# )t f )*l*tf(jh lvng* f*(* htnv(j9 f ft)h fh(j)jt* h(vdjtt vt(jhttth. Chl djnt;j 'f't+ tl vjh2jj f(v0ft+h +* nj!$ )hhltvj0 )fnvh(+;nd )v 0f(2jj9 nh nt3th0 +'(h!t )vnft3th 3j!t nh )vnft3th# jt( )*(2jlh nh ft) fjdhl 'h(+ftnh. T dfvt htt'* fflf+h3th!f 'hnt(v )hj vjj> v*/;nd 3j ;n+h0n;nd tft ,jnhlh lv0jj9 nv tftth lv)(v(jlh +h g*+h+) ;nt(!f 2t(*# /h+t(ht t ;0'*(2jt!f P*(jnthlh vnjvh(+tl# 3j vnhf(j t ;0,fg*2jt!f 0tj 0vlt 'h v(;t*6. T t(hjt htt'* fjh ;n ;nt(hgj0h!t tt> vltj0* fh(j)j(h# fjlf/fft(ht. 658. Dhschjdh fchjj lt tj#"&. Nv tf2j )hj )h v*d tv dh+)hj+ f)hjj# nj)j tf2j )hj )h '(jvh+) v*d. Dv0j(j(ht t;(/jh nv 0tj h lht)# )j nh)t/. Vnjj ;n)h' +* vtd* );nd nv 0tj tv )h> 3j!tv dh+f*)vt )t+t 3j 0t+t ;ntjnth dh t +h fj f*)vt 'h hj ;n3j3j. H g(hv +* dtj jnthljghn2* )vj n!t(h vfjn2*# dt( 3j 0tj 3j +* dtj vfjn2* )vj n!t(h jnthljghn2* 69 )hj djn '(htj0t lf( +h jft)* )v hj )t 3j nj3th f(,j# +'(h ht/vl )hlf(ltl2j9 3j# djn '(j)jn* )* +;nt +v(/j )t +* tvd*. nv dh+)hjd f)hjj )t +* vtd*. Nv lj'+h3th ;n+* );th vnvl )t(h lh ;nt(h2jnh jn+hn+j,jljtttht# ;nt(v);t hBj+thn2t lvj +h ;nth0hjt/* 'h jnhBj+thn2t lf(. Nhfh(j)jt )tlvl tl )*(vj +t*';n n!t(h f)hj> g(hv +h vt!ng(*3t 5. 65$. N! dh2!l!j l!cr!rj "h j!#ttth fc!th&7 +* fjh +tvv(tth ;n dh+*v;(3j(ht lf(. Tftth ;n)h'vtv(jlh +;nt jnff(0h# 3j (*0;nh
66% +n!t s4" +#"r j !jt t...7 Cf. Djsc- ??v9 Fr.- $A$. 66%> !rjt7 Dv'* )v0 +'vnh '(fvh(,vl> =FhtO Hl )tvdtl dh 0j 'td(h 0h (hhh(0f+ht" :=V(;t*O Tvh(ht ttthj 0*!nf(v0v+h2ht/*"C. 658$ Dhschjdh fchjj lt tj#"... Cf. Fr.- @. 6586 !fjn ... jnthlj$hn 7 Rf0h(t Ntvt((f :RN!FM.# '. &&4# nftt @C t(tt* )* t)ht+t* t+f)jh(h t jnthlh)tvlvj )v vfjn2t# )vnft3th(ht fjjnd )fn)h'vt* )t t)2jvnh j0tnhnt*# jt( vfjn2t )t 'fthn2t jnthlh)tjv*. t'*(v+h ;n)* ;n vh)hht +)flt+tj)*. Dh tj)j tv '(hlvtt!f S'jnf/t :=Vfjn2t 3j jnthlh)tvl +;nt vnvl 3j t)hlt3j lv)(v"# f(j)t# JJ# '(f'. ?LJ# )f(flt(C 3j Fj)hth# )t(h '(h/jnt* vfjn2t )t '(jn)j'jv vjv tl (t2jvnjj# )t (t2jvnht ;n+*3j );nd h )fn)h'vt* 'v( :Dh Bhstj##!n$ dhs Mhnschhn- JJJ# JJ# VVh(T!h# Bh(ljn# $7&A!$7&@# t. JJ# '. 677C. Jt( Vnt0vnf (hjt> =Nv jnthljghn2t# )j vfjn2t h+th t)hht )t(h nh f*v(h3th lv0ht# jt( vh)hjvl tff(j+0 +)flt+tj) njhjl !fljt!# @!jn "rthcf$njt!#- nv v(h0 nj0j) f*(* t fj )vnf+)vt 0tj ;nt;j. t(h,vjh )f(h)ttt )v vn njhjl cf$njt!# @!jn "rht!fljt!#- nj0j) nv )vnft3th0 f*(* t fj v(vt 0tj ;nt;j". Vjdt dh Dfn G!jjfth 8 Stnchf. J# )t'. ???J :vh/j 3j Vjt t l!j Dfn G!jjfth 5j Stnchf- ;n (f0. dh Jlhtnt Bv)v(hn)jv 3j G(jgf(h Dj0t# Vnjvh(+# Bv)v(h3tj# $%45# '. $7%C. 6585 Nhfhrjcjt ctlc!l...7 Tdt'tt(h t '(fvh(,vlvj> =Hl fjf dhl t0f hngf(dt hl )t,tllf" :FvdjnC )v )f(h+'fndhnt ljth(tl ;n (f01nh3th> =F)hjvl +t*';nvlvj ;ng(t3* )tlvl". 65$$ N! dh2!l!j...7 Cf. Djsc- ?VJJ. 324 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

t'fj j)ftnt t)hlhj djff(0jt*2j9 t0jntj(ht lv)(vlvj v*/vt j(t'h(fh)t nv!2j ;ng*dvjh +* th ,v)v(j dh hl th(0jntt. Stvv(t(ht djnt(!f dtt* t vnvj f,jh)t 0t(h# dh3j )fntv(,* jvdh)t(ht '*(2jlf(# +ttj+ft)h 'h dh'ljn gv+tvl. ;ntjnth dh t fj# tftvl h nj0j)# jt( );nd ;n)h'h +* fjh# h ;n)* fft(th 'jh(dvt ;n nj0j)vl +*v. Vhdh(ht '(hg*tj(jj )hlvj 0tj tlh+ fhl dh 0;n)t(h 0tj dhg(t,* ttjh dh);t +t;(nh3th 'fftt> fh(ht+)*!+h# dt(# f(j)h 0t(h 0th+t(v )t f'h(hlh +*!j fjh /*(jth ;n h0,(jfn> ;nvh2h dh lt nttv(* +* nv 3j lh hB'vn* ';n* );nd nv 'ft t'*(ht. 656. S* tj !n drt# dh nh$!stfr&. S* nv fjh tftvl dft( +'h)vlt2jh# +* fjh 3j t)2jvnh. Chj fft(th ;n2hlh'2j +;nt lh+nh dh t0*gjt djn '(j)jn* )*# dh3j )vnf+) nhf,j3nvjtvl# jgnf(* f,j3nvjtvl vjh2jj# )t(h h 0tj nh)h+t(. Cfnth0'lt(ht lv)(v(jlf( +v,lj0h nv lh 0tj lt+* lf) 'hnt(v )hlh +j0'lh9 3j# )v0 jgnf(* )h t( fj t(h,vjt +* 3tjh ;n '(j0vl (;nd 3j!n )t(h tf2j +;nt j+th2j# +;nt fjh '(jvj2j )v 0j(t(h# fjh +f)ftj2j jgnf(tn2j dh vvlgvl +v'h(fj)jtl. B*(,ttvl ;n2hlh't +t(1dvjt+)*!+h# t3tdt(# +*

tj,* )hvt dh nhgv+tf(# tt;tt );t t(h,vjh )t +* nv fjh t0*gjt 3j )hjt( lvtt 'h+th 'j)jf(> fjj f0 tl '(t)tj)jj )*)j# dh3j nv h )hvt +v'h(jf(# h dh )ht 0tj 0t(h t(h,vjn2* )t +* t(*jh3tj. Lt )h h ,vn* ft(h 3tjjn2t# dt)* nv!j vtjl*O 6 Jt( t 3tj +* t(*jh3tj h t/j tdhv*(ttt 3tjjn2*Q 655. N! dt $rh5 c! $!st!l tlt!jt&7 )*)j t( fj +*!j ft)j vn nh)t/ ;n lf) dh 'l*)h(h. Vnjj# +f)ftjnd )* ;ndttf(ht/*# +v'*(*# fjjnd)* nv ;n2hlhg fj(jlh. HBj+t* t)2jvnj )t(h 'hnt(v vnjj +;nt 0*gvlj(h 3j 'hnt(v tl2jj jjgnj(h# jt( )hht )h )(hdhtj )* h f 0;nt dh tjvtf( t ff+t f 'tl0*. T )f+ttt vnhf(j 0tj +)v0' +* ft)j f nh'l*)h(h dh);t t( fj )f+ttt +* ft)j f 'l*)h(h. Pjh(d 3j (h)vnf3tjn2t# 3j (*+'lttt dft( 'hnt(v )* tv 'jh(dvt nf(dvl ;ndttf(*(jj. Dt)* nv )vnf3tj fj(ht )hlvjltlt# g(hv ;l vhj 'vtht 0vl2v0j9 t3t +h ft)h )* vnjj tv g;ndjt +* (f+tht+)* f ltvd* 3j tv (f+tjt f jnjv(jh# )hht )h
656$ S* tj !n drt# dh nh$!stfr7 Cf. Djsc- ??J9 Fr.- $68# 6$A# 6&4. 6566 5tjjn t7 Cfn)h'2jt ;n t)ht+t* '(jvjn2* nv +h 0fdjfj)t+h ft2* dh t)hht )fn+h0ntt* dh Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj ctrh L!cjlj!- CVJ# $69 =Nfn vjtth# +hd +)hflth dj+)j0v+"# tfj(0t2jh ;ndv(h(tt*# 'f(njnd dh lt )fn+tttt(ht )* ='(h)v0 (j+j'j0 tftth )hlhltlth f*(* (f+t# t3t (j+j'j0 fjlf/ffjt ;n+*3j. P(h)v0 nh )hjnvj0 djn )tv/t nh)v0'*t*(jj ;n tftth# t3t 3j ;n ;nv*2*tv(*. Nv ;nv*2*0 'hnt(v vjt2*# )j 'hnt(v 3)ftl*" :hd. )jt.# '. &$$C. P(jnt(h jh/vj2j )j()vlt ff(0vlt(ht dj(h)t*> =Nfn +)hflth# +hd vjtth dj+)j0v+" :##Nv ;nv*2*0 'hnt(v 3)ftl*# )j 'hnt(v vjt2*"C. 655M N! dt $rh5 c! $!st!l tlt!jt7 Cf. Djsc.- DC. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 56A

t ff+t 'hdht'+* ,jnh0h(jttt*6. Tl2jj )(hd )* dj+t(ht/* )v hlf)jn2t 3j nv ft) dh);t +* +);(,ht+)* +vflhtvl )v vf(,*(jt lf(. 65&. N!4 j +ncrhdjn t njcjfdtt rh"!tt jt fr 2lf$!l fnftrhj chl!jltlt &. T(h,vjh +* ;0'*(2j tt;t fflf+vl lt t*)h(h );t 3j dtvnt lt v3v(*ttth. ;n jnth(h+h dh fnft(h# (t'f(tvl t(h,vjh +* fjh tftdhtvnt dh tfv*(*3jh# t+tfhl ;n);t (h'vtt2jt '(f'(jh +* th ft)* +* tj g(jj* dh )ht +t(*jn*. Nv th ;n)(hdh nj)jfdtt*69 dt)* vnhf(j# f*!f )v t+h0hnht t(t*# ;n);t '(vdhn2t +* 'ftt* )hdt ;n ft2t 3j(hthnjhj> fjh (j+)vl )f0vn 3j 0j/t 0vtvtl*# 'hnt(v )t +* nv 2j +h t(tn+ff(0h!n 0t(tf( tl t)v/*(jj )jnh 2j +h (h)vnft3th )f'*(tt3. 65A. +n!t s chrj&. Nv h nj0j) 0tj g(hv 'hnt(v vnjj 3j 0tj v3f( 'hnt(v tl2jj. S;nt vnjj )t(h nv 3tjv +* (hfv/h9 )v hj. nv!j nhvfjh dh 3'h(t)lv. S;nt tl2jj tl )*(f( '(j0 )vv;nt lt f(j)h f(* h+th n!A )v hj h nhvfjh dh vj)lh3vg. j )v tf2j# dh 0f0hntvl f'f(tvn> +* +v('(jn/j )vghthlh ,jnh dj+'v+h# fjh dttf(jt* ;ndh+tvl*(jj tnth(jft(h t t(v'vlvj# fjh )hlhj t +vflhtvlvj. Dt)* tthn2jt 3j(htvlvj ;n hB'h)tttjv* nv '(h;nt;0'jn* +t(tttgh0t )hlvj )t(h +flj)jt*# /jlhlh dh ,v)v(jh +;nt )hlh tlh htt;(vlvj# )t(h +h (hvt(+* djn l*vnt(v ;n hBth(jf(. Nv th t'(f'jt );nd vh/j )* tltvl h (hfv/tt# fjjnd)* tht0t dh n! +!t (j+j'jt. Lt t(j+th2h# nv hBj+t* ;0'(hjv(t(h '(jhlnj)*. ;ndttf(t(ht )v tntj)j't2jh h )t0,jh (h)j'(f)* ttvn)j );nd n! tj dh!t ft)h )v 0fjj)jt. 65@. F f1lj$t jh +ntjnth djn chht ch tr trh1!j s fjh rs"ltt !lthrjfr&. H dj,*)jh t 0t(jlf( 'fljtj)jhnj. Ftvf(v(j ;ntjnth dh 0h(jth +;nt dfvtd* dh ft0hnj ghnh(f3j6. Ftvft(ht t+tfhl tntj)j'tt* t(h dfv* h0jnhn2h> )* '(f0'tjtvdjnht )hlvj )h d* ;l f,ljg*
6556 "hdht"s 1jnh#hrjttt7 Phdht'+* nv 'hnt(v )hl )h t f*)vt hlfgjvl# )j 'hnt(v )hl )t(h!$ '(j0h3th# 3tjjnd )* nv!$ 0h(jt*. Cf. Pjld- 64# $&> =Chlvj )h ,jnh!)vv;ntht/* 'h '(jhthnvl +*v )v glt+ 0t(h dj+!dh!dj0jnht2*# j +h +f)fth3th )t vn ,lh+th0." 65&.N!4 j +ncrhdjn t rh"!tt jt...7 Cf. F(.# 6$4. 65&6 nv th +ncrhdh njcjfdtt7 Cf. Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- JJJ> =H+th lt fhl dh g(h3jt t th ;n)(hdh ;n tftt* lv0ht )t 3j t nv th ;n)(hdh ;n nj0hnj9 dt( ;n '(j0vl )t/ t3 /j)h )* h vf(,t dh f vjn* 0tj fnf(t,jl*# ;n tl dfjlht# dh vnt )t(h fh(h3th 0tj ,jnh dh '(j0hjdjj" :hd. )jt.# '. @C. 65A$ +n!t s chrj7 Cf. Djsc.- ??JJ9 Fr.- 489 Crjt.- JJ# $$. Bttllf(j 3j Ph(tltt ft) t(j0jth(j lt df)t(jnt ;n 0tth(jh t lvj Jgnt)jf dh Lf flt 3j t lvj Gjfvtnj Bfth(f# Dhllt rt$jfn dj Stttf.- $. :BP!BG. FC$# '. &6@.C. 65@ F f1lj$t"h...> Cf. Fr.- 66@# 6&&# 67@. 65@ ft#hnj $hnhrf5j7 Cf. Shnh)t# Dh 1hnhfjcjjs- JJ# $# 6!&. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNTHJ

3j 0tj 0vlt 'h )hl )h '(j0h3th9 vn t)hlt3j dt(# dt)* 0tj t;(/jv h dttf(jh# 0tj dhv(h0h h ;ndttf(t(h. Sv,tjl 0fd dh t t(tn+ff(0t f,ljgt2jjlh# ;n);t )ht )t(h t( fj t(h,vjt +* fjh t +v'h(jf(vlvj# )t +* (*+'l*tht+)*# (h)tdh t+v'(t )hlvj ;ndttf(tt# )t +* +h 'l*tht+)*. T)ht+tt# dh ,vn* +ht0*# ;n )t/vl 'h(+ftnhlf( ghnh(ft+h# )*)j ;n )t/vl ft0hnjlf( jf+nj)j# tntj)j';nd 'lttt fnf(t(jvlvj t( ;n+h0nt +* lh 'vj 0tj dhg(t,* f(;v dh);t 'jnthnj. 654. N! +#"r j njcjfdtt shcrhth c! s!"hrjfrjj tj&7 vhj )(hdh )*!0't(2j 'h(h 3j vhj ;0'*(2j 'jht(h6. Mvl2j tv 'jh(jt fjjnd)* tv ff+t )fnfjdhn2j> t)h3tjt +;nt )t ljngv(t djn )ftj* dh ';jnh# ';ndjt* dh!t)hlt3j (j+) t'fj 5. ;0'*(t*3j(ht vnvjt nv!j htt;( tl '(jn)j'hlvj# )j t(j,vt. Mvl2j +'t(g fgljndt 'hnt(v )* lh t0jnth3th v(;2hnjt9 nv!$ 'f2j vhdht 'h )jnh th!t 'vtvt vhdht# nj)j ,jnh v*/vt nv!j )jnh t v*/vt (*v. Ph nj0hnj +* nv!$ +f)fth3tj '(ht ;ndttf(tt# 3j 'h )hl 'vth(nj) )hl 0tj 'v2jn9 fjh 0tj dhg(t,* )v ,jnhft)h(j t)f(dtth dh);t )v htt;(v(j '(j0jth. Mtj '(j0hjdjft+h )t f(j)h +;nt )fnfjdhn2hlh djn '(jhthnjh. Cjnh 3j!t ;0'*(t*3jt tltvjt +h)(hthlh j!t dhvhnjt +)ltv9 3j# 'hnt(v +vvh(tnj# h f +jlnj)jh )h nv 'ftth dv(t. Df(h+) +*!3j (*+)v0'h(h lj,h(tttht 'jh(dvt* 3j# 'hnt(v t+tt# )tl)* tft ;n 'j)jft(h# ';n* 3j d(h'tttht. Sh)(hthlh# t3tdt(# nj)j nv lh t+)vltt# nj)j nv lh +'vnh. 657. C!nft5th "jhst ch4 j lj"sh5th&. Mvl2j t( fj 'h(+ftnh dh'ljnh dt)* nv lh!t( lj'+j vn )h# f*(* dh )t(h nj)jfdtt* nv tjvng 'h )vl0ht fjjn2hj dh+*v;(3jth. Lt vnjj f,+h(vj )* t( 'vtht fj 0vlt dt)* t( lvt +ht0t lt fft(th 'v2jn. Lh lj'+h3th +h(jf/jtttht# )hht )h lh v0,(h3th 0t(j ;n/h+t(*(j9 tltf(t# ,l;ndh2ht 'v(t*(jj# lj'+* 'h )t(h )hj t'(f'jt2j f +j0t nv0tjdh);t# 0tj tlh+ lt ft0hnjj )v vt/*9 lt vnjj t( fj dh df(jt f'h(ttjvjtttht# 3j lt tl2jj
654$ ...shcrhth h! s!"hrjfrjj tj7 Cf. Hr.- JJ9 Fr.- 6$4# 6A%# 6@89 Crjt.- $#$59 JJJ# @. 6546 "hrh... "jhtrh7 Tdt'tt(h t vnvj '(fvh(, )t(h# +v, ff(0t +t )ht 0tj vh)hh# +vnt t+tfhl> =Hn ,v(lt+ nj hn vh(t+# )fn tv +hfjf( nf 't(tt+ 'h(t+" :=Nj)j ;n glv0*# nj)j ;n tdhv*(# )v +t*';nvl nv!0'*(2j 'h(h"C# ;n(hgj+t(tt dh 0t()hj/vl dh Stntjlltnt. +tv# +v, f ff(0* 0tj (h)hnt*> #.Nj hn ,v(lt+ nj hn vh(t+ )fn tv t0f 't(tt+ 'h(t+"# h)hjvtlt,jl 0tj lj,h( t+tfhl> =Nj)j +jljt# nj)j dh 'l*)h(h# nv!0'*(2j )v df0nvl 'h(h" :S,t(,jC. 6545 tchlt5j rjsc t"fj7 Rj+)vl jdhntj) 'hnt(v f ljngv(* f*)vt* djn )ftj* dh ';jnh h+th dh t fj ;nghj2jt* dv'* )h 3j!t ;ndh'ljnjt (flvl dh t t(tn+'f(tt lt

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(h2jnh(ht. Tftth t)h+th 0hthhnh# dt)* t( fj f,+h(vtth# +!t( 'vtht ;nd(h'tt lh+nh# )*)j g(jjt 'ftth ft)h djn f,j3nvjn2* f t dfvt nttv(t. 65%. Nv fj trhjtsc! jt&7 0tj ,jnh '(vdhnt. tjjnd 0tj 0vlt dh);t +h )tdh# (j3tj +* dhvjj ,fnt# )*)j +v,2j(j0jlh )f0vnh +h (v'9 0tj +jgv( h tdhv*(vl th0hjnj). H ,jnh +* tj )t'# dt( nv lj0,v2jh. Dj+)v2jt 0vlt* h l*+tt( dh dj+'vt*9 0tj ,jnh f ,vn* jvdh)tt* 'ljn* dh 0jh/ )t(h +* nv dj+)vth 0tj 0vlt dh);t +h )tdh. 6&8. +n!t s th fflfsh5tj dh "rfstjh&. j )hl 0tj 0t(h ;n2hlh't jft)* vnhf(j 'jh+t t)ht+tt 3j +;nt ;0'(hjv(*(j ;n )t(h )ht 0tj ,vn* 3tjjn2* h +* t(*2j )* nv 3tjj. Nv t(h,vjh +* fjj jgnf(tnt# )j +* th '(hft)j )* h3tj. Pv2jn j0'f(t* +* fjj )v '(f3tjj ;n2hlh't# 3j )v nh,vnjj )v0jnth9 t(h,vjh +* vf(,h3tj )v fjh)t(h 'h lj0,t lvj6. P(f+t nv!j )hl )h +j0vlht/* '(f+tjt# )j t)hlt )t(h +vfh(* dh ht9 )ht nhf*)vt* h '(f+tjh# nj)jdh)v0 )ht '(hf*)vt*# ';n* tj)j tjvngh t(tt. Mjjlf)vl vnj) dh t th ft)h jv,jt h +* th!0,(t)j ;n 'jhlht )hlvj 0tj +j0'lv df,jtf)5. 6&$. Gl!#hlh- s!"frt4lh- dtr n! lh fflfsj&. T)hht h vn ghn dh fjlftj0jh# t)ht+tt# dh f,ljgt2jh. Cjnh +h 'f+f0f(*3th lt vh+hljh 2jnh 0vlt dh df,jtf)# 3j!f t(tt* 3j 0tj 0vlt. Glv0t +v'h(jft(* h 'l*)vt*# t 3tj +* f +v'f(2j h +h0n dh )t't)jttth. Cjnh +h +j0th ;n2h'tt d* 2h'j )hlf( )h!n2ht'*# P*(*+h3th!lh "B tfjvl lf(6# 3j )h; 0tj +jgv( h +* nv lh '(fvf)j. Chlh 0tj 0t(j tdhv*(v(j +!tv n*+)vt tftdhtvnt djn glv0h. Nj0j) nv )h(h 0tj 0vlt* tthn2jh 3j dj,*)jh9 ;ntjnth dh!t ;n)h'h t(h,vjh +* 3tjj ';n* lt )h 'vn)t tl (*,d*(jj 'ftth tjvngh fj(ht +v,jh)tvlvj. 6&6. H."lfttht24 j j21jhdt&. Vnjj )hhltvjh+) tftvl )t +* ;n)ht'* 3j nv th(0jn* nj0j)t9 jnj2jt/*# dt( nv 'h(+hvh(ht/*> jn+tt,jljttth
65% N! fj trhjtsc! jt7 Cf. Djsc.- ?J. P(jn tjhjtsc! jt h)hjvtl*0 th(0hnvl rht4$!df- )t(h 'ftth ;n+h0nt tt;t =hB)h+jv dh +v,tjl" );t 3j ='hdtnt". 6&8$ +n!t s th fflfsh5tj dh "rfstjh7 Cf. Fr.- $689 Crjt- JJ# $$. 6&86 "h lj#1t l!j7 Cf. Pjld.- 6@# &!A> =Nv (*+'vndh nh,vnvlvj dv'* nh,vnjt lvj# )t +* nv th t+h0hnj 3j tv )v hl. R*+'vndh nh,vnvlvj dv'* nh,vnjt lvj# )t +* nv +h )(htd* ;n2hlh't ;n f)hjj lvj". 6&85 sj#"l! df1jtfc7 H vf(,t dh 'jhlht 0*gt(vlvj. 6&$$ Gl!#hlh...> Cf. Djsc.- L?9 Fr.- 4@#4%. 6&$6 Prsh5th4lh +n tfj!l lfr7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl =Lt ,v(lt# dhjt(lt )vtndf 01+ tg(tdt" :S,t(,j# =Glv0t '*(*+h3th!f );nd 'lt)h 0tj 0vlt"C. 6&6$ H."lfttht24 j j21+ndt7 Cf. Djsc- ??J. 32# FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

dh )t(t)th(. Nj)jfdtt* nv!3j tt(tg hlfgjj# 'hnt(v )* dh nj0j) nv t(tg9 tftvl +h j+'*vh3th ;n nhj+'(tv*. Lt tl2jj vjnh djn nh(*,dt(h dh )vght# )v+v( tl +'tnjfljlf(# dv'* )v0 (*,dt(ht h vj(tvtht ,hlgjhnjlf(. T)h3tjt +;nt gttt )v tftth# t)hjt dtv gttt tftvl9 n*dv3h+) ';n* )h!nvjng f,+tt)flvl 3j +h 0vl2v0h+) +*!nvjng*9 nv 3tjv +* dv)* lt )t'*t ,vn vj)tf(jt> t(tt* )* 'ft# dt( nv vf(. Dt( dhfh)t tft h# djn nh'vtjn2* +tv djn v3v(jn2*. Dt)* lv)(t(ht h ,vn*# dh )h n!f j+'(*vh3tjO j dt)*!j (ht# dh )h tj ;n)h'vt!fO S*!3j (*'vn*# dt(# +tgt)hlh v;nttvl# nv +* +h dh/v0flh dv'* )h!$ +t;(nh3th 6. 6&5. N! fj dhtft h!l!1&. Tlth(nh/h 'h(fjdjt 3t('hlvj )v nhvjnfv*2jt 'f(v0,hlvlvj. Nj0j) 0tj lh+nh dh);t +* t0*gh3tj 'h vn f0 dh ,jnh9 )(hdh 0vlt )jnh nv 0jnth nj)jfdtt* 3j h ttft;n)(h/*tf( )jnh nv t0*gh3th dhlf). F0vl nv h t0*gjt tftdhtvnt dh '(f+t# )j vnhf(j dh ,vn )h h. Dfv* fhlv(j dh 'h(+ftnh '(hvjn ;n 0t(h 0*+v(* 'tgv,hlh> '*2j2jj# nv0tj 'h +f)fthtlt lf(# 3j vj)lhnjj# nv0tj 'h!t )hlf(ltl2j. J+th2j0ht +* +h!t(tth# '(jn v(0t(h# lt fhl dh hB)hlhnt* ;n )j()v0+'h)2jh )t vj)lhnjt ;n vnhltj(h# 3j nv vfj +* fjj ,vn ;nt(!tt;tt# ;n);t +* dtj '(jlhj tltvjt +* fjh (*v9 fjj t0h+th) dh 'f(v0,hl 3j dh 3t('h> nv 0fn+t(v# )j '(fdjgjv. 6&&. +n!t s +ndttfrh2j&. T(tn+ff(0* vnjj htt;(vl )h lj +h ft)h ;nt(!vnvj f*)vt dh hj# t3t ;n);t 't(h# +tv dtv hj dh ;n2hlh+# )* ft) f ftvft(h );nd f '(j0h+). S;nt ft0hnj tt;t dh j+)v+j2j. ;n);t fnf(ht/* )h(;nd 3j!3j '(hft) fflf+vl '(f'(jv ;n fnft(h t )hlvjltlt9 ;n t3t fhl tj)lvjh+) lv)(v(jlh# ;n);t +* 't(* )* )hjltl2j ;3j 'l*th+) f dttf(jh );nd lh ft) vn dt(# (*+tv(n;nd '(jnt(!f hBt(tf(djnt(* 'fljtj)* f(djnht ;ndttf(*(jj9 'vn )hl 'v2jn lt!ndfjtl* )jnh )vj ft)h htt;(vl. Cv '(h2 dh ltvdh )v0'*(* )h!j 0tj ,vn# jt( djn ft'tvl )* t(tt* gv+t 'hnt(v )hvt ft) )jn+tj(h 3j 0*gvlj(h9 f,ljg* )v(thnjt# +)f2;ndv!$ dttf(nj) 'h )hl )*(vjt ;j dttf(tv hj (h)vnf3tjn2*. ;n fhlvl t)h+tt# +)hj0,* f,ljgt2jt djn 't+jv* ;n t)tjv*# 0tj ,vnj 'fljtj)jhnj dh);t g(t0ttj)jhnj. Mt(h t,jljtttht lf(# dt( 0tj 0t(h!t( fj +* lh!f!n2hlhgj# (h+tt,jljnd lf)vl '(f+tjhj# (h+tjtvjndv!lh fnft(ht 3j ;n)t+;ndv!3j fjh)t(h '(ffjtvl.
6&66 d!" ch4& st+#h5th7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl> =Vnf lhvtntt lt )t/t# ft(f lt 0ttt" :=Vnvl +t;(nh3th v;nttvl# 3j tltvl ;l v)jdh"C. 6&5$ Nv fj dhtft h!l!17 Cf. Fr.- $59 Crjt- J# $59 JJJ# @. Cf. Mtt.- $8#$@> =+tfth '(vdhnth+ +j)vt +h('hnth+ ht +j0'lj)h+ +j)vt )flv0,th" :=fj2j dt( ;n2hlh'2j )t 3h('jj 3j ,l;n/j )t 'f(v0,hjj"C9 Pjld.- $8# %> =Chl )h v0,l* ;nt(v nh'(jh*nj(h v0,l* 'h )tlh +jgv(*# jt( )hl )h v0,l* 'h )*j l*tv(tlnj)h vt fj dtt dh gfl." 6&& +n!t s +ndttfrh2j7 Cf. F(# 66@# 65@9 Crjt- $#$5. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 56%

6&A. C!$ht !nhfrj t"trth 5j dh"trth dh #fd!l !!l$tr&7 dfvtd* dh +v'h(jf(jttth t )t't)jt*2jj. Nv t(h,vjh +*!$ '(h2vjh3tj 'h )hl )h nv 2j +h f'vnh nj)jfdtt*# )*)j nv!j +h0n dh jv,j(h dh tjnh# )j dh +jnh9 nv th l*+t t0*gjt dh ljngv3j(h 'l*tjnd!f# )j )fndt0n;nd!f. Jt d(h't (h'vtt2jh )hjt( 3j ft'tvl dh!t fj ,;(fjt dh vnjj# 0tj tlh+ dh )hj )t(h!j vf(,h+) dh (*v 'h tf2j )hj ,vnj. ;nt(j+tht/*!th );nd ft'thlh ttlh +;nt 'h 'lt)vl tvtv(f(t# )*)j h +h0n )* nv +;nt ,vnh> 'h(fh)2jvnht h t 'v2jnf(t. 6&@. N! dt njcjfdtt sttjsftc jh c!j n4f chrh. j# )hjt( )h(vt*# h vn +fj dh dhlj)t dt)* h hB)h+jv*. T th +)v/t ;ntjnth dh v(h0h ;n+ht0n* t th t)v/t$# jt( t l*+t +;ngh +*n*tf+ fjjnd ;n+ht0n* t ft)h )v f)hjvl (*vlvj 3j (*vt*2jj9 +)v/t tntj)j'tt*

t(h/h3th +v+'j)jvnht tdf(0jt*. j )v0jnthlh nj)j +* nv 't(* )fn3tjhnt dh ,*nvjtlt )hlvjltlt# )*)j ;n+ht0n* +* jt+*!n ;nt;0'jnt(ht ffhn+hj9 ttvn)j +* )tvth t j!f dh/0jn2j '(jn jnthg(jtttht )f0'f(t*(jj +tlh. 6&4. S* 5tjj ch!t #tj #!lt 5j s trjh5tj ch!t #tj "! jn&. Tl2jj g;ndh+) dj0'ft(jv*. Mtj vtlf(ft+* h fdjhnt ,vn* dh);t nhtjhnt6. Nj0j)t nv!j tl nf+t(v dh);t tj0'vl5# ;n )t(h t(*jh3th 3j )jnh n!t(h lf)&. H tft tt;tt nhfh(j)j(h +*!2j j(f+h3tj vjt2t '(h2jft+* ;n +t()jnj vvlgt(h# )t 3j '(ht 0vlt ;n )hlh +v,lj0h9 nv t(h,vjh +* th lt3j )fv;(3jt nj)j dh f)v't2jj# nj)j dh jnvjdjh> ;n+ht0n* +* )tl)j ;n 'j)jft(h vjt2t 3j +* ;n*,v3j )vghtvl. Vnjj hBtjnd t+tt 3j t+v'(t 3tjjn2hj# dt( nv t(*jh3tj dt)* nv 3tjj.
9/,C!$ht !nhfrj t"trth...7 Cf. Fr.- 679 Crjt.- JJ# A. 6&@$ t th sc!2t7 Cfnff(0 vnvj vh)hj tff(j+0 jv(jdj)> =HB)v+ttjf nfn 'htjtt fjt t))v+ttjf 0tnjfh+tt" :=S)v/t nh)h(vt* ft)h t)v/t2jt v*djt*"C. Cf. 3j '(fvh(,vl> =Evjhn '(h+tf +h hB)v+t# dh +f+'h)ht +h t)v+t" :=Cjnh jvth +h +)v/* dh ,*nvjtl* +h t)v/*"C. 6&4$ S 5tjj ch!t #tj #!lt... Cj. Fr.- &# 4A# 7@#$4$#$4@#6569 Crjt- JJ# &. 6&46 fdjhnt... nhtjhnt7 ;n f(jgjntl> =Mt+ vtlh hl ,vhn f)jf Dvh hl nhgf)jf"# )f. '(fvh(,vl> =Mt+ vtlh ,jhn hflgt( Dvh 0tl t(t,tjt(" :Cf((ht+# =Mtj dh fflf+ h +* th fdjhnh3tj ,jnh dh);t +* 0vn)h3tj '(f+t"C. P(jn 1!hn fcjf t(h,vjh ;n2hlh+ (*gt/vl ,jnh fflf+jt 'hnt(v lh)tv(* 3j 0hdjtt2jh# ftjfst shd!ljtts :Hf(t2jvC +tv c!# dj$nj4ttth ftj!# :Cj)h(fC. Vh/j RN!FM# '. &47# nftt 6. 6&45 tj#"!l7 Cf. Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- J# 5> =Tftth# Lv)jljv# nh +;nt +t(*jnh# nv0tj tj0'vl h tl nf+t(v. Nttv(t nh!t t(j0j+ 'h lv0h )v t)ht+t* +jngv(* tvh(h# t(h)*tft(h 3j t0*gjtft(h# djn )t(h tftv3j nh +)ftth )jnh v(ht" :hd. )jt.# '. 5C. Vtlft(ht tj0'vlvj h dtt*# 3j 'hnt(v +tfj)vl Shnh)t# 3j 'hnt(v )(h3tjnvl G(t)j1n# dh 0*+v(* ;n )t(h h ,jnh fflf+jt ;nt(v dh+*v;(3j(ht +vflhtvlvj. Vh/j RN!FM# '. &47# nftt 5. 6&4& lfc7 ;n f(jgjntl# l!$tr.- )v +hn+vl dh =+'t2jv". FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 55$

6&7. Nv th l!t d!" !ltj#!l&. S;nt ft0hnj tj vltj0hj '*(h(j# )*)j f,(*/nj)jt v0,l* 'h lt hBt(h0h. G;ndj(ht 3j v(h(ht lh +;nt dh )ht(*> vltj0vl vhnjt ;3j 'vnh 'h)htht 3j!j 3th(gh 'h )hjltl2j. Ph!t)h3tjt nv!j );3tjgj nj)jfdtt*# 'hnt(v )* lt fhl dh lh+nh ;j 'jh(/j9 fjh)t(h ;j vf'+h3th ;n )vlft(ht lvj. Nv!+ ,vnj dh )fnfjdhn2j# )f'jj tftt* vjt2t9 3j t+tfhl# )v nh+tttf(nj)jh ;n jvdh)*2j 3j +j02*0jnth# +;nt 0h(hv flv)tvtn2j# 3)hjf'j dh vfjn2* 3j jvdh)tt*# ;n)ljn;ndv!+h ,t ;nt(!f 't(th# ,t!n tltt6. 6&%. N!4nch"h s trjh5tj "h !ndh trh1!jh s sf+r5h5tjJ Vnjj jtv fdjhnt lt!n)h'vt 3j lt+* t(vdt 'hnt(v +f;(3jt. ;nt;j )tt* +* fjh h+hn2jtlvl 3j!t,jt dv'*# dt)* (*0;nh lf)# t))h+f(jvl. Tl2jj vf( +* t(jv0fh ;ntjnth dh!t lv'tt9 vnjj ;n)h' '(jn t 3tj tft )h h 0tj 'v2jn ;n+h0ntt# jt( +tvdjjlh fnf(t,jlh 3j fflf+jtft(h lh lt+* 'hnt(v v(h0ht dh +f;(3jt t vjh2jj> tltvl nj)j n!t '(jn+ )hhtg# )* +h 3j ;nfv0v(ht/*. Mhtfdt h h+hn2jtl* )t +* 3tjj 3j +* 'f2j t(*j. 6A8. C+hd trh1!jh s c!!+nth2j "h dfsM& C;nd nj +h vf(,h3th )v g;nd (*v. Cv vnjj tftvl t(h,vjh +* 0ht(g* ;n (*+'*(> dt!vl h n! 3j nv!vl h dt. B;(fj(ht vnvj lv)(v t(h)h d(h't '(h2vj(h t lvj# fjjnd)* )jnh!$ v(ht 'hnt(v +jnh ;l dj+)(hdjtht/* 'hnt(v )hjltl2j. T l*vdt nv ;n+ht0n* tftdhtvnt t vf(,j dh ,jnh# )*)j vnjj# )t +* nv!j ltvdh 'h )hj ,vnj# ;j ltvd* 3j 'h )hj (*j9 jt( 'hnt(v )jnh nj0hnj nv h (*v# nj0hnj nv vt fj nj)j ,vn6. 6A$. Trh1!jh s rhc!r$j lt #jjlftchlh f#hnh5tj ct 5j c!# n4tr h.jstt 5j dj!jnh- 5j lt chlh dj!jnh ct 5j c!# n4tr h.jstt f#hnh5tj7 (hgvl* dh 0t(h 0th+t(v$# nv h dh td*vgtt nj)j vn )f0hntt(jv.
6&7$ Mj th l!t d!" !ltj#!l7 Cf. Fr.- 6649 Crjt.- JJJ# @. 6&76 ,t +ntr4f "trth- 1t4n tltt7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl lttjnh+)> =P(vdhntj+ h+t 0vtt(h )fn+jljv09 +tvltv+ +j)vt lvnt 0vtttv(". 6&%$ N!4nch"h s trjh5tj...7 Cf. Dj+)# ??V9 Crjt.- JJJ# $69 )f. 3j Shnh)t# Scrjsfrj- ?LVJJJ> =Chjt( dt)* t0 0tj tvht 0vlt tj0' dh t(*jt# t( t(h,vj +*!$ )hhltvj0 )v g(jj*# )t +* nh!tjvng* 'hnt(v )h h+th nh)h+t(. Dt( t3t# nv!j ft(h f nh,vnjh +* ;nv*2*0 )h!j dh '(j+f+# );nd 0tj tvh0 tt;tt dh 'v2jnO" :Hd. )jt.# '. $$7.C 6A8 ...s c!!+nth2j "h dfs7 Cf. Fr.- $59 C((.# J# 49 JJJ. 5. 6A86 ...njcj 1!n7 Cf. Mt(2jtl# H"j$rt#h- ?JJ# 7$. 6> =Cvj 0tlf h+t nh0f# Dvj+ ,fnv+ h++h 'fth+tO" :=Cjnh 'ftth fj ,vn# dt)* 'hnt(v hl nj0hnj nv h (*vO"C. 6A$ rh$!l dh #trh #thstr!7 Jdhht jnj2jtl* tfltt* lt ,t/t t)h+tvj h'jg(tf +vfj)jhnt +jh3j '(fvjnh djn Jgnt)jf dh Lf flt. Jn =Rttjf Dvt0 jn gv,h(ntndf thnh,tt Jgnttjv+"# 'ft(jvjt '*(. Rj,tdhnh (t# +h 'ftth )jtj> =Hn lt+ )f+t3 dhl +h(vj)jf dh N. S.# v+t,t dh tfdf+ lf+ 0hdjf+ hv0tnf+ )f0f +j dh hllf+ dh'hndjh(t hl ,vhn +v)h+f9 dh ttl 0tnh(t )fnfjt,t hn Djf+# )f0f +j tfdf+ lf+ 0hdjf+ hv0tnf+ nf

6A6. Njcj tft tl t!- njcj tft tl s!&7 h f tj(tnjh vvlgt(*. Djn vfjn2t dh!t fj tft tl t*v dh)v(gh nv0tjdh);t vfjn2t )t tftth lv)(v(jlh +* fjh 'hnt(v tjnh. Ft0hnjj t)h3tjt nv 3tjv +* )hdh/h nj)j ;n )hl 0tj 0j) lv)(v# nj)j +* 'jt(d* v(hf f*(;0* djn )f0fdjtttht lf(9 +;nt 'v2jn ;ndttf(jtf(j# +h!n)(hd ;n +ft(tt lf( 3j +h t(h/h+) lj'+j2j dh (ht/h0. H ,jnh vnhf(j +* fjj tl tltf(t 'hnt(v )t 3j )hjltl2j +* fjh tj t*j9 3j )jnh t(h +lvj,* f,3tht+)* t(h,vjh +* fjh +)ltv f,3th+) +tv s rhn!n h lt strcjn f dtt c! strcjnjlh hj- ;j vt +'vnh lvj Htd(jtn ,*t(;nt6. Tl2jj# dj0'ft(jv*# +;nt 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl tj )hlf(ltl2j# )*)j '(f+tjt )tdh tftdhtvnt ;n hB)h+h# jt( tj)j# ;nt(!vnvj nhfh(j)jt9 nv tv /j# nj)j )hjt( )ht+ tl lf(# )v tt;tt nh0*+v(* tj tltf(t# ;n);t vnvjt j +!t /j+ chl tl t!t!rfrt7 lt fhl )v jnthlh)tvl# 3tjv 'hnt(v tf2j# 3j 'hnt(v hj jgnf(*. Tthntvl '(j)ht'* )* nj0hnj nv!$ )tvt* 'h hl# )j '(f'(jvl jnth(h+ ;n hl +tv '(jn hl.
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6A5...cfnch"t!l. Cf. Hr.- V9 T+h# VJJ9 Fr.- $A6# 6$@9 Crjt.- JJ# A. Cf. 3j Tt)jt# T$rjcflt- 58#$5> =f0nh jgnftv0 '(f 0tgnjfj)f h+t" :=f(j)h h+th nh)vnf+)vt t(h)h dth't 0*(h2"C. Vh/j 3j fjntlvl tff(j+0vlvj. 6A56 trh1!jh s cfsth7 Vh/j '(fvh(,vl =Lf Dvh 'f)f )vh+tt# 'f)f +h '(h)jt" :Cf((ht+# =Ch )f+t* 'v2jn 'v2jn h '(h2vjt"C. 6A& Nv #jnj#tlj2t r!l...> Cf. F(.# 5$9 Crjt- $#$#&. 6A&6 !ndh #tj s+nt7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl> =Tdfndh vt+# 0tlO Td1ndh 0t+ ht " :Hh01n Nvnh/# =Vndh th dv)j# nhnf(f)j(hO Vndh 0tj +;nt 3j tlthlh"C. 6A&5 dftr#h7 Cf. Pv,ljljv+ S (v+# Shnthntjth- A%7> =Nfn h+t 0fvhndv0 ,hnh )fn+f'jtv0 0tlv0" :=Nv t(h,vjh +t;(njt vn (1v ,jnh tdf(0jt"C 3j '(fvh(,vl> =Cvtndf lt 0tlt vhntv(t +h dvh(0h# ntdjh lt dh+'jh(th" :=C;nd +ft(tt (ht tdft(0h# nj0hnj +* n!f t(h/ht+)*"C. 6AA +n!t s ftcj 1jnhlh7 Cf. Fr.- A#$&$# 6A5. 6AA6 n! d- cj !jndh7 Cf. '(fvh(,vl> =Evjhn dt# ,jhn vhndh# +j nf h+ nh)jf Dvjhn '(hndh" :Hh01n Nvnh/# =Cjnh d* vjndh ,jnh# dt)* nv!j '(f+t )jnh '(j0h3th"C. FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ 333

dh);t +*!j ;ndttf(h/j 'h+th 0*+v(*9 )t +* nv 'l*tht+)*# +h (ht(tg# 3j# djn ;ndttf(t2j# ;2j tjvng dv30tnj 5. Jdflvl n!t( v(ht +*!$ vtd*!n ft2* 'h +)vl'tf(vl )t(h $!t f*v(jt# nj)j ;ndttf(ttvl 'h ,jnhf*)*tf(vl +*v# ;n f)hj. Mt(h +v,tjljttth t d*(vj(jj &# +* )f+th 'v2jn 3j +* fjh df(jt* 0vlt# )t +* fjh 3j 0tj 0vlt '(h2vjt*. 6A@. Fjj #hrh! +n $trd&7 )fnt(t ,*d*(tnjlf(# ;n)*'*2;nt2jlf(# ;ng;0ft2jlf( 3j tvtv(f( +fjv(jlf( dh '(f3tj. Vndh 'vj )* +;nt 0vl2j# 3j )v0jn2hnjt h +* nv th 'vj )v hj. Zjlnj) ;nt(0ht/*!th )v g;ndv(j fh(0h ;n fgljndt tthn2jhj ttlh# 3j t+tfhl vhj ,j(vj tntnghjjlh '(f+tjhj9 )hj,/vjh3th )v lvt(h!t0jnth 3j nv!2j vhj hB'vnh (h'vtt2jt vnf( (j+)v(j vvlgt(h> ,*(,ttvl 'v+ ;n gt(d* dh )v0jn2hnjh nv vt fj df,f(;t dh f,(*/nj)jh. D(v0vl (hlt2jjlf( f0hnh3tj h tnhvfjf+# fjjnd 'ljn dh +t;n)j tlh dj+)(hdjt*(jj9 f)flj(ht lf( ;n+ht0n* +jgv(tn2*# )fn+vlt;ndv!$ 'h Vlj+h ;n j+)v+jn2*. Dh 0t(h vtlft(h h!tj)j h+)hjvt +v,tjl*9 0tj '(h+v+ dh f(j)h# jt!f '(jn fjlftj0jh# )*)j h +)v(t*tv(t vnj)* djn ;n)v()*tv(j. 6A4. N! tj!n$h njcjfdtt lt r!"t!r7 )*)j djn ht (h'vtt2jt jh+h tftdhtvnt 3tj(,jt*. F(j)jnh h ,vn dh dv30tn# nv 3j dh '(jhthn9 'v2jnj 'ft ft)h ,jnh# dt( t'(ft'h tf2j (*v. Vvltv(vl nv g*+h3th )vj, +jgv( nj)j )hjt( ;n +;nvl lvj Jv'jth( djn /jvt );nd +h )ht(t* )v vn +)t(t,hv$> )v ghht(t )hlvj f*2j3 t2;2* ff)vl dj+j0vlt2jj# )t(h t,jt t3th'ttv '(jlhjvl. Djn t0j)jj ;n(*j2j jh+ )hj 0tj ;nvh(3vnt2j jnt0j)j9 2j!$ ;ng(hvjt/* )v dhfh)thlh tltf(t 'h )hl '(f'(jv 3j '(hfh(tt dh tjnh. Djnt(h )hj )h '(jvh+)# fjh)t(h vf(,h3th )v0 +j0th 3j +j0th )v0 df(h3th# f+;ndjndv!j 'h tf2j# fjh 'hnt(v lj'+* dh '(hvhdh(h# lt ;n)h'vt# fjh dh (*,dt(h# lt +f;(3jt# 3j dh )v0jn2hnjh# tftdhtvnt. Dt)* +h't(t(ht h jnhvjtt,jl*# +* fjh +v'f(tt,jl*> 0tj ,jnh )v (*)j(ht '(hfh(jn2hj dh);t )v vjflhn2t fv(jhj. j tj)j vjnh ,jnh /j)tlt )v f (ht(tgh(h f(v0ft+* 6.
6AA5 + j tj!n$ d!5#tnjj7 Cf. Tt)jt# Tntlh- JV# $7> =Sh(vj)jjlh +;nt ;n+* ,jnhvhnjth nv0tj tt;t );t lh 'vth0 (*+'l*tj9 );nd t(h) 'h+th 'vth(jlh nft+t(h# ;n lf) dh (h)vnf3tjn2*# lh (*+'l*tj0 )v v(* :t(td. H. Lfvjnh+)vC. 6AA& s!1tjljttth t dr!jrjj7 Cf. Fvjdjv# T#frhs- J# VJJJ# @6> =C(hdh 0jhj# (h+ h+t jnghnjf+t dt(h" :=C(hdh!0*# h+th )v dvh )hl )t(h 3tjh +* dht"# t(td. dh M.!V. Pht(h+)vC. 6A@$ Fjj #hrh! +n $trd7 Cf. Djsc.- JV# ?JV# Fr.- 57. 7%9 Crjt.- $#$$. 6A4 V!lt!r... sctrt1h!... Tlv/jh lt ft,vlt lvj H+f'# V!lt!r!l 5j sctrt1h!l- &# hd. )jt.# '. 66. Lt fhl 3j =ghht(t )hlvj f*2j3"# tdj)* t dv30tnvlvj dh)lt(tt# )t(h t2;2* ff)vl 0;njhj t3t )v0 ghht(hlh ;n+;ngh(tth tlh vvltv(vlvj tv +t;(njt df(jn2t dh (*/,vnt(h t +)t(t,hvlvj. Cf. Dj+)# ?JJ9 Fr. 57#$@$#6$49 Crjt.- $$$#@. 6A46 f rhtrt$hrh fr!#fts7 Cf. Hr.- ?J9 Fr.- 57. 334 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNTHJ

6A7. Ct!t "h cjnh!t s4 j tj!th t s!"frtt nhfhrjcjrjlh&. Nv fj nj)jfdtt* +jngv(# 3j 0tj 'v2jn lt '(j0hjdjj# )*)j t( ;n+h0nt +* th ;0'fv*(h/j )v tftt* v(t9 vnjj g;ndh+) +*!3j t+v0h +v'(h0t (*+'vndh(h 3j +h!tlhg )v tftt* )lhvhtj(ht. T+tfhl vhj tvht 'h )jnhvt )t(h +* th dj+)vl'h +tv +* th tjvth +* +v'f(2j (*vl. Ph dfj jn3j nv!j ttt)* tt;t dh lh+nh nj)j +ft(tt# nj)j vvlgvl# 3j tf)0tj dh!t)hht 0hdj)vl j+)v+jt# )hjt( dt)* t g(h3jt t(ttt0hntvl# nv g(h3h3th )*v!t;nd 'h )jnhvt )t(h# )v tjtlv dh )fn+vlt# +*!j tjvth +* 'ft(th +j)(jvl> ;0't(t*!+h 'fvt(t 't+vlvj 3j!t '*+vlvj 6# )*)j nhnf(f)j(ht dh vnvl +jngv( dhvjnh ;ndfjt jntflh(t,jl*. 6A%. Prh+nt+#"jn jj$njrjlh 5j ft djn hlh ft!fr!rj&. Mtj 0t(h j+)v+jn2* h +* lh hvj2j dh);t +* lh (*/,vnj. H!f 0t(h dj,*)jh +*!2j ft)j )fnfjdhnt djn )hl )h h(t gttt +*!2j fjh (jvtl# +* '(h+)hj0,j ;n td*'f+tv(j tlh (h'vtt2jhj ttlh 'h )hj )h!

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64A. F1j5n!jt- dtr n! trj!jtl&. Nv fj 0h(hv ftndf+jt 3j g(tv9 h l*+tt( dh 'fljth2h. T(h,vjh +* ft)j ft(h)v0 (t,tt lt )fnvhnjhn2h )t +* );3tjgj tfh)2jvnht f,3tht+)*. Pf2j '*3j vnhf(j 3j )v )hj 0vl2j# dt( f*(* t(jvjtljttth# fjjnd)* )jnh t(h)h d(h't '(f+t ;n 'v,lj) nv vt t(h)h d(h't )v0jnth ;n +h)(ht. Mtj 0vlt 'jh(/j ;nt(!f /j dh 'ht(h)h(h dh);t tj )13tjgtt ;n tftt* +h(jf/jtttht. Dt( nv t(h,vjh +* ft)j tftdhtvnt hB)h'2jh> +jngvlt(j/t(ht ;n+ht0n* )fndt0nt(h t )hlf(ltl2j9 nv ft)h nj)j nt/v(j> lt+*!lh 'hnt(v +hBvl lf(9 )hjt( 3j ,j+h(j)f3jj +;nt (jdj)flj. Chl 0tj ,jnh 'hnt(v vn ,*(,tt h +* 't(* )h h# )*)j fh0hjt 'ftth +j0vlt 'h(fh)t ,*(,*2jt# jnvh(+ nv. 64@. +n!t s4 j +nnfjh5tj fjrht c! ntt!rt 5j trtt&. Sh /j)h )* djn 3t'th!n 3t'th tnj6 nh +)hj0,*0 )t(t)th(vl> fjh t)ht+tt +'(h t0hljf(t(ht 3j (hljhft(ht gv+tvlvj. Dv'* '(j0jj 3t'th tnj t't(h (t2jvnht9 t't(* t'fj# lt fjh)t(h lv+t(v# );th f nfv* dh+*v;(3j(h. F,+h(v* t)ht+t* vt(jhttth nttv(tl* )t +!f tjv2j 3j +* n*d*jdvjh3tj 3j djn 't(tht )hlf(ltlth t0hljf(t(ht. T3t +h ft)h )* 0vl2j 3j!tv +)hj0,tt )f0'f(tt(ht fjh )v +tt(ht# fjh )v +lvj,t# 3j vnhf(j nv +h (h0t()* ';n* )h nv +h vhdh hB)h+vl +)hj0,*(jj. Lt dfv*/h)j dh tnj vhj fj '*vn9 lt t(hj/h)j# lhv9 lt 'tt(v/h)j# )*0jl*# lt )jn)j/h)j# 3t('h9 lt 3tj/h)j# );jnh9 lt 3t'th/h)j# 0tj0v2*# jt( lt f't/h)j# nj0j)t5.
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348 FRTCFLVL MTNVTL J TRTT PRVDHNHJ

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lh)2jj dh nh'(jh*nj(h. Sf;ntvl Bjnhvh+tjtf( f ;0,jh )*t(h 0tth(njtttht djvjn*# jt( ht +h ;ng(jjh3th dh +jgv(tn2t fh)jf(jhj +tlh9 +h +fjh3th +* +'vn* dt )hlhj 0tj ;ntlth 0*(h2jj 3j t))h't* nv +* fjh (hgjn*# )j (ft,*# ;n fjh)t(h )vv;nt t3th't;nd vn '(fdjgjv 3j!n fjh)t(h ft't* f )vl0h. Vjnf# +vflhth# 3j jt lh)2jj dh vj(tv2j# +tvdjt/* dh+*v;(3j(j# )f'jt/* f(jgjntlvl t)h+tt tdhv*(tt tl 0fdvlvj )v0 +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Dv0nh/hvl t*v9 jt +ht0t )v );t* v0jljn2* t(h,vjh +* th t'(f'jj# )v );t* vhnh(t2jh +* th ;nf*2j3h/j. Ch jv,j(h '(hv*/*tft(hQ Ch th0h(h ;n)(h/*tft(hQ Dt)* Fh)jft(t# tt;t dh )f'lh3jt* dh dh+*v;(3j(j# +h ;ndfjh3th# dt)* ht. 'ljn* dh ht(v(j# +h th0h# 3j dt)* 'h ht h nhvfjh +!f ;nt*(ht+)* t)hlt )h h ff(t*(ht2t lvj Dv0nh/hv# tv# tt;t dh gfl dh vj(tv2j# dvhnjnd t '*)tth# )v0 ft(h th ;n)v0h2j +*!$ g*/dvjh3tj ;n 'jh'tvl t*v 'h Dv0nh/hvl )hl jnfjnjt 3j j0hn+O Cv0'*nh3th )h tl)*tvj(h vt fj dh tjvn+# )h nh'(jh*nj(h 'h 0*+v(*Q P(hg*th3th!2j# t3tdt(# jnj0t# dt)* nv )v dh+*v;(3j(ht 'h )t(h!f dttf(h/j# )v ht(vl 'h )t(h!$ vhj fj df,;ndjnd. PVNCTVL 5 Dh fflfs d!" c!#jnhctrh ;n '(ht)v(ttvl Cf(t tl Ht(vlvj# 'h t)h+t t(fn +v,lj0 tl tvtv(f( vj(tv2jlf(# )t'*t* t(v' Cvv;ntvl )hl Vh3nj)9 tj)j +h t,(hvjt/* 0t(hlh Dv0nh/hv )t(h nv!n)t'h nj)j ;n Ch(v(jlh Ch(v(jlf(# jt( )ht )t(h h(t 'ljn* dh ht(# (*0t+!t 'ljn* dh hvltvjh9 dh ;ndtt* )h!$ vt fj (h)vnf+)vt ;n '(ht)v(t2jj +*j (*(vn)hj 'h Dv0nh/hvl Fjvl
5A7 CVMJNHCTFRVL MHDJTTJT 6 5A%

+*v# f*(* dft( 3j 'ftth )* +vflhtvl# t+j+ttt dh tftth ft)vlt*2jlh +tlh# j +h vt fj '(f+th(ntt# tdf(;ndv!$ 3j ;n)hjn;ndv!+h )v tftvl '(ht0*(j(jj 3j jv,j(jj lvj9 jnthlh)tvl ft+)jntt# )fnth0'l;nd j0hn+t 0*(h2jh (hdv+* lt +t(10tft(ht vnvj t(v'v3f(9 vfjn2t# ;nfl*)*(;ndv!+h dh jv,j(ht nh+f;(3jthj ,vn*t*2j )f0vnj)tth9 0h0f(jt# (h)t'jtvl;ndv!j nh)fnthnjt 0jlf+thnjjlh9 j0tgjnt2jt# (h'(h/hnt;ndv!$ v0tn 3j +tvv(;ndv!$ djvjn9 )hlhltlth +j02v(j hBth(jft(h# +v+t(*g;ndv!+h tfh)2jvnjj 'hnt(v ;ndhlhtnj)j(jlh +t(*jnh# +h vf( fj )vfvndtt 't()* ;n Dv0nh/hvl t)v0 +hn+j,jl9 f)hjj +jljndv!+h +*!$ vtd*# v(h)hjlh ;n)h();nd +*!$ t+)vlth# ,(t2hlh )v'(jn/;ndv!$ 3j ,v/hlh 'h)htlv!jndv!$ ;n gjngt3t!j ;nf0hnj(h. ;nt(v t)ht+t* j0jtt(h +*!2j fjh +t(*dtnjt# f# +vflhth tl 0hv# dv'* )h th!tj )v0jnh)tt# );nd ;l tj ;n 'jh'tvl t*v# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# 'h ;n+v3j Dv0nh/hvl 3j Df0nvl9 tlj'h3th!th lvj# tjvt*!$ )v g(jjj dh '(ht0*(j(h# tdvnh!2j!+h lt vn lf) tftth 'vth(jlh )t +*!$ +lvjht+)* 3j tftth ft)vlt*2jlh )t +*!$ tdf(h. C;3tjg*!j ;n fjh(,jnth )fnth0'lt(h '(htdvl)jlh )fnvf(,j(j# '(htdvl)jlh tljntv(j 'h )t(h lh (h'htt Fh)jft(t )v Dv0nh/hvl +*v Fjv ;n)hj+ ;nt(!;n+t. PVNCTVL & Ct sj #!l !#h5tj Dft0nt t)ht+tt t ;n*l2tt );nth)h dh 0vl2v0j(h lvj Dv0nh/hv 'h 0tlvl nfjtnvlvj dh 0jlf+thnjj )v 0tj 0vlt* 0*(h2jh dh);t )htltlt* M*(jh# +f(t lvj Mfj+h# lt 2*(0vl M*(jj Rf3jj. Vt fj ;n)h'vt nv0tjdh);t +*!3j v*dht+)* 0jnvnjlh# )*)j )hht )h j!t '(h+)v(ttt ';nth)hlh j!t 0*(jt )vghtvl. Pffth3th tftth ghnh(t2jjlh +* f tjvth +* tdv)* 0vl2v0j(j vnjvh(+tlhlf( 0jlf+thnjj# +* '(ht0*(ht+)* nv0hlh )hl +f;nt tl Df0nvlvj. Pv()hdh t'fj +* vh3nj)ht+)* djn nht0 ;n nht0v(j ,jnh)vv;nt*(jlh dv0nh/hjh3tj# )v ltvdh (h)vnf+)*tft(h# jt( t'fj# ;ntf();ndv!+h ;n tj0'# 'hnt(v )t tf2j )hj dv3j# '(h/hn2jj 3j vjjtf(jj +*!$ '(ht0*(ht+)* 'h Df0nvl# ;l t(h/h3th 'h Tv(tt0 3j +*0;n2t lvj# )t +* (h)vnft+)* 3j +* +l*vht+)* 0t(hlh )vv;nt tl lvj Dv0nh/hv# ;0'ljnjt dh ;ndtt* )h +!t ;nt(v'tt9 t3t 0vl2v0h3th Mtj)t Fh)jft(* 'hnt(v )* $!t /*0j+ljt 'h Dv0nh/hvl )hl nh0*(gjnjt. R*+vn;nd# t3tdt(# dh );nth)h t;;t dh (h)vnf+)*tft(h# nv (*0;nh 0vt# +vflhth tl 0hv# 3j# dhft(h)h l!tj '(j0jt 'h Dv0nh/hv ;n+v3j# t'ltvd* )v glt+ dh hBvltt(h 3j hBtltt(h# )v0 t(h,vjh +* +h ft)* tv/j2j t+h0hnht ft+'h2j9 fflf+ht+)*!+h gv(t 3j lj0,t ;ndvl)jth )v f h(tn* tf;t dh +f;nt* ;nt(v dvl)jlh!j ltvdh. C;nt*!j t/j Df0nvlvj );ntt(h nfv* 'hnt(v tt;t dh nfj htt;(v(j# 3j ;n (hght+)t +t '(h/hn2* tft l*vnt(vl t*v +* +h )fn+t)(h +t*(vjtf( '(ht0*(j(jj +tlh# ;n tf2j vh)jj vh)jlf(. T0jn.

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'*(jnthlvj t*v# nhfh(j)j(ht tt th!t ;0'jn+ +* (f,h3tj 'ffthlf( ttlh# tj(tnj t+'(j 3j )(v/j. Cv0'*nh3th );t dh 'v2jn 0vl2v0h+) dh+f*t*(jlh# );t dh 'v2jn +ttv(* dh3h(t*)jvnjlh# dh3j 0vlt v0fl*. Pl;ngh!2j nhnf(f)vl dh t!2j fj +)hj0,tt htt;(v(jlh fjvlvj lvj Dv0nh/hv 'h dj+'(h2v(jlh vnvj +)ltv tl Stttnhj. S)ftth dh tj)j f tdhv*(tt* dh/t0*gj(h# dj+'(h2vjnd tft )h h lv0h# '(h2vjnd tft )h h Ch(# 3j# )v hft*(1(h vjtht/*# ;ntft(!)h! th 0tj dhg(t,* t/j dh);t 0;jnh lt )t+t Dv0nh/hvlvj t*v 3j lt 0t+t ,vnvlvj t*v P*(jnth. PVNCTVL 6 Hft*(;t +* +h ;ntft()* ;n )hnt(vl '*(jnth+)# fjvl dh/t0*gjt +h '(hg*th3th )v dv(h(h +* +h t'(f'jh dh 0;ng;jh(h. ;3j vjnh 0tj ;nt;j ;n fj(h# )*)j ';n* 3j dh +jnh ;n+v3j ;nt(!tt;tt +h ;n+t(*jnt+h. ;n)h'h
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'(jn t!3j (h)vnft3th jf+nj)jt ;n ft2t )hlhj 0tj ;ntlth 0*(h2jj 3j +h ;0,(t)* ;nt(!f ;n)(hdh(h nht,*tvt*# )*)j# )hjt( dt)* hl h fjv (*v# t(h ttt* ,vn 3j# tjvtf(tt dh (v3jnt(ht dv(h(ft+*# +h t'(f'jh# 0*(tv(j+jndv!3j +l*,j)jvnht 3j nh3tjjn2t9 ;n)h'h )v t)ht vf(,* dvjft+*> =Ttt*"9 v(0ht/*> =T0 '*)*tvjt ;0'ft(jvt Ch(vlvj 3j ;0'ft(jvt tt." Ch jvth!$ tvdh '*(jnthlh 0jlf+thnjjlf( 3j +t(h +*!$ ;nt;0'jnh# 0tj dhg(t,* ;n (*(vn)hjj dh);t ;n ,(t2hlh +tlhQ Nv +h +);(,h3th )* h /d(hn2*(f+# nj)j nv!$ 0v+t(* )* t g(h3jt9 ;l t+)vndh# dt# ;n ,(t2hlh +tlh# 'hnt(v )t nj)j +lvgjlh +* nv!j fjh (*,fjv(j tlh nhnf(f)j(jj9 3j# )v tftth )* nhvfjt dh 0;n)t(h h(t )ht 0tj g(ft/nj)*# +h ;ng(jjh3th dh )vvjjn2* 3j 'f(vn)h3th +* j +h tdv)* +t(tjh nfj d(h't +h0n dh vjt2* nfv*9 ;j 'ft(jvh3th jnhlvl dh tv( ;n dhght# )t (h+tjtvj(h t nf,lh2hj +tlh ;ntjntth# 3j# dv'* )h!$ vhdh )* nv +h dh/j)h )t fjv tl +*v# ;l 'vnh lt 0t+t lvj 3j# ;0,(*)tt dh +*(,*tft(h# ;l f+'h2h3th. Cv0'*nh3th tv t)v0t# )v )h hft*(;(h t( t(h,vj +* th (jdj)j djn '(*'t+tjt dh tj)*lf3jj ;n )t(h th!tv ;nh)tt vjnjlh9 )h t(h,vjh +* ft)j# )v tdhv*(tt* +0h(hnjh# )t +* v()j lt )t+t 0t(hlvj t*v P*(jnth# )v )h 'fdft,* h3tj dttf( +* th t3h/j lt 0t+t ;ngh(jlf(# f*(* t 0tj t;(; dv'* tjnh fjt(hlh '*)tthlf( ttlh# dh/lhgtt dh hlh# dt# '(jnt(!f ,vn* +'fvhdtnjh9 ;0,(*)tt ;n +t(tjvl '(h2jf+ 3j +*(,*tf(h+) tl ht(vlvj# )v jnhlvl jv,j(jj )hlhj nf,jlh ;n dhght 3j )v ,fgtthlh gjvvtjh(h tlh vj(tv2jlf(# )tvt* +* f,2jj tt;t dh +fjnthlh htt;(v(j. PVNCTVL 5 Dv'* )h!$ vhdh ;ng(jjjt# 0t(hlh ttt* tl 0jlf+thnjjlf( ,jnhvfjh3th t!$ t3h/t lt 0t+t lvj 3j# )t +*!j 'ftflht+)* fft0ht )ht 0t(h# 'f(vn)h3th +* fjh ;njvnghjtt )hl 0tj t(*tf+ vj2hlv3 djn )j(h/jlh +tlh 3j# t3t ;nt(hg# f(j't lt ff)vl d(tgf+thj# +*!j fjh 'v+ ;ntjnth. T '(jn+ +* f+'*th/h )v tft tt;tt 'l*)h(h );t* 'fft* +j02ht> 0;n)t(ht h(t gv+tft+*# nhvfjt dh ht 0t(h. Cv );t* 'l*)h(h vt fj 0;n)ttQ F# )v0 ;3j vt 0tj fj ljn+ dhghthlhQ Bvnv!j '*(jnth ;l vt fj '(jvjt 3j vt fj +'v+> =L*+t2j!$ +* 0*n;n)h# )*)j )hht )h 'lt)h h(*nh3th ,jnh9 0tj t*jt2j!j# v0'lh2j!j ttlh(vl# +* 0*n;n)h dv'* 'fftt jnj0jj 3j +*!j fjh dh ,jnh." Vt fj )vnf+)vt t)v0# ;nt(!tdhv*(# dhf+h,j(ht djnt(h f 0t+* 3j tltt# djnt(h vn fhl dh 0;n)t(h 3j tltvl# jt( dv'* )h!t tjvn+ t )h(3j )ht 0tj jf+nj)* h(tn* t 'f()jlf(# )v0 vt fj '(h2vjt t)v0 f+'*2vl )hl nf,jl tl ;ngh(jlf(Q C*)j dt)* f 'j)*tv(* dh t'* dh lt 0t+t t)ht+tt h dh tjvn+ )t +* ;ndvl)ht+)* ';n* 3j jtdvl# )h +* +'vj dh tftt* ';jnht t)hht ttfth(*njtft(hO Cv0'*nh3th tv )v );t ;2j h 0tj 0t(h fh(j)j(ht# )*)j )v );t ;2j h+th 0t+t 0tj +t(*lv)jt*# );nd# ;n lf)vl vj2hlvlvj +tvv(f+# ;l 0*n;n)j 'h ;n+v3j Fjvl Vh3nj)vlvj P*(jnth ;0'*(t*3jt9 ;nth2h3th )(hdjn2t 3j +t;(nj!vhj fft0ht9 0*n;n)*!$ )v 'l*)h(h 3j!2j vt '(jj9 dv0j)*!$ ,jnh 3j!2j vt fj 0tj gv+tf+9 jt +ht0t '(jn )fnth0'lt2jh lt )hht )h 0*n;n)j 3j vhj df,;ndj vjt2* vh3nj)*. PVNCTVL & . Ph!tt;t dh (h)vnf+)*tf( vt fj (*0t+ (j+j'jtf(vl ft2* dh ttt*l +*v# 'h );t dh ,jnh '(j0jt9 'h!tt;t dh '(h2vjtf( tl 0t(hlvj ,jnh# 'h );t dh dh/t0*gjt. Ch hft*(;(j vt fj (f+tjt# 'h );t dh '*t(vn/*tft(h# 'h!tt;t dh tdhv*(tth# dh t nv!3j 0tj 'jh(dh v(hfdtt* nj)j )t+t# nj)j 0t+t# 3j!n tfjvl dh+f*t*(jj )h g(ft/* vt fj +j02jt lt g;ndvl +t*(jj tj)*lft+h ;n )t(h +h v*/v+hQ Cv0 vt fj lvtt +ht0t +* nv!$ 0tj +v'h(h )v nj0j)t# tt;t djn d(tgf+th fjljtl*# );t 3j djn ;nv*2 dh nhfh(j)jtQ Sh vt fj ,v)v(tt )v tf2j tj )t+hj# dh lt ftvf(jt ';n* lt +j0,(jt3. Cv0 vt 0tj fj )v0'*njt htt;(vl '*(jnth+) 3j )v0 vt fj '(f+l*vjt f+'*2vlQ Cv );t 0tj 0t(j 0vl2v0j(j t(h,vjh +* tdv)j tv dv'* )h th!tj )v0jnh)tt# t)v0t# );nd th vh/j tt;t dh (*+f*2ttQ Fjj ;n fh(vft(h dv'* ftvft(h# (jdj)*!2j f)hjj dh lt 0t+* lt Ch( 3j t(h)h!2j gv(t dh lt +tvv(t(ht lvj Dv0nh/hv lt +fjnthlh!j f+tntlh.

MHDJTTJT 5 Ct s th c!#jnhcj #jntt dh $+nd!l s!tt5!l!j(

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5@6 CVMJNHCTFRVL

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t)h+tht )v '(h2vj(h 3j dh/t0*gj(h9 nv!3j ;n)(hdjn2ht/* +t(*dtnjt nh'*+*(jj tlthj +lvgj 3j nj)j )fnvf(,j(ht )v Dv0nh/hv nv f lt+*!n +t()jnt tltvj 0jjlf)jtf(. Cv0'*nh3th )* t/j 'f(nh3tj tv ;n+v2j ;n )*vtt(ht t)hlvjt3j Df0n# dt( nv )t +* )h(j ;n+*n*tf3j(ht vnhj +lvgj# )j 'h! t)hht t +vflhtvlvj t*v9 lvj J+v+ ;n+v3j t(h,vjh +*!j vf(,h3tj9 ;nt(0ht/*!th# t3tdt(# )v vj(tv2j )t +* )v)h(h3tj djvjnhlh!j 0jlf+thnjj 3j t'(f'jh!th )v +0h(hnjh )t +* th '(f+th(nh/j ;ntjntht '(h/hn2hj +tlh dv0nh/hjh3tj9 '(hg*th3th!2j f 0t(h ;nfl*)*(t(h t )vghtvlvj# f d(tgf+th fjh(,jnth 3j!f ht(nj)t +;(gvjn2*. PVNCTVL 6 Svtt3vl +h t'(f'jh 0jlf+tjv 3j Df0nvl ;l '(j0h3th ttftth,jnh!vfjtf(9 h +jgv( )* t(h ;n 0;n* 'vth(ht 3j fft(th lt ;ndh0;n* vfjn2t dh t!$ lh)vj. =Dft0nh# /j)h hl# t0 t)t+* f +lvg*# +l*,*nftg*# tt;t dh nh'vtjn)jft+*# ;n);t nv j!t ff+t )v 'vtjn2* +* vjn* tj)j )v t(v'vl# )j dft( )v +j02j(ht." J!t (*+'vn+ Df0nvl> =Dt)* hl nv 'ftth vhnj# 0* vfj dv)h Hv t)flf +*!$ vjndh)." Jt +ht0t lt nh+f;(3jtt ,vn*ttth t M;ntvjtf(vlvj. Nv nv0tj )*!$ t+)vlt*# dt( ,jnhvfjh3th +* +h 3j dv)* lt hl t)t+* +'(h!t f vjndh)t 'h +lvg*9 (*+'l*th3th f 0t(h d(tgf+th )v tltt 3j 0tj 0t(h# nh+vfh(jnd )t ;nt(!t)ht+tt +* fjh ;nvjn+ dh )jnhvt. j tv '(j)h'h )*# t(*t;ndv!2j df(jn2t dh Df0nvl# Hl ;n+v3j +h vt ;ndh0nt +* jnt(h 'h 'ft(tt 'jh'tvlvj t*v9 l*(g)3th!2j +;nv(jlh +vflhtvlvj 'hnt(v htt;(v(jlh d(h'thj +tlh9 dh+)hjdh gv(t 0t(h )t +* 2j!f v0'lh )v f h(tn* tt;t dh tlht+*. Pft(jvht+)*!+h '(h2vj(ht tt dv'* ,vn*tttht )ht f*(* dh 0t(gjnj9 ;nth2h3th!2j df(jn2t )t Df0nvl +* vjn* lt tjnh# +* jnt(h ;n 'jh'tvl t*v 3j +*!2j ;n+*n*tf3ht+)* +vflhtvl. PVNCTVL 5 Vj0jt dh!tt;tt f0hnjh dv0nh/hjt+)*# t+h0vjndv!3j nj0j)vl )v nh+f;(3jtt 0*(h2jh# vlvjt 3j )hjt( tvl,v(tt# Svtt3vl hB)lt0*> =Dft0nh# nv +;nt v(hdnj) +* jnt(j ;n lf)vjn2t 0ht +*(0tn*. Tv#
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Dv0nh/hv nh0*(gjnjt9 hv# vjh(0h tj)*lf+9 Ch(vl ;n+v3j ;2j h +t(;0t# )v0 ;2j vt fj ft(h )t+t 0ht +*(0tn*O Tv# dh'(jn+ +* )tl)j 'h t(j'j dh hh(vvj0j# hv# fv(nj)* tj)*lft+*9 hv# vn '*)*tf+# f nj0j)t tftt*." Jt +ht0t# )*# ;n tj0' )h ft(j+hjj ;nfv0v(t2j ;n0vl2h+) dj+'(h2v(jlh ft2* dh Df0nvl# vn f+tt3 ft)h 't(td* dh vhnh(*(j9 t)hjt nj)j nv )tttdj)+h+) +* vjn* lt Hl# jt( Svtt3vl +h +'h(jh )* Df0nvl ,jnhvfjh3th +* vjn* lt hl t)t+*. Cv0'*nh3th )* dt)* Svtt3vl h tt;t dh tvl,v(tt )* Df0nvl v(ht +*!j )tl)h '(tgvl# )v tt;t 0tj 0vlt tv dh ft'tvl )* ,jnhvfjh3th +* jnt(h nv +v, t)f'h(j3vl# )j ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. =Nv0tj vn )vv;nt tl t*v# /j)h hl# h dh tjvn+ )* +* f vjndh)h 'h +lvgt 0ht 3j +*!0j v0'lh )t+t dh fh(j)j(j." Sh 0vl2v0h3th )v vn +jngv( )vv;nt# jt( ;n )t/vl t*v# ;n+v3j )vv;n(vl jnfjnjt# f*)vt )t(nh# 2j +h ;nt(v'ht/*!n (*(vn)hj. T+h0vjh3th 0*(h2jt Df0nvlvj )v jf+nj)jt tt# 3j );nd vhj tjvngh +* th )v0jnh)j# nj0j)h3th!th# nj0j)t h3tj9 )v0'*nh3th )*# dt)* 'hnt(v ttft'vth(nj)jh h(t dh tjvn+ vn )vv;nt# nv ;n+* 3j 'hnt(v nh0*(gj!njtt!j 0jlf+thnjh. PVNCTVL & ;n )h (vg*)jvnj dh 0vl2v0j(h vt fj j/,v)njt Svtt3vl lt vhdh(ht tt;tf( 0jlf+thnjj9 );t dh (h)vnf+)*tf( vt fj (*0t+ dv'* )h t ff+t tt;t dh f)(ftjt> dt)*# +0h(jt# $!t vhnh(tt# (h)vnf+)*tf(# ;l ,jnh!)vv;ntht/*# f*);ndv!j )vnf+)vth )v +t(jg*(j 0*(h2jjlh. j Df0nvl ;j ltvd* )(hdjn2t# jt( Sf;ntt Bj+h(j)* nj!$ '(f'vnh )t 'jld*# t))h't;ndv!$. Cv0'*nh3th )h 0vl2v0j(j )v tt;t 0tj 0t(j h3tj tv dttf( +*!j tdv)j Df0nvlvj# )v );t 3j htt;(v(jlh 2j!tv ff+t 0tj 0t(j9 jt t0jnth +* nv ;ntf()j t'fj# nh(h)vnf+)*tf(# +'hthlh t)h+tvj j/vf( dh 0jl*# )j ltvd*!$ vh3nj) ;ndttf(tt# /j);nd> =C;ntt!vfj vh3nj) 0jlf+thnjjlh Df0nvlvj." T)h+thj ';jnj dh tftth /jlhlh +*!j )f(h+'vnd* vn t)t dh 0vl2v0j(j ;n fjh)t(h /j# 'vn;nd ;n '(t)tj)* '(jn hBh()j2jv f lh)2jh dh vj(tv2j tt;t dh 0t(h.
364 CVMJNHCTFRVL

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PVNCTVL $ lt t0jnth lt fh0hjt )tntnhhtn)*# ;3j lt+* )t+* 3j 'tt(jh# ;nlh+nj(j 3j '*)tth# 3j 'f(nh3th# 'h );t dh ;ndv(h(tt*# 'h!tt;t dh +;(gvjn)jft+*# t )h(h 0jlvj(h dh lt ;n+v3j j/vf(vl t)h+thjt9 j +!tv ;n0vl2jt 0vn)jlh 3j t+tfhl j!t +'f(jt 3j +t(*dtnjt. Tv tjvn+ ';n* lt d;n+t h)fv(jlh ft'thlf( 0jnvntth tlh lvj C(j+tf+# 3j ht n!t (*0t+ +v(d* lt hlh9 ;n )lj'* t vhnjt +t(jg;nd )v +;(g> 0*(ht2* +tt(h +vflhtht+)* +'(h!t +h ;nf*2j3t vnvj Df0n tt;t dh df(nj) +* ;0'*(t*3ht+)* 0;ng;jh(ht 3j lht)vl. Cv0'*nh3th )v0 vjnh fh0hjt )tntnhhtn)* j0'lf(;nd 0jlf+thnjh# 'h );nd tv h3tj ;0,jtt )v ht9 'h tjnh# )t +* g*+h3tj tftt* ';jnht Ch(vlvj# nv th )f+t* tt;tt );t 'h d;n+t f fv(njtv(*9 nv t(h,vjh +* 'lh)j nj)j djn (hgttvl# nj)j djn ,t3tjn* tt# nv t(h,vjh +* 0h(gj lt )t'*tvl lv0jj )t +* th ;0'*(t*3h3tj# dhft(h)h ;n fjh)t(h ,j+h(j)* ;l tj 'h Df0nvl )hl ;0'*(t*3jt# )t(h th 'ffth3th. P(h2vjh3th f fh(j)j(h tt;t dh 0t(h 3j dh lt!ndh0;n* 3j +jlh3th!th +* jh3j djn tjnh ;n+v2j# djn t0f(vl t*v '(f'(jv# djn +)f'v(jlh g(h3jth tlh vnhj jnthn2jj +t(;0,h# 'hnt(v )t ,jnhlh t)h+tt dv0nh/hjh+) +*!2j jnt(h nh'ftj)njt ;n 'jh't9 vjnf )v f 0t(h 'f(nj(h dh )(hdjn2* h(fj)*# n*dhjdh nh+l*,jt*# (vg*)jvnh +t*(vjtft(h 3j

+;(gvjn2* ;nfl*)*(tt*. PVNCTVL 6 Ctntnhhtn)* +t*(vjh ;n (vg*0jnth 3j Df0nvl +h '(hft)h )* n!f tvdh# tf)0tj );nd ;j d* 0tj 0vlt* tthn2jh9 ;3j ;nt(h(v'h 0jlf+thnjjlh# 'hnt(v )t d;n+t +*!3j ft)* 3j 0tj )vnf+)vth 3j +*!3j (h'hth )hjnv(jlh# )*)j 'hnt(v hl h 0v/j)* +fnf(* )hht )h t'f+tfljlf( lh h+th +v'*(t(h. Cv0'*nh3th );t h dh j0'f(ttnt +* nv th dh+)v(tjh/j ;n hBh()j2jjlh dh vj(tvth 3j# )hjt( dt)* +lvjjtf(vl lvj Dv0nh/hv +h +v'*(* vnhf(j 3j tl2jj 0v(0v(* ;0'ft(jvt tt )* 0h(gj dh+ lt +'fvhdtnjj 3j )v0jnh)*(j# tv +* nv!2j 'jh(/j )v(tjvl 3j +* nv dtj ;nd*(*t9 +t*(vjh
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)t Tnt# dh3j dh/t'(f,tt* dh Hlj$@# )*)j Df0nvl nv f+thnh3th 3j nv +h +v'*(*# jt( (vgjlh 3j lh jt d(h't dh+f*t*(j 3j d(h't fdjhn* 3hdh(ht ;n 'jh'tvl )hlvj )h +h )v0jnh)*9 jt 'jld* dh 'h(+hvh(hn2* dh lt t)ht+t* fh0hjh ;nfl*)*(tt*# )t +* nv th jntj0jdh/j )v lj'+h dh )v(tj# 3j!2j vhj ;n)vnvnt ft'thlh. PVNCTVL 5 Df0nvl )fntjnv* t!j 'vnh lt ;n)h()t(h vj(tvtht ;n )(hv/htvl dh '(f,*# 'hnt(v )t tv(vl )(hdjn2hj +* j +h l*0v(ht+)* 0tj +t(*lv)jtf(# (*,dt(ht +*!j t(fnh/h 3j +0h(hnjt +* j +h (hljhfh/h 3j 0tj 0vlt9 jt( );nd ;j 'lt)h +!f tj,* ;n .t'(f'jh(ht +t# ttvn)j /j)h> ##Dv!th# )* nv h+th ,jnh +* t(vn)j );jnjlf( ';jnht )f'jjlf(." F(j)jnh +!t( dh+)v(tjt ;n ft2t vnf( ttt(h +h0nh dh dj/g(t2jh# dt( fh0hjt )tntnhhtn)* h tt;t dh dh't(th dh t +h +j02j ffhn+tt*. ;n);t +h v0jlh3th 3j 0tj v;(tf+9 t+'(j0jlh lvj Dv0nh/hv n!f +'h(jh 'h )ht )t(h 3tjh )h!n+ht0n* ,ttjf)v(jlh djtvflvlvj> nv +j0th dj+'(h2v(jlh# ht# )t(h!3j )vnft3th g(h3hljlh# ;ntft()h vf(,t# 3j nv dft( ft0hnjlf(# )j 3j lvj Dv0nh/hv. =Dt# Dft0nh# /j)h ht# dt( fj(0jtv(jlh )t(h )td dh lt 0t+t +t*';njlf( +;nt +j0,(jjlh )*2hjlf(9 hv vnt 0* 3tjv ;n+* )* +;nt ;ntjntht Tt# t3t )v0 +'vnht Sf;ntvl (hgh$4# jjvjn* 0tj nhfflf+jtft(h dh);t vn )*2hl# dt( 0tj 3tjv )* Tv h3tj ,vnvl 0hv +t*';n 3j )*# dh v(h0h )h h(*nh3tj '*+*(jlh djn v*/dvh# nv 0* vhj l*+t tf)0tj 'h 0jnh +* 'jh(." Cv0'*nh3th hB)h'2jfntlt +0h(hnjh t t)h+thj fh0hj# nftht/* lhtljtttht )(hdjn2hj +tlh# fjdhljtttht ;n)(hdh(jj# gjng*3jt d(tgf+thj +tlh# 3j dt)* ht +h 0vl2v0h3th )v f fj(0jtv(* 3j +f)fth3th )* nf(f)vl ;j '(j+f+h3th# tv# )t(h nv df,;ndh3tj dft( f fj(0jtv(*# )j '(j0h3tj tftt* ';jnht Ch(vlvj# tv )v tt;t 0tj 0vlt t(h,vjh +*!j '(h2vjh3tj +ft(tt 3j +* tj 't(th dh htQ ;nvt2* tj)j +0h(hnjt 3j hBh()jt!f ;n +0h(j(j9 +)ftth '(h2vj(h djn htt;(vl 3j tdf(t(h djn 0*(h2jt Df0nvlvj# 'h )t(h!$ '(j0h3tj. PVNCTVL & Tv/jnd tt;tht dfvh/j dh tfh)2jvnh# Df0nvl hB)lt0*> =F# fh0hjh# 0t(h h+th )(hdjn2t tt# 0t(h +*!2j fjh fh(j)j(ht9 ;2j t)f(d )hlh )h(vth# fjjnd)* f 0h(j2j." Df0nvl +!t t(*ttt tt;t dh vj0jt 'hnt(v )t 3j nfj +* nh vj0j0 3j +*!$ j0jt*0.
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CVMJNHCTFRVL

Cv0'*nh3th )h 0vl2v0j(j vt fj tdv+ t'fj )ht )t(h 0tj!ntjnth +!t t'(f'jtt )v tt;tt v0jljn2* 3j t vhnjt +* )ht(* )v tt;tt )(hdjn2*# )h (h)vnf+)*tft(h +h vt fj ;ntf(+ dv'* )h t df,;ndjt# )v0 ;3j vt fj ;n*l2tt glt+vl ;nt(v (h)vnf3tjn2* dv'* )h f f*)v+h t+tfhl )v +t(jg*tvl ;nt(v (vg*Q F# tv# )t(h tj df,;ndjt f 0jlf+thnjh# nv f*(;!0*tv(j dh htt;(# )j )vl0j dh ht(Q fjh! 2j (*+'l*tjt* 3j (h)vnf3tjn2t9 lt gv(* 'ljn*# +t(jg*t 0t(h# (*+vnh vh3nj) ;n gv(t tt f+tntlhlh dv0nh/hjh3tj.

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(vg*)jvnht )v )t/nt9 )h t'(f'jh(h dh Dv0nh/hv# )h (ht(tgh(h djnt(h ft0hnj# )h t,2jnh(h dh lt 0;n)*(v(jlh +'v()tth 'hnt(v t df,;ndj 0tnt )ht tdhv*(tt*Q PVNCTVL 6 ;nt(v);t tv ff+t tt;t dh ,jnh '(hg*tj2j# tv 0h(jttt +* fjh 0;ng;jt2j dh )*t(h Df0nvl. Lh t(j0jth t)ht 0;n)t(h tlht+*# dh )t(h (*0;n vj0j2j 3j +*tvj9 nv lh t(j0jth h(tn* dh 'h '*0;nt# )j djn Ch(# )t +* t(*jt+)* vjt2t dh t)flf9 nv t(h gv+tvl vnvj +jngv( fhl dh 0;n)t(h# )j tl tvtv(f(t# gv+tvl 'h )t(h 3j!$ df(h3th fjh)t(h# )t +*!3j dht +ht0t )* tft ,jnhlh )h 3j!$ 'ft df(j ;l vf( g*+j ;n)jf(tt t)flf# 3j t+tfhl# vlvj2j# /j)htv> =Ch 0;n)t(h nhf,j3nvjt* h+th t)ht+tt# vhnjt* djn Ch(# t(j0j+* dh 0;nt lvj Dv0nh/hvO" Cv );t 0tj 0vlt th0hj 'f2j +'vnh tv t+t*/j> =Ch h(tn* '(h2jft+* h t)ht+ttO" C(hdjn2t ;2j (*+'vndh# /j);nd> =T)h+tt h vn Cvv;nt f*)vt T(v'# 3j t)h+tt vn T(v' f*)vt dh vn Cvv;nt. T)ht+tt h ';jnht ;ngh(jlf( dtt* ft0hnjlf( +* f 0*n;n)h9 t)ht+tt h ';jnht )t(h ft)h dh+f*tt(ht (hgjlf(9 t)ht+tt h 0tnt )ht tdhv*(tt* )t(h d* vjt2* 3j# ;nt(!vn )vv;nt# t+tt ;n+ht0n* )* f0vl ;l 0*n;n)* 'h Dv0nh/hvl +*v# )t(h# ,vn*ttth jnfjnjt* fjjnd# ;n)hjdh!n +jnh tftth gv+tv(jlh );th +;nt9 gv+t!f# vh/j )h dvl)h h+th 3j )v0 tdv)h )v gv+tvl tvtv(f( vj(tv2jlf( 3j ht(v(jlf(." PVNCTVL 5 Phnt(v f 0;n)t(h tt;t dh 0j+th(jft+*# h nhvfjh dh ;0'(hjv(*(j 0j+th(jft+h> jh3htv +* f tdvnh ;n /f(j# lt )ht+vl vj(gjntl# )t '(j0* g(jj* t /jlhj9 t(h,vjh +* th +)flj dj+!dh!dj0jnht2*# +* th )f+th ,vn*vfjn2* 3j t(h/jh# ;ntjnth +* (*+t(* +ft(hlh# dhft(h)h# tt;t dh dhlj)tt* 3j 'v(* )v0 h# +h tf'h3th lt f(j)h fjh(,jn2htl* t lv0jj. Fjh)t(h +* )vlhtg* tt;tt );t ;j tjvngh# dhft(h)h nv ;ng*dvjh thtjh(j f0hnh3tj# nv 'ftth fj '*+t(tt* 'hnt(v t dfv* /j# fjjnd)* v(ht +* fjh ';jnh '(ft+'*t* 3j dh tftth /jlhlh# )t dfvtd* t f(h)vhn2hj +tlh. Sh '(hft)h jvth ;n vjh(0j# dhvf(ttf(j tj )fn3tjjn2hj vjnfvtth. Cv0'*nh3th )h ;0'(hjv(*(j nh+'v+ dh hBt)th 3j dh 0j+th(jft+h '(htjndh t)ht+t* Mtn* ;0'*(t*3jt*. T+tt +*!2j fjh '(j0t 2jnt*# +* nv th t,t2j )*t(h tlt* ;ndhlhtnj)j(h# +* nv '(hgh2j t f )*vtt# )* vhj (*0;nh dh3h(t9 jt!f ;n )v(*2jh# 'hnt(v )t nv )v0vt# ;n lf) dh t!2j dt vjt2*# +*!2j /*0j+lht+)* vjh(0jj 0f(2jj.
5@7 CVMJNHCTFRVL

Ft0hnjj t)hjt +!tv v*/vt tjvtf(t2j# dt( n!tv (*0t+ ;ndttf(t2j# )*)j ;ndhf,3th )hlh 0tj 0t(j 0jlf+thnjj tlh lvj Dv0nh/hv +;nt 'l*tjth )v jng(ttjtvdjnj tlh f0vlvj. Lj +!t t'lh)tt )v(;nd dh h(tnt )ht +tvv(ft+*# ;nt(v);t# )t f*'tv(j 0tth(jtlh# hj nv 'h()h' dh+f*t*(jlh +'j(jtvlvj9 tv dj+'(h2vjt ';jnht djn Ch( 3j tv 'fftjt lt )h'hlh hgj'thnh. M* th0# +vflhth# )t nv )v0vt +* fjj 3j 0tj nhfh(j)jt dh);t hj# )*)j )v );t h 0tj 0t(h htt;(vl '(j0jt dh tjnh# )v tt;t 0tj vjnfvtt* vt fj 3j nh(h)vnf3tjn2t. P(f+l*vh3th 0tnt )ht tdhv*(tt* 3j ;ndh+h3th +tvv(t(ht hj dh 0tj 0vlth f(j )t P(ffhtvl (hgh+) ;n );nth)hlh dh +ltv* 'hnt(v )hht )h n!t ff+t dh);t +j0,flj/t(h. M;n!d(h3th!th )v ,vnvl t*v gv+t 3j v*dh3th2j! $ nh0tj(;vnjnd 0vl2v0j(jlh jf+nj)h tlh '*0;ntvlvj.

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+)vnd dh )vght '(h)v0 h(t Zthhv dh +tttv(*# (jdj)*!th dht+v'(t tt ;n+v2j# v()*!th ;n )f't)vl )fnth0'l*(jj hvltvjft+h f(j ;n )hl tl )(v)jj vnhj )t/nh dh+*v;(3jth# ;n(*d*)jntt '(jn )(hdjn2t )ht vjh# vh(dh '(jn n*dhjdh# ;n)*()tt dh f(v)th tlh d(tgf+thj 3j )v f)hjj )vghtvlvj )tvt* +*!$ vh/j# (ftg*!th +*!$ )fnth0'lj. PVNCTVL 6 Zthhv th vhdht# Dft0nh# ;nt(v dh'ljnt!j 0vl2v0j(h# djn )f't)# )v tft tt;tt ,v)v(jh );t*!j fv+h+h df(jn2t9 +h '(hf*)ht ;n f)hj )t +* th vtd*# 3j Tv ;n jnj0j )t +* fjj v*/vt9 +h ,v)v(t dh '(h/hn2t tt dv0nh/hjt+)*# t(*jt ;n +vflhtvl +*v v(0*(j 0j(t)vlft+h# jt( );nd tj tjvn+ +* j th tl*tv(j# l!tj '(jvjt 'h )hl )h th '(jvht# 2j!tj ;n*l2tt f)hjj djvjnj# )t(h# '(jvj2j +tv '(jvjnd# tv ff+t 'v(v(ht ,jnhf*)*tf(j. Vf(,t 2j +!t dv+ dv'* hj# 3j )hjt( tfh)tvl# 3j# nv0jndv!$ 'h nv0hlh lvj# )t +* '(j)ht'* )*!j t)f(/j tthn2jh 3j )* +'(h hl +h ;nd(v0* vn tt;t dh 0t(h htt;(> =Zthhh# ;j +'vj# )f,ft!(*!th dhg(t,*# )*)j t+t*/j v(htv +* '(j0h+) g*/dvj(h );t 0tj tjhnjt* ;n )t+t tt." F# )h vj0j(h ,v)v(ft+* vt fj (*+'vn+ vnhj fh(j)j(j tt;t dh

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370 CVMJNHCTFRVL

0*(h2# v(hdnj) +* g*/dvjt+)* 'h vn ft+'hth tt;t dh 0t(h. Cv0 ;j vt.0tj fj 'v+ ;ntjnth tft )h tvht# t3th(n;ndv!j tftvl lt 'j)jft(h )t vnvjt )t(h lt fhl ;3j ;0'*(2ht tftvl ;n 0;jnjlh +*(t)jlf(. =Jv0*ttth# /j)h hl# djn tvh(ht 0ht# Dft0nh# f dtv dh 'f0tn*"# 3j f*(*!ndf!jtl* dh tj)j j +!t n*+)vt fh(j)j(ht# fjjnd)* dh lt g*/dvj(ht +*(t)vlvj t(h)j lt '(j0j(ht Df0nvlvj9 dh lt h(*nj(ht )h(3htf(vlvj tjvngj +*!$ 0*n;n)j 'h Dv0nh/hv. C;nd +h vt fj v*/vt ;n+* t3h/tt lt 0t+* )v Df0nvl# lj'jt dh T)hlt 'h )t(h nj)j +*!$ vtd* dh lt dj+ttn2* nv j +h ;ng*dvj+h# )h ,v)v(jh ;j vt fj ;n)h()tt +vflhtvlQ Nv!3j vt fj ;n)*'vt ;n +jnh dh 0vl2v0j(h# v*/;nd )* ;n )t+t lvj ;n)t'h Dv0nh/hv )hl nh0*(gjnjt. Cv0'*nh3th tv# );nd th vh/j t3h/tt lt 0t+t tltt(vlvj# 0vlt 0tj t'(f'jtt dh C(j+tf+# )*)j nv dft( th t3h/j l;ng* hl# )j!$ +j02j )hjt( ;n l*vnt(vl 'jh'tvlvj t*v# '*/jt ;n +;nvl t*v. Ch 0t(h ;2j vt fj fjjnd 0vl2v0j(htQ Ph lv0h n!t( 0tj fj tltt t+h0hnht hj 'hnt(v tjnh9 '(h2vj(ht (*+'vndh htt;(vlvj# 3j!n tjnh +h t(h/h3th f nh)v(0tt* df(jn2* dh t!$ (hdf,;ndj# )f0'hn+;ndv!2j 0;hnj(ht dh!t fj 'jh(dvt ;n t(h)vt tt;tht Cf0vnjvnj )v dht+t lf( (h'htt(h ;n vjjtf(. PVNCTVL & Zthhv t (*0t+ 'h );t dh ,v)v(f+# 'h!tt;t dh (h)vnf+)*tf(# ;nt(v);t )hj v0jlj +;nt nh+'v+ dh (h)vnf+)*tf(j9 tftvl lj +h 't(h 0tj 0vlt dh);t +vfj)jhnt# 3j )v tt;t 0tj v;(tf+ vn htt;( tt;t dh 'v2jn 0h(jttt9 +h ,v)v(t ;0'(hvn* )v '(jhthnjj +*j# );3tjg;ndv!j 'h tf2j dh 't(tht lvj Dv0nh/hv. Ch 0vl2v0j(j ;j vt fj tdv+ Df0nvlvj# ffh(jndv!j tft )h!tvht# 3j!n '(j0vl (;nd jnj0tQ =Dh t+t*/j# Lft0nh# dh );nd th!t0 )vnf+)vt# vfj ;n)h'h +* th +lvjh+)9 t ff+t f +)hj0,t(h dh!t d(ht'tt tt." L!t (jdj)tt 'h hl Df0nvl )t +*!$ ,jnh)vv;nth/h# )f'lh3jndv!j )t+t dh tvv2jj 3j +vflhtvl dh dh+*v;(3j(j. Cv0'*nh3th )v );t 0tj (h)vnf+)*tf( t(h,vjh +* th t(*2j tv# )*)j dt)* t)flf Df0nvl t ,jnhvfjt +* jnt(h ;n )t+t vt0h3vlvj t)hlvjt# tj)j# ;n 'jh'tvl t*v9 t)flf l!t 'fftjt Zthhv 'h Df0nvl# tj)j Df0nvl ;n+v3j th f+'*tht/*9 t)flf Zthhv j!t ffh(jt tftt* )t+t lvj# tj)j t(h,vjh tv +*!2j ffh(j tft +vflhtvl 3j 0jntht )t +*!$ )vnf3tj# tfh)2jvnht )t +*!$ jv,h3tj# j0'lf(;ndv!$ +*!2j dht ,jnh)vv;ntt(ht +t nv )t vnvj fjv tl lvj Tv(tt0# )j tl t)hlvj 0t(h P*(jnth )t(h t(*jh3th 3j df0nh3th 'h+th tftth vht)v(jlh. T0jn.
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68

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lvj h tt;t dh 0t(h# )* 3j nv0tj dh!j vfj ttjngh tjghhlvl htjnhj# 0* vfj vjndh)t." Ht t )(h/vt# jt( Df0nvl t lv)(tt9 ht t ttjn+ htjnt 3j!n )lj'* +!t f*)vt ,jnh. Mvl2j l!tv ;0,vl/jt 'h Df0nvl 3j tft nv +!tv vjndh)tt9 ht dt# 3j t vhnjt dft( )v )(hdjn2* vjh# )v ;n)(hdh(h vh3nj)*9 nv dft( )v 0;nt $!t ttjn+# )j j!t ;n+f2jt!f )vghtvl hj ;nfl*)*(tt 3j $!t ttjn+ 'h Df0nvl lt )ft(dt )ht 0tj +j02jtft(h# 0*(h2jt 0jlf+thnjhj +tlh. Cv0'*nh3th t)v0t tv# )t(h vjj +* th )v0jnh)j# )v );t 0tj 0t(h h fh(j)j(ht tt# dh v(h0h )h!j ttjngj nv dft( tjvvl vh30;ntvlvj# )j 'h Df0nvl tft9 ;l ;0,(*2j3h/j# ;l +t(;ngj# ;l ;n)hj/j ;n 'jh'tvl t*v# ;l 0*n;n)j ;nt(hg9 ;nth2h3th!2j# dt(# )(hdjn2t# t'(jndh!2j 0jlt# (h)v!nft3th!2j fh(j)j(ht# '(h2vjh3th '(jlhjvl 3j# dh v(h0h )h ttjngj tjghhlvl dt(v(jlf( +t)(t0hnttlh# nvt(h3th f 0t(h ;n)(hdh(h )* f +* f,2jj ;n+*n*tf3j(ht dh'ljn* dh tftth vj)jjlh 3j 'ttj0jlh ttlh. PVNCTVL 5 =Cjnh +!t ttjn+ dh 0jnhO# t +'v+ nv0tjdh);t C(j+tf+# jt( Sf;ntvl Pht(v> =F Dft0nh# tt;2jt 3j djn tftth '*(2jlh th ;0,vl/h+) 3j 0tj ;nt(h,j> Cjnh +!t ttjn+ dh 0jnhO" =;nt(!tdhv*(# )*)j dh3j 0vl2j +h t'(f'jh dh J+v+# nv!$ ttjng 'vth(nj) 3j nj)j nv!$ tdf(* )v )vghtvl> ht ;n+* )v tdhv*(tt $!t ttjn+ lt )ft(dt )ht 0tj +j02jtft(h t nh+f;(3jthj lvj ,vn*t*2j9 ht# )v hvltvjh fjh(,jnth9 hj# )v nh'jf3hnjh 3j# )t ttt(h# nj)j Df0nvl nv!j +j0th# nj)j hj nv!j +j0t 'vth(ht djvjn*. T+)vlt* )v0 th ;nt(ht,* t+t*/j C(j+tf+ ;n+v3j> =M!tj ttjn+ ft(h# +vflhth# )v )(hdjn2* vjhO Th!tj )v0jnh)tt )v hvltvjh fjh(,jnth +tv nv0tj djn f,j3nvjn2*O Cjnh ft(h 0!t ttjn+ 'vth(nj)O" F# );2j tjvng +* +h )v0jnh)h f*(* t!$ ttjngh Df0nvl# nj)j 0*)t( ;n )hl 0tj nh;n+h0ntt fj( tl vh30;ntvlvjQ C;2j nv!$ '(j0h+) f*(* )vvhnjtt '(hg*tj(hQ j t+tfhl# f*(* fflf+# nv!3j vjndh)* (*njlh# fjjnd)* nv!$ ttjng )v jnj0jlh lf(9 nv +h lh)vjh+)# fjjnd)* nv +h ;ng(jjh+). Dh tj)j# +)ftth f 0t(h ;n+vflh2j(h )t +* th t'(f'jj dh Dv0nh/hvl t)h+tt ;0'*(t*3jt# ;n t3t fhl# ;n);t Hl +*!2j +j0t* t'(jn+t hvltvjh 3j tv +*!j ;n)h()j ftvft(ht. PVNCTVL & Fh0hjt +h 0j(* dh )hht )h +j0th 3j dh )hht )h tvdh# dh ft'tvl )* vhdh f 0jnvnh dv'* tltt# 'ljn* dh ;nf(j)f3t(h 3j dh d(tgf+th# dhf'ft(jv* )* +!t v*/vt +v('(jn+* 3j vjndh)tt*# ;3j 0*(tv(j+h3th
MHDJTTJT 7 373

dhf'ft(jv* nhv(hdnj)jt 3j fh(j)j(ht# tdv)h 0vl2v0j(j 0jlf+thnjjlf( lvj. T nv0jt!f fjj)* t Df0nvlvj# )fnfj(0;ndv!3j t+tfhl ,jnh)v!v;ntt(ht# 3j j!t )h(vt jt(*3j ;n)(hdh(ht# dh v(h0h )h j!t ff+t tt;t dh ,jnh )v ht. Cv0'*nh3th )h 0vl2v0j(j +h )tdh +* tdv)j tv vnvj Dv0nh/hv )t(h 2j!t ;ntjn+ nv dft( vn fj( djn vh30;nt# )j tft t(v'vl 3j +;nghlh +*v9 )t(h nv!2j ;ng*dvjh dft( +* th ttjngj dh hl# )j +*!$ 0*n;n)j. Fjh# dt(# +*!2j dh'hnj fj(vl ltvdhlf( )*t(h hl# f*(* t!$ (v'h ;n vh)j. F# )v );t 0tj 0t(h ;nd(h't*2j(h +h vt 'vtht nv0j fjv tl lvj Dv0nh/hv )hl )h +h ;0'*(t*3h3th )v v(hdnj)jhQ C*)j t3t )v0 fjvl t(*jh3th '(jn ttt*# lt fhl 3j )jnh +h )v0jnh)* t(*jh3th '(jn C(j+tf+# 'hnt(v )* +h h(*nh3th djn t(v'vl lvj# t(*jh3th ;nt(v C(j+tf+ 'hnt(v )* d*jnvjh ;nt(v Hl. S)ftth dh!tj)j f d(tgf+th 'ljn* dh vhnh(t2jh ;n )lj't!n )t(h tjvngj +* ttjngj )v ,v/hlh# )v lj0,t 3j )v (*(vn)hjj t*j 'h Df0nvl t)h+tt ;0'*(t*3jt# 3j ft)*!+h +* (*0;j 'h );t dh lh)vjt# 'h!tt;t dh (h)vnf+)*tf(.

MHDJTTJT 7 Dhs"rh jntjtrht cl!!ft!l!j lh$jj +n ctst l!j F1hd4Hdf# 5j c!# t !#"l!t4f dh 1jnhc!!+ntjj96
PVNCTVL $ Vfnth0'l* ;nd(*/nhtlt )ht 'hdh'+jt* t lvj V/t# )h ;nf(j)f3t(h vt fj +t;(njt ;n )hj dh ft2*Q Tv t(h0v(tt tf2j 0j(hnjj );nd l!tv v*/vt 0f(t 'h '(hft 3j vf( fj +'v+> =Dt)* t)h+tt# dft( 'hnt(v )* t ;ntjn+ 0;nt +* +'(jjjnh Chjvftvl lt '(j0hjdjt th0vt*# 'l*th3th t+tfhl# )h ft(h nv j +!t( )vvhnj t)hlvjt )t(h l!t( g*/dvj ;n )hj' nhv(hdnj)Q" Hl t (jdj)tt 0;nt 3j tf2j 3j! tv 'v+!f lt 'jh't9 tf2j +!tv +'h(jtt 3j +!tv (ht(t+9 ';n* 3j (hghlh )hl +f;nt +!t ;ndfjt# +f)ftjndv!$ nhdh0n# dh 'tlttvl +*v (hgtl 'hnt(v vn ft+'hth tt;t dh 0*(h2 3j j +!t '*(vt )* h nh;ndh+tvl*tf( 'hnt(v vn tltj tt;t dh dv0nh/hjh+). Vhj fj )v0'*njnd tv# t)v0t# )* dt)* vn )hjvft# )t(h nv h(t dh);t f v0,(* t t)h+tvj Sf;nt St)(t0hnt# h tt;t dh vhghhtt dh Df0nvl# )t(h j0'vnh tt;tt (h+'h)t ft2* dh hl 3j v(ht +* fjh t(tttt )v tt;tt 0*(h2jh# )h vhnh(t2jh# )h +fjtl*# )h )v(*2jh vf( fj ft(h
6$

Cf. J Rh$j FSt#!hl6- @# $!689 JJ Rh$j FSt0vhP# @# $!$6. CVMJNHCTFRVL

dh tjvn+ )t +*!$ 'f2j '(j0j tv 'h ;n+v3j v(jt3vl 3j nh+f;(3jtvl Dv0nh/hv# )v'(jn+ ;n F+tjt t)ht+ttO Dt)* ;ngh(jj t+j+t*

)v ;nf(j)f3t(h# )v0 +* th t'(f'jj tv f*(* +fjtl*O Dt)* nj)j 'v(jtttht (t/hlf( dh +ft(h nv!j dh tjvn+ )t (t)l*# )v0 +*!j fjh )hnt(v )vvjjn)jf+ jf+nj)jt jnj0jj ttlh# nh)v(*2jt )vghtvlvj t*vO ;nvt2* f vhnh(t2jh ;nf(j)f3tt* 3j f ;nf(j)f3t(h (h+'h)tvft+*# )t +* j/,vth3tj t ;n)hjdh tftt* M*(h2jt dh nh)v'(jn+ t Ch(vlvj ;n l*)t3vl +t(;0t tl 'jh'tvlvj t*v. PVNCTVL 6 Rhghlh 'f(vn)h3th +* fjh dv+ Chjvftvl nv ;n )t+t vnvj '(jn)j'h# )j ;n )ht t vnvj ,*(,tt vj(tvf+# t)ht+tt fjjnd tdhv*(ttt nf,lh2h> h(t 0t(h ;n f)hjj Df0nvlvj# dhft(h)h h(t +0h(jt ;n tj +*j. Ch(vl t )fnfj(0tt tlhgh(ht )v ,jnhft)h(j ;n0vl2jth9 nv0h(ft+h ;j h(tv vj(tv2jlh# dt( 0tj 0t(h v0jljn2t# 0t(h 0h(jtvl# dt( lt fhl dh 0t(h 0fdh+tjt. ;l )hh0t F,hd!Hdf0# )hht )h ;n+ht0n* +lvg* t Df0nvlvj# )*)j h vn 0t(h +tj0vlhnt 'hnt(v 0*(h2jt )ht vjh +*!$ vtd* (f,jndv!j!+h 'h! t)hlt )h v(0ht/* t f '(j0j9 v0jljn2t h fj(0t )t(h nh t(tt* htnvl lvj Dv0nh/hv. Sh +f)ftht 0tj nhv(hdnj) dh);t tf2j +* g*/dvjt+)* Chjvftvl t)t+* lt hl# dt( t f*)vt!f djn t+)vltt(h 3j t 'vtvt t+tfhl +* );nth vj)tf(jjlh f,2jnvth# dt( nv +* 3j nv0h(h 0jlf+tjvj(jlh '(j0jth. Cv );t* h*(nj)jh 3j!f vt fj t(tnjtt# ;0'fdf,jnd!f 0tj 0vlt )v vj(tv2j dh);t )v ,fg*2jjQ Nv vt fj lj'+jt f(j)t dh Dv0nh/hvl )hl jv,jtf(# dv'* )v0 nj)j d(tgf+tht )ht 0tj +fjhlnj)*. Cv0'*nh3th )* t/j t(h,vjh +* f+'h2h3tj nv v0,(t# )j 'h Sft(hlh ;n+v3j# )hjt( dt)* ;n nf(vl t))jdhnthlf(9 nv +j0,flvl# )j (htljtttht vnvj Dv0nh/hv (htl0hnth 3j )v tdhv*(tt ;n)hj+ ;n t)ht+t* F+tjh9 nv ;n )t+t tt# )j ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. Cv0 t(h,vjh +* th (;ndvjh3tj# )v0 t(h,vjh +* ;0'fdf,h3tj th0'lvl +vflhtvlvj t*v )v ,fg*2jh dh vj(tv2j# )v fdft(h dh 0h(jthQ Vh/j )* t+t*/j Rhghlh Ch(vlvj 'f(vn)h3th +* jnt(h Chjvftvl T(v'vlvj +*v ;0'*(t*3jt +v, t)f'h(j3vl t*v# ;n )hjt( (*(vn)hjj t*j9 jt +ht0t# t3tdt(# )v )h tvl,v(t(h t(h,vjh +*!$ '(j0h3tj# )v )h vhnh(t2jh +*!$ '(ht0*(h3tj. PVNCTVL 5 Chjvftvl Df0nvlvj t jnt(tt ;n )t+t -vj F,hd!Hdf0# ;nt;j '*(tjnjt* )t +*!$ '(j0ht+)* 3j t'fj fh(j)jt* )t +* '(j0ht+)* ,jnh!
MHDJTTJT 7 375

)vv;nt*(j> nv t ff+t f )t+* gftl*# )j 'ljn* dh hvltvjh9 nh)v0 Chjvftvl# )j 'ljn 3j hl dh )f0f(jlh Ch(vlvj# )f'lh3jnd!f dh fh(j)j(j. Ch ,v)v(f+ +h vt fj 'f0hnjt F,hd!Hdf0 );nd t v*/vt )*!n lf)vl t+'(j0jlf( th0vth tvht 't(th dh htt;(v(jQ T+tfhl +;nt (*+'l*tjth +lvjj(jlh ;n +v'vnh(h# dt(v(jlh dh v0jljn2*Q Df0nvl j!t 'l*tjt ,jnh f+'h2jt# )*)j# )t (hgh tt;t dh 0t(h# vndh jnt(* hl# nv 0tj h+th nj)jfdtt* 0j/h(jh. Cv0'*nh3th tv# )h 0jlf+tjvj(j nv!2j 'f2j f*g*dvj ;n /jvt ;n )t(h t)h+t Chjvft tdhv*(tt# nv gfl# )j 'ljn dh Mtnt djvjn* t T(v'vlvj 3j S;nghlvj lvj C(j+tf+# Df0n 3j Dv0nh/hv tdhv*(tt# jnt(* ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. T)hlt t ff+t )vtjt# t)h+tt gjvvtjh(vl9 t)hlt t v0'lvt dh ,vnv(j )t+t lvj F,hd!Hdf0# 'hnt(v )* t ff+t +j0,flvl t)h+thjt. Cv );t 0tj 0vlt ;2j vt v0'lh dh htt;(v(j jnj0tQ Fflf+h3th '(jlhjvl 'h )t(h!$ tj9 jt +ht0t )* tj)j +;nt tftth )f0f(jlh lvj Dv0nh/hv# 0jnt )ht ,fgtt* t Ht(vlvj9 ;nvt2* +* )h(j# )*)j 'h ;n+v3j (hghlh ;n 'h(+ftn* ;l g*/dvjh3tj ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j. PVNCTVL & Rh)vnf3tjn2t lvj F,hd!Hdf0 3j!t tvtv(f( )hlf( djn )t+t lvj nv t ff+t )ht 0tj 0j)* djnt(h 0jlf+thnjjlh '(j0jth# ,t )hjt( t ff+t tt;t dh 0t(h# ;n);t j!t dhvhnjt (hnv0h> nv +h vf(,ht dh+'(h tlt)hvt ;n tft J+(thlvl# +l*vjndv!+h tftth fh(j)j(jlh djn )t+t Jvj9 +h ;nt(h)htv )v nf(f)vl lvj# ,jnh t( fj ff+t 3j )v vj(tvtht!j. P;nt 3j +f;ntvl (hgh Dtvjd. ;n+vflh2jt ttvn)j# +!t +t(*dvjt +* dv)* Chjvftvl ;n 'tlttvl +*v (hgtl# df(nj) +* lv)(h/h ;nt(v +lvjj(j 3j +* jt 't(th lt ,jnhft)h(j. F# tv# )t(h t+t*/j th!tj )v0jnh)tt# '*/h3th!th +* nv t0v2h3tj 'hnt(v ltvdhlh djvjnh9 (h)vnf3tjn2t ft)h 't(th djn 0jlf+thnjh 3j# dh v(h0h )h th (h)vnf3tj 3j 0tj ftvf(j/tt dh);t F,hd!Hdf0# t(tt*!th ;n)* 3j 0tj (h)vnf+)*tf(> t)h+th 0vl2v0j(j fj!vf( gtjvl vnf( nfj htt;(v(j 3j# dh v(h0h )h tf2j )*+hnjj t*j tv 't(tj)j'tt lt 0jlf+thnjjlh djvjnh# tftth 'vth(jlh 3j tftth ft)vlt*2jlh ttlh f+thnht+)*!+h ;nt(v ltvdt Df0nvlvj9 'ffth3th ghnh(t2jjlh ghnh(t2jjlf( )t# ;0'(hvn* )v +f;ntvl Rhgh P(ffht# +* th tjvth t );ntt 0jlf+thnjjlh Df0nvlvj ;n vh)jj vh)jlf(. T0jn.
CVMJNHCTFRVL MHDJTTJT % 377

MHDJTTJT % Ct s th d!cj lt c!#jnhctrh c! #fdhstjt Sf+nt!l!j Phtr!99

PVNCTVL $ Vvght* )*# dt)* Jftn t 0h(jttt +* '(j0ht+)* tt;tht htt;(v(j djn 't(tht Djvjnvlvj +*v ;nv*2*tf( dttf(jt* nh'(jh*nj(jj# Pht(v lh!t df,;ndjt dttf(jt* v0jljn2hj. Jftn t ff+t v)hnj)vl jv,jt# Pht(v )hl v0jljt> tvht +* fjh )t'vl Bj+h(j)jj 3j +v'h(jf( tvtv(f(t '(jn dh0njtttht +t# )j hl +!t t3th(nvt lt 'j)jft(hlh tvtv(f(t '(jn v0jljn2t +t. Ph );t ;l t(tn+'f(tt vnhf(j hvltvjt ;nfl*)*(tt*# 'h!tt;tt!$ ;nf(;nt 0fdh+tjt9 nv ;nd(*/nht +*!$ ;nt(h,h 'h Df0nvl# 3j t3t ;l ;nt(h,t Df0nvl 'h hl9 );nd )hjltl2j '(htjndhtv +* fjh ;n '(j0hlh (;ndv(j. hl nv +h +f)ftht v(hdnj) +* +tht ;ntjntht ;nv*2*tf(vlvj +*v. Mvl2v0jt dh t)ht+t* 0fdh+tjh# Df0nvl# '*(*+jnd )hlhltlth ,*()j# +h v()* ;nt(!t lvj# djn ht '(hdj)* 3j!n ht +h fdjhnh3th9 Pht(v +v'f(tt 0v+t(*(jlh# dt( +h ,v)v(t dh htt;(v(j dhf+h,jth. Cv0'*nh3th )h ,vn* 'f(nj(h h v0jljn2t )t +* jh3j ;n ;nt10'jnt(ht vnvj Df0n )*(vjt ;j 'lt) tt;t dh 0vlt )hj v0jlj 3j# ;n vhdh(ht )v0jnh)*(jj# +t(*dvjh3th!th +* th ;nt(0h/j )v t)ht+t* +f;nt* 0fdh+tjh9 (ht(tgh!th (h)vnf+);ndv!2j jf+nj)jt#

'hnt(v )t Df0nvl +* 2j!f jt ;ntjnth# f*);ndv!th +* th ,v)v(j dh 0*(h2jt lvj9 t3t/*!th 'h vltj0vl lf) lt dv0nh/hjh+)vl f+'*2# )*)j Df0nvl th vt v()t 0tj +v+9 v0jlh3th!th )v );t 2jj 0tj 0vlt +t 'lt)j vnvj Df0n tj )*(vj f)hj fvg dv'* )hj ,l;n/j 3j )hj 0j)j. PVNCTVL 6 Nhtdf(0j2j# T'f+tfljj tv t(vdjt f nft'th!nt(htg* 3j nj0j) n!tv '(jn+# fjjnd)* nv!j t+j+tt Djvjnvl lf( ;nv*2*tf(9 +t*thtv ;n ;ntvnh(j) f*(* v*/vl lvj 3j /tdt(nj) f*(* tjvtf(vl lvj# )*)j dt)* Hl lj'+h3th# nj0j)t nv +h ;n)hhjh )v nf(f). j t t(h)vt nft'tht lj'+hj lvj# dj0jnht2t Sft(hlh Djvjn t vhnjt 3j tftvl +!t )fv;(3jt dh vfjft+hlh!j ;n(;v(j(j. Sf;ntvl Pht(v t dh+)hj+ f)hjj )(hdjn2hj 3j +!t )vnf+)vt 'h +jnh 3j 'h ;nv*2*tf(vl +*v Djvjn# 3j!t (h)vnf+)vt '(f'(jt!j +l*,j)jvnh 3j 'vth(ht Df0nvlvj +*v# jf+nj)jt +t 3j 0*(h2jt lvj9 ;n +jnh
Cj. Jftn- 6$# $A!$%.

;n+v3j n!t g*+jt nj0j) 3j ;n Dv0nh/hv tftvl# t3t )* t +'v+> =Dv0!nh/hjh+)vlh ;nv*2*tf(# tftt* nft'tht t0 v;+ljt 3j n! t0 f*)vt nj0j)# )*)j f*(* Tjnh nv +;nth0 3j nv ;n+h0n*0 nj0j)t9 dt( t)v0# ;n nv0hlh t*v t(vn)t!vfj 0(hjhlh." T3t t 3j f*)vt )v )(hdjn2* 3j ;n)h()t(ht j!t j/,vtjt )v ;ndfjt nf(f)# ;nt(v);t tv 'vtvt v0'lh t0;ndfv* ,*()jlh )v 'h+)vjt ;0,hl3vgtt. F# +vflhth tl 0hv# tv# )t(h tftt* nft'tht vjh2jj t)h+thjt ;ntvnh)ft+h th vh/j. t0hnjn2tt +* th +)vfvn/j 'h 0t(ht )ht nh+tttf(nj)* t lv0jj# vndh nj)j +jgv(tn2*# nj)j tjhn* n!tj )v0 +* g*+h3tj# t+)vlt* )h!2j +'vnh Df0nvl djn )hjvftvl t)hlt> =T(vn)* n*vfdvl df(jn2hlf( ttlh 'h 0;nt d(ht't* t tdhv*(tthlf( fh(j)j(j 3j!2j vhj v0'lh +;nvl )v tvv2jjlh )hlh vh3nj)h9 )vfvnd* 0(htjt )*t(h +;nvl t)h+thj F+tjj 3j th vhj +*tv(t nv )v 'h3tjj )hj gv+tf3j# )j )v t(v'vl 0hv." P(jvh3th!$ )v f)hjj )(hdjn2hj lvj Pht(v# )f0't(* +*(*)jt tt )v ,fg*2jt lvj# 'v2jn*tttht tt )v nh+f;(3j(ht lvj9 +l*,j)jvnht tt )v ttft'vth(nj)jt lvj9 tv nj0j)t 3j hl tftvl# 3j +'vnh!j> =Dft0nh# f*(* Tjnh nj0j)t nv +;nt# nj0j)t nv ;n+h0n 3j nj0j)t nv 'ft." PVNCTVL 5 Sh v0'lh dh tvl,v(t(h Sf;ntvl Pht(v# +f)ftjndv!+h '*)*tf+# ;ntjntht t)hlhj j0hn+h ,vn*t*2j# +h nj0j)h3th nh'vtjn)jf+ ;ntjntht jnfjnjthj 'vth(j 3j# 'ljn dh v0jl* 0fdh+tjh# v*/;ndv!+h ;n '(h/hn2t Df0nvlvj# hB)lt0* th0*tf( 3j /j)h '*t(vn+ dh (h+'h)t> =Dft0nh# dv!th dh lt 0jnh# )* +;nt vn 0t(h '*)*tf+# 'lht)* tv dh v(h0h )h hv nv 'ft fvgj dh Tjnh"# )t(h vt +* /j)*> =Cjnh +;nt hvO Cjnh h3tj Tv# Dft0nhO Hv# f f*'tv(* jf+nj)*9 Tv# Ttft'vth(nj)vl C(httf(9 hv# nh3tjjn2t ;n+*3j9 Tv# ;n2hlh')jvnht jnfjnjt*9 hv# 3v,(hd# t+t*/j +;nt 3j 0;jnh dj+'t(9 Tv# nhlj'+jt 3j hth(n9 hv# vn vjh(0h tj)*lf+ tl '*0;n!tvlvj9 Tv# Mfnt(hvl Svvh(tn tl Ch(v(jlf(9 hv# +lt,9 Tv# ttft'vth(nj)9 hv# 0*(gjnjt9 Tv# v(jt39 hv# +*(0tn )h(3htf(# Tv# ,fg*2jt Ttt*lvj9 hv# nhvfjt39 Tv# jndh'hndhnt9 hv# ;n +f;(3jt# nj0j)t# 3j Tv# tftvl. Df0nvl 0hv 3j Dv0nh/hvl 0hv# )v0 ft(h 0* (t,/j ;ntjntht ttO" F# +vflhth tl 0hv# )v );t 0tj 0vlt th0hj tj 'vtht tv +'vnh 3j hB)lt0t )t Sf;ntvl Pht(vQ C*)j dt)* hl# dft( 'hnt(v )* h+th ;ntjntht Df0nvlvj +h tvl,v(* 3j +h nj0j)nj)h3th t+tfhl# tv# )t(h nv dft( th tflj ;n djvjnt lvj '(h/hn2*# )j!$ 3j ttjngj )v ,v/h nh)v(tth# ;l '(j0h3tj ;nt(!f gv(* +'v()tt*# ;l 'vj ;nt(!vn 'jh't tt;t dh nh)jf'ljt# ;l ;n)hj/j ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j# )v0 dh nv +t(jgj# /j);nd> =Dft0nh# 'lht)* dh lt 0jnh# )* +;nt )hl 0tj 0t(h djnt(h '*)*tf3jO Cv0 dh 0* 'f2j (*,dt ;ntjntht tt#
547 CVMJNHCTFRVL

Dv0nh/hvl 0hv# 'h 0jnh 3j tftth tlh 0hlhO Hv# nj0j)vl 3j tftth nj!0j)nj)jjlh." Cv );t* vhnh(t2jh# )v );t* 0jnvnt(h# )v );t* tvl,v(t(h t(h,vjt +* vjj )t +* th )v0jnh)j ;n ft2t vnhj 0*(h2jj tt;t dh j0hn+hQ PVNCTVL & Df0nvl nv!$ ;ndh'*(tht/* djntjnth +t 'h Pht(v# )j# dj0'ft(jv*# ;l vnh3th 3j 0tj +t(;n+ )v +jnh9 h tt;t dh 'v2jn dj+'v+ +*!3j ;ntft()* dh lt v0jljn2t lvj f)hjj# ;n);t hj fvg dv'* ht9 nv!j (hfv/* )hj'vl +*v# )j!j d*(vjh3th )hjt( jnj0t 3j!j 0vl2v0h3th 'hnt(v 0fdh+tjt lvj +fjft+*# )tvt* +*!j ;n)(hdjn2h/h )f0f(jlh +tlh# 0*(g*(jtt(hlh )hlh 0tj +)v0'h 3j )t(h!$ )f+t* )hl 0tj 0vlt# 0jhlv3hjj 3j fjlh +tlh. Pht(v t (*0t+ lt fhl dh (h)vf+)*tf(# 'h );t fv+h+h ;ntjnth dh (ht(t+# dh dfv* f(j tvl,v(tt dh (h'htttt ,l;ndh2h t Df0nvlvj +*v# 3j# dt)* ;ntjnth +h +v+t(*ght '(h/hn2hj +tlh# t)v0t +h g(*,h3th +*!j tdv)* ltvd*# (*+)v0'*(;ndv!3j nh;n)(hdh(ht )v +0h(hnjj# )v 0vl2v0j(j jnj0ft+h 'hnt(v nf(f)vl +*v. F# Df0nvl 0hv 3j tftt* tvv2jt 0htQ Cv );t 0tj ;ndttf(tt 0* (h)vnf+) hv t/j# );nd vjn +* th '(j0h+)# dhft(h)h nv dft( ;0j ;ng*dvjh3tj +* +ttv ;ntjntht nh+f;(3jthj ttlh 0*(h2jj# )j ,jnhvfjh3tj +* +ttj Tv ;n+v2j# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# ;nl*vnt(vl 'jh'tvlvj 0hvQ Tv ;n 0jnh 3j hv ;n Tjnh# )*)j Tv ;0j h3tj )hnt(v 3j tftt* tvv2jt9 dh!t( fj +* fjv 3j hv lt fhl dh nht,*tvt ;n dt(v(j 'h );t h3tj Tv dh 0*(jnj0f+ ;n htt;(v(j9 nv )v0vt +* +h t(tth jf+nj) vn 'jh't tt;t dh '(jvjlhgjtt# jt( 0*(tv(j+j(ht jf+nj)jhj 0hlh fjh (h'httt* +t(jgt(h t +ltvjlf( ttlh nh0*+v(tth. T0jn.

MHDJTTJT $8 Ct s "rj#h5tj "h Df#n!l c! sjljn hlh Mtrthj 5j $jn$5jjlh Mrjhj9(

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65 Cf. Lv)t# $8#57!&6.

MHDJTTJT $8 54%

tt;t dh 0t(h htt;(Q Cv );t df( ;l vt fj t3th'ttt M*(jt 'h Df0nvl ;n )*vtt(ht )*(vjt 'f(nj+h tlt);ndvt )v tt;tt tv;ntQ j dt)* ttvn)j )vnf+)v+h 0t(ht fh(j)j(h dh t fj ff+t ,jnh '(j0jt*# t+t*/j vt fj +f)ftjt d(h't vn htt;( t't(th 'vtjn2t dh t!$ '(j0j ht 'h d;n+vl. Ch '(hg*tj(h nh+'v+ dh 0*(ht2* vf( fj f*)vt# hlh )t(h )vnf3thtv tt;l dh ,jnh 0tjh+tttht 3j 0*(h2jt ft+'hthlvj t3th'tttQ Mt(h vt fj ff+t g*thtlt fd*jlf(# ;n)* 3j 0tj 0t(h )ht t jnj0jlf(# 3j ,fgtthlh 'fdft,h lh vf( fj +j0,flj/tt vj(tv2jlh )hlh '(h2jft+h. Cv0'*nh3th )* Df0nvl ;n+v3j ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt vjnh t/j ;n 'h(+ftn* +* t(tg* lt )t+thlvl jnj0jj ttlh# )tvt* +*! j ;n0;nh/j )hhjlh ft)vlt*2jlf( 3j +j02v(jlf( ttlh9 ;nf(*2ht+)*!2j!+h vfjn2t 3j jnthlh)tvl )t +*!$ t+j3tj )v '(h2vj(j 3j gjng*3jh9 0tj ;ntjnth dh f(j)h fjh f 0t(h '(hg*tj(h dh 'fdft,h '(jn vj(tv2j# )v 0t(h dh(htj)t(h dh )vght# t0j(f+jnd tftvl t ht( 3j +fjn2hnjh. PVNCTVL 6 Dv0nh/hjh+)vl ;nv*2*tf( +h t'(f'jh dh 'f(2jlh )t+thlvlvj# l*+;nd +* +h vtd* 'h )hj'vl +*v dv0nh/hjh+) f ,vn*vfjn2* )h(ht+)*9 )hlh dfv* +v(f(j vf( fj jh3jt +*!$ ;nt;0'jnh )v )jn+tj(h jv,jtft(h# v(0tth dh ;nt(htgt lf( ft0jljh# 'hnt(v )t tf2j +* f+thnht+)* t!$ +lvjj 'h Df0nvlQ Ch ,v)v(ft+h ;l ;nt;0'jn*Q C;t dh (h)vnf+)*tft(h ;l +tlvt*Q C;t dh )v(thnjtft(h ;l f+'h2h+)Q Pt(h!0j!+h )* f 3j v*d 'h Mt(tt nh+'v+ dh ;ndttf(jtft(h 3j 'h Mtgdtlhnt jv,jtft(hQ Cv )h +vvh(tn* ,l;ndh2h ;n+* vt fj (*+'vn+ Df0nvl +j02j(jj lf(Q ;l vf( fj t3h/tt lt 0jjlf)# hlh ;nt(h);ndv!+h )t dfj +h(tfj0j# ;nt(t(j';ndv!+h (h)j'(f)# vnt jv,jnd 3j )htltlt* +lvjjnd. ;l vf( fj )fndv+ ;n )ht 0tj ;0'fdf,jt* ;n)*'h(h# v(htv +* /j) ;n )hnt(vl jnj0jj lf(# jt( t)flf nv vf( fj 'jh(dvt nj)j f )lj'* f*(* t!j t+)vltt )fnvh(+t2jt )h(ht+)*# f*(* t!j +tvv(t '(h/hn2t djvjn*. F# tv# )t(h!$ '(j0h3tj t+t*/j 'h t)hlt3j Ft+'hth Djvjn# jt +ht0t )* t 3j tjvn+ lt 'f(2jlh ,v/hlf( ttlh# lt )t+thlvl 'jh'tvlvj t*v# +tlth +vflhtvl dh 0vl2v0j(h )*!$ '(j0h3th# ;0'(hvn* )v tftth ft)vlt*2jlh 3j +j02v(jlh +tlh# f*(* )t nj)j vnvl +* fjh t,+hnt. Jt+*!j ;n ;nt;0'j!nt(h +jljn2t Mt(thj .3j hvltvjt M*(jhj9 ;nth2ht+)*!2j!+h )(hdjn2t# '(jnd*!2j 'vth(j +'h(tn2t# ;n)jng*!2j!+h d(tgf+tht 3j )fndv!$ ;n )hnt(vl ;0'fdf,jt tl jnj0jj ttlh. PVNCTVL 5 Chlh dfv* +v(f(j ;3j ;0't(t )hlh dfv* +lvj,h djfh(jth# )hjt( dt)* ;nd(h'ttth t0;ndfv* )*t(h t)hht3j +lvjj(h djvjn*. Mt(tt d*
578

CVMJNHCTFRVL

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MHDJTTJT $$ 57$

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6& 6A

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MHDJTTJT $6 57A

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dh);t )vnft3th(ht jf+nj)jhj ttlh9 +lvjh3th!$ )v +fjtl* 3j th vhj ,v)v(t ;nt(v 0tj 0vlt* fh(j)j(h9 nj0j)h3th!th 'h tjnh )t +*!$ 0*(h3tj 'h Hl> dj+'(h2vjh3th!2j nj0j)vl 3j df,;ndj!vhj tftvl. PVNCTVL & C;t dh 0vl2v0jt vt fj )f,f(;t Vt0h3vl# )t vnvl tt;t dh ,jnh t(ttttQ T v()tt 'ljn dh dv(h(h 3j t )f,f(;t 'ljn dh 0;ng;jh(h. Pv2jn t vf(,jt )t +* )ht(*# 0vlt ;n+* )t +* 0vl2v0ht+)*. Dt)* ;ntjnth ;3j vt fj 0*(tv(j+jt '*)tthlh# t)v0t '(f+l*vh3th 0jlf+tjvj(jlh Df0nvlvj# ;j +*ltt dh 0vl2v0j(h jnj0t )t(h!j '(j0j+h tt;tht lfvjtv(j dh )*jn2*# t)v0t nv!j 0tj ;n)*'ht ;n 'jh't dh ,v)v(jh# )v0 0tj ;ntjnth dh 0;hnj(h# 3j )v +jgv(tn2* )* nv +h vt fj ;ntf(+ 'h t)hlt3j d(v0. )j 'h )hl tl vj(tv2jj# )v )vnvnt nh0v(jtft(h. F# tv )t(h th!tj )v0jnh)tt# tdv 0vl2v0j(j Df0nvlvj# )t Vt0h3vl# nv )t Ft(j+hvl# 'hnt(v g(h3hljlh jh(ttth# nv 'hnt(v vj(tv2jlh ;n)hj'vjth# nv ft)h 't(td* dh 0h(jth# t(tt*!2j ;n+* (h)vnf3tjn2t 'hnt(v 0jlf+tjvj(j9 ;ntft()h!th dh lt Sf;ntt Cf0vnjvnh )v tftvl tltvl 3j 'h tlt d(v09 nv 'h t)hlt3j# )t +* nv th ttt)h jt(*3j 'ttj0jlh )h!2j +ttv ;n )tlh +tv vj)jjlh t(h)vth# )h +ttv lt ';nd*> 3j dt)* tj vhnjt 'l;ng;nd# ;ntft()h!th );nt;nd# )v 0;nt dh P;jnh djn Ch(> tdv 0vl2v0j(j# dh v(h0h )h tj )*'*ttt jh(t*(j# 3j '(f+l*vh3th!$ 'h Df0nvl t)h+tt )h!3j 'lht)* f)hjj t+v'(t )hlf( v0jlj.

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CVMJNHCTFRVL MHDJTTJT $& 57% PVNCTVL 5

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tdv) t0jnth dh h(tnt 0tth(jtl*9 2jn ;ntjnth t(hj /jlh dh 'f+t )t +* +tvv(h/h )v 3j 0tj 0t(h 'l*)h(h 0;n)t(ht 0j(t)vlft+*9 fjh!j fft0ht f(*gh/j(h# jnt(h!n +tf0t)v(j )v(tth hlj,h(tth dh tlj0hnthlh '*0;nth3tj9 Df0nvl lh ;ntjndh 0t+t ;nt(!f 'v+tjh# nj)jdh)v0 ;n . /t(vt 'jh2hlf(. Jt t0jnth# +vflhth# )* dt)* 'hnt(v ';jnht t)hht 0j(t)vlft+* t ff+t nhvfjh dh tftt* t)ht+t* '(hg*tj(h# );t* ft(h vt t(h,vj )t +* 'f2j tjvngh +* 0*n;n)j ';jnht )f,f(;t* djn Ch(# ';jnht +v'(t!+v,+ttn2jtl*O P(h0ht(g* t,2jnh(ht dh lt jf+nj)hlh 0;n)*(v(j lv0h3tj# )t +* th dv)j )v gv(t fh)jf(hlnj)*# )v ';nth)hlh +lf,fd9 hBh()jtt(ht vj(tv2jlf(# f+thnhtlt )tnfnvlvj dh+)hjd*!2j 'fftt9 t(h,vjh 0vlt* (ht(tgh(h djnt(h ft0hnj )t +* gv3tj ';jnht ;ngh(jlf(9 )jnh t(h t!$ 0;n)t 'h Dv0nh/hv +* +h ;nt(h2jn* )v Dv0nh/hv. T(h,vjh +* vjj )v tftt* t)ht+t* '(hg*tj(h )t +* tj 't(th dh ';jnht djvjn*# +'(h 0t(ht ,v)v(jh t dvhvlvj t*v# +'(h fflf+vl +vflhtvlvj t*v. PVNCTVL 6 T(h g(jj* Df0nvl dh )hj )h n!tv g(jj* dh hj# lh 'vnh lt!n)h(!)t(h )(hdjn2t 3j lh ;n)vnvnht/* ;n)(hdh(ht9 dv'* )h lh d* ;n '(j0vl (;nd h(tnt +vflhtvlvj +v, ff(0* dh ;nv*2*tv(*# +h g(*,h3th )v )ht t t(v'vlvj +v, ff(0* dh 0;n)t(h 3j )jnh!j )hjvh(nj+h3th 'h )hj 0tj v0jlj vjh(0j3f(j tj '*0;ntvlvj nv!j vt vjtt 'h fjjj 0*(vnttjhlf( +tlh9 +h )fn+vlt* )v T'f+tfljj# +lvjjtf(j tj 0h+hj# dj+t(j,vjtf(j tj ht(vlvj +*v. S!t g*+jt vn )f'jl )t(h tvht )jn)j ';jnj 3j dfj 'h3tj9 )f'jl t(h,vjt +* fjh# 'hnt(v )* j+'jtt l*)f0jhj h 'h!tt;t dh nfvj)h# 'h );t dh vhth(tn* h+th )ht t vtnjt*2jj9 vt fj ff+t '(hvhdh(ht v(hvnvj v)hnj) 'hnt(v ;nv*2*tf(vl )h(h+)# )t(h nv td0jth tlt fh+tjn dh);t f ';jnh dh f(/ 3j f )hjvh(nj+h3th )v tt;tt 0*(jnj0jh tvtv(f( )(httv(jlf( +tlh. Cv0'*nh3th# f# +vflhth# +* nv th )f+th 3j 'h tjnh );t 'h t)h3tjt 0tnt )h(ht+)*9 nv 'lh)t(ht ;n 'v+tjj# nv t(vd* 3j n*dv3htl*# )*)j f tj '(htvtjndhnj9 dt)* ';jnht t)ht+tt t( t(h,vj ;n+* )v0'*(tt*# +* nh +'vn* Sf;ntvl Fjlj' );t t( )f+tt# dt( nv f )v0'h(j 'l*tjnd!f ;n dv)t2j# )j ;n +j02j(j 3j df(v(j# h ;0'*(2jt* 'h g(ttj+9 )vnft3th!2j 3j '(h2vjh3th!2j fh(j)j(ht# dhft(h)h Df0nvl th f+'*tht/* nv dft( )v ';jnh# )j )v ;n+v3j T(v'vl 3j S;nghlh +*v# )t(h +;nt dh+f*tt(ht (hgjlf(.
HDJTTDJT 1; 403

PVNCTVL 5 Df0nvl +t*tht ;n 0jjlf)vl );0'jjlf(# ;n)fnjv(tt dh nh+f;(3jtt 0vl2j0h dh ft0hnj# dhvhnjnd )hnt(v tl ;n)(hdh(jj 3j 2jnt* t '(jvj(jj lf(. Lh 'f(vn)h3th T'f+tfljlf( +*!j ;ndh0nh +* 3td*# +'(h t 0;n)t ;n f(djnh 3j

tjhn*# 3j tnv0h 'h fjn# nv tt;t 'hnt(v )f0fdjttth# );t 'hnt(v t'*(t(ht 3v,(h/hnjhj f0hnh3tj9 jt f ';jnh ;n 0;n* 3j!3j t2jnth3th f)hjj lt )h(# ;nv*2;ndv!nh +* (h)vnft3th0 )* tft ,jnhlh nh vjnh dh t)flf9 ;j d* ,jnh)vv;ntt(ht# f f(;ngh 3j ht +h ;n0vl2h3th )v 0jjlh9 0;jnjlh lvj '*(htv dfv* j/vft(h 'h(hnh dh ';jnh# t3t ;n);t 0;jnjlh T'f+tfljlf( nv '(jdjdhtv +* f ;0't(t* 'h tftt* );t* jh3ht djnt(!;n+hlh. P;jnht h(t 0jnvntt*# t(h,vjh +* fj ff+t nv0tj ,jnh )ft't*. Cv )h 'fft* f vf( fj 0;n)tt ft+'h2jj t)hjt fl*0;n/j# 'h );t dh vj0j2j dh '(fdjgjv# 'h!tt;t dh ;n);ntt2j dh fh+tjnQ ;n)hj'vjh3th!2j )* t/j th jnvjt* t)hlt3j Df0n# ;n 0jjlf)vl );0'jjlf( Bj+h(j)jj# 3j )*# ;n nh+f;(3jtt 0vl2j0h dh )(hdjn)jf3j# tjvngj +* th ;nf(v'2j djn ';jnht 0j(t)vlft+*. Cv0'*nh3th )v );t 0tj dhlj)jft+* 3j 0tj +tvv(ft+* h )ht 'h )t(h f 0*n;n)j# )*)j dt)* t)hht t jh3jt djn 0;jnjlh lvj C(j+tf+# ;n t)ht+tt +;nt )fn2jnvth ;n+h3j 0;jnjlh lvj f*)*tft(h dh 0jnvnj9 hj 0;n)tv ';jnht Df0nvlvj# tv 0j 2j!$ 0*n;n)j 'h Df0nvl ';jnjj9 hj 0;n)tv ';jnht djn 0;jnjlh lvj# jt( tv 0*n;n)j 0;jnjlh t)hlhj ';jnj9 0*n;n)!f )v 'fft*# )*)j 2j +h d*(vjh )v jv,j(h9 '(j0h3th!f dh+hf(j# )*)j 2j +h!0'*(t*3h3th djn ,hl3vg 3j# dt)* tj 0;n)t ;n);nttt f ;0,v)*tv(* djn ';jnht t)hht 0j(t)vlft+*# ,v)v(*!th dh t)ht+tt# )v tt;t 0tj +tvv(ft+*# )v );t t(h tftt* gv+t dh Dv0nh/hv. PVNCTVL & Tv (*0t+ tt;t dh (h)vnf+)*tf(j ft+'h2jj )hj 'h dh'ljn +ttj+f*)v2j# ;n);t tv v(vt +*!$ ;ntl2h 'h C(j+tf+ d(h't (hgh tl lf(# )*)j vnf( ft'th tt;t dh +vvh(tnh lh )f(h+'vnd 0vl2v0j(j '(ht+v'v+h9 ;l )vnf+)v+h(* ;ntjnth )t df)tf(# t)v0 3j!$ (h)vnf+) d(h't '*(jnth# )v )t+t 'ljn* dh ';jnh9 lj +!t '*(vt )* +h n*+)v+h )t +* lh fjh df0njtf(# 3j nv +h ;n3hltv# fjjnd)* nv +h vt g*+j tltvl# nj)j )v 0;jnj 0tj dt(nj)h# nj)j )v jnj0* 0tj 0t(h. Svflhth# )h (h)vnf3tjn2* t(*2j tv vnvj Df0n )t(h th!t t+jgv(tt t+tfhl )v 0;n)t(h nv 'hnt(v f +jngv(* /j# )j 'hnt(v tftt* vjt2t ttO Dh );th f(j l!tj )vnf+)vt )t df)tf(O Dh );th f(j 2j l!tj dh+)f'h(jt )t ttt*O
404 CVMJNHCTFRVL

Dh)lt(*!$ t/j ;0'*(tt 3j Df0n tl t*v jv(vjt# ffh(*!j +v'vnh(h vh3nj)*# (hnvn2* lt tj(tnjjlh Stttnhj# 0ft(* '*)ttvl 3j t(*jt+)* ht(vl# tdv);nd 0vl2v0j(j jnfjnjthj Mtjh+t*2j# ;n tf2j vh)jj vh)jlf(. T0jn.

MHDJTTJT 68 Dhs"rh ft$!rhlh l!j St#sfn- t"ljctt Stcrt#hnt!l!j/E

PVNCTVL $ lt t0jnth )v0 0tj ;nt;j t 0vttt djn lf) f*l)jlh vnvj lhv# 'hnt(v )t 0tj t'fj +*!j g*+ht+)* ;n gv(* ftgv(hlh )hl gv+tf+# )*)j h nhvfjh )t 0tj ;ntjnth +* ;nvjngj g(hvt*2jlh# 'hnt(v )t 0tj t'fj +* )vlhgj (fdvl vj)tf(jjlf(9 t+'(j0ht )tnfnvlvj +!t '(h+)hj0,tt ;n dvl)ht2t (*+'l*2jj# ;nt(v);t t3t +h!nt;0'l* /jlnj) ;n hBh()jtt(ht vj(tv2jlf(9 (*,dt(ht +h )fnvh(th3th ;n ljnj3th# 'l;n+vl ;n (;+# 0;hnj!(ht ;n 0;ng;jh(h# 'f+tvl ;n +*n*ttth t(v'ht+)* 3j +vflhtht+)*# 3j tftth )hlhltlth vj(tv2j )t(h '*(htv lhj +!tv t(*ttt# dv'* )h tv tjvn+ +* 'ftt* fj gv+ttth# ftgv(j +tvv(t3j. Dt( )h ,jnh +!t '(hg*tjt St0+fn )t +* );3tjgh '(h0jvlQ Ch )v(tjf+ ;n lv't*Q Ch +)v0' lt vf(,h ;n ft'tt vjthjht+)*Q Ch 0*(jnj0f+ )v tvv2jt g*+jt*Q Mh(jt* 'h ,vn* d(h'ttth +* df,;ndht+)* dvl)h2v(j. ;n2hlhgh# +vflhth# )* dt)* t+t*/j tj t th ,v)v(t dh ftgv(hlh dv0nh/hjh+)# )v );t 0tj 0j(t)vlf+# )v tt;t 0tj gv+tf+# t(tf+ ;ngh(h+) 3j ftgv(h t(*tf+&$ '(hg*tjt dh tl,jnhlh Ch(vlvj# '*+t(tt ;n )ht(* nh;n)h'vt*# tlh+ djnt(h 0jj# )vlh+ djn flf(jlh vj(tv2jlf(# )*)j 0tj ;nt;j t(h,vjh +* fjj gttt t lv'tt dh!t d(h'tvl )v lhj# +* 0v2j djn lf) f*l)jlh vj)jvlvj!(hgh# '(h)v0'*njtf( ;n tjnh 3j )t(h dh!tt;tht f(j th!t vlt(tgjtt. PVNCTVL 6 Fjt(t ;n)f(fntt* ;l ttt)* lt d(v0vl 'h )t(h lt3jj dh f,j)hj +h ;nf(j)f3ht/*# f*);nd )tlh ;ntft(+* dh lt )hlh ;n)h'vth# dt( Nt/t(j!
Cf. J!dhctfrj- $&# A!68. . "j t(tf+... t(*tf+> H)hjvtl*0 jf)vl dh )vvjnth djn thBt# ='tn dh lf+ Tnghlh+ MHDJTTJT 68 &8A

nhtnvl# )t vnvl tt;t dh )tnfnjt# f,j3nvjt dh 0vlt +* ,j(vjt+)* g(hvt*2j# +h jt dh 'jh't )v hl# )*)j h dh 0t(h ;n+h0n*ttth hft*(;(ht vjtht/* dh!t t'v)t lhvl dh g(v0t/ 3j ttv(vl dh )ft(nh &69 ;l +f;3jh )t 'hdht'+* 'hnt(v g;ndvl lvj (*v# )* +t*tht +*!$ ;nghjt*. F# tv# )t(h th +t(*dvjh3tj +* v(0h/j d(v0vl vj(tv2jj# +* 0h(gj dh+ lt +f;ntt )f0vnjvnh# jt +ht0t )* 2j +h vf( jvj ;n )tlh g(hvt*2j ;n+'*j0;nt*tft(h> vt ;n)h()t +* th ;nghjt* lhvl jnfh(ntl ;n3f*);ndv!th dh '*)tt# ;ntjnth )t tv +* tjvngj t 0;n)t ftgv(hlh 'ljn dh 0jh(ht )ht dvl)h t dv0nh/hj(jj# 3j )hjt( dh nv vt 'vtht 'vnh 'jhdj)j ,vnhj ttlh jnthn2jj# vt ;n)h()t +* th dj+t(tg* 'hnt(v t!2j (*'j dvl)ht2t hvltvjhj# 'hnt(v t!2j (*)j 'fftt ;nfl*)*(tt*. Vhj fj 3j 0tj j+'jtjt ;n /jvt )f0vnjvnjj9 )tvt* +* nv th lt3j ;nvjn+ 3j# )v hft*(;(h vjtht/*# +t(*dvjh3th!th +* t(h)j 'h+th tftth g(hvt*2jlh. PVNCTVL 5 St0+fn (hft)h d(v0vl 3j 0h(gh!n )*vtt(ht lhvlvj# )t +*!3j (h;0'(f+'*th/h ,v)v(jt vj)tf(jhj9 v0,lt dv'* 'vth(h 3j t g*+jt dvl)ht2t9 t )(h/vt )* d* dh vn lhv 3j +!t 'f0hnjt )v vn ftgv(h dh 0jh(h9 ,v)v(;ndv!+h# dv'* )h ;nt;j +!t 0jnvntt# nv +h lt+* )v'(jn+ dh +);(,* 3j nj)j dh vn dj+'(h2 '(vdhnt# )j# +)f2;ndv!$ )hjt( djn g;tlhjvl fjt(hj# ;l 0vt*!n '(f'(jt!j gv(*9 t +j02jt nv0tjdh);t dvl)ht2t 3j t ;n)h'vt +* +h dh+fhth )v ht# +tvv(;ndv!3j (fdvl 0vn)jj9 j!t 'fftjt 'h

0t0t +t 3j 'h )hj )h!$ ;n+f2htv nv tt;t )t +* ft)* 't(td* dh )v(tj# );t )t +* lh ;0'*(t*3ht+)* tvv2jt g*+jt*. T'(f'jh!th t/j# +vflhth tl 0hv# dh t'(jgvl lhv tl djfj)vlt*2jj ;nf(;nth '(jn vj(tvth# tl j+'jthj )v f*l)jlh 0vttth djn lf) 3j# dt)* f )fn+jdh(j ;n )hj' 0tj hnjg0ttj)# vjnf l;ng* lhvl 0f(t tl lvj Jvdt 3j +)ftth!j '(htdvl)hlh ftgv(h ;0'*(t*3jt djn gv(t ft(*vjt* dh fjh(h# djn 'jh'tv!j +f;3jtt9 gv+t* );t dh dvl)h h+th Df0nvl# 0*n;n)*!$ )v hvltvjh 3j!j vhj +j02j dvl)ht2t9 dh+ftt*!th )v hl# th vhj ,v)v(t dh lt'thlh 3j 0jh(ht )h j/vf(*+) dh +v, lj0,t Djvjnvlvj Mj(h. PVNCTVL & Vjtht/vl Nt/t(jnhtn (*0t+h tt;t dh 0;nd(v dh nf(f)vl +*v# tt;t dh ;n);nttt dh ftgv(hlh )hl '(fdjgjf+# ;n);t ;3j f*)v ftl* djn
&6

... tt!r!l dh cft#h7 ;n thBt# =F)fgh(P 'f( lt+ gtnt+ hl 'h/"# ljth(tl> =t t'v)t 'h3thlh dh v(h)hj".

dvl)ht2t lvj 3j# )t +*!$ '(ht0*(ht+)* 3j 0tj 0vlt# ;l '(h/hnt* )t 'h!f hnjg0* 0j+th(jft+*. Ffh(j '(h0jj '(j)h'v2jlf(# )t lt f 0t+* t '(j)h'h(jj. F# +vflhth fh(j)jt# fjh!2j +ltv* 3j ftl* ftgv(hlh t)h+tt ;0'*(t*3jt# '(f+l*vh3th!$ ;nt(v 0tj 0t(ht tt glf(jh9 d* 0vl2v0j(j Df0nvlvj '(jn ltvdh9 fjh!2j (h)vnf3tjn2t +h0n )* tj )fntjnvtt +*!$ +tvv(h/j 3j )vnft+)*!+h );t dh 0jh(ft+* 2j!t (*0t+ lj0,t dv'* dvl)ht2t );nt*!(jlf( hj9 3j );nt* f+tntlhlh Df0nvlvj# gv(* )h!tj ff+t tt;t dh ;ndvl)jt* )v t(v'vl 3j +;nghlh +*v9 ;ntl2*!+h lt )h( t'ltv/hlh dh+tjntth vnhj ';jnj 'fgf(;th dh t)flf.

MHDJTTJT 6$ Dhs"rh fs" !l l!j Sj#fn lh"rfs!l 5j dhs"rh "fcjn t Mt$dtlhnhjt"ljctth Sfjnthj Cf#!nj!nj/(
VBCnth0'l* );t dh fjlftj0&& t))h't* t/j Df0nvl f+'*2vl vnvj lh'(f+# )t +* f vjndh)h 'h f '*)*tft+* vjtht/*9 nv +h dv)h tt(t+ dh 0;n)*(v(jlh gv+tft+h# )j ;n+httt dh lt)(j0jlh!j t0t(h9 Hl h ft+'hthlh 3j Mtgdtlhnt h jnvjtttt lvj9 dh ;ndtt* )h $!t )vnf+)vt 'h Df0nvl# +!t )vnf+)vt 'h ht ;n+*3j# 0*(h2jt lvj 3j jf+nj)jt hj# d(tgf+tht lvj 3j (*)htlt hj9 t )f0't(tt ,vn*tttht djvjn* )v jng(ttjtvdjnht hj f0hnht+)*# 3j ht# )t(h tdf(t +* fjh df(jt*# dv'* )h )vnft3th jv,j(ht )ht f*(* dh +f;(3jt# j +h t,tndfnht/*. T )h()httt vndh +h tflt 0tgnhtvl djvjn tl g(h3hljlf( hj9 nv!j 't+* dh )h!t( +'vnh ft0hnjj# nv0tj Dv0nh/hv +* nv +'vn*9 +h dh/,(t)* dh vh30jnthlh!j dh gtl* '(fftnh 3j!3j 'vnh htjnt Ch(vlvj# )t(h h +tflt nh0v(jtft(h9 3j t3t# (*njt* dh d(tgf+th 3j vvlnh(tt* dh dv(h(h# /,ft(* ;n )*vtt(ht jv,jtf(vlvj hj jv,jt 3j!3j 'lf)fnh3th 'hnhlh 0;nd(h +v, t*l'jlh dv0nh/hjh3tj.
&5

Cf. L!ct- 4# 5@!A8. Tt(tgh0 tthn2jt ;n+* )* ;n thBtvl hvtnghhlj) h vf(,t dh Sj0fn .Ptn+hvl"# nv =lh'(f+vl" %lh"rfsf*- )v0 t't(h ;n tft )v'(jn+vl 0hdjtt2jhj. Nh3tjjnd dt)* h f h(ft(h +tv f jnthn2jh 'flh0j)* t tvtf(vlvj# '*+t(*0# )v 0hn2jvnht )vvhnjt*# )tljfj)ttjvvl +'tnjfl. && fjlftj#7 ;n thBt# =t Jf gtltnth"# vndh $tltnth t(h vn ;n2hlh+ 0f(tl 0tjf( dh =0*(jnj0f+ 3j# tftfdtt*# hlhgtnt 3j '(f0ftf( tl ,vnhlf( 0tnjh(h". Sh 't(h )* G(t!)j1n t( fj '(fjh)ttt 3j vn t(tttt +'h)jfj)# Hl Gtltnth- ;n+h(jt,jl ;n '(f'hdhvtj)t +t ,t(f)*.
HDJTTDJT 21

407

Cv0'*nh3th );t dh ,jnh t 3tjvt +* +h (;ndvjt+)* t)ht+t* nfvj)h v)hnj)*# )h '(hg*tj(h tt;t dh nj0h(jt* )t +* +h 'fftht+)* nv lt dh+f*t*(jlh ,tn)hhtvlvj# )j lt +v+'jnhlh jnj0jj. Cfnth0'l*!th# +vflhth# t)f'h(jt dh '*)tth# dh+'vjtt dh ht(9 ;nvt2* )v0 t(h,vjh +* th '(hg*th3tj )t +* '*t(vn/j nv lt f+'*2vl lvj Sj0fn lh'(f+vl# )j tl fh(0h)*tf(vlvj J+v+ )hlvj ;0'*(t*3jt. Jt f hft*(;(h vtjnj)*# (hnvn!2;nd lt lv0h 3j lt dh3h(t*)jvnjlh hj 3j# ;n +t(tjh dh 'hnjthn2*# dv!th +* th t(vn)j lt 'j)jft(hlh Df0nvlvj )t(h tt;t dh 0jlf+tjv th!t3!tht't* lt f+'*2. PVNCTVL 6 C(j+tf+ lvt 0t+t );nd t +f+jt# fl*0;nd* dh hl# '*)*tft+t> t +f+jt )h(,ftj)t ;n+httt*# f+thnjt* dh vhnjnvl vjnjlf(# )t +* ;n)hjnh ;n )jn+tht Df0nvlvj )v lt)(j0jlh hj9 jnt(* f*(* +* ,tt*# dt( 3j f*(* +* +h t,tt* dh lt )hh0t(ht ht(vlvj9 3j# )v tftth )* f(j)h '(jlhj h ,vn )t +* th t'(f'jj dh Dv0nh/hv# j +!t '*(vt 0tj lh+nj)jf+ )hl tl vnvj f+'*2# +'(h t!3j tt(tgh# '(jnt(h fhlv(jlh +h(vjth# 0jlf+thnjj. Nv )vtht/* t +h t'(f'jt ft2* )*t(h ft2*# )*)j 'h )ht djvjn* f +j0th fft(th ffhn+tt*# 3j 'h!t hj 'h );t dh vjnfvtt*# 'h!tt;t dh (v3jntt*9 jnt(*# t3tdt(# )v +'tthlh ;0'fv*(tt dh g(h3hlj 3j ,;tltn)t )ht 0;nd(* 3j f(v0ft+* )tdh (*njt* dh jv,j(h lt 'j)jft(hlh v;n*tf(vlvj djvjn. Svflhth# dh v(h0h )h!2j '(j+f+h+) vjnjlh# +* nv!2j ft)* lj'+* )*jn2hlh9 v(0ht/!f 'h Mtgdtlhnt ;n 'l;n+# dh v(h0h )h ;n (hlh tj v(0tt!f9 dv!th nh'fftjt lt f+'*2vl dh lt Tltt(# 0vlt 0tj ;0,hl3vgtt 3j 0tj dh+f*ttt dh);t )hl tl Ft(j+hvlvj# 3j vndh nv vhj fj 0v+t(tt# )j ,jnh '(j0jt9 nv vhj 0*tv(t 'fdhtvt# )j vhj '*3j 'h Ch(9 (ftg!f 'h Mtgdtlhnt +*!2j lt+h vnvl djn 'j)jft(hlh lvj C(j+tf+ )t +*!$ +)tl/j# ;n tj0' )h ht ;l vd* 'h )hl*ltlt

)v 'l;n+vl hj9 ;nvt2* dh lt v)hnj)t Df0nvlvj lh)2jj dh 'f)*jn2*9 ;n+f2h3th!f t)v0t ;n dv(h(h# 'hnt(v )t 0tj t'fj +* th tjvth ht ;n 0;ng;jh(h. PVNCTVL 5 Ct +* 'ftt* jh3j djn ghnvnht g(h3hljlf(# Mtgdtlhnt vt(+* f 0t(h dh lt)(j0j# vd;nd 'j)jft(hlh lvj C(j+tf+9 )v lt)(j0j t0t(h ;3j +'tl* +vflhtvl dh gvnfjvl dh+f*t*(jlf(# lh 3th(gh )v 'lhthlh 'h )t(h 3j lh '(hft)h ;n lt2v(j tlh lvj Dv0nh/hv# dv'* )h ;nl*n2vj+h(* +vflhth9 nv )fnthnh3th +* lh +*(vth# ;0'*);ndv!lh dh tft tt;tht f(j
dh );th lh jjgnj+h9 +h dhvftht/* 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl jv,jtvlvj hj# tf)0tj ht# )t(h j +h (hfv/t+h 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl9 h )fn)hnt(tt* ;n ;nt(hgj0h t+v'(t lvj# )v tftth ft)vlt*2jlh 3j +j02v(jlh hj 3j ;n)* 0tj v;(tf+ )v jnj0t9 ;j +)tld* 'j)jft(hlh )v )hlh dfv* j/vft(h tlh f)hjlf( 3j j lh +ft(,h )v t0;ndfv* ,v/hlh9 )v 0;jnjlh!j tl,h lh +t(;ngh 3j )v '*(vl hj ,*ltj j lh 3th(gh# 'hnt(v t +h )fn+t)(t tfttt lvj Dv0nh/hv# ht# )t(h +h ';ng*(j+h tftt*. Cv0'*nh3th# f# tv# )t(h th!tj )v0jnh)tt# 0tj 0t(ht tt fh(j)j(h 3j 0h(jtvl t*v 0tj 0j)# )*)j dt)* Mtgdtlhnt tjvngh +* tj,* 't(th dh 'j)jft(hlh lvj C(j+tf+# tv# +* th ,v)v(j dh hl ;n ;nt(hgj0h9 dt)* ht +*!$ +*(vth# tv +*!$ 0*n;n)j9 nv dft( ;j +t(;ngj 'j)jft(hlh ;n ,(t2h# )j (*(vn)hjj ;n (*(vn)hj9 ht ;j ffh(* lt)(j0jlh hj# Df0nvl ;2j d* 2jh +*!j ,hj +;nghlh9 ht ;l v+v)* )v '*(vl hj# tv )v ,tjh(hlh jnj0jj ttlh9 dt)t ht ;l t'v)*# tv ;l ;n)hj/j ;n tjnh> fflf+h3th!2j# t3tdt(# tft +vflhtvl 3j tftth ft)vlt*2jlh )t +*!$ +lvjh3tj 3j +*!$ tdf(j ;n /jvt!n )t(h ;l '(j0h3tj. PVNCTVL & Ft(j+hvl )(jtj)* )h f*)ht Mtgdtlhnt# nv )h f*)v+h# dhft(h)h lv0ht h '(f)v(f( tl vj(tv2jj 3j tvf)tt tl vj)jvlvj. Cv tl2j f)hj f '(jvh3th Df0nvl# tfttl djfh(j2j dh!tj ft0hnjlf(> ;n)h'h +* (hltth/h +lvjj(jlh Mtgdtlhnhj# +v,ljnjjnd f0j+jvnjlh lvj Sj0fn> =Tv# /j)h hl# n!tj ,jnhvfjt +t 0* +*(v2j 'h ft2*# ht ;n+* n!t )fnthnjt ;n tft t)h+t tj0' +*!0j tdf(h t*l'jlh9 tv nv 0j!tj dtt t'* dh +'*ltt# ht ;n+* djn f)hjj hj 0j!t tv(ntt!f9 n!tj (j+j'jt nj)j f 'j)*tv(* dh vntdhlh0n 'hnt(v )t'vl 0hv# ht ;n+* 0j!t v*(+tt 'h 'j)jft(h )hl 0tj +)v0' ,tl+t09 n!tj dh+'*tv(jt vn '(f+f' )t +* 0* 3th(gj 'h 0;jnj# ht ;n+* 0j!t 3th(+ 'j)jft(hlh )v +)vlvl '(h2jf+ tl '*(vlvj hj ,*ltj." T+)vlt*# +vflhth# )h!2j +'vnh 3j 2jh ;n)* f dtt* t)hlt3j Df0n# t/j# );nd l!tj g*/dvjt nv dft( ;n )t+t# )j ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. =Svflhth# nv 0j!tj dtt nj)j f +*(vtt(h dh 't)h# ;n +)hj0, tt;tht dh (*/,fj '(jn '*)tthlh ttlh9 n!tj v*(+tt f lt)(j0* dh ;ndvjf3t(h# 'h );nd hv th +)tld ;n +;nghlh 0hv. Ch 'v2jn* 0j(ht+0* dh vj(tv2j (*+';ndh3tj# dt( )h nh'*+*tf(# )h /g;()jt 3j )h g(f+fltn th!tj 'v(tttQ" P(h!+)hj0,*!2j 0h+)hjn*(jjlh ;n (h)vnf3tjn2h 3j# dh v(h0h )h!f ;nt(h)j 'h Mtgdtlhnt ;n htt;(# )tvt* +!f hgtlh/j ;n d(tgf+th. T+)vlt* )h!2j +'vnh C(j+tf+> =Mh(gj ;n 't)h# dh v(h0h )h ;n 0jlt 0hv# '(h2v!jnd!f )t 0tj!ntjnth 'jh(dvt*"# 3j tv (*+'vndh! j> =Dv0nh/hvl 0hv 3j Df0nvl 0hv# 0tj dhg(t,* +* 'jh(d f 0jh dh vjh2j dh);t +* th 0tj +v'*( ;n)* f dtt*."
MHDJTTJT 66 &8%

MHDJTTJT 66 Dhs"rh ftjt cht "jhrd!t 5j $sjt- fs"ttt c! P+jnht Chr!l!j/,

PVNCTVL $ Cfnth0'l* )v0 fj2t )ht '(ft+t*# t0*gjt* dh tftnt 3j 'v(ttt* dh 'lt)vl hj# +h (v'h dh tv(0*# +h dh'*(tht/* dh '*+tf(vl hj 3j +h 'jh(dh );nd ;j h(t 0tj ,jnh# )t +*!3j ;0'ljnht+)* 'ffthlh 'h 'tjj3tjlh ;nvh(/jth tlh dh+f*t*(jlf(. =S* nv fjh '*3vnh# /j)h ht# 'h )t(h 'lt)vl 0hv +* n!f )tl)h jt(*3j 3j jt(*3j." F# )v0 ;3j +)hj0,* ljnj3!tjlh ht(vlvj 'h (j+)v(jlh v*djth tlh g(h3hljj 3j# d;nd vjt*(jj dh/0jh(d*(jlh vnvj '*+tf( ,vn )t(h!f t'*(*# +h hB'vnh +* fjh ;nghj2jt* dh g;tlhjvl vnvj lv'Q Cv0'*nh3th# f# +vflhth tl 0hv# dh );th f(j n!tj f*)vt 3j tv lt fhl> ;n )t/vl t*v +h tdhvh(h3th 't(t,flt# 3j lv'vl jnfh(ntl +h tfl* ;n ht9 tv h3tj fj2t# 'h );t dh '(ft+t*# 'h!tt;t dh (*t*)jt*9 tj '*(*+jt '*3vnjlh )hlh 'l*)vth tlh ht(vlvj 3j +*l*3lvjh3tj ;n v0,(hlh 0f(2jj9 l!tj '*(*+jt 'h P*+tf(vl t*v )hl ,vn )t(h th!t )v0'*(tt )v '(h2vl vjh2jj# )t(h th!t ;n+h0ntt )v +;nghlh lvj# 3j th 2jj dv'* vn lhv )(vd )t(h!2j d* t;()ftlh )t +* th ;nghjt*9 )tvt*# ;n +f;(3jt# +*!2j )vnf3tj vjnt 3j +*!2j (h)vnf3tj '(j0hjdjt# ,hh*jh )t +* th tvd* P*+tf(vl t*v# )hht0*!$ )v ,hh*jtv(j dh +v+'jnh# )v j/,jtv(j ;n 'jh't 3j )v 0v(0v(vl 'l;n+v!lvj t*v. PVNCTVL 6 Dh ;ndtt* )h f,+h(v* lj'+t fj2hj +tlh nhtthnth# ,t)jvl )hl g(jjvljv ;3j +)hj0,* fdjhnt djn ,f(dhj 'h t(vdt )*vt*(jj> jtt*! $ )v0 +t(h '(jn 0vn2j 3j t(h)h 'h+th dhtlv(j# ;n tj0' )h ht 3tdh!n v*jlh vjnfv*2jhj +tlh. Ch dh 'hdh'+h f )f+t* 'l*)h(jlh# )h dh t0*(*)jvnj dvl)h2v(jlh# );t* fjh(h ftgv(jjQ Hl v0,l* '(jnt(h +'jnj# ht '(jnt(h flf(j9 hl nh0;n)tt# ht '*+);nd jt(*3j9 lvj# 0*(*)jnjj ;j +f;3jh )fjf)hlvl 3j tjvng +*!$ ;n+;ngh(h/h# 0ft(h dh +hth# dh )h n*dv3h3th 0tj 0vlt9 nv +h f'(h3th ';n* )h nv +vjh 'h vn 0vnth
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Cf. Mtthj- $7# $6!$A9 L!ct- $A# 5!&. C(hdh0 )* 0hdjtt2jt nv h +t(*jn* nj)j dh vn td0j(t,jl 'fh0 tl Sf;ntvlvj Jftn tl C(v)jj# Vn "tstfrcjcf :$A76! $A7&C. &$8 CVMJNHCTFRVL

)t +*!j jt 0tj v3f( v(0t9 lht'*d* )fjf)hlvl 3j# gfl# +h )t2*(* ;nt(!vn )f't)# vndh# t3h/tt ;n lf)vl )hl 0tj ;ntlt# ;3j ;ntjndh ,(t2hlh 'h dfv* )(hngj# +h tt;(n* dh hlh 3j +h 2jnh )v 0t(h +vfh(jn2*9 ;n)h'h +* f )hh0h )v +t(jg*th '*t(vn/*tft(h 3j )hjt( )v lt)(j0j9 Ch(vl ;l tvdh 0vl2v0jt* hvltvjhj lvj# fj2t ft)h ;n+* 'h +v(dt ;n

;n)*'*2;nt(ht hj# dt(# vtj# jtt*!$ ;n)ljn;nd )t'vl# ;nt(v);t vhdh )* nv 'ftth vf(,j# +'(h t!j ft)h +h0n# )*)j 0tj dhg(t,* 3j!t( dt vjt2t dh);t +* n!f 0tj )hh0h 3j# nh0vl2v0jt )v tt;tt# ;ng*dvjh +* j +h +'jnth)h 'jh'tvl 3j!3j t(tt* 'hnt(v ht 0*(vnttjhlh jv,jtft(h. Svflhth# ftjh 'jh(dvt*# );t vt 0tj 2jnh t+'(j0ht jnj0jj ttlhO Rh)vnft3th!$ 'h Djvjnvl t*v P*+tf( 3j d*!2j +ht0t );t ;l )f+t*9 'hnt(v tjnh 3j!t '*(*+jt )h(vl 3j t )f,f(;t ;n lv0h# t n*dv3jt )v +;ngh# ,j)hlh j!tv +f;3jtt +'jnt(ht 3j +'jnjj t;0'lhlh9 +!t ;0'fv*(tt )v )(v)ht 3j +!t '(*v*ljt +v, ht# t v()tt Gflgftt# j!tv t(t+ lt +f(2j )*0t3t# +!t )*2*(tt gfl ;n 'f0vl vjndh)*(jj ttlh 3j t)flf 3j!t dh+f*)vt ,(t2hlh ;n l*tv(j. Nv!$ tv/j ft(h )v0 flvjh(* dv'* tjnh )v +v+'jnh 3j lt)(j0jO Vjth )v0 ;3j ;n)ljn* )t'vl# +t*(vjnd +* th )hh0h9 ;3j +'jnth)* )ft+tt 3j!2j ffh(* (*(vn)hjj lvj> +f;(3h3th fdtt* 3j '*(*+h3th!2j dh+f*t*(jlh jf+nj)h tlh '*0;ntvlvj dh)*/vt 3j th vhj ,v)v(t dh nvt(h2v(jlh gv+tft+h tlh Tltt(vlvj# )t(h h+th (tjvl Bj+h(j)jj. PVNCTVL 5 G*+jt*# ftjt ;l (htdv)h 'h P*+tf(vl hj )hl Bvn dh lt 0ft(th lt vjt2*. Cv );t* 'l*)h(h f '(j0h3th ;n ,(t2hlh lvj# tftdhtvnt dh+)hj+h 'hnt(v htQ N!f )ht(t* +v'*(tt# )j f 0;ng;jh )v 0jl* 3j# +)f2;nd djn +;n ';jnht )ht gv+tft+*# f 'ffth3th )v 0;nt lvj 3j!f f+'*tht/* )v d(ht'tt9 f 0vt* djn ,(t2h 'h v0h(jj lvj )t(h# dt)* ;ntjnth ;j h(tv j+tfvj2j dh 'fvt(t vjnfv*2jjlf(# t)v0t +;nt v3v(t2j dh +t()jnt )ht +)v0'*# f )fndv)h ;n +t;nt )ht +jgv(*# f tl*tv(* )hlf(ltlth nfv*/h)j 3j nfv*. Ch ,v)v(f+ 0h(gh Hl )v ht 3j )h fh(j)jt* ht )v Hl# ,hh*jnd 3j /j);nd> =Jv,jtvl 0hv )v 0jnh# 3j hv )v Hl tftt* 3j )v tftt* jnj0tQ" Jt t0jnth t/j# +vflhth tl 0hv# f)(ftjt dh P*+tf(vl Djvjn# ;nvhljt ;n )fjf)vl 3j f+'*ttt dh 0;nt lvj )v P;jnht Ch(vlvj# )* hl h+th P*+tf(vl 3j h(tnt tt9 jt ';jnht djn 0;nt lvj 3j 0*n;n)*!j 3j 0;nt9 )v +;nghlh lvj th!t (*+)v0'*(tt# )v +;ngh th nvt(h3th9 Hl th 'ft(t* 'h v0h(j# tv 'ft(t*!$ ;n 'jh'tvl t*v9 Hl ;3j )(h+tht/* )ft+tt# tv
MHDJTTJT 65 &$$

'vnh!$ )hjt( ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j9 0*n;n)* )v 'l*)h(h ';jnht t)ht+tt )h!t )f,f(;t djn +jnvl Ttt*lvj# 't3th!f ;n)* f dtt* 3j vhj tflt dhf+h,j(ht djnt(h f t+h0hnht h(tn* t ;ngh(jlf( 3j f 0;n)t(h 'hnt(v tnj0tlh. PVNCTVL & Fj2t g*+jt* v0,l* ,hh*jnd 3j# tdv);nd 0vl2v0j(j ,vnvlvj hj P*+tf(# ;j '(f)lt0* )v ,hh*jtv(j htt;(v(jlh> =F# jv,jth P*+tf(# +'vnh ht# );t ;2j +;nt dh ;ndttf(tt*# )jnh th!t( 'vtht (*+'l*tjQ Tl2j '*+tf(j ;3j 0*n;n)* fjlh# 'h );nd# ;n )hht )h 0* '(jvh3th# ;l 0*!n;n) hv ;n+*0j 'h P*+tf(vl 0hv9 hj 3j lh tvnd )t +* +h ;0,(t)h hj ;n3j3j# 'h );nd Tv th dh+'fj )t +* 0* ;0,(t)j 'h 0jnh9 hj 3j lh jv'ftjh# 'h );nd Tv h3tj tft f (tn* )t +* 0* ;ng(jjh3tj 'h 0jnh9 hj 3j lh )jf0*gh+)# jt( tv 0* +tl2j 'h v0h(jj t*j9 hj lh flfgh+). 3j Tv 0* vjndh)j9 hj lh t(vn)* dh 'h +t;n)j# 3j Tv 0* 'f(2j ;n +'jnt(h." Ch 0vl2v0j(j +*!2j tdv)# Dft0nh# 'hnt(v tt;tht 0jlf+tjvj(jO R*+'vnd* htt;(v(jlh 0hlh htt;(v(jlf( ttlh# );ntt!vfj vh3nj) f );ntt(h nfv*# vnjndv!0j ,hh*jhljlh )v )hlh tlh tv(0hlf( )h(h3tj )t(h th ltvd* 3j th '(ht0*(h+) ;n tf2j vh)jj vh)jlf(. T0jn.

MHDJTTJT 65 Dhs"rh rht!t "rh$tjrh t chl!j tl!n$tt dh lt fs" /'

PVNCTVL $ Vvght* lt g(jjt )v )t(h jnvjtt2jj +h ;0,(t)* +*(,*tf(h3th )t +* 'ftt* t'*(ht ;ntjntht (hghlvj9 3tjv )1 t)hlt )t(h!j jnvjt* h+th vn (hgh# t3t ;n);t nv +h 0vl2v0h+) )v f(j)h g*thtl*# 3j!f )tvt* 'h )ht 0tj 0t(h djn vjt2*# t3t )v0 f,j3nvjh3th t fj )ht djn /jvt nvn2jj. Pfdft,t 'h )t(h f 'f(2j t(tt* '(h2vj(ht 'hnt(v 'h(+ftnt 'h )t(h f vj/jth/j# jt( (;ndvjtlt hBth(jft(* h +h0n 3j )hjt( /*lfg tl )hlhj l*vnt(j)h9 nv f(j)h ;0'fdf,j(h h dh tjvn+ 'hnt(v f /j tt;t dh +flh0n* )t t)hht )1nd h3tj 'fftjt dh )*t(h vn (hgh9 t(h,vjh +* fjh
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Cf. Mtthj- 66#$!$&. 412 CVMJNHCTFRVL MHDJTTJT 65 &$5

'(h2jft+*# fjjnd)* f)hjj (hghlvj +;nt dh'(jn3j )v ,fg*2jh 0t(h. Ft+'h2jj t)h3tjt vjn# t3tdt(# )v nf,jl* g*thtl*# )t +* fjh '(j0j2j )v )jn+tj(h tlht+*. Svflhth# t/j h3tj jnvjttt dh )hl 0tj 0t(h Rhgh lt f+'*2vl )hl 0tj 0t(h9 )v0'*nh3th dh)j f,ljgt2jt dh t th ;0'fdf,j9 '(ht 'v2jn ;n+ht0n* +* vjj dft( ;ng(jjjt# )tt* +* fjj ;0,(*)tt +*(,*tf(h3th9 nv tjvngh +* vjj nhdvhnjnd t '*)tth# )j (*+';ndjnd 0j(ht+0* dh vj(tv2j9 nv tjvngh f(j)h g*thtl*# )*)j f)hjj dv0nh/hjh3tj +;ht f,j3nvj2j )v ;0'fdf,j(ht ;ngh(jlf(. Plht)*# dt(# )v dj)hj+ dh +fjn2hnjh# )t +* 3h/j )v 0*(ht2* )vvjjn2* lt 0t+t (hght+)*. PVNCTVL 6 C;nd tf2j h(tv '(hg*tj2j dv'* (;ndvjtl* 3j g*tj2j +*(,*tf(h3th# t )vth/tt tltvl# )v tftvl tnt'fdt# +* t't(* ;nt(h d;n3jj f*(* htjnt dh nvnt*# 'h );t dh nh;0'fdf,jt# 'h!tt;t dh nhf,(*/tt# )*)j )v(tjvl tj)*lf3jhj h nh(v3jnt(ht# )v ft2t ;ng*ltt* 3j nh+'*ltt 'h 0;jnj# dvhnjnd t nh)v(*2hnjh jf+nj)*9 jnt(*!n +tlt )h j0jt* vn Ch(# )v tft tt;tt nh+j02j(h djn 't(tht!j# );t*

+v'*(t(h djn 't(tht )hlf(ltl2j9 +h v;(* )f(,vl '(jnt(h lh,hdhlh njn+h9 hj. )tndj/j# nv!j +'vn nj0j)t 3j# 0tj 0vlt# tfl;ndv!+h!n )t+* +t(*jn*# nv!j ft) 0v+t(t(h nj)j +t*';nvlvj hj. T )(h/vt '(f+th3th )* (hghlh n!t(h +*!$ /*(ht+)* djn )tv/* )* +h tflt dv'* 'h(dht# +tv )*# 0jlf+tjv# +h vt '(hft)h )t 3j!n tlth dt2j )* nv!$ vhdh# dt( +!t ;n3hltt# )*)j jjgnj(j tt;t dh f*2j3h# ffhn+h tt;t dh +f(vnttth nv +)t'* nh'hdh'+jth# fjh 3j nv0tj dh d(tgvl ;nv*2*(jj dh 0jnth. Cv0'*nh3th tv# )v ;nf(j)f3t(h# f nh)vvjjn2* tt;t dh v(;t*# 3j nv djn 't(tht tltvjt# )j djn t tt ;n+v2j9 ;n)hj'vjh3th!2j )v2jtvl t+)v2jt lt g;tvl t*v9 );nd t(h,vjh +* th t3h/j lt 0t+t t)h+tvj +vvh(tn# nv vhnj ;0,(*)tt ;n 'ttj0jlh ttlh# nv th t'(f'jt dvhnjnd t vjnj9 '(jvh3th!th ;nt;j ;n fgljndt )hlf(ltl2j# ;n lv)jvl vnvj hBt0hn nh)(v2*tf(9 dfvhdh3th!2j 2jh ;n+v2j )* h3tj f09 nv +tt ljnj3tjt lt g;ndvl )* (hghlh t*v +t* dv'* 'h(dhtvt t))jdhnthlf(# )*)j +h t+)vndh )t +f2vl dv'* 't(tvtnhlh dj+j0vl*(jj# dv'* +tf(v(jlh f,jh)2jhj +tlh. PVNCTVL 5 Sh +j02htv )v tf2jj ;n lt(gvl lf(# df(nj)j +* +h f+'*th/h djn ,v)tthlh dh+f*t*tft(h tlh 0h+hj (hgh3tj# );nd t jnt(tt )hjt( (hghlh ;n 'h(+ftn*# )*)j nv ;n)(hdjn2ht/* tltf( f)hj )fnt(flvl 0h+hj. Dv'* )h!j (h)vnf+)v 'h tf2j ft+'h2jj# vnvl );th vnvl# ;l dj,vj nv0tj!dh);t 'h )hl )h jh3ht ;n hvjdhn2* '(jn nh'ft(jvj(h9 h(t jjgnjt dh fhlvl lvj +);(,f+ 3j 0tj tlh+ f,(t/nj)# dt(# +t*';njndv!3j jndjgnt(ht )v tjvtf(vl ,vn*t*2jj> =P(jhthnh# +'vnh hl# )v0 tj jnt(tt tj)jO TvO j tj)jO j f*(* htjn* dh nvnt*O" J +!t td(h+tt )v ='(jhthnh"# t+h!0vjndv!$ )v '(j0vl t(*d*tf( )t(h t '(fftntt 0t+t. Nhfh(j)jtvl n!t tvvt )h (*+'vndh# dfvhdjt f*(* 'vtjn2* dh t*gtd*# )*)j ;3j 0*n;n)* jvdh)ttt )jnh f*(* dh ht 0*n;n)* lt 0t+t t)ht+tt> tt;t jvdh)*tf(vl# );t 3j jvdh)ttt fjjnd tj)j9 nv h nhvfjh dh tlth dfvh/j> )t vn t(*+nht )tdh +hntjn2t dh t fj dtt tft(*# lj'+jt fjjnd t+tfhl dh )hj'vl )hl dv0nh/hjh+)# )ht 0tj dv(h(ft+* 'hdht'+*9 t ff+t t(vn)tt# )t (*v v*/vt )h h(t. ;n ,h/nhlh dh!tft(*. F# tv# )t(h 3h/j lt 0t+t Tltt(vlvj# '(jvh3th# jt t0jnth# nv )v0vt +* '*2h3tj t+h0hnht nhnf(f)j(hQ T+)vlt* )h +'vnh Rhghlh dv0nh/hjh+) );nd 2j +h td(h+ht/*> =P(jhthnh# )v0 dh tj ;nd(*/njt +* jnt(j tj)jO Tv# '*)*tf+vlh nhv(hdnj)O Tv# 3j ;n)* tj)j# ;n +tlt )v(*2jhj ;n+h3jO ;n )hnt(vl +fjn2hnjhjO Vndh 2j!h 'fdft,t vj(tv2jlf(O Vndh 2j!tj l*+tt vh30;ntvl ht(vlvjO Ch /j)jO Ch (*+'vn/jO j tv t0v2h3tjO" F# )h tvl,v(tt th!tj 'f0hnj )v dfv* (h+t(j3tj# dh/fnft(ht 3j fft0htQ S)ftth '(jn v(0t(h dh tj)j f ,jnhvhnjt* ;nv*2*tv(* 3j!f tht0* 'ljn* dh (h+'h)t9 g*+h3th 0t(h ;n/h+t(t(h dh ht(. )t +* nv )t/j ;n )ht 0tj 0t(h dj/g(t2jh t lvj. PVNCTVL & Ch ,v)v(f3j vf( fj (*0t+ )hjltl2j dh fh(j)j(ht lf(# v*/;nd nh)t/vl )hlvjltltQ Cv0 ;3j vf( fj (jdj)tt ,(t2hlh lt Ch( );nd lh!tv v*/vt lhgtth 'h!tlh nhfh(j)jtvlvjQ Vf( fj tdv+ ;ndfjth 0vl2v0j(j (hghlvj# dh f+'*2 ;ndh+tvlt2j 3j nf(f)f3j. Cv0 ;l vf( fj l*vdtt hj dt)* l!tv v*/vt 'h )hl*ltlt )* t0v2h3thQ j!tv dh+f*)vt ,v/hlh!nt(v '(ht0*(j(h dv'* )h 0tj!ntjnth 'hnt(v fh+tjn. Tj g(jj*# dt(# +* tdv)j 0vl2v0j(j Df0nvlvj )t(h th 2jnh t+tfhl ;n 0;jnjlh lvj9 jt +ht0t )* +f(2jj t*j +;nt ;nt(!tlh lvj9 nv t0v2j vjnfvtt9 jh(ttt# ltvd*!$ 'h Dv0nh/hv# dt)*!2j '(h2vjh3tj nf(f)j(jlh# fjj (h)vnf+)*tf( 'hnt(v 0jlf+thnjjlh lvj9 ;n)vnvnht/*!j 0t+t )t l*+tt( dh 't)h9 +* nv vjn* +)(v0j(jlh 'hdh'+hj fvlgh(tth9 );nt* dh ,jnh f+'*ttt9 ltvd*!$# ;ndh+tvltt# 'h vn Df0n )h 2j!t ;ng*dvjt +*!n)hhj +h(,t(ht!n 't)h 3j th!t +*tv(tt )v flft(ht f*jnjj.
CVMJNHCTFRVL

MHDJTTJT 6& Dhs"rh fhrjcjrht l!j Mhfj1f5ht- t5h2tt lt #tst rh$hl!j- t"ljctt lt Cf#!nj!nh/&
PVNCTVL $ v.vght* )h vj0j(h ;j vt fj +t;(njt lvj Mhfj,f3ht 3tj(ht )* (hghlh Dtvjd $!t )hh0tt )t +*!$ t3h/h tl*tv(j dh hl 3j +* 0*n;n)h lt 0t+t lvj> g;ndvl ;j vt fj ff+t )f'lh3jt dh ,v)v(jh 3j +0h(hnjt dh +'tj0*. Hl# tt;t dh dhftvf(j/tt dh Nttv(*# +h vhdht ftvf(j/tt dh g(t2jt (hght+)*9 dh'f+hdtt dh tvh(h# hl# fjv tl vnvj +vvh(tn dv+# hl# nhtjvtf(tt dh +*(t) )h h(t# dtt vjt*(jj dh lj'+jt )h h(t# 3)hjf' t(v'h3th 3j '(*,v3jt +vflhth3th# )v tft tt;tht dhfh)th );th v0jljn2h. M*+v(t dh)j 0*(h2jt (hghlvj ;n )f0't(t2jh )v jf+nj)jt lvj 3j vt fj +'v+> =S* 0* t3h/ lt 0t+t (hghlvj hv# )t(h nv t0 nj)j )h +* dv) lt gv(*O S* 0* +h(vht+)* 'h 0jnh vn (hgh );nd nj0hnj nv )tttdj)+h3th +* 0* +h(vht+)*O" ;3j 'jh(dht jnj0t v*/;nd );t dh 'v2jn vtlf(ht/*# dt( +h ;n+vflh2ht v*/;nd );t ;l )jn+tht (hghlh. =Cv0 f +* t(*t# /j)ht hl# t3h/tt ;n 0jjlf)vl tt;tf( 0*(h2jj# hv# )v tt;tht dhfh)th9 dt( ';n* lt v(0*# 0t(ht!j ,vn*ttth ;0j vt ;0'ljnj nhv(hdnj)jt." J0tgjnht/*!2j tlt Mhfj,f3ht# )v 0tj 0vlth dhfh)th +vflhth3tj dh);t t(v'h3tj# 0h(hv 3)hjf' ;nt(v +jvjj(ht lvj Dv0nh/hv# 0*+lvjt dh vjn* 3j )f);(jtt +'(h '*0;nt# fjv 3j nh'ft tl vnf( '*(jn2j v(*j0t3j tj Df0nvlvj# jt( tv 0tj '*)*tf+ dh);t tf2j9 3j )*# t(h);nd 'h+th tftth t)h+tht# tlt (hgh 0tj 0t(h dh);t Dtvjd# )*)j h ;0'*(tt tl Ch(vlvj 3j tl '*0;ntvlvj# th 'ffth3th lt 0t+t lvj 3j th +h(vh3th9 )f0't(* jf+nj)jt tt )v 0*(h2jt lvj9 nh+f;(3j(ht lvj )v 0j)j0ht tt9 +)ftth dh tj)j f 0t(h (v3jnt(h# +0h(jndv!th )t vnvl )*/vt 3j ;n+vflh2jndv!th )t f)(ftjt )h h3tj.
&4

Cf. JJ Rh$j FSt0vhjP# %#$!$5. ;n thBt> Mjsj1fshL Mhfj,f3ht :+tv Mh(j,,ttl# =Mhfj,f3ht" fjjnd f tlth(t(h dh'(h)jttjv* t lvj#Mh(j,,ttl"# )t(h ;n+ht0n* =Bttl h vn h(fv"C h(t fjvl lvj Jfntttn =)hl 3)hjf' dh 'j)jft(h"# fjvl )hl 0t(h tl (hghlvj Stvl 3j '(jhthnvl )hl 0tj ,vn tl lvj Dtvjd# 'h )t(h ;l t'*(* dh 0;njt ttt*lvj +*v. Mhfj,f3ht# vltj0 dh+)hndhnt djn )t+t lvj Stvl# +h vhdh (h'v+ ;n tftth d(h'tv(jlh dh )*t(h Dtvjd> =H(t flfg. T(*jt ;n Jh(v+tlj0 3j 0;n)t tftdhtvnt lt 0t+t (hghlvj." Dt( =)hl 0tj 0t(h '(jgfnjtf( 'h )t(h $!t tvvt Dtvjd"# )v0 +'vnh G(t)j1n# nv h(t Jfntttn# )j ttt*l t)h+tvjt# Stvl. MHDJTTJT 6& &$A

PVNCTVL 6 Mhfj,f3ht +h +t(*dvjh3th +* +h ;0'fdf,ht+)* +'(h t +h 'vtht ;nf*2j3t (hghlvj9 ;3j t+)vndh nhtjvn+v(jlh +v, g*thlj9 nv +h dv)h +);(,f+# )t +* nv dv,lh/h jjgnj(ht# )j dj0'ft(jv*# ;0,(*)tt +*(,*tf(h3th# )t +*!3j t*jnvjt+)* dhfh)thlh. Cv );t* +fjtl* vt fj jnt(tt ;n 'tlttQ Ch v0jl +h vt fj '(f+th(ntt lt 'j)jft(hlh (hgh3tj# +'vn;nd> =Dft0nh# );nd ft(h t0 0h(jttt vn t+h0hnht htt;(O T( fj ff+t '(ht 0vlt 'hnt(v 0jnh 3j +* fj 0;n)tt )v +lvgjlh ttlh# dt(0jth lt 0t+t tt# tl*tv(j dh tjnh 3j djn t)hlt3j ttlh( 3j t)hlht3j ,v)tth# tf)0tj hvO Vjth# 0h(jthlh 0hlh nv +;nt 'h 0*+v(t vnf( 0jlf+thnjj tt;t dh 0j(t)vlft+h." Sf;ntvl (hgh ;n+*# 'h );t dh 0*(jnj0f+# 'h!tt;t dh )f0'*tj0jtf(# ;l vt fj (jdj)tt# ;0,(*2j3;ndv!$ 3j +'vn;nd> =Dt# dt# lt 0t+t 0ht tj +* 3h/j 3j tj +* 0*n;n)j )v 0jnh." Cv0'*nh3th dh)j# );nd t/j h3tj jnvjttt nv dh )*t(h vn (hgh '*0;nthtn# )j dh )*t(h ;0'*(ttvl Ch(vlvj# lt 0t+t 3j lt ttlh(vl lvj# )v )h 'fdft,h t(h,vjh +* th dv)j# )v )h htjnh +*(,*tf(h3tj +* th ;0,(t)j# +t(*dvjndv!th +* t)f'h(j v(;2hnjjlh vjnfv*2jjlf( ttlh )v f(nt0hnthlh ht(vlvj. PVNCTVL 5 Mhfj,f3ht 3hdht lt 0t+t (hgtl* 'h );t dh +fjjt# 'h!tt;t dh fnf(tt# f)(ftjt dh (hgh# td0j(tt dh )v(thnj9 nf,jljj )hj 0tj 0t(j ;j +t*thtv ;n '(htj0*# 3j hl 0;n)t9 (hghlh ;n+v3j ;l +h(vht lt 0t+*# 3j djn tft )h vt fj ff+t 0tj ,vn. Cv )h 'l*)h(h vt fj 0;n)tt# 0tj )v +ht0* )* tftvl vhnht djn 0;nt (hgtl*Q Ch 0;ng;jtt +h vt fj +j02jt ;n nfvt!j fh(j)j(hQ Ch 0vl2v0jt dh f+'*2Q Tj)j +!tv v*/vt (hvnjth dh t+t* dtt* (h'vtt2jt 3j fflf+vl# +!tv ;nt(h)vt ,vn*tttht lvj Dtvjd )v +0h(hnjt lvj Mhfj,f3ht. Cv0'*nh3th tv# )hl )h th )v0jnh)j# )* f(j);t t( fj ff+t dh 0t(j dfvh/jlh dh tfh)2jvnh t(*ttth lvj Mhfj,f3ht dh )*t(h (hghlh lvj J+(thl# hlh njl lh vf( hgtlt nj)jfdtt* 'h )hlh )h 2j lh ft)h t+t*/j 2jh Rhghlh Ch(vlvj> t)flf (hghlh ;j d*dht 0;n)*(v(j +)v0'h 3j dh+f*t*tft(h# dt( nv 3j 'h hl ;n+v3j9 ;l +h(vht )v ,v)tthlh (hgh3tj# dt( nv )v jnj0t lvj# t3t ;n);t Mhfj,f3ht 0;n)t ;0'(hvn* )v (hghlh# dt( nv!$ 0;n)t 'h (hgh. Tj)j# ;n+*# dt# lt 0t+t t)ht+tt t Tltt(vlvj 0*n;n)j )v Dv0nh/hv 3j!$ 0*n;n)j 'h Dv0nh/hv9 ;2j 'vnh!n ft2* ;n+v3j.t(v'vl +*v 3j '(jn hl# dv0nh/hj(ht +t9 ;2j d* );t t(h 3j# f dtt* )v tftvl# 'h +jnh ;n+v3j. Fflf+h3th )v ,vn!gv+t f 0;n)t(h tt;t dh tlht+*# 'ft(t*!th )v 0*+v(* );nd 0*n;n)j f*(* 0*+v(*9 f* lf) )fn+jdh(t2jhj# dhlh)tht/*!th )v hl9 2jnh +ht0t )* h+th f ;0,v)*tv(* dh /jlh 0t(j# )*)j h vn Dv0nh/hv tdhv*(tt9 jt t0jnth )* 3j ;ngh(jj th t+j+t*# 'j/0vjndv! 2j nf(f)vl# dt( '*/jnd )vvjjn2t. PVNCTVL & Mhfj,f3ht +h vt fj t(*ttt (h)vnf+)*tf( 'hnt(v tt;tt t0t,jljttth# ;3j vt fj +)hj0,tt +fjj)jvnht lt 0;n)tt )v nh)v0'*tt(ht lt 0vl2v0jt9 '(h2vj(ht htt;(vlvj '(j0jt +!t )vnf+)vt dv'* g(t,t dh t +h ,v)v(t dh hl> nv j +h vf( fj (h0t()tt /*,tvhlh dh 3)hjf'# )j# +jgv(# 'vn)tvtljtttht dh ft+'hth9 nv +!t 'v(ttt )t fjvl )hlvj 0tj 0t(h '(jgfnjtf( 'h )t(h $!t tvvt Dtvjd# )j )t vt+tlvl )hl 0tj )(hdjn)jf+ 3j (h)vnf+)*tf(. S)ftth dh tj)j )h ltvd* t(h,vjh +* dtj tv vnvj Rhgh tt;t dh 0t(h )h 2j!t t)f(dtt t+h0hnht htt;(v(j# )h 0vl2v0j(j +* tdv)j vnvj Df0n )t(h th!t f+'*ttt t+tfhl. Nv!$ 0tj ffhn+t )t dv30tn# +lv!jh3th!$ )t fjv tt;t dh ;ndttf(tt. S* ;n)hhj /j);nd> #.F# Df0nvl 0hv 3j Dv0nh/hvl 0hvQ Mtj f0hnf+ dh);t Dtvjd th!tj t(*ttt );nd 0!tj f)(ftjt 3j ;nt(v tftvl dv0nh/hjh+) );nd 0!tj jh(ttt 3j# )v tftth )* +;nt 0tj 'ljn dh nhdh+*v;(3j(j ;n tlh +vflhtvlvj dh);t Mhfj,f3ht ;n tlh t(v'vlvj# tj ,jnhvfjt +* 0* '(j0h3tj lt 0t+t tt +* 0* t3h/j tl*tv(j dh tjnh# 0j!tj tdv+ 'h ttlh( jnj0t 3j 0*(vnttjhlh ttlh# d;ndv!0j!th ;n ;nt(hgj0h )t h(tn*. Ch 0vl2v0j(h 2j!t3 'vtht tdv)h. Dft0nh# 'hnt(v htt;(v(j tt;t dh 0t(jO Chht )h /j)ht +f;ntvl (hgh Dtvjd> Pftj( 'hnt(v 'ftj(. Fjh f )v0jnh)t(h (*+'ltt* 'hnt(v tltt9 'l*tj!vfj dt(vl )v '(j0j(ht lvj# )*)j 'hnt(v Tjnh# Dft0nh# nv hBj+t* tlt* (ht(j,v2jh9 vhnj!vfj ;n)* f dtt* +* 0*n;n) 3j +* th 0*n;n)9 0j!t( fj ff+t dh tjvn+ 3j 0j!t( fj 3j '(j+f+jt +* 3hd lt 0t+t t(gt2jlf( t*j# dt( n!t( fj ff+t dh tjvn+ 'hnt(v ,vn*tttht tt nh+f;(3jt*9 +* th ltvdh ;ngh(jj 'hnt(v 0jnh# dh v(h0h )h hv t0 0;n)tt 'hnt(v hj 3j t0 0;n)tt ';jnht lf(9 0jlvjh3th!0* )v vn ht( dv'* tltvl 3j fjh +* 0*n;n) )v Tjnh tftt* vjt2t t)ht+tt t(h)*tft(h 3j +* 0* ,v)v( dh tjnh ;n tftt* )ht vh3nj)*."
MHDJTTJT 6A &$4

MHDJTTJT 6A Dhs"rh fhl!l +n ctrh t td!s #!l !#jrj !chnjc!l j!1jt- rh2h#tt lt "jh"t!l +n! tfr!l!j +*v&7
PVNCTVL $ V!Jfnth0'l* )v0 v)hnj)vl )v jnj0t )v(tt* ;3j ;n+v3h3th jnj0t ;nv*2*tf(vlvj +*v9 )v );t jv,h3tj 0tj 0vlt# )v tt;t th ,v)v(j 0tj 0vlt 3j h ;n fj(ht jnj0jlf( nh'(jh*njth +* jv,ht+)* )hl 0tj 0vlt# fjjnd)*# (hfv/;ndv!+h )(httv(jlf(# j +h ;n)(hdjn2ht/* 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl lvj Dv0nh/hv. Jftn h+th v)hnj)vl )hl jv,jt tl jv,jtf(vlvj dh )v(*2jh> +h '(hg*th3th )v 'jh't nh'(jh*njt )t +*!$ '(j0ht+)* 'h Mjhlvl )hl 'v(9 'vnh ;n jf) )vl0j dh gjng*3jh 3j +j02j(j '(ht)v(tth 3j# dv'* )h!$ v(0ht/* 'h f(jvndh 0h(gh# +h )vj,*(h3th lt 'jh'tvl +*v# )t +*!3j t(tg* +vflhtvl# +h fdjhnh3th t)flf )t!n '(f! '(jv!j )hnt(v# 3j vt fj +ttt t)flf /j);nd> =Jv,jtvl 0hv h+th tl 0hv# 3j hv t lvj# 3j hl 't3th '(jnt(h )(jnj" &%9 nv )h(h tlt)hvt +vvh(tnvlvj +*v dh);t t!j ;ng*dvj +*!$ +tvv(h/h ;n ;nt(hgj0h 'h djntft(* 3j 'h djn*vnt(v9 hl ;j h+th ;n)h'vtvl 3j +f;(3jtvl# Dv0nh/hvl 3j tftt* tvv2jt lvj# ;n (;ndvl )*(hjt f t3t/* 3j 'h Fh)jft(*. Cv0'*nh3th# +vflhth# )v );t* )v(*2jh t(h,vjh +* th '(hg*th3tj tv# );nd vjj +* th )v0jnh)j# 'hnt(v )t# (h)j'(f)# Df0nvl +* +h fdjh!nht+)*!n 'jh'tvl t*v 3j tv ;n +;nvl lvj9 t(h/ht+)*!2j!+h )(hdjn2t# 'hnt(v )t d(tgf+tht tt +* dft(0* ;nt(v Df0nvl9 )tvt* +* th '(hg*th3tj )v f jnj0* fh)jf(hlnj)*# t*g*dvjt* f(j)*(hj 't+jvnj '*0;n!th3tj# )v f )fn3tjjn2* 'v(*# )v(tt* dh f(j)h vjn*# 3j t+tfhl jv,j!vhj 3j 0tj 0vlt 3j vhj +tvv(t 3j 0tj 0vlt dfvh/jlh dv0nh/hjh3tj dh

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A5 A&

Cf. Mtthj- 6# $!6. dh2t#$jt7 T't(h vnt djn 0t(jlh th0h ,t(f)h# fvndt0hnttl* 3j lt G(t)j1n> hl dhshn$tnf- =dh/t0*gj(ht"# ;n2hlht+* )t vj(tvtht t)tjv* t +)vtv(*(jj dh jlv/jj# nh)h+t(*# dv'* )v0 (hjh+h djn t)ht+t* 0hdjtt2jh# 3j ;n )v(+vl 'hlh(jntjvlvj 0httfj/j) tl f0vlvj )*t(h Dv0nh/hv# 3j 'ftth 0tj tlh+ tj)j. MHDJTTJT 64 423

'*jtnjhnj vvlgt(j9 ;n lf)vl djvtnhlf( dh ,(f)t(t g*+h+) vn +ttvl )v )fvf( dh 'tjh9 ;n 0jjlf)vl tnj0tlhlf(# ;n2hlh')jvnht Jnfjnjt* 3j# '(h+)hj0,tt ;n jh+lh 'hnt(v vjth# t(fnvl +v,lj0 tl +h(tfj0jlf(. S!tv t/v;(ljt nv0tjdh);t lt 'j)jft(hlh!j dv0nh/hjh3tj# f*);nd jjl2 djn 0*(j(jlh lf( ;n)f(fntth# ;n*l2*(jlh +'j(jtvlvj +*v ;nt(hh;ndv!+h )v +0h(hnjjlh jv,j(jj lf(9 'l;nghtv 3j (;dhtv ;n t)hlt3j tj0'# v(0*(j tlh vnvj P(vn) Sft(h# 3j!n )ht 0tj lv)jh +*(*)jh t lv0jj (h)vnf+) tftt* ,fg*2jt )h(vlvj. Svflhth# t+t*/j +thtvt +f(2jj ttlh th )*l*v/h3th# dt)* nv )*t(h f tjnd*# )*t(h vn Tltt(# vndh )hlh t(hj ft)vlt*2j 2j lh t3tht't* ;n+v3j P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv# )hl )h lh!t t)f(dtt tvdjhn2* (hgjlf(> nv th )f+t* tt;2jt 't3j );2j lh!tv t(h,vjt lf( +'(h t!$ g*+j# dhft(h)h 2j!h fft(th t'(ft'h> nv!2j 'h(0jth dft( +*!$ tdf(j# )j 3j +*!$ 0*n;n)j. Dt)* (hgjj +f)fth+) d(h't vn 0t(h htt;( +* ljng* 2t(jnt djn tjnd*# thrrt# ljn$htj- 2jh 2j +h ;ng*dvjh +*!j ljngj ;nf0hnj(ht 3j +* th h(*nh3tj djn dv0nh/hj(ht lvj> hj tjvng +*!j +*(vth 'j)jf(vl# tv +*!$ 'vj ;n gv(t tt9 hj +*!$ jt ;n ,(t2h# tv ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j9 '(h2vjh3th!2j fh(j)j(ht 3j ,v)v(*!th dh ht )v fflf+. PVNCTVL 5 Rhgjj 3j!tv dh3h(ttt dt(v(jlh 'hnt(v P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv# dv'* )h 0tj ;ntjnth 3j!tv ;nf*2j3tt lvj +vflhthlh9 ;j ffh(*# '(jnt(h +t(*lv)j(jlh tv(vlvj# t0*(*)jvnjlh +0j(nhj# '(f(f)jnd# )t t+t(flfgj dh ;n)(hdh(h# )hjnv(jlh '*tj0j(jj +tlh. Dv'* )h!$ tdf(t+h(* ;n )hj' dh Dv0nh/hv# jjndvjh+) +*!$ 0;ng;jh ;n )hj' dh Cf'jl9 lh!t ;ng*dvjt!f Mtj)t Fh)jft(*# )t 0tj!ntjnth )jf,tnjlf( (v+tj)j9 vnvl ;l )h(ht# tltvl ;l lvt# 3j nj)j vnvl nv!$ l*+t9 ;l ;nvhlhtv ;n 'v('v(hlh lf( dh d(tgvl )hlvj )h tvht +*!0,(t)h tltt )v ;njf+j(h9 nv +h 0tj +ttv(tv +*!j ;0,vjf(h/h )v +*(vt*(j f,(tjjj 'h )t(h 0tj t'fj v(*j0t3jj lvj tvhtv +*!j ;n+;ngh(h/h )v 'tl0h# 3j hj# dv'* )h vhnj+h(* )v tt;tt g(t,*# ;3j +tvv(tv fh(j)j(ht );t 0tj 'h ;ndhlhth# nv 0tj g*+htv )tlht ;ntft(+* 3j!t ff+t nhvfjh +* lj +h!t(tth f(t)flvl djvjn ;n +f0nvl lf( t(ht/. Svflhth# '(f+th(nht/*!th lt 'j)jft(hlh Dv0nh/hvlvj Cf'jl. Dv'* )h th!tj )v0jnh)tt# ;nf*2j3ht/*!j )hlh t(hj ft)vlt*2j tlh ttlh9 t*0;jt ;n )fnth0'*(j# tv(vl ;n +j02j(j 3j +0j(nt ;n tdv)h(jlh!t0jnth tlh dv(h(jlf( +tlh9 ffh(*!j f )(hdjn2* vjh# f n*dhjdh ;n+vflh2jt* 3j f d(tgf+th ;nfl*)*(tt*9 dh3t(t*!n ft2t lvj t*0;jt t+)vlt*(jj# tv(vl +*(*)jhj 3j +0j(nt )t+tjt*2jj9 tdv!j (vg*)jvnht 'hnt(v Dv0nh/hv# 'f0tnt 'hnt(v t'(ft'hlh 3j )tnfnj(ht 'hnt(v tjnh.
424 CVMJNHCTFRVL

PVNCTVL & Mtgjj +h t(tt* 0*(jnj0f3j ;n ft'th# dt( nv 0tj 'v2jn ;n 0vl2v0j(j 3j ltvdh )*t(h Df0nvl. S!tv 'v(ttt ;n tftvl )t nj3th (hgj# ;n tlh )*(f( jnj0j nv tv )h )*vtt 0j)j0jlh9 'h );t vf( fj t0v2jt );nd +*!$ jnff(0h/h 'h J(fd# 'h!tt;t dh ,vnj vf(,jtf(j +h vf( fj t(*ttt )t +*!$ ,jnh)vv;nth/h 'h Df0nvl9 vf( fj '(ht0*(jt ;n 2*(jlh lf( 0jnvnjlh Rhghlvj g*+jt 3j nv!n)t'h ;ndfjtl* )* ,v/hlh )h ;j 'h)htlvj+h(* t*l'jlh gjngt3h nv +h vf( fj ;n)hj+ );nd vt fj ff+t vf(,t dh +l*vj(j (h)vnf+)*tft(h. F# tv# )t(h th!tj )v0jnh)ttQ 'ft(t*!th )t vn (hgh# nv )t vn 0fjj) nh)jf'ljt# t(tt*!th ;n2hlh't ;n 0vl2v0j(h# dhlf) '(f+t ;n vjtt(h9 ;nt'fjt/* fh(j)j(jlh +v, ff(0* dh ltvdh9 (ht0jnth3th 3j /*,fvh3th t+v'(t h(tnhj Ch(vlvj ;n +f0nvl )fnth0'lt2jhj9 ;ntft()h!th 'h tlt d(v0 lt f vjt2* nfv*# ;n)*()tt dh vj(tv2j# ;n +)hj0,vl dt(v(jlf( ttlh9 ;ntft()h!th ;n R*+*(jtvl hvltvjhj# nv ;n T'v+vl nh'jf3hnjhj.

MHDJTTJT 67 Cf#"tjjnd #rh jt Df#n!l!j c! jfsnjcjt tt

PVNCTVL $ K# Dv0nh/hvlh 0t(h 3j Dft0nh tl 0hvQ Dvhvl 0hv +h +f;(3h3th );nd v*d )* Tv# vn Dv0nh/hv jnfjnjt# ;n)vnvntt dh dh+*v;(3j(j jnfjnjth# ,jnhvfjh3tj +* jnt(j!n 'jh'tvl vnhj fv(nj)v2h tt;t dh jf+nj)h )t 0jnh9 Tv# j0hn+# )* nv ;n)t'j nj)j ;n )h(v(j# nj)j 'h '*0;nt# th 0j)h3tj ;n +jnvl vnvj vjh(0h v(hdnj) dh dj+'(h29 Tv# ttft'vth(nj)# 'vt;nd +* )(hh/j tlth lv0j jnfjnjth# 'ljnh dh tlth )(httv(j ttftdh+*v;(3jth# v(hj +* th jnt(fdv)j ;n 'v2jn*tttht vnhj )(httv(j jf+nj)h )t 0jnh# )h nv 'ftth nj0j) 3j nv vtlf(ht/* nj0j)9 Tv# ;n2hlh')jvnh jnfjnjt*# )t(h 3tjj 3j ;n2hlhgj tftvl# t(h)vtvl# '(h/hntvl 3j vjjtf(vl# 3j tft )h h )v 'vtjn2*# th +v'vj t+tfhl vnvjt )t(h h+th jgnf(tn2t ;n+*3j9 Tv# hth(n# nhlj'+jt# )t(h tj ff+t ;ntjntht vht)v(jlf(# 3j h3tj# 3j vhj fj 'v(v(ht# vjj lt 0jnh# )t(h dj+'t( ;nt(!f )lj'jt*9 Tv# Dft0nh nh+f;(3jt dh +f;nt 3j dh ,vn# v(hj +* lf)vjh3tj ;n 'jh'tvl vnvj '*)*tf+ tt;t dh
MHDJTTJT 67 &6A

nhv(hdnj)9 Tv# +v'(h0t 0*(h2jh9 hv# jf+nj)jt ;n+*3j9 Tv# tftvl9 hv# nj0j)t. Dt)* 3j )flftnhlh )h(vlvj t(h0v(* ;n ft2t '(h/hn2hj ttlh djvjnh# )v0 +* nv +h /gvdvjh 'h(h2jj jnj0jj 0hlhO Tjvt*# Dft0nh# jf+nj)jhj 0hlh# ;nt*(h3th 'v2jn*tttht 0ht# )t +* nv +h +f;(3ht+)* ttvn)j );nd th '(j0h3th. PVNCTVL 6 Df0nvl 0hv 3j Dv0nh/hvl 0hvQ Dt)* Jftn Bfth/*tf(vl nv +h +f)ftht v(hdnj) +*!2j dh/lhgh )v(htvt dh lt +tndt# )v0 +* tjvng hv# nv dft( lt lhg*tv(*# )j +* th ttjng 'h tft# +* th 0*n;n) 3j +* th 'vn ;nl*vnt(vl 'jh'tvlvj 0hvO Ch!t( /j)h ft(h Jftn Bfth/*tf(vl dt)* t( t(h,vj +* +h )v0jnh)h# dt)* t( t(h,vj +* th '(j0ht+)*# Dft0nh# 3j +* th 'vn* ;nl*vnt(vl 'jh'tvlvj +*vO Dt)* Jftn Bfth/*tf(vl# ;n)hjntt Df0nvlvj ;n)* djn ';hth)hlh 0tj)jj lvj# ,ltgf+lfvjt ;nt(v ht(# )(h+)vt ;n t+'(j0ht vnhj 'v+tjj# lv)htf*( tl +ft(hlvj# ;ntjnth0h(g*tf( tl t*v# nv +h +f)fth3th v(hdnj) +*!2j ttjng* )v(htvt +tndtlhj# ttvn)j hv# n*+)vt 3j )(h+)vt dft( ;n '*)tt9 hv# 'ljn dh vjnj 3j tj)*lf3jj9 hv# vn '*)*tf+ tt;t dh 0t(h# )v0 ft(h +* j/,vth+) t th '(j0j# )v0 +* th 'vn ;n gv(t 0ht 3j +* th!t3h/ ;n 0*(vnttjhlh 0hlhO Dt)* Jftn# dv'* tt;tt 'hnjthn2*# f*(* vjnj# 3j +h +fjh3th# )h vfj ft)h ft(h hv )v tt;tht vjnj# f*(* 'hnjthn2*O Tvd ;n+* )*!0j +'vnh )hjt( Bfth/*tf(vl> =Jtt*!$ 'h Mjhlv3hlvl Df0nvlvj# t'(f'jh!th dh hl# )*)j dt)* 0*(h2jt lvj h nh0*(gjnjt*# lt fhl ;j h+th 3j 0jlf+thnjt9 dt)* h vn Dv0nh/hv j0hn+# h+th 3j vn Mjhlv3hl ,l;nd9 dt)* tv h3tj 'ljn dh '*)tth# Hl h )hl )t(h 2j lh ;nl*tv(*." Cv(*2*!0*# t3tdt(# Dft0nh# ;n)* 3j ;n)*9 )(h3th!n 0jnh f jnj0* )v(tt*9 (h;nnfjh3th!0j vn )vght d(h't ;n (*(vn)hj# )t +* th 'ft g*/dvj ;n hj. PVNCTVL 5 =Cjnh h3tj Tv# Dft0nh# 3j hv )jnh!+O"# /j)ht Sf;ntvl F(tn)j+) )hl v0jl. Tjdf0t (h'htt!vfj hv dh 0vlth f(j. Dt)* +f;ntvl 'tt(jt(h Tv(tt0 +h +fjt );nd t t(h,vjt +*!2j vf(,ht+)* 3j +'vnht )* h 'vl,h(h 3j )hnv3*# )v0 +* 0* t'(f'jj hv )t nv dft( +* 3hd ;ntjntht Tt# )j +* 0j th 'vn ;n 'jh'tO Dt)* +h(tfj0jj dh lt t(fnvl t*v# ;nv*'*jt2j dh jv,j(h# ;3j t)f'h(* ft2t )v t(j'jlh# (v3jnt2j 't()* dh )*vt*tv(t tt +vvh(tn*# )v0 ft(h +* )vth/ hv# tt;t dh (h)h 3j dh th0*tf( +n +lvj,t tt# +!tjvng t!0j 'vnh gv(t ;n )ft+tt tt# t!0j lj'j
&6@
CVMJNHCTFRVL

,v/hlh dh (*njlh ttlh# t th '(j0j ;nl*vnt(vl 'jh'tvlvj 0hvO Cv0 h ft(h )v 'vtjn2*# vfj +t(jgt hv )v Sflf0fn# +*!0j ;n)hj'vj )* Dv0nh/hv ;n+v3j# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# vt +* lf)vjt+)* ;nl*vnt(vl 0hvO C*)j dt)* )h(v(jlh )h(v(jlf( nv th 'ft# Dft0nh# )v'(jndh# )v tt;t 0tj 'v2jn l*)t3vl t)h+tt +*(0tn vndh ,jnhvfjh3tj t+t*/j +* t(tgj. Jt t0jnth ;n+*# Dft0nh# lt (vg*)jvnjlh 3j nv lt '(jhtnhlh 0hlh9 v0jljn2t +*!0j (*+)v0'h(h jf+nj)jt 3j ;n+*3j )vnf3tjn2t hj +*!j fjh 3j dh/vjnfv*2j(h. PVNCTVL & F. Df0nvl 0hv 3j Dv0nh/hvl 0hvQ j ft(h vndh h(t0 hv );nd +thlhlh dj0jnh2jj th +l*vhtvO Dt)* lv)htf*(vl t*v Jftn th!t vhnh(tt dh ft2* )v tjnh 3j th!t '(f+l*vjt ;n lj'+* 'hnt(v tt;tht htt;(v(j '(j0jth# ft(h )h vfj +'vnh hv 'hnt(v 0jlf+tjvj(j tt;t dh nh)v(0tthO S* );nt t3 v(ht t/j f );ntt(h nfv*# )*)j tj f*)vt )v 0jnh f 0jnvnh t 0jnvnjlf(9 3j dt)* Tv tj f*)vt ;n+h0nt(h dh+'(h hlh ;n St)(t0hntvl t)h+tt P(htdv0nh/hjh+)# hv vfj ft)h ;n+h0nt(h dh ltvdh vh3nj)h. F# dt)* vn +h(tfj0 dh!tl t*v t( vhnj ;n /,f( )t +*!0j )v(h2h ,v/hlh# ;nt;j )t +* th '(j0h+) 3j!t'fj )t +* th +l*vh+)# );ntt!vfj vh3nj) nh+f;(3jthlh!2j 0jlf+tjvj(jQ j )hjt( dt)* (h)vnf+) )* +;nt tj)*lf+ 3j jf+nj)# n!t3 v(ht +* fjv g(f+fltn# )j# 'h );t th!t0 +t(;0tf(tt# Dft0nh# '(j0jndv!th# 'h!tt;tt t3 v(ht +* th 0*(h+) +l*vjndv!th9 (f+tj!vfj 0vl2v0j(j f*(*! n)htt(h t)hlvjt )h 0* ;n)vnvnht/* )v 0jlf+thnjj.

MHDJTTJT 6% Dhs"rh Cjnt cht Mtrh- t"ljctt Sfjnthj Cf#!nj!nj,,

PVNCTVL $ lh vhj g;ndj )v0 t)h+tvj 0t(h Df0n 0*(h2jt ;j (hljhfht/* ,vn*tttht# )v0 ;n Hl +h jtv lt ;nt(h)h(h ,jnhlh jnfjnjt )v 0vltvl dj+t(j,vtjv 3j ttjtvdjnht dh '*(jnth )v )ht dh (hgh 'vth(nj)9 nv!3j (h/h(v* tvv2jjlh nh+fj(3jth )t +* +h ,v)v(h dh hlh dh vnvl +jngv(# )j
AA

Cf.Lv)t#66#4!$7.

MHDJTTJT 6%

427

lh ffh(* tvtv(f(t# tjvng;nd +* th ;0,jh )v )f0f(jlh 3j +* th (ftgh )v fh(j)j(jlh. ;3j t(j0jth +lvgjlh# 'h );t dh +;(gvjn)jft+h# 'h!tt;t dh t(j'tth# +*!j )tvth 'h ft+'h2jj lhnhvf3j9 t)h3tjt ;n+*# ,*d*(tnj# )*)j '*0;nthnj# dj+'(h2vjh+) (h'vtt2jt 3j (ttht/* fflf+vl9 +h +)v/* )* +;nt '(f3tj# nv dft( nhnf(f)f3j# 3j# dh'(jn3j )v 0;n)*(v(jlh jf+nj)h djn Hgj'tvl lf(# (hfv/* dhlj)tth+hlh Ch(vlvj9 'h vnjj ;j f'(h+) fjt(hlh dh tv( tlh l*)f0jhj dh ,tnj9 'h tl2jj jt(tjh(t +hn/vtljt*2jj9 'h 0vl2j t0,j2jf3j ;j dh+)v(tjht/* (h'vtt2jt# 3j tnv0h 'ffthlh lv0h3tj# t3t ;nh;t tftvl h '(hg*tjt# dt( ft+'h2jj lj'+h+). S* nv!2j vjn* t )(hdhQ Dt( h+th f+'*2vl Ch(vlvj# 3j hj +;nt fft(th lhgt2j dh lv0h# 3j 'h );t dh )v(thnjtf( +h v*dh3th Df0nvl# 'h!tt;t dh ,*d*(tnj +h!t(tt* hj. T0jnth3th!2j# +vflhth# dh );th f(j tj )f0j+ g(f+fl*njj 3j 0tj 0t(j# dh v(h0h )h# jnvjttt lt 0t+t lvj dh )*t(h Rhghlh Ch(vlvj# dt( ,*d*(tn fjjnd# tj (h+'jn+ fh(j)j(ht 3j# ;n lf) dh t th '(hg*tj )t +* th )v0jnh)j# th!tj l*+tt '(td* vnhj nh'jf3hnjj f*(* (f+t# vnhj dj+t(t)2jj dh3t(th. S)ftth dh!tj)j f ;nd(h'tt(h ,jnh (h)vnf+)vt* 3j f df(jn2* (htl* dh!t 0h(gh );t 0tj dh+ lt ,tn)hhtvl t)h+tt +f0'tvf+. PVNCTVL 6 V*/;nd Df0nvl )* ft+'h2jj# ft0hnj dh 0vlt '(ht (*v gv+t# nv +h ;ndht0n* +* vjn* 3j )*# 'fftj2j jn+j+thnt +'(h ,jnhlh lf(# 3j!$ dj+'(h2vjh+)# nv!3j 'jh(dh (*,dt(ht )v )hjltl2j 3j nj)j nv )tvt* +*!3j (ht(tg* ,jnhft)h(jlh# )j 0tj )v(;nd# )v 3j 0tj vjh df(jn2* dh!t lh ;0'*(t*3j# d* nfj f(djnh 3j 'f(vn)h3th +lvjjtf(jlf( +* jt+* 'h +t(*/j 3j!n 'jh2h 3j +*!j )fnvft)h 'h tf2j +*(t)jj# dh v(h0h )h ,fgt2jj ;ntf() +'tthlh9 +* vjn* fl*0;n/jj# )*)j 'hnt(v hj h+th )jnt )ht 0t(h9 fjh )ht 0tj 0t(h 'hdht'+* t )hlf( lhgt2j dh lv0h +* n!f gv+th 3j )hjt( +* n!f vtd*. Dtv fvgt t)h3tjt# 'h );t dh '(f0'2j# 'h!tt;t dh nhvfjt3j9 vjn 3)hjf'jj +;(gvjn)jf3j# f(,jj ;n t(t+vl lt 2jnt*# jnt(* )v +0h(hnjh 3j +;nt '(j0j2j )v ft+t# +h v0'lv 0h+hlh dh +*(t)j )v dvhvl# dj+'(h2vj2j 'h lv0h# '(h2vj2j ;n Ch(# )*)j lf( lh h+th dtt t ;0'*(t2j )v Dv0nh/hv. Cvght* tv# )hl 0tj +*(t) djnt(h tf2j# 3)hjf'*t;nd 0h(hv ;nt(v vj(tvth# )jvng ;nt(v ft)h(ht dh ,jnh# 3j )f0'f(t*!th )t 3j )v0 th!tj ;nt;lnj )v ;ngh(jj9 jnt(* nh'fftjt ;n Ch(# nv t3th'tt +* fjj )*vttt# dv!th +0h(jt 3j fj!vhj ,jnh '(j0jt9 jt +ht0t )* fft0ht h vn 0t(h tvtnttj 'hnt(v tt;tt 0;n)t(h.
42# CVMJNHCTFRVL

PVNCTVL 5 Cv )h 'fft* +h vf( fj t3h/tt )h(3htf(jj lt 0t+t )ht ;0,hl3vgtt*Q S*(t)jj 0*n;n)* ,v)tthlh +vvh(tnjlf(. Cv0 ;3j vf( 0tj fj ljn+ dhghthlh dv'* hlh# f*(* +t2vl ;0,vj,t2jlf(# f*(* (j+)vl dh t lj +h t'lh)tQ Nv 'jh(d nj)j lf)vl# nj)j tj0'vl# nv +h lt+* fv(t2j dh tlth f)v't2jj# fjjnd)* 3tjv )* h )jn* 3j nv +h 'ft dv)h tltvndhvt9 nv (hfv/* nj0j)# ;nt(v);t nv lh!f ;ng*dvjh nj)j t'htjtvl# nj)j t'htj+tnthlh ,v)tth9 lh )tdh fft(th ,jnh tft )h lh 'lt)h tt;t dh 0vlt 3j (*0;n fft(th 0vl2v0j2j )hj )h ';n* t/j nv tv 0;n)tt nj0j)t +v,+ttn2jtl. J0tgjnht/*!th 'h tjnh# )hl 0tj +*(0tn djnt(h tf2j# vjnf fl*!0;nd lt t)ht+t* Mt+* St)(t0hnttl*# 3j f +* 0*n;n)j )v 'l*)h(h# )*)j# f(j);t t( fj ff+t dh 0t(h )jnt t)hht# n!t ff+t tlt)hvt dh);t f v0,(* t )jnhj ttlh9 ljngh!2j dhghthlh )t vn )h(3htf( 3j dh+f*!tht/*!th ;n tjhn* )v 0;n)t(ht t+tt dhlj)jft+*9 0*n;n)!f )v )(hdjn2*# (v0hg!f 0hdjt;nd# jt t0jnth lt )h 0*n;n)j 3j vhj )fn+tttt )*!n vjt2t tt n!tj 'v+ ;n gv(* ';n* t/j )hvt lt fhl dh gv+tf+ 3j dh +v,+ttn2jtl. PVNCTVL & C;t dh 0vl2v0j2j# );t dh ;ndh+tvlt2j vf( fj (*0t+ tf2j t)h3tjt# nh0tjfjjnd +*(t)j# )j ft+'h2j ,fgt2j# )*)j th ;0,fg*2h3th )jnh!2j v0'lh ft(fv(jtQ T)v0 (h)vnf3tjn2t vt fj hgtltt ;nff0htt(htQ Ch dh 0vl2v0j(j vf( fj ;n*l2tt )*t(h Df0nvl ,tn)hhtvlvj )hj )h ';n* ttvn)j nv +h 0tj 'f0hnj+h(* +*tvj );ndvtQ Ch dh fhlj)jt*(j ;3j vf( 0tj fj td(h+tt ;nt(h hj 'hnt(v t+h0hnht nf(f)# v*/;nd nhnf(f)vl tltf(tQ j )v0 ;3j vf( 0tj fj 0*(tv(j+jt (h)vnf3tjn2t 'hnt(v hl 3j!$ vf( fj '(f+l*vjtQ Svflhth# (h)vnft3th!2j fh(j)j(ht# ;ntl2*!2j glt+vl ;0'(hvn* )v (h)vnf+)*tft(ht Rhgjn* t Ch(v(jlf(# '(ht0*(jndv!$ 'h Df0nvl 3j /j);nd> Ph fl*0;n/j j!t )fv;(3jt dh tvv2jj 3j 'h ,fgt2jj )hj 'f+t)j j!t l*+tt gfj. T(tt*!th 'h!tt;t dh (h)vnf+)*tf( 'h );t dh fnf(tt tj ff+t9 )h(h!lh ;ngh(jlf( +*!2j ;0'(v0vth lj0,jlh lf(# nv 'hnt(v ;n);ntt(h# )j 'hnt(v );ntt(h dh 0vl2v0j(h. S)ftth dh!tj)j 0h(+vl lt )v0jnh)t(h# '(h)v0 vn +*(0tn fl*0;nd# lt Cjnt )ht Mt(h.
MHDJTTJT 58

&6%

MHDJTTJT 58 Ct s4& "rj#h5tj "h Df#n!l ct. "h f cf#ftr tsc!ns +n Stcrt#hnt,'
PVNCTVL $ vjvjdh3th!th lt ;0'(hjv(t(ht );nd vn ,fg*tt3 tfl* dh hBj+thn2t v(hvnhj 0t(j )f0f(j t+)vn+h# );t dh lh+nh ;j d* )(h/t(h# )v )h +;(gvjn2* +h /,tth +* f df,;ndht+)*Q Nv 0tj t(h +f0n )jnh nv vj+ht/* dh);t +* +h ;0,fg*2ht+)*# nv 0*n;n)* 3j nv ,ht# hjd(f'j) dft( dh tv(9 '(j0t +;(gvjn2* ;j h+th +* )v0'h(h 2t(jnt vndh 3tjh )* +h tfl* ht# )t +*!j fjh 0tj ;n +jgv(tn2*9 +h t'v)* hl ;n+v3j +* +t'h dv'* ht# fjjnd)* n!t(h ;n)(hdh(h ;n nj0hnj9 +'h(tn2t dh!t f g*+j ;j dh/0jnth f,f+htlt# 3j )jnh 'lh+nh3th dh l*)f0jh nv +j0th )* 'lh+nh3th dh f,f+htl*9 )(h3th ;nvh(3vnt(ht 'h 0*+v(* )h +h t'(f'jh dh ht 3j jnj0t lt)f0* ;n+vflh2h3th ,(t2hlh

f+thnjth. Svflhth# t+t*/j )(hdjn2t th!t ;n3tjjn2tt dh+'(h t)ht )f0ft(* 'h );t dh 0t(h# 'h!tt;t dh nh+f;(3jt*# t+)vn+*! nt(!vn fgf( dh ';jnh# tt;t dh '(h2jft+*# ;n);t ;n)hjdh!n +jnh tftt* ,fg*2jt )h(vlvj9 +*(t) h3tj# 3j th vhj ;0,fg*2j9 dt)* f vhj g*+j# ,v)v(*!th dh t)ht+t* 0jlf+thnjh 3j vhj +)*'t )hjt( t/j dh 0j/h(jh9 tj)j# ;n F+tjt t)ht+tt# tj tftth )f0f(jlh vh3nj)h. Cv0 dh nv lh )tv2j# +;(gvjtf(O Cv0 dh nv th ,v)v(j dh hlh# fh(j)jtO Cf0ft(t 2j!h ;nt(v tftvl lt ;ndh0;n*9 ,v)v(*!th dh ht )v 0;jnjlh 'ljnh# vjnf lt Sf;ntt Cf0vnjvnh )v (;vnt vnvj /g;()jt lt f )f0ft(*.
-

PVNCTVL 6 Ptvhl t nv0jt ,*ljgt( ,fg*2jjlh lv0jj t)h+thjt# 3j )v d(h't )vv;nt# dh v(h0h )h djn hlh +h!tlhgh dft( gvnfj# +;nt +v'v+h 'vt(h/j(jj 3j!j lt+* )v ,v/hlh v0fltth 'h td0j(ttf(jj lf( )hj '(f3tj9 +;nt +'v()tth 3j ;ntjnht/* jnj0t )v vj)jj9 t( fj nh,vnjh# 3j ;n)* 0t(h# +*!2j v0'lj +;nvl dh gvnftjh ;n lf) dh gjvvtjh(v(j +)v0'h9 +* th v0'lj dh +ttv(# ;n lf) dh tv(. T+tt ft) fjjj vht)vlvj t)h+tvjt# ,t+tt(/j tj )hlvj vh3nj)> dj+'(h2vjh+) )f0ft(t Tltt(vlvj 3j '(h2vjh+) g(ft't dh nh)v(t2jj t lv0jj.
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Cf. Mtthj# $5#&& 3j v(0.

430 CVMJNHCTFRVL

Nv fj 3j tt;t dh lj'+jt dh jvdh)tt*# )hjt( dt)* '(f+tvl gv+t ;2j h tt;t dh 0t(h# ;n);t +* 'jh(/j f )f0ft(* ;n fjh)t(h )f0vnjvnh 'hnt(v vn jnth(h+ jf+nj)# f dh+f*tt(h nh)v(tt*# f t(;nd*vjh '(f+tht+)*9 vjnf lt)f0 3j th vhj ;ntft()h fh(j)jt. PVNCTVL 5 Ch 0vl2v0jt +h +j0th )hl )t(h t g*+jt )f0ft(t t+)vn+*# 3j ;n)* 0tj 0vlt dt)* t ff+t 0;ntt 0tj ;nt;j dh l*)f0jh 3j dh +*(*)jhQ Cv )h (;vn* f dh+)f'h(* 3j )v )h 'l*)h(h f +tvv(ht/*Q F t(h +v, f)hj 3j nv )(hdh 3j# nh)(h/;ndv!3j f)hjlf(# v(ht +* +h )fnvjng* )v 0;jnjlh9 3j )h h dh 0j(t(h# dt)* tftth +j02v(jlh 3j ft)vlt*2jlh ;j +;nt )fn)hnt(tth t+v'(t t)h+tvj +)f'. f*(* t +h (j+j'j ;n tlth lv)(v(j# 'hnt(v )t nj0j)t +* nv +h 'jt(d*O Ch nv ft)h )t +*!3j v0'lh +;nvl. l*(gjndv!3j!$ )hjt(# )t +*!n)t'* );t 0tj 0vltO ;n)*()*tv(t ;j h tljnt(h# jt( 'fvt(* h dft( )* nv tt;(n* 3j 0tj g(hv9 +h 3j ;ntft()h dh t)t+* lt fgf(# f*(* f )lj'* /*,tv*# );t 0tj t(h dh )*(tt9 ;3j gflh3th +;nvl 3j v0'lh l*/jlh 3j +h ;ntft()h )v +;(gvjn2* +* 0tj dv)*9 +h dv)h 3j +h!ntft()h# +h vjt* jt( 3j jt(# )tvt* 3j vndh t 0tj )*vttt# )*)j nv0tj t3t +t(;ngj )f0f(j# 3j ;n)* 'hnt(v tftt* vjt2t. Svflhth# tv# )t(h tj g*+jt )ht 0tj ,fgtt* )f0ft(*# 'h );t dh t+)vn+*# 'h!tt;t dh ;0'*(t*3jt*# ;n fgf(vl Tltt(vlvj# )v );t* jv,j(h t(h,vjt +* vjj )t +!f jhj ;n +t*';nj(h# )v );t* tthn2jh +!f dh/g(f'j# )v );t nh+t2 +!f )vlhgj# )v );t* 'l*)h(h +!f +tvv(h/jQ Dt(# vtj# nv )vnf3tj tvh(ht 'h )t(h!f tj# nv 3tjj );t vtlf(ht/* 3j )h ;n+ht0n* ht 'hnt(v tjnh. Rhf* d(v0v(jlh ;n dh+h 3j )v)h(nj)h )f0vnjvnj 3j th vhj ;0,fg*2j9 lht'*d* fdtt* nh'jf3hnjt# v(*j0t3* t ,fg*2jhj9 jt +ht0t )* +t(;ngj )f0f(j 'hnt(v tjnh# )t +*!2j 'ht(h)j vjt2t# 3j ;n)* 3j 'h )ht vh3nj)*# ;n fh(j)j(h 3j fdjhn*. PVNCTVL & Cv )h 0vl2v0j(h ;3j (h)vnft3th fh(j)j(ht g*+jtf(vl )f0f(jjQ Fjh)t(h /j ;j ;0'(f+'*tht/* t0jntj(ht nf(f)vlvj +*v# ,v)v(jt djnt;j (*0;!n;ndv!j nh+'v+ dh '(h/hnt*9 '(h2vjh3th tftt* vjt2t )lj't t)hht ;n )t(h t jh3jt djn 0j/h(jh 3j ;n)hjn* vh3nj)jhj /jvt )ht fh(j)jt*# 0t(h;nd!f )v f 'jtt(* tl,* 3j )hjt( +)v0'*. Ch (h)vnf+)*tf( ;j (*0;nh )hlvj )h j!t dtt vh+thtQ j )v tftth )* nv td0jth '*(tt3 lt ,fg*2jj# ;j tdv)h 0vl2v0j(j# ;3j 'fvh+th3th f dtt* 3j dh 0vlth f(j 3tn+t )fnfjdhn2jlf( +*j# jv,jl;nd ;0'(hvn* )v hj 'hnt(v t+h0hnht nf(f).
MHDJTTJT 5$ &5$

F# +vflhth# )v0 2j!tj 0tj '(h2vj fh(j)j(ht dt)* 2j!tj )vnft3th!fQ Dt)* tj j/,vtj +* ;n2hlhgj jnfjnjtt vtlft(h t t)h+thj 0tnh t+)vn+h# )*)j 0tn* h 'hnt(v gv+t 3j 'jtt(* j0t)vltt*A4 ;n nf(f)vl t*v# )h 0vl2v0j(j j!tj tdv)h Df0nvlvjQ Rh;nvjt/*!j t0jntj(ht ;n tftt* )lj't 3j f(h)vhntht/!f ;n fjh)t(h /j9 jt t0jnth )* h+th f )f0ft(* nh+f;(3jt*# )h nv +h vt h'vj/t nj)j);nd# )j# dj0'ft(jv*# /jlnj) f vhj g*+j ;nt(htg*# 0h(hv t)hht3j. T(tt*!th (h)vnf+)*tf( Df0nvlvj# )t(h t '*+t(tt!f 'hnt(v tjnh9 jt +ht0t +* nv f 'jh(/j djn jng(ttjtvdjnh 3j nj)j +* n!f (tth/j djn nh)vnft3th(h9 t(*jh3th!2j djn ht tftt* vjt2t# )hht )h ;n+ht0n* +* t(*jh3tj ;nt(v Df0nvl ;n vh)jj vh)jlf(. T0jn.

MHDJTTJT 5$ Ct s tj!n$j lt cf#!nj!nh c! h!lt!jt chlfr dfj fr1j "h ctrh j4t l!#jntt Df#n!l,
PVNCTVL $ Vvght* )v0 f(,vl )hl '(hthvltvjf+ djn Jh(jhfn +h ;nt(0ht/* )v v*/vl )(hdjn2hj# )t +* 3j!$ df,;ndht+)* 'h )hl t(v'h+). Plht)* ;n )*vtt(ht M;ntvjtf(vlvj# f*(* )t tht0t dh f,+tt)flh +*!$ dh+)v(tjh/h +tv +*!$ 't(tlj/h/h lhnht )v +)v/h dh nh'vtjn2h> vhdh )* nv vhdh 3j vhdh );t ;j h dh fflf+ +* vtd*# 3j 'lht)* t+tfhl dh t)t+*# '*(*+jndv!+h 'h +jnh ;n+v3j9 ;n '(j0vl (;nd# nv!j lj'+h3th lj0,t )t +* +t(jgh# )hjt( dt)*!j lj'+h+) f)hjj )t +* vtd*# jt( )jnh t(h lj0,* )t +*!3j 0*(tv(j+ht+)* (hlhlh vt tjvngh 3j lt ;nd(h'tt(ht lf(9 ;0'(hvnht/* ttft'vth(nj)jt 3j 0jlf+tjvj(ht lvj J+v+ 3j t+tfhl ;l nv0h3th# ;ndttf(;ndv!$ '(jnt(!vn nv0h tt;t dh +tlvttf(> =J+v+h# /j)h hl# fjv tl lvj Dtvjd )hl ,;nd# nv fj tv 0tj 'v2jn 0jlf+tjv. J+v+h# fjvl lvj Dtvjd# )*(vjt j +!t f*g*dvjt M;ntvjtf(vl# d*!0j +*n*tttht#

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MHDJTTJT 5$ 433

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MHDJTTJT 56 435

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436 CVMJNHCTFRVL

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MHDJTTJT 55 437

MHDJTTJT 55 Dhs"rh fhl!l +n ctrh Pr!nc!l D!#nh2h! n! t $sjt lfc dh $2d!jrh +n Bhtlhh#c! t"ljct jh lt Cf#!nj!nh'&
PVNCTVL $ Vvght* );t dh (*v 'f(nj2j h(tv )ht*2hnjj Bhtlhh0vlvj# dh v(h0h )h nv j!tv g*/dvjt ;n )t+hlh lf( 'h!t)hjt )h!t( fj 0h(jttt!f )hjt( ;n (*(vn)hjj lf(9 Pv+h+h(* +t*';nj(h 'h hj t(vfjt 3j l*)f0jt# 3j t+tfhl nv lh (*0*+h+h lf) 'hnt(v ft+'h2j tt;t dh +*(t)j 3j dh v0jlj9 nv lh ffh(* nj)j 0*)t( vn vnghh( )hlf( )*(f(t lh!t( fj ff+t dttf(j )v jnj0jlh lf(. F(,j2j dh jnth(h+# (vdhlh nv v*d ,jnhlh )h lh jnt(* 'h v3j# jt( )hj )t(h nv!$ (h)vnf+) 'h Dv0nh/hv ;n +*(t) nv!$ (h)vnf+) nj)j 'h Dv0nh/hv dhvhnjt +*(t). Jt t0jnth# +vflhth# )* t+t*/j vt vhnj +* ,tt* lt v3t )t+hj ttlh Df0nvl ;n+v3j9 dt)* t)flf ;n)hj+ ;n )tlht3)t vj(gjntl*# tj)j t)f'h(jt ;nt(!f F+tjh9 gflh3th!2j jnj0t dh tft )h h+th lv0h )t +* ft)j lf) Ch(vlvj tft> )*)j vn H0'j(hv +h )vvhnht +* fjh +;nvl vndh tvht +* t(tg* P(vn)vl t)h+tt v(jt39 )tvt* +*!$ ;0'fdf,h3tj )v +0h(hnjh 3j +*(*)jh# )* t)h+tht +;nt +)vlhlh )h!j 'lt) 0vlt 0t(hlvj Ft+'hth 'h )t(h!$ t3th'2j. PVNCTVL 6 Phlh(jnjj )h(vlvj v0,l*!n )*vtt(ht vnvj )fl2 dh lv0h vndh +* t(tg* ;n gt/d*# 3j nv!$ g*+h+)9 nj0hnj nv!j (h)vnft3th# dh nh(h)vnf+)*tf(j )h +;nt9 nv )tttdj)+h+) nj)j 0*)t( +*!j '(jvht+)* +tv +*!j t+)vlth. Jtt* )* t)hlt )h nv ;n)t'h!n Ch(v(j nv g*+h3th f ;n)*'h(h ;n lv0h# jt( 'h vjh(0hlh jf+nj) )h nv t(h nj)j f ;n)*'h(h ;n Ch( nv!$ ;n)t'h lv0ht tftt*9 Fh)jft(t vt fj )fljndtt djn 'ft(t*!n 'ft(t*# 3j 'h tftth lh g*+ht ;n)hj+h# 'h );nd )hlh tlh Ch(vlvj h(tv lt(g dh+)hj+h9 dh lt )t+t vnhj (vdh t(h)ht lt )t+t vnvj )vnf+)vt9 tf2j f*)htv 'h 0j(t2jj# ;ht(h,;nd!f )jnh h+th. Fh)jft(t vt fj (*+'vn+ )*!j f +*(0tn* 'hlh(jn*# +f2jt vnvj +*(0tn dvlghh(# 3j# tv/jnd
L Cf. L!ct- 9- JS.
&57

CVMJNHCTFRVL

dh!tt;tt +*(*)jh# tf2j lh t(;nthtv v3t!n nt+. Nv vf(,j t3t Dft0n*# )* lv0ht nv '(j)h'h lj0,t t)ht+tt> +'vnh )* h3tj P(jn2h+t P*0;n!tvlvj# Rhgjnt Ch(vlvj# ;0'*(*tht+t ;nt(hgjj )(ht2jj. Dt( vtj# tjtlv(jlh t)h+tht glf(jft+h (*0;n 'hnt(v v3t tt# f# +vflhth tl 0hvQ Jt t0jnth )* t+t*/j +f+h3th!n ft2t hj Dft0nt 3j!2j )h(h +* f '(j0h3tj# +*!j dtj vn lf) vndh +*!$ nt+)* 'h P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv9 jt +ht0t )h!j (*+'vn/j. Dh );th f(j nv j!tj (hfv/tt jnt(t(ht )v 0tj 0t(h g(f+fl*njh dh);t t)h3tjtQ T3tdt(# ;n+vflh2h3th!f )v 0tj 0vlt* )(hdjn2* 3j )vght* )* ;n+v3j P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv# )t(h t)flf )*vtt vn lf) vndh +* +h nt+)*# tj)j )tvt* 'h )jnhvt )t(h +*!$ '(j0ht+)*9 t)flf ;nt(h v*lv(j vj(gjntlh# tj)j ;nt(h dtl,h t))jdhnth9 ,tth lt 'f(2jlh jnj0jj# 3j nj0hnj nv!j (*+'vndh9 )hl jv,jt dh Ttt*l )hl Vh3nj)# )hl df(jt dh ;ngh(j nv g*+h3th 'h nj0hnj )t(h +*!$ jv,ht+)*. Hj# +vflhth tl 0hv# +)ftl*!th djn 'ttvl

nh'jf3hnjhj ttlh# tl ;n)ljnt2jjlf( lv0h3tj# gttt# nv 0tj lhnhvj# )*)j tltfhl vt t(h)h 0tj dh't(th )*t(h tlt td*'f+t 0tj nf(f)f+Q PVNCTVL 5 Cvv;ntvl ;nt(v'tt nv tvht vndh +* +h nt+)*9 nv!$ dft(h tt;tt )* h +v(ghjvnjt dh vndh t(h,vjh +*!j fjh 'tt(jt# );t )* nv h '(j0jt t)flf vndh h Ct+t P;jnjj. F# )v0 l!t( 0tj '(j0j ;ngh(jj ;n 0jjlf)vl )hthlf( lf( ;nt(j'tthQ Cv0 l!t( 0tj td*'f+tj +ft(hlh 3j j!t( ffh(j '(f'(jvl +*v )hnt(v d(h't )(jvttQ Cv0 +!t( 0tj 0vtt H0'j(hvl 'h '*0;nt )t +*!j +lvjht+)* d(h't 'tlttQ Dt( nj)j vnvj nv j +h!ng*dvjh t+h0hnht fh(j)j(h# f '*+t(ht/* dft( 'hnt(v tjnh. F# tv# )hl )h vjj +* th )v0jnh)j# ffh(*!j P(vn)vlvj ;0'*(t*3jt 'jh'tvl t*v d(h't td*'f+t# 0*(vnttjhlh ttlh +* 2j +h +f;3jh 3j d(h't +)vth)h +*!j +lvjht+)* ,*jh(jlh jnj0jj ttlhQ ;n )hlh djn v(0*# f+thnj2j 3j ffhn+t2j# +!tv (ht(t+ ;nt(!vn +ttvl# djn )t(h Df0nvl 3j!t f*)vt )hnt(v# 'h th0hjvl +*(*)jhj 3j v0jljn2hj lvj9 t)flf tnj0tlhlh ;l '(j0h+) )v +0h(hnjh 'h )hl (h+'jn+ dh ft0hnj )v +*l,*tj)jh9 Mtj)t +t $!t t3h/tt ;nt(!f jh+lh# lv;ndv!$ djn );nd ;n );nd ;n 'ftlh9 +h fdjhnh3th ;n 'tjh )hl 0tj ,vn g(*vnth# 'fftjndv! j 'h tf2j ;n Ct+t P;jnjj# 'hnt(v )t tf2j +*!$ 0*n;n)h. Svflhth# nv fj 0tj nh+j02jtf( dh);t vjthlh9 ,fvl ;l (h)vnft3th 'h Rhghlh +*v9 nv!$ ;ndh'*(tt tf)0tj tv 'h St*';nvl t*v9 '(jvh3th!$ )v )(hdjn2* vjh 3j vhj )fn+tttt )* t)hlt3j# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# )t(h +t*tht t)flf ;n jh+lh# h tj)j ;n Tltt(9 t)flf# )hl 0vlt#
MHDJTTJT 5&

&5%

tj fj (hv3jt +*!$ 0;ng;j 3j +*!$ +*(v2j# tj)j +*!$ 0*n;n)j9 t)flf# l!tj fj +t(;n+ lt +;n# tj)j ;l 'vj ;n hl9 nt+)*!+h# dt(# ;n jnj0t tt 3j +thjh!j ;n '(htj0* tftth ft)vlt*2jlh ttlh# vnhlh jv,jndv!$# tlthlh )fnth0!'l;ndv!$# +lvjjndv!$ 3j tdf(;ndv!$ )v tftthlh. PVNCTVL & Nv +!t g*+jt 'h '*0;nt nj0hnj )t(h +*!$ g*/dvjt+)* 'h P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv# nj)j )jnh# f dtt* n*+)vt# +*!$ ;n)fnjv(h )v tthn2jj9 t ff+t nhvfjh +* )f,ft(h )v(thnjj djn )h( 3j# t+tfhl# tv );nttt hj +ltvt lvj Dv0nh/hv 3j j!tv fhlj)jttt 'h ft0hnj# '(hvhnjndv!j ;n '(jvjn2t g(ttjtvdjnjj. Svflhth# dh v(h0h )h t/j Ch(vl +!t +t(*0vttt ;n 'jh'tvl t*v 3j Cvv;ntvl )hl Vh3nj) dh lt +;nvl Ttt*lvj ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j# djn 'ftlt Mtj)jj +tlh ;n jnj0t tt# )v0 dh nv f 2jj tft ;nt(!f ltvd* 3j nv th tf'h3tj ;n lt)(j0j dh dvjf3jhO Gv(jj )h!t 0;n)tt t+h0hnht h(tn* nv!j +t* ,jnh tt;t dh ;n)hj+*9 ,v/hlh +)*ldtth dh lt)(j0jlh vnvj Dv0nh/hv P(vn)# )v0 ft(h +;nt tt;t dh v+)tthO Ch(h ;ngh(jlf( +*!2j ;0'(v0vth lj0,jlh lf( )t +* lh j0j2j ltvdhlh. Rftg*!th# );nt*# t)lt0*# /j);nd> =Fjh 'hnt(v Dv0nh/hv +ltvt# 3j 'hnt(v 0jnh (fdvl '*)jj"# )v ,vn* 3j hvltvjft+* vfj(h. T0jn.

MHDJTTJT 5& Prj#jnd PrhtsBnt!l Stcrt#hnt ct "h !n 1f1 dh $r+! sh#ntt +n "jh"t!l t!. :Njsj $rtn!# fr!#hntj" htc.'&
PVNCTVL $ vvght* )v0 )h(h+)vl Tg(j)vltf( nv +h 0vl2v0h3th dft( +*!3j +h0hnh )vv;ntvl dv0nh/hjh+) ;n jnj0jlh )(hdjn)jf3jlf(# )j 3j ,f,vl +t)(t0hnttl ;n (*(vn)hjj lf(. Plvgt(vl )hl g(jjvljv# t3tdt(# ;ntjnth dh!t ;n)(hdjn2t ,f,vl fh(tjl +;nvlvj 'jf+ tl '*0;ntvlvj# f,j3nvjh3th t!$
@6

Cf. Jftn- $6#6&> =Tdhv*(tt# tdhv*(tt /j) vfv*> Bf,vl dh g(;v# );nd )tdh ;n '*0;nt# dh nv vt 0v(j# (*0;nh +jngv(9 jt( dt)* vt 0v(j# 0vlt* (ftd* tdv)h." 440
CVMJNHCTFRVL

tf;nt 3j!t!$ '(hg*tj )v 0t(h g(jj*9 +0vlgh ,v(vjhnjlh )t +* nv!$ +t;njhnht+)*9 t(dh 0*(*)jnjj )t +* nv!$ ;n*,v3h 3j!ndh'*(tht/* 'jht(hlh )t +* nv!$ ;n0f(0;nth/h# )*)j t(h tt;2jt v(*j0t3j ;ntjnth dh t +h nt3th 3j 0vlt 0tj 0vl2j ;n)* dv'* )h +!t n*+)vt. Jt t0jnth )* t/j# +'(h 0t(hlh t*v nf(f)# vt +* )td* ,f,vl )hl 0tj (fdnj) 3j )hl 0tj +*0;n2f+ djn )h( ;n 2*(;nt v0jl* t 'jh'tvlvj t*v# ;n fgf(vl jnj0jj ttlh. St(*dvjh3th!th# t3tdt(# 0tj ;nt;j +*!$ '(hg*th3tj )t +* th 'f2j ,v)v(t dh hl9 vd*!$ )v lt)(j0j )t(h +*!$ ;n0ftjh9 +0vlgh vj)jjlh )v (*d*)jnj )v tft# )t +* nv!$ +t;njhnht+)*9 t(dh 0*(*)jnjj l*)f0jjlf(# )t +* nv!$ ;n*,v3h9 ;nl*tv(* g(jjjlh +v'*(*tft(h# )t +* nv!j +tht ;n )tlh9 ;ndh'*(tht/* 'jht(hlh nh'*+*(jj 3j t+'(j0jj ttlh# )t +* nv!$ ;n0f(0;nth/h# 'hnt(v )t ;n fhlvl t)h+tt# +;nv(jlh (*(vn)hjlf( t*j# ,jnh '(hg*tj2j 3j )v(*2t2j# +* '(j0ht+)* ,f,vl )hl 0*(jnj0f+ )h vt ft)h +* (fdht+)* ht(vl 3j th vt h(*nj )v vjt2t vh3nj)*. PVNCTVL 6 Dv'* )h t '(hg*tjt '*((j;ntvl# +h0*n*tf(vl ht(nj) +h t(h/h3th dj+ dh dj0jnht2*# jh+h lt );0' 3j# )v 0;n* ghnh(ft+*# ;0'(*3tjh ,f,vl )hl 0tj ,vn djn g(;nt(hlh +tlh9 2*(;nt ;l '(j0h3th!n +;nv!j dtl,# ;l td*'f+th3th t)flf 3j!$ f)(fth3th9 t't ;j d* 0v+t# +ft(hlh )*ldv(*# v*/dvhvl +vflt(h9 ,f,vl fh(tjl ;n)h'h t dt +h0nh dh vjt2*# '(jndh t jh3j lt lv0jn*# 'vth(ht ;n)hj+*!n hl ;j l*(gh3th +j02v(jlh 3j +h ;ntjndh dhf'ft(jv* +'(h td;n)# )v (*d*)jnj v0jlh )t(h +*!$ +'(jjjnh# 3j )*t(h ;ntlt# )v f(vn/j3v(j 0;nd(h )t(h +*!$ (jdj)h!n +l*vj. Cv0'*nh3th )v0 t+t*/j ht(nj)vl Tg(j)vltf( tl +vflhtvlvj t*v +t(*0vt* djn +;nvl djvjn ;n +;nvl t*v

'*0;nth+) ,f,vl )hl 0tj 0jh/f+# dh+f*tt(h t )h(vlvj ;n+v3j9 ;n 'jh'tvl t*v t )*/vt9 td*'f+!th3th!$ )v ;nfl*)*(t(h# vd*!$ )v dvjf3jh# f)(fth3th!$ )v hvltvjh# ;n+vflh2h3th!$ )v )(hdjn2* vjh# ;nft3*!$ ;n n*dhjdht tt# '*+t(ht/*!l ;n d(tgf+tht tt fjh(,jnth# )t +* +h ;n(*d*)jnh/h )v +0h(hnjh ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j# +* )(ht+)* ;n +vflhtvl t*v# ;n)vnvn;ndv!2j!$ )v (ftdh tlh +ltvhj. PVNCTVL 5 H dh 0j(t(h )v )h t*(jh ,l;nd* jt ,f,vl dh g(;v ;n +t*';nj(h '*0;ntvl# ;j +t(*'vngh td;n)vl 3j!j )(t'* +v'(tft2t9 dj+'(h2vjh3th
MHDJTTJT 5&

&&$

tjnt# )t +* nv +h 0v(d*(ht+)* dh ht# 3j 'f'vlht/* v*/dvhvl# )t +* t(fnh/h t)flf9 ;j ;nvjngh 'h nv0h(f3jj v(*j0t3j )h j +h!0'ft(j!vh+)> ,(v0hlh )t(h l!t( ffjlj# /*'h/jlh )t(h l!t( t)f'h(j# gh(v(jlh )t(h l!t( t0f(2j# v;ntv(jlh )h l!t( f(;ngh# dt( hl# t(jv0f;nd t+v'(t tvtv(f(t# +vjh# )(h3th 3j +h!ntl2*. T)v0 ;3j +)hj0,* vh(dhlh +0t(tldhlf( t(*tft+h 'h )vlft(ht ,*ltjh t +'j)vlvj )h!$ ;n)vnvn* )v tv(# 0v+t*2jlh +lvjjndv!j d(h't 2h'v3h. Ch f(v0ft+h t(fnht/* hfldhlh# dt)* 0tj jh(j vh(/j# t)v0 tv(jth# ,v)v(;ndv!lh f)hjj )hlf( )h lh '(jvh+) 3j ;n)* 3j 0tj 0vlt 'h!tj +t*';hjlf(# )t(h t(tg fflft+h dh 'h v(0t lf(Q Cv0'*nh3th# dt(# dt)* tftt* t+tt h lv)(t(ht vnvj g(*vn)jf( 0tth(jtl dh g(;v# ;nt(!f 0;n* dh 2*(;nt# )h ft(h nv vt 'vtht ft)h ,f,vl ;0'*(t*3jt ;n 'jh'tvl )hlvj )h!$ '(j0h3th )v v(hdnj)jhO D*!j '(jlhj +* '(jnd* (*d*)jnj ;n (*(vn)hjj t*j# )(ht+)* '(jn ft)vlt*2jlh ttlh# l*(ght+)*!+h ;n jnj0t tt# )ft)*!+h ;n vfjn2t tt# t(fnh/h ;n jnthlh)tvl t*v 3j (ftdhlh ht(v(jlf( +tlh ;n)vnvnh/h!2j )vghtvl. F# )h 0;nd(v t(tt* fgf(vl 'jh'tvlvj t*v )v hfldhlh ,fgtth tlh tt;tf( 3j tt;t dh ;nfl*)*(tth )f0vnjvnjQ Ch '(jvhlj3th f(v0ft+* 'hnt(v ;ngh(j 3j )h 'l*)vt* 0t(hlvj t*v St*';n# )t(h h Dv0nh/hvQ Vjnf )v (h+'h)t +*!$ vh/j 3j )v ,v)v(jh +*!$ +tvv(h/j9 ;0,fg*2h3th!2j +vflhtvl )v 0*nvn)hjv(j dh vj(tv2j# )v )vnvnj dh +ltv*. PVNCTVL & Ch vfjf3j t'v)* +h)h(*tf(jj +h)h(jlh# )v );t* 'l*)h(h lh 0j3)*Q Jt( )hj )t(h!ntjnth jh3j+h(* )v 0;hnj(h +* t(vn)h ,f,vl# t)v0t ;l )vlhg )v vh+hljh9 tv +h0*ntt 'h f(jg 3j +h)h(* 'h )*ldv(*# ;3j ft) tv/jt* '(jn +t(jg*th 0vl2v0j(ht# dt(# )t 2*(tnj# +;nt 0tj dhg(t,* 'fftjtf(j dh);t (h)vnf+)*tf(j d*(vjtf(vlvj# ltvdhlh dv0nh/hjh3tj )h t( fj ff+t dh t3th'ttt (hdv);ndv!+h lt )hjfth '(fftnh. Svflhth# tv )t(h t/j (h)vnf3tj (ftdhlh t)hlvj ,f, )h(h+) ;n+vtjt# nv!j j0jtt 'h!t)h3tjt ;n jng(ttjtvdjnh# )j dft( ;n 0vl2v0j(h9 ;ntl2* glt+vl ;nt(v f+tntlhlh djvjnh9 );nt*((lh dh 0*(j(h tlh 0vl2v0j(jlf( ttlh +* +h )fn+t)(h '(ht0*(j(jj +ltvhj lvj9 (*+vnh tj0'tnvl 3j '+tlth(jfnvl# );nd ;n tfh)th# );nd ;n +t(jg*(j9 (h)vnf3tjn2t fjh!2j 'h 0*+v(t ghnh(f/jt*2jj jnfjnjth# /*0j+ljnd dttf(jj dh 0vl2v0jt* t't(th# t(j,vtv(j dh vh3nj)* +ltv*. T0jn.
442 CVMJNHCTFRVL

MHDJTTJT 5A Ct s4J "rj#h5tj "h Pr!nc!l Js!s- s!r$hj!njt +n H$j"t!l jnj#jj ttlh'(
PVNCTVL $ vfnth0'l* )h )(vnt ;l ;n)ht()* '*0;ntvl 'h Rhghlh Ch(vlvj> vvl'jlh tv vj/vjn* 3j '*+*(jlh )h(vlvj )vj,v(j> fjvl 0f(2jj 3j tl '*)ttvlvj ;l '(jgfnh3th 'h Tvtf(vl ht(vlvj 3j!tl vjh2jj. Ch jvth!$ +jlh+) +* '*(*+ht+)* Chtttht flf(jlf( 'h )hl )h +!t n*+)vt 'hnt(v +'jnjQ ;n ,(t2hlh Mtj)jj +tlh jt d(v0vl Hgj'tvlvj# 2jnvt tl 'l*gjlf( 3j ,h/nhlf(# 3j )v );t* ,t(,t(jh ;l ;ndh'*(tht/* hgj'thnjj# 3j )h (*v ;l '(j0h+)9 ;n)hjd 'f(2jlh ,jnhlvj )t(h lh jnt(* 'h hlh. Svflhth# t+t*/j ;n+v3j P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv f 'f(nh3th +'(h Hgj'tvl jnj0jj ttlh# dt)* t)flf ;nf*3tt ;n +)vth)h# tj)j t0h+th)tt '(jnt(h t))jdhnth9 nv!$ tdv)h 't)f+tht# )j d(tgf+tht9 nv fvgh dh fjjj ft0hnjlf(# )j!j )tvt*# 'l*)h(ht +t fjjnd +* +tht )v hj9 nv!$ g*/dvj ;n fhlvl ,t(,t( hgj'thtn# )j );t 0tj t'(f'jtt dh )v(th!njt Ch(vlvj9 3j dt)* jnj0t tt +!t '(hf*)vt ;nt(!vn Hgj't# )fv;(3jt dh ;ntvnh)j0jlh nh3tjjn2hj# 'ljn dh jdflj tj 'ttj0jlf(# '(*,v!3ht+)*!+h nv0tjdh);t lt '*0;nt# t(jv0fh (t0v(jlh dh fjnj)# ;nflf(ht+)* vj(tv2jlh# 2;3nht+)* j/vft(hlh ht(vlvj 3j fjh '(f+l*vjt 3j tdf(tt tdhv*(ttvl Dv0nh/hvQ PVNCTVL 6 Lvng* t ff+t 3j tt(h tnhvfjft+* )*l*tf(jt )hlf( t(hj 'hlh(jnj dh lt Jh(v+tlj0 ;n Hgj't# 3j ;n)* 3j 0tj )(vnt* '(j0j(ht9 tv ;ndv(tt tftth nh'l*)h(jlh d(v0vlvj 3j nv +!tv ,v)v(tt dh 0;ng;jh(jlh fdjhnhj. Nj0hnj nv vfjt +*!j g*/dvjt+)*# fjjnd)*!j vhdhtv +*(t)j 3j +t(*jnj# 3j dt)* nv g*+j+h(* lf) dh 'f't+ '(jnt(h (vdh 3j )vnf+)v2j# )v0 tltfhl '(jnt(h +t(*jnj 3j nh)vnf+)v2jO Tf2j +h vf( fj fh(jt dh d;n3jj# )t dh nj3th vhnhtj)j# 3j )hjt( ;3j vf( fj +'v+> =Vjn tj)j fvgjnd djn 2t(t lf("# )j t( fj nj0h(jt!f dt)* t( fj +'v+ djn Ch(vl lf(9 +h th0 +* nv lh jhfvjt+)* tvv2jjlh# 3j!t( fj 'vtvt +'vnh jnj0jlh9 ;j '(j!
LCf. Mtthj- 9- $5!$7.
MHDJTTJT 5A 443

vhtv )t 'h nj3th dh+2*(t2j9 nv 3tjtv 0ftjvvl 3j ,*nvjtv tft )h h 0tj (*v9 nv )vnf+) )f0ft(t t+)vn+*# nj)j ,jnhlh 'jtjt9

+h fh(h+) 0tj dhg(t,* )t t)hlt )h vjnh +* lh d*(vjt+)* Ch(vl nv )v0vt +* lh fv(h '*0;ntvl. Vndh ft(h +h vt t)jvj P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv 'hlh(jnO Vndh +h vt f'(j ft(hO Svflhth# hl (h)v(gh lt jnj0t tt# ;3j tlhgh 'jh'tvl t*v d(h't lf)vjn2*9 tv# )t(h!$ )vnf3tj# '(j0h3th!$9 vjnh 'l;ng;nd# ;ndvjf3h/h!2j!+h (*(vn)hjj9 hgj'thnjj ;j t(;nth+) v3jlh!n nt+9 dh+)hjd*!+h lt(g )hlh tlh jnj0jj ttlh9 tv/j!$ )v0 ,tth lt 'f(2jlh ttlh )v 'l;n+hth 3j +v+'jnv(j# 'ftflh3th!$ )v dfvh/j dh tfh)2jvnh> vjnh +v(ghjvnjt dh lt +;nvl Ttt*lvj lt tl t*v9 jt +ht0t )v0 +!t( )*dht +* fjh '(j0j(ht9 dh 'h t(j'jlh hh(vvj0jlf( +h +t(*0vt* 'h )hlh tlh jnj0jj ttlh9 nv!j tjvngh f )v(thnjh ft(h)t(h> 'ft(t* 'hlh(jn* tl,*. )*)j 'v(jtttht h )vlft(ht +t9 g*/dvjh3th!$ ;n 0jh/vl (*(vn)hjlf( t*j# (jvtlj tj Ch(v(jlf( ;n+h3j. PVNCTVL 5 t'th tnj tv (*0t+ dh+2*(t2j ;n Hgj't lf)vjtf(jj Ch(vlvj. Ch nh)vnf+)v2j dh ft0hnjQ Ch tjvtf(t2j dh ;ngh(jQ Ch 'v2jn fflf+ tv t(t+ ;n+* hgj'thnjj dh 'h v(0t tfv*(*3jhj lf( tt;tt tj0'. Lt fhl 'lh)tt!t Df0nvl djnt(h hj '(h)v0 t 3j vhnjt 3j t3t lj +h ;nt;0'lv 0vltf(t );nd +h )v0jnh)*. N!tv ff+t dh tjvn+ d(*g*l*3hnjt P(vn)vlvj Dv0nh/hv# ,ltjjn*tttht Fh)jft(hj 3j nj)j ,vnt 'v(tt(h t Sf;ntvlvj Jf+jf )t +*!j );3tjgh9 tv ff+t 'h );t dh nhfh(j)j2j# 'h!tt;l dh nh(h)vnf+)*tf(j# 3j dt)* tft ;j 0;n)tv 'h /hjj tdf(t2j dh hj +tv dt)* tdf(tv d(h't /hjt*2j lv)(v(jlh 'h )t(h lh 0;n)tv# t( fj 'vtvj '(ht ,jnh tdf(t d(h't Dv0nh/hv 'h vn Df0n )h!tvht +* +h ffh(h d(h't h(tn*. Cv0'*nh3th );2j +;nt )hj )t(h!$ '(j0h+) 'h Df0nvl dv'* fhlvl hgj'thnh+)# 3j )hjt( 3j 0tj (h)h# )hj )h nj)j nv!$ tjvt*# nj)j nv!$ +*(,*tf(h+)# ;l lt+* dft( +* vjn* 3j +* 'lh)h# f*(* t df,;ndj tt;tt ,jnh );t lh!t( fj )v 'vtjn2*9 +;nt tfvndt2j )v tftvl ;n Hgj'tvl lf( 3j '(ht ft) )t+* ,vn* )v lv0ht# nv +j0t )f0f(jlh )hlh vh3nj)h. Nv!$ '(j0j 3j tv 'h Df0nvl ;n fhlvl Hgj'tvlvj# )*)j tv!$ )vnf3tj ;n fhlvl Ch(vlvj# dh3j l!tj 'vtht '(j0j '(ht ,jnh ;n fhlvl hgj'thnh+)# 3j!tnv0h 0;n);ndv!2j!$ 'h Dv0nh/hvl t*v 3j!tv;ndv!$ d(h't Dv0nh/hv 'h vn Df0n )h!2j h+th 3j f+'*2# 3j h(tn*9 ;nth2h3th! 2j )(hdjn2t# )vnft3th!$# )*)j dh3j vjnh tt;t dh t+)vn+# h+th Rhgh tl Jh(v+tlj!
444 CVMJNHCTFRVL MHDJTTJT 5@

&&A

0vlvj )h(h+)9 )tvt* +* nv 'jh(/j (fdvl nv dft( t 3t'th )ht+v(j# )j t 3t'th tnj dh +*l*3lvj(h t +t ;n 'jh'tvl t*v# 3j )hjt( tl ;nt(hgjj vjh2j# fflf+jndv!2j!f ;n Cf0vnjvnj 'h );t dh )v)h(nj)h# 'h!tt;t dh dh+h. PVNCTVL & Hgj'thnjj nv +h t(tt* 0;hnj2j v*/;nd )* P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv lh 'lht)* 3j!j '*(*+h3th9 )hj )h n!tv df(jt )t hl +* vjn* nv!$ (ftg* +* (*0;n*9 )hj )h nv j!tv df(jt +f+j(ht 3j nv j!tv '(h2vjt vh)jn*tttht nv!j (hg(ht* nj)j 'lh)t(ht. N!t3 v(ht# f# )t tv# )t(h l!tj g*/dvjt t/j 'h ;n+v3j t)h+t Df0n +* fjj 'h );t dh nh(h)vnf+)*tf(# 'h! tt;t dh nhnf(f)f+. F# )h +lt,* v(0* lt+* ;n vnjj ft'tvl )* Dv0nh/hv t lf)vjt ;n 'jh'tvl lf(Q Ch 'v2jn 0tj t0j(f+ t Dv0nh/hv 3j )h jvth jt(*3j t lv0hQ Ch 'v2jn fflf+ t(tg djn )v0jnh)*tv(jlh ttlh );nd t( 'vtht tt;tt Ch(Q Ctvt* )t!n tjnh +* (*0;n* fft(th '(ft+'*t* t0jntj(ht# fft(th tfh)tvft+* vfjn2t# fft(th (h)vnf+)*tf( jnthlh)tvl# 'hnt(v )*!n 'jh'tvl t*v t jnt(tt 3j lf)vjt Df0nvl. F# )h P(vn) f(v0f+ tj '(j0jtQ Tj g(jj* +* nv!2j 'lh)h9 (*0;j );t 0tj d(*g*+tf+ )v dvl)ht!j '(h/hn2*9 +v+'jn* )t +*!$ 'f2j '(j0j ;n)* f dtt*# +t(*dvjh3th!th +*!$ (h)t'h2j ;n Cf0vnjvnjlh v(0*tft(h.

MHDJTTJT 5@ Dhs"rh fs" !l dh lt n!ntt djn Ctnt Gtljlhtj- t"ljct jt Cf#!nj!nh'/

PVNCTVL $ C!vght* )* dt)* lt tlth nvn2j tftvl t(h j/ dh v;lvh lv0h3tj# lt t)ht+tt dft( dh tdhvh(j(j tlh Ch(vlvj> hvltvjh tthnt* t 0j(jlf(# jnvjtt(ht M;ntvjtf(vlvj 'hnt(v )t ;n)h'vtv(jlh ;nt(v vj(tvth +* gt(tnth/h '(f'*3j(jlh ;nt(v fh(j)j(h9 n!tv vjttt!f nj)j 'h Mtj)t P(ht+f;nt*# 0vl2v0jt* )*(hjt 3j!tv t+jgv(tt Sthtvt. Tv t+j+ttt 3j T'f+tfljj# )t 0t(h dfvtd* t ghnh(ft+hj jv,j(j t 0j(jlf(# )*)j# lj'!
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Cf. Jftn- 6#$!$$.

+jndv!lh tvvtvl ;n tlh 'f+j,jlvlvj# lh '(j+f+h3th jnj0t ;n tlh 0*(j!nj0jhj. Mt(h tvtnttj +'(h t!$ 'vtht g*/dvj 'h J+v+ 3j t!$ t3h/t lt 0t+t lf(# +'(h t!j 0h(jtt 0jlf+tjvj(jlh> 0h(jtvl lj +h (hljhfht/* )v tt;t 0tj 0vlt# )v );t hB'h(jhn2t 0jnvnjlf( lvj C(j+tf+ lh h(t 0tj (hdv+*> ;n)* nv!$ v*/v+h(* f*);nd v(hf 0jnvnh# dt( tv ,jnh0h(jttt +* ;n)ht'* )v hj. Jt t0jnth )* dt)* t/j t(h,vjh +*!$ g*/dvjh3tj ;n )t+t 3j!n 'jh'tvl t*v 'h J+v+ ;n+v3j# Df0nvl 3j ttftlht)vl t*v# Mj(h 3j ft+'hth lt nvntt +vflhtvlvj t*v# h nhvfjh +* th ;nt(0h/j )v tft tt;tht vj(tv2j )t 3j hl# 3j fjh )ht djnt;j f )(hdjn2* vjh# v(0h/h!j f jv,j(h t(/*tft(h# )v f ;n)(hdjn2t(h nht,*tvt* )*!$ 'ffth3tj +* +*vf(3ht+)* 0jnvnj dhf'ft(jv*. PVNCTVL 6 H ;n+* dh 0t(h ;n+h0n*ttth +* )vghtj )v0 dh lj'+h3th vjnvl tf)0tj ;n tfjvl f+'*2vlvj 3j# )v hl# vh+hljt )vnf+)vt*# (j+) f,j3nvjt tl 'l*)h(jlf( lv0h3tj. Dj+'t(h!n )lj'*# l*+;ndv!j 'h tf2j )v 0jh(ht 'h ,v/h 3j fjh(ht!n jnj0* 3j nv ft) tlt)hvt dh);t +* ;n)hjnh )v vjn )t +* +h v0'lh dh vhnjn9 )hj djn Ctnt Gtljlhjj dtv

fvgt dh/t0*gj2j# )t +* ft)* (f+t dh 'l*)h(jlh Ch(vlvj# )t(h +;nt tdhv*(tth 3j t(tjnj)h9 f 'vn d(h't 0jjlf)jtft(h 'h Mt0*# )tlh nh;nt(h)vt* 'hnt(v t!3j t+jgv(t 0jlf+tjvj(jlh Fjvlvj9 nv +h +'vnh )* t( fj j(f+jt tj0' +tv vf(,h )t +*!3j ;nf*2j3h/h '*+vl t)h+thj Dft0nh# dhft(h)h vnhjt )t ht# tt;t dh 'jft+*# ;j h dh!tjvn+ +*!$ tflh9 tv t'hltt lt M*(jt 3j M*(jt lt J+v+# t)ht+tt fjjnd f(djnht ;n lv)(t(ht djvjn*. T/j# +vflhth# )v t)hht3j dh/t0*gj(h 3j nv 0tj 'v2jn* hB'h(jhn2*# d* fvgt ;n )*vtt(ht 0;ng;jh(jj )h(h3tj# )*)j j/vf(vl lvj tj)j ;3j t(h f,;(3jt# ;n Tltt(# 3j 'h l;ng* ft'tvl )* h )hl 0tj ,vn vjn# t(h 3j ;n+v3j(ht dh t fj 'h(hn 3j# )v tftth )* 't(h nfv# h+th vh3nj). Lht'*d* +ttj+ft)2jjlh )tl'h tlh '*0;ntvlvj ;ntjnth dh t th lh'*dt hlh 'h tjnh9 jt +ht0t )* hlh dj+'t( );nd ;2j h lv0ht 0tj d(tg*# 3j nv0tj Dv0nh/hv (*0;nh9 hlh nv +ttv(*9 nv0tj h(tnt t)ht+tt djvjn* ;ndh+tvlht/*. PVNCTVL 5 Tftdhtvnt 0jlf+# jt( t)v0 3j f,ljgtt dh (vg*0jntht Mtj)jj +tlh# Df0nvl ;3j jntvgv(ht/* 3j(vl 0jnvnjlf( dv0nh/hjh3tj# )t 3j 'h )hl tl lht)v(jlf( f0hnh3tj9 '(hft)h t't ;n vjn# tdj)* +v'*(*(jlh '*0;ntvlvj ;n 0;ng;jh(jlh Ch(vlvj9 lj)ft(ht t ff+t ghnh(ft+*# )t +j0,fl
&&@

CVMJNHCTFRVL

tl t)h+tvj St)(t0hnt Djvjn 3j )t dt( tl vnhj 0;jnj tt;t dh ghnh(ft+h# )*)j dtnjjlh lvj Dv0nh/hv tv ff+t ;ntftdhtvnt fnf(tth9 ;n)h' +*!$ +tvv(h/h ,t vnjj# ,t tl2jj 3j +1!$ '(f+l*vht+)* vntnj0# f*(* +* +h 'jt(d* nj)j f 'j)*tv(*9 tf2j ;l gv+t* 3j tf2j +h 0jnvnht/*# (*0;n;nd nh+'v+ dh +ttj+f*)v2j dh vn f+'*2 )v /t2 tt;t dh ,vn. Cv0'*nh3th )h htt;( 0vlt 0tj 0j(t)vlf+ lh ft)h t+t*/j Df0nvl )hlf( 'fftj2j lt 0t+t lvj 3j )v );t ;j h gv+tvl 0tj +)v0'9 0ftjh!2j ,v/hlh 3j vhj vhdht )v );t 0tj dh+f*t*tf( h vjnvl t)h+tt )v )t(h th ;0,jh t/j> t)hlt t ff+t lv)(t(ht ttft'vth(nj)jhj +tlh# t)h+tt t d(tgf+thj +tlh nh+f;(3jth> t)flf# )t +* f,2jn* vjnvl t)hlt. Df0nvl 3j!t ;ntjn+ 0;nt )ht 'vth(nj)*# tj)j 3j!t +f;3jtt ;n+* 'jh'tvl9 t)flf tv v0'lvt 0tj ;nt;j hjd(jjlh )v t'*# tj)j t(h,vjh +*!2j v0'lj tv 'ttvl )v lt)(j0j. Dt)* 0j(ht+t t '(h2vjt tt;t dh 0vlt ft'tvl )* Rhghlh t jnt(fdv+!f ;n lt,f(ttf(vl vjnv(jlf( +tlh# )t(h +;nt 0;ng;jh(jlh djvjnh# )v );t 0tj 0vlt t(h,vjh +* fjj tv (h)vnf+)*tf( t+t*/j 'hnt(v htt;(vl dh t!2j fj ffh(jt j/vft(hlh nh+h)tth tlh +;nghlvj +*vO Vhnj2j# +vflhth '(ht+)v0'h# )v +hth 3j ,h2j ';n* v* ;0,*tt2j djn d(tgf+tht dv0nh/hjt+)*# 3j +'vnh 3j tv f dtt* )v +tt(f+thlh f+'*2vlvj> =F# dh 0!t3 fj ,v)v(tt 0tj dh 0vlt dh 0t+t t)ht+ttQ F# dh!t3 fj 0h(+ ;n)* dh lt ;n)h'vtvl vjh2jj 3j dh 0vlth f(j lt t)h+t P(ht+f;nt St)(t0hntQ" PVNCTVL & Hfh)thlh vnvj vjn tt;t dh hB)hlhnt tv ff+t tfh)thlh 'ljnh dh (h)vnf3tjn2* )*t(h Tvtf(vl +*v. Dh ;ndtt* )h!tv tfltt dh '(fdjgjv. l!tv 3j f*)vt 'v,lj)9 0j(jj ;n+*# v*/;ndv!+h 'h );t dh jn)t't,jlj dh!t +h t)hjtt# 'h!tt;t dh ;ndttf(t2j dh htt;(# j! tv (*+'vn+ lvj C(j+tf+ )v (h'httth dfvh/j dh (h)vnf3tjn2*# jt( )hlf(ltl2j )v t'ltv/h# 3j 'h ,vn* d(h'ttth# )*)j vn vjn tt;t dh tlh+# )h '(fdv)h )(jnj nh'(jh*nj2j# t( t(h,vj +* fjh t(;0,j2tt 'h '*0;nt 3j!n Ch(. Djnt(h tf2j. jnvhntttft(ht 'v(jt*2jj t ;n*l2tt 0vl2v0j(jlh ;n nv0hlh tvtv(f(t# '(h+)hj0,;nd (t/hlh dh lt'jh '(ht)v(tt 'h )t(h j lh d*dv+h fjvlvj +*v# ;n +)v0'htht tf(hnthlf( tt;t dh 'v(h '(j0jth t+t*/j. Svflhthlf(# j0'lf(t2j!f 'h Dft0nt t)ht+tt +* v* tjvth +* v* t)hjtt2j dh t+h0hnht htt;(v(j nhf,j3nvjth '(jn dfvh/j dh (h)vnf3tjn2* );t 0tj '(f0'th# ;nt(v);t )hlvj 0tj 0t(h djnt(h '(fdjgjj ;nt(v ht( 3j tfh)2jvnh nv!j 'f2j (*+'vndh dh);t )v ltvdh nhf,j3nvjth. F# dt)* 0vl2v0j(jlh t( fj 'h 0*+v(t ht(vlvjQ C*)j dt)* t)hlt t ff+t. '(j0vl +h0n tl lvj C(j+tf+# t)h+tt h 'h)htht dfvh/jlf( +tlh dh tfh)2jvnh 3j t(jv0fvl d(tgf+thj lvj.
MHDJTTJT 54 447

MHDJTTJT 54 Ct s4& "rj#h5tj "h Js!s Cf"jl "jhrd!t 5j $sjt +n th#"l! @A

PVNCTVL $ Vhj 0hdjtt );t dh ;ndv(h(tt* +h vt fj 'f0hnjt t+t*/j f t+h0hnht Mt0* f*(* vn t+h0hnht Fjv# 'h );t dh nh0;ng;jtt*# 'h!tt;t dh ;n+jngv(tt*9 +jngv(*tttht ;n+*3j dv,lht/* 01hnj(ht# dhft(h)h lj'+h3th tf)0tj )hl )h t( t(h,vj +* fjh 0;ng;jh(h 'hnt(v tftth )hlhltlth 'jh(dh(j9 nv +h 'ftth fdjhnj# )*)j f*(* J+v+ nv hBj+t* )hnt(v9 nv td0jth 0;ng;jh(h# )*)j nv tj )v )h ;nlf)vj t,+hn2hlh lvj Dv0nh/hv9 +h /j)h )* f)hjj )t(h nv th v*d nv!2j +f*(;0* jnj0t9 tj)j ;n+* dt# tf)0tj 'hnt(v )* nv th v*d@@9 j/vft(h!j +;nt dh t'* f)hjj# 'hnt(v )* lh lj'+h3th lv0jnt lf(9 +)ftth +v+'jnv(j dvjft+h# tdh0hnj(j )*t(h Dv0nh/hvl t,+hnt9 3tjh ,jnh );t dh 0vlt t 'jh(dvt# d(h't )t(h!3j d* tt;tt +jljn2* )t +*!$ )tvth. Cv0'*nh3th tv# +vflhth tl 0hv# )* dt)* nv0tj 'jh(dh(ht djn f)hj t lvj J+v+ ;j '(j)jnvjh3th Mtj)jj +tlh f t+h0hnht 0;hnj(h# )h dv(h(h t( fj ft(h 'h 0*+v(t 'jh(dh(jj lvj djn ht(O j dt)* nhfh(j)j(ht nv 2j!t( fj tt;t dh 0t(h# 'l;ngh ft'tvl )* t 'lh)tt dh l;ng* tjnh djn '(j)jnt nh'jf3hnjhj9 dv!th nv0tjdh);t +*!$ )tv2j )v t(j'j dh df(v(j# +t(jg*!$ )v +v+'jnv(j# 'l*th3th 0*)t( )v f lt)(j0* g*+j(ht +t# 3j dt)* Fh)jft(t n!t 0;n)tt 3j n!t df(0jt ';n* );hd nv $!t g*+jt# tv 0*n;n)*!$ );nd ;l g*+h3tj 3j df(0j ;n )fnth0'lt(h +f;nt*. PVNCTVL 6 Plht)* Fh)jft(t ;n )*vtt(ht Fjvlvj +*v Dv0nh/hv# 'h );t dh jv,jt# 'h!tt;t dh df(jt9 nv!$ )tvt* )t 0j(ht+t ;n 'ttvl fdjhnhj +tlh# )j!n 0jjlf)vl +0j(nhj djnt;j9 tv(tv(j)t!n+jngv(tt* 'f(nh3th ;n )*vtt(ht )f0f(jj +tlh t,+hnth# glt+vl j +!t tv/jt 'h '*0;ntvl nf+t(v# )*)j t +f+jt v(h0ht j+'*3j(jj> v0,l* ,hh*jnd 0jhlv3htvt )ht nh'(jh*njt* 3j
@5 ''

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&&7 CVMJNHCTFRVL

;nt(ht,* dh Mjhlvl lvj Dv0nh/hv# 'h )t(h 3j tlt*dtt* vfj+h +*!$ ;nghjt* J(fd# lv'vl +;ngh(f+9 ;nt(ht,* '(jnt(h (vdh 3j )vnf+)v2j# )*)j +!t( )vvhnj )t hj +*!j 3tjh v(0t9 d* fvgt lt th0'lv 3j nj0h(h3th# )*)j vn Fjv ,vn h )v +jgv(tn2* dh g*+jt ;n )t+t ,vnvlvj +*v Ttt*. ;nvt2*# +vflhth# t)ht+t* dj+)j'ljn* 3j 0fdvl dh t!$ g*+j 'h Dv0nh/hv9 nv vhj dt dh hl ;n vt)t(0vl +t(*/jlf( 3j ;n)* 0tj 'v2jn ;n h*(0*ltjt 'jh2hlf(# nv '(jnt(h '(jhthnj +tv (vdh lv0h3tj# )j ;n th0'lv# )t(h h f )t+* dh (vg*)jvnh9 fjh!2j ,j+h(j)t )hnt(v# )tvt*!$ ;n tt,h(nt)flh# )*)j t)flf!$ 2jnh ;nth0nj2tt jv,j(ht9 'l*th3th )v lt)(j0j ,v)v(jjlh 3j )v +vfh(jn2h 0;ng;jh(jlh9 )hht0*!$ )v +v+'j!nv(j 3j df,;ndj!vhj ht(v(jlh +tlh. PVNCTVL 5 Fh)jft(t jnt(*!n th0'lv 3j dh+)f'h(* ;n 0jjlf)vl ;nv*2*tf(jlf( ;n2hlh')jvnht Ttt*lvj9 0vl2v0j(ht j!t ff+t (*+)v0'*(t(h t dv(h(jj. P(htfh(j)j2j )hj )h 'Jng# )*)j hj +;nt tt;t dh 0;ng;jt2j t'fjQ Sft(hlh (*+*(jt t v+)tt lt)(j0jlh tv(f(hj9 +!t ;n+hnjntt 'ftf'vl dh 'l;n+ lt t't(j2jt )v()v,hvlvj '*)jj# )*)j 0t(h h ,v)v(jt g*+j(jj lvj Dv0nh/hv 'hnt(v )jnh!$ df(h3th ;n tj0' )h!$ )vnft3th. Cv )h ;0,(*2j3*(j ;l vt fj )f'lh3jt# )v0 ;l vt fj +t(;n+ lt +;n# /j);nd )v 0j(ht+t> =Ph(jnj2* dh 0j(t t ff+t jv,jtvl 0hv# );nd +!t 'jh(dvt> t)v0# g*+jt# h ,v)hh2hl dh flf(j# ;nt(h +;njj 0hj f +* (*0;n*." T(hj /jlh j!tv t(h,vjt )t +*!$ g*+ht+)* 3j!n tj0'vl lf( t(hj 0jj dh +v+'jnv(j# lt)(j0j 3j +t(*dtnjj# (vg*)jvnj 3j dv(h(j# )t +* '(h2vjt+)* 3j 0tj 0vlt )f0ft(t g*+jt*. Jt t0jnth# +vflhth# )* 'h tjnh nv th )f+t* tt;tt g*+j(ht Df0nvlvj t)h+tvjt# dhft(h)h f(j);nd v(hj# ;l tj ;n Tltt(9 vh/j );t dh lt ;n!dh0;n* 3j t'(ft'h dh gv(* h# dt( n!t3 v(ht )t ;n+*3j v3v(jn2t t+tt dh t!$ g*+j +*!2j fjh '(jlhj dh!t nv!$ '(h2vj# nv 0tj /j) dh!t!$ 'jh(dh9 '(j0h3th!l t/j )v t)hlht3j +j02*0jnth 3j dvjf3jj tlh P(ht+fjnthj Mtj)jj +tlh9 'vnh!2j ,v/hlh 'h)hth 'h d;n+vl# )*)j nv 2j +h!ng*dvjh dft( +*!$ tdf(j# )j t(h,vjh +*!$ 3j 0*n;n)j9 nv dft( +*!$ ;0,(*2j3h/j# )j +*!$ 3j ;nghj2j9 '*+t(ht/*!$ ;n 'jh'tvl t*v 3j ;n)hjdh!$ ;n hl9 (h'ht* )v 0j(ht+t> =Bv)hh2hl dh 0j(t h+th jv,jtvl 0hv 'hnt(v 0jnh# ;nt(h +;njj 0hj f +* (*0;n*# vnvl fjjnd jnthlh)tvl# tltvl vfjn2t# vnvl )fnth0'l;ndv!$ 3j tltvl ;nfl*)*(;ndv!+h." PVNCTVL & Tftdhtvnt Fh)jft(t M*(jt t ff+t 'h );t dh (h)vnf+)*tft(h# 'h!tt;t dh fh(0h)*tft(h> vt fj ;n*l2tt lvj Dv0nh/hv );ntt(h nfv*
MHDJTTJT 57 &&%

'hnt(v )* j!$ d*dv+h ;n)* f dtt* ;nt'fj 'h jv,jtvl hj J+v+9 t vhnjt 'v(ttt* 'h t(j'jlh vnhj jnj0j jv,jtft(h# +h vt fj ;ntf(+ ;n (jt0vl vnvj g;tlhj (h)vnf+)*tf(# '(f+l*vjnd 0jlf+thnjjlh Df0nvlvj9 +h vt fj ,v)v(tt )v ;ngh(jj dh fh(j)jt* )h h(t# fjjnd)* (hg*+j+h ht(vl ht(v(jlf( 3j j/vf(vl t tftth. Cv0 3j!$ vt 0tj fj '*/jt dv'* t)hht 'h P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv# nh0tj'jh(/;ndv!$ v(hfdtt* djn f)hj# '(h;n!t;0'j(j;hd )v dfvh/j dh (h)vnf3tjn2* (j+)v(jlh dh t!$ 'jh(dh jt(*3jQ F# +vflhth tl 0hv# tv )t(h l!tj g*+jt t/j ;n Tltt( 'h ;n+v3j Df0nvl t)h+tt# t+j+ttt dh +vflhth )v(tth )v ;ngh(j '(jnt(h hlh# ;n)fnjv(tt dh hh(vvj0j ;n2hlh'2j ;n lf) dh ;nv*2*tf(j9 tv )t(h th tflj )v P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv ;n 'jh'tvl t*v# )h );ntt(h t( t(h,vj +* ;ntl2jO Ch 0vl2v0j(j +!tdv)jO Cvnft+)*!+h dv'* (h)vnf3tjn2t tt '(h2vj(ht g*+j(jj9 nv fj nh(h)vnf+)*tf(# dt)* nv v(hj +* fjj nhfh(j)jt9 vh/j +* nv!$ 'jh(/j ;n)* f dtt* 3j 'ftth )hjt( 'hnt(v tftdhtvnt9 '*+t(ht/*!$ ;n jnj0*# )*)j h +jngv(vl t*v fdf(9 vh/j +* nv lh dh+)hj/j '*)tthlf( v3t# )* 2j!$ vf( fv(t.

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PVNCTVL $ vvght* )v0 +h (ht(tgh C(j+tf+# th/tv(vl nf+t(v# djn /t(vt lv0jj +'(h t +h )fn+t)(t Ttt*lvj +*v )hlvj Vh3nj)9 'f+th3th 'tt(v/h)j dh /jlh# ;nv*2;ndv!nh )v0 +* nh ;nf(*2j0 )t/nt )v (vgt# )hlh dfv* t(j'j )v tjvtf(vl )*(f(t /,v(*0 ;n ;0'*(*2jt lvj Dv0nh/hv9 dh )h dv)h lj'+* t(v'vl dh h(tn*# 'h!tt;tt +h +ttv(* dvhvl )v 0;ng;jh(j dv0nh/hjh3tj. Dt( )h ,vn* '(hg*tj(h# )v (vg*)jvnh 3j )v 'f+t# )v 'v+tjh 3j )h(# )v t+'(j0h 3j )fnth0'lt(h# )t +* 0h(jth f+'*2vl 'h )t(h j!$ t(j0jth ttt*l )hl Vh3nj)Q ;ngh(jj ;l tdv) t)hlf(t )t(h t(*jh+) )t ;ngh(jj# ;nvt2*# +vflhth# )hht )h ;nv*2*tf(vl t*v Djvjn# +*v;(3jnd# th ;nvt2*9 h nhvfjh +* th '(hg*th3tj )v t)ht+t* '(fvj/jh dh vj(tv2j# )t +* th t3h/j lt 0t+t dh+f*t*(jlf( ttlh9 fvgj dh ft0hnj# )t +* th '(fthjh/h ;ngh(jj9 )fnvh(+ht/* )v Ch(vl# dh v(h0h )h )v ';jnh dh t)flf th nvt(h3tj9 lj'+h3th!th dh ,v)tthlh '*0;nth3tj# 3j t+tfhl th vhj
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&A8
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Nv dft( 'f+tvl dh tt;tht /jlh t '(h)hdtt ;n+* f+'*2vl Ch(vlvj# )j ft'tvl dh t fj f,2jnvt t(hj vj)tf(jj +t(*lv)jth t+v'(t )hlf( 0tj 0t(j t(hj dv30tnj# ;nv*2;ndv!nh +* ;nvjngh0 ;ntjnth dh t nh )v0jnh)t9 vj)tf(jt '(h0ht(g* t(jv0fvlvj# (*0;n* ,j(vjt* )t(nht ;n 0;n)*(v(jlh# lv0ht ;n ,fg*2jjlh 3j djtvflvl ;n t(vfjjlh lf(9 tftt* vjt2t nft+t(* +* t(jv0fh t+v'(t 'l*)h(jj# jnth(h+vlvj 3j t(vfjhj. Df0nvl n!t t))h'ttt f+'*2vl )tl' tl djtvflvlvj# d(h't )t(h $!t df,;ndjt 'h!t)hlt +h(vjt dh )*t(h ;ngh(j9 t)hlt ;j ffh(ht 'jht(h d(h't ';jnh# jt( t)h3tjt ;j ffh(* ';jnh d(h't 'jht(h. td* lt 0t+t Rhghlvj )jnh t ;nvjn+ (hgj @7. Cfn+jdh(*!th t+t*/j jnvjttt ;n 'v+tjt lv0jj t)h+thjt lt ';jnht Ch(vlvj9 tv;nd t th t3h/t lt 0t+t Rhghlvj# vh/j dt)* tj ;nvjn+ (hgj# vj)jjlh )h df0nhtv t+v'(t tt9 nv 0tj vhnj )v fjt(h dh (f, lt 0t+t lj,h(t*2jj ;ntjn+* dh )*t(h Fjvl lvj Dv0nh/hv. Cjnh t(h,vjh +* 0*n;n)h )v Dv0nh/hv 3j 'h Dv0nh/hv ;n+v3j +* nv vjn* +*tvl dh ,v)tthlh lv0jj# )*)j nv vhj gv+tt ';jnht ;ngh(jlf( dt)* vjj ghjftvjt )v 'jht(hlh Stttnhj. PVNCTVL 5 Fjvl lvj Dv0nh/hv t +j02jt fft0h )t vn f0# dt( Ttt*l Hth(n# )t(h '(ffhtvlvj +*v j!t t(j0j+ ';jnh '(jnt(!vn )f(,@%# t/j ;j t(j0jth Fjvlvj +*v 0vlt jv,jt h(tn* '(jn +lvjjtf(jj +*j t(j't2j9 )h 0;n)t(h t ff+t# nv +h +'vnh# (*0;n* +* 0hdjth/j tv9 +jgv( h )* nv vt fj lj'+jt ';jnht# dh v(h0h )h ;ngh(jj h(tv t)flf# 3j )*# tv;nd vn Fjv ;nff0httt 3j tt;t dh jv,jt# Ttt*l Djvjn ;l vt fj ;nt(h)vt )v 0vlt 'h )hl tl fjvlvj (j+j'jtf(. F(j);t t( fj ff+t ;n+* dh +tvv(ft+* 0;n)t(ht ;ngh(jlf(# nv +vfh(* )f0't(t2jh )v )ht 'h )t(h t/j 2j!f ffh(* 2jh ;n+v3j St*';nvl lf(9 lvj ;j h3tj ft+'hth 3j Hl ;n+v3j 2j +h d* 'h +jnh )t h(tn*. Cv0'*nh3th )v )h ,v)v(jh th!tj t3h/t tl*tv(j dh Df0nvl ;n 'v+tjh# )v )h 'l*)h(h tj 0;n)t djn ';jnht t)hht vhnjt* djn Ch(9 hj
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48

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&A6
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HDJTTDJT 3;

&A5

;nflf(jt. R*+'vnd* ;n+* P(ffhtvl Rhgh+) 3j /j)*> =T)h+tt )t(h vjnh 3h/;nd 'h vn 0*g*(v3 h+th )hl (jdj)tt ;n +ltv* 'h t(j'jlh hh(vvj0jlf(." R*+'vnd* 0j(ht+t> =T)h+tt# tl, )v nhvjnfv*2jt lvj 3j (v0hn )v jv,j(ht lvj# h+th tlh+vl djnt(h /h)j dh 0jj." Zj)* Ptvhl> =T)h+tt 'h )t(h!$ '(f+l*vh+) 'f'ft(hlh h+th )hl tdf(tt dh )*t(h )hthlh ;ngh(h3tj." Vf(,ht+)* J+tjt> =T)h+tt )t(h v0,l* ;n)fnjv(tt dh )f'jj h+th Dv0nh/hvl F3tj(jlf(." Dt(# f# tv# +vflhth# ;nt(ht,*> =Cjnh ft(h h Df0nvl t)h+tt )t(h t/j jnt(* ;n td;n)vl 'jh'tvlvj 0hv# t(jv0f;nd t+v'(t jnj0jj 0hlhO" T+)vlt* )v0 ;2j (*+'vndh )(hdjn2t> =Chl )h vjnh ;n)hj+ ;nt(!f F+tjh h Dv0nh/hvl v(jt3 )t(h nv ;jj)t'h!n vnjvh(+9 )hl )h vjnh +v, v*lvl t))jdhnthlf( h+th fgljndt ;n )t(h +h '(jvh3th Ttt*l9 )hl 'h )t(h!$ tdf(* ft)vlt*2jlh ttlh h+th )hl 'h )t(h!$ jv,h+) jh(t(hjjlh t(j'tth." Dt)* 'f'ft(hlh ;l '(f+l*vh+) t3t f*(* +*!$ )vnft+)*# dt)*!$ t)lt0* '(vn)jj# tv# )t(h!$ )vnf3tj# )v )h ft+t +h )tdh ft(h +*!$ '(j0h3tjO Cv );t* +t(*lv)j(h +*!$ t3h/j 'h t(fnvl jnj0jj ttlhO PVNCTVL 5 Zgvdvjt+)*!+h )htttht tftt*# vnjj td0j(;nd t(jv0fvl 3j tl2jj '(*/nvjndv!$9 /gvdvjt+)*!2j!+h l*vnt(vl# jnthlh)tvl td0j(h 3j vfjn2t t(d*9 v0'lh!2j!+h jnj0t dh ,v)v(jh 3j (*(vn)hjj dh dvjf3jh9 +)ftt* +t(jg*(j lj0,t 3j t'ltvdh 0;jnjlh9 dt)* t)flf!+ t(vn)tth 0tntjjlh 'h '*0;nt# ;ntjn+h fjh tj)j ,*jh(jlh jnj0jj9 t)hjt flvtv(* (t0v(j dh fjnj) ;n )vnvnj# ;ntl2* tv (t0v(jlh dh fjnj) ,j(vjtft(h tlh 'ttj0jlf( ttlh ;nf(;nth# (t0v(j tlh '*)jj l*vnt(j)h9 '(vn)jj f(tgh/j '*(*+ht+)* +;njj 0t0hlf( 3j# )v lj0,j ,;jgvjtft(h# '(*/nvjt+)*!$ 'h C(httf(vl lf(9 lht'*d* tv +;njj 0h3th(hj ttlh 2*(;nt 3j fflf+h3th!2j ,v/hlh )t +* );n2j# /j);nd> =Bjnh)vv;nttt fjj# Rhgh 3j Df0n tl 0hv# )t(h vjj t(jv0f;nd ;n nv0hlh Df0nvlvj9 fjj lt fhl dh ,jnh vhnjt ;n (*(vn)hjj 0hj# 'h );t h3tj dh df(jt ;n jnj0t 0ht9 t(jv0f* t+v'(t +vflhtvlvj 0hv 3j tvtv(f( ft)vlt*2jlf( +tlh# )fn+t)(;ndv!lh 3j 0tj 0vlt dh t/j ;ntjnth t'ltvd*(jj 3j +lvjj(jj ttlh." PVNCTVL & Dt(# vtj# C(j+tf+# dv'* )h!t ff+t tt;t dh t)lt0tt dh tf2j# n!t ff+t dh nj0hnj '(j0jt. Nv +!t g*+jt nj0hnj )t(h +*!j ffh(h 0*)t( vn vnghh( ;n )t+t lvj# 0*)t( f ;0,v)*tv(* lt 0t+t lvj9 tftth t'ltv/hlh +!tv (hdv+ lt vf(,h# n!tv t(h)vt lt ft'th. Chj )h l!tv ;n)fnjv(tt lt t(jv0f l!tv t,tndfntt lt nhvfjh9 n!t 0tj t'*(vt nj)j vn )f'jl# )*)j t3t dj+'t(# ;nt(!f )lj'jt*# htt;(v(jlh f0hnh3tj. Sjngv( h Df0nvl ;n )t+t Ttt*lvj# )t(h h 'v(v(j dh+)hj+* fjjlf( +*j. F# )h ,vn '(jlhj# +vflhth tl 0hv# )t +* th t'(f'jj tv 3j +*!j ffh(j +*lt3vl t*v +*(0tnQ L!tj ;nt;0'jntt )v t'ltv/h9 fjj +tttf(nj) ;ndttf(jtf( )v hl# ffh(*!j )t+t tt# )*)j# )t Rhgh tt;t dh 0t(h# vt tdv)h hl 0;n)t(ht 3j th vt t3h/t tl*tv(j dh hl 3j!n lf)vl lt'thlvj dh '(vn) lt )t(h!tj (hnvn2tt# ;2j vt ;ntjndh vjnvl ,*(,t2jlf( 'vth(nj)j9 gv(t )h +!t ;n)hj+ dh+f*t*(jlf( '(fftnh# dh+)hjd*!+h ltvdhlf( djvjnh9 lj0,t )h!$ 0*(j;n)* v(0h/h +*!$ '(ht0*(ht+)* 3j d(ht'tt (h)vnf3tjn2* fjh 'h 0*+v(t 'l*)h(jj9 nv fj tv djnt(h t)hjt )t(h t/j ;l ;nt;0'jn* ;n t(jv0f 3j 0;jnjlh!$ dv) +*!$ (*+tjgnht+)*.

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3j )v f)hj dh vvltv(# ;l '(jvh3th )fnth0'l;ndv!$ dh lt )hl 0tj ,l;nd +;n9 Jvdt +)hj0,* 0;n)t(ht# '(hf*);nd )hl 0tj djvjn htt;( ;n )ht 0tj jnv0tn* nh(h)vnf3tjn2t9 Jftn +h fdjhnh3th (h/h0tt lt 'jh'tvl ;nv*2*tf(vlvj +*v. Cv0'*nh3th dh );th f(j tj vhnjt tv lt Sf;ntt Cf0vnjvnh )t Jvdt# );t dh (t( )t Jftn. C;t dh ;0'*tj0jt dh ,vnv(jlh '*0;nth3tj# );t dh 'jh(dvt dh jf+nj)hlh dh+f*t*(jQ Cv t(*dt(ht ;n +;ngh# +* +)hj0,j 'h vn jnth(h+ jf+nj)# 'h f (*/,vnt(h 0;(3tv*# 'h f dh+f*tt(h 0v(dt(*# ,fg*2jt Ch(v(jlf(# Mjhlvl lvj Dv0nh/hv# ,v)v!
46

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HDJTTDJT <1

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(jt ;ngh(jlf(. ;nvt2*!th 0jnth dh!t)v0 ;n)flf 3j +;(gvjh3th +* vjj nv )t Jvdt# 'h(fjd# )j )t Jftn# '(h2vjtf( tl htt;(v(jlf( djvjnh# df,;ndjnd fh(j)j(j 3j ,v)v(;ndv!th dh (*+'l*tj(j. PVNCTVL 6 Jvdt t jh3jt 'h v3* dv'* )h $!t ;n)hj+ 'h Mjhlvl lvj Dv0nh/hv ;n (*(vn)hjj +*j nh0jlf3j9 d* vn )h( 'h vn jtd9 nv +h fdjhnh3th )t Jftn# 'hnt(v )*!n vjnj nv!j fdjhn*. Dhvhnjt# t3tdt(# djn v)hnj) (*+f*2tt tl Df0nvlvj# )*'hthnjh t dv30tnjlf( t)h+tvjt# 'lht)* djnt(h )hj 0tj ,vnj '(jhthnj 3j +h dv)h lt nh'(jhthnj9 lt t+h0hnht hBt(h0h tjvngh )jnh )tdh djnt(!vn 0t(h lf) ;ntlt. =Ch v(h2j +*!0j dt2j 'hnt(v f0vl t)hlt < lh +'vnh hl <# )*)j 'h 'v2jn vj!$ v;ndO" j!j vf( fj (*+'vn+ dv30tnjj> =Phnt(v );t ft)h hl# lt f(j)h '(h2 h +)v0'." Cv0'*nh3th t)v0 dj+'(h2vl dh nh)(h/vt 'h )t(h!$ nvt(h+) '*)*tf3jj ft2* dh Dv0nh/hv9 );t dh 'v2jn '(h2vjh+) hj tf)0tj )h vtlf(ht/* )hl 0tj 0vlt9 '(hfh(* f dh+f*tt(h jf+nj)*# vn Bt(t,t ;n+h0n;nd tftv3j 0vlt# 3j t+tt +h!nt;0'l* /jlnj). ;n)hj'vjh3th!2j tv# +vflhth# )* th t'(f'jj dh Jvdt 3j!j +'vj> =Vjndh!0j!l 0jh# v;n/*tf(vlh# )* 2j!$ vfj 'l*tj )v +vflhtvl 3j )v vjt2t# ;2j vfj dt tftth );th +;nt 3j tft )h +;nt hv# 'hnt(v )* h Dv0nh/hvl 0hv 3j tftth )hlh tlh 0hlh# 3j hv vnvl 3tjv );t ft)h 3j );t ;0j h dh t(h,vjn)jf+." Cv0'*(*!$# +vflhth# lt f(j)h '(h2# 3j 0*n;n)*!$ )t 'h f ';jnh dh )v0'*(tt# )* h 0tj gv+tft+*# f(j dh fv(tt# )* h 0tj dvl)h# )j +ttj# nv t(h,vjh +*!$ )v0'h(j# fjjnd)* 2j +h d* g(ttj+. Vhnj2j 3j )v0'*(t2j f*(* t(gjn2j 0;n)t(ht )h n!t(h '(h29 dt( jt +ht0t +* n!f vjn/j )v0vt ;n +)hj0,vl 'l*)h(jlf(# 3j nv th ;ntft()h lt v*(+*tv(t '*)tthlf( ttlh. PVNCTVL 5 Cf0't(* t)v0 ,vn*tttht jnfjnjt* t M;ntvjtf(vlvj )v )ht 0tj 0t(h nhlhgjvj(h t lvj Jvdt# 0*(jnj0jt +t )v jng(ttjtvdjnht# ,l;n!dh2ht )v +*l,*tj)jt. Jvdt vjnh ;n g(*djnt );ndvt dh flf(j# t)v0 dh +'jnj# tjvn+ )*'hthnjh t )*l*jlf(# 3j '(jnt(h (*j# )hl 0tj (*v9 +h t'(f'jh dh C(j+tf+ )v t(v'vl# dt( +h dh'*(tht/* dh hl tft 0tj 0vlt )v dvhvl 3j# ;nt(v tftvl nh(v3jntt# 'h)htlvjh3th )hj'vl djvjn )v ,v/hlh!j 0v(dt(h. F# (*v fflf+jt f,(t/# 'h )t(h t;njh+) ;ngh(jj +*!$ '(jvht+)*Q Nv!3j fh(h3th ft2t dh hl )jnh j!t 3j dtt!f dh 0;n)t(h9 nv
h +);(,jt dh gv(t lvj t)hlt )h j +!t ;n)(hdjn2tt ;n (*(vn)hj9 ,t )hjt(# )v ,vn*tttht vnvj 0jhl# ;j /j)h ='(jhthnh"9 t( fj dh!tjvn+ )t +* ;n0ftjh 3j vn djt0tnt 3j dh+tvl )t +* v0tnj/h/h 3j vn tjg(v# dt(. f# ;0'jht(j(h dh '*)*tf+ ;nd;(jjtQ =P(jhthnh < /j)h# <# 'hnt(v )h tj vhnjtO" Jvdt n!t 3tjvt 3j nj)j n!t tvvt )h +*!j (*+'vnd*. R*+'vndh!j tv );nd vjj +* th )v0jnh)j# jt t0jnth )v0 th ;nt(ht,*> =P(jhthnh# 'hnt(v )h vjj# )t +* 0* '(j0h3tj +tv )t +* 0* vjn/jO Vjj )t Jftn )hl jv,jt +tv )t v;n/*tf(vl JvdtO" Tv )h!j (*+'vn/j ft(hO Ch!2j +'vnh )vghtvlO G;ndh3th )* tj)j ;n F+tjh )t 3j t)flf ;n g(*djn* ;l tj 'h!t)hlt3j Df0n 3j nv tjvngj dft( +*!$ +*(v2j# )j 3j +1!$ '(j0h3tj 3j +*!$ 01n;n)j. Vh/j +* nv vjj )v dv30*njh# )j 'ljn dh jv,j(h> nv )t +*!$ 'jh(/j# )j )t +*!$ ;n)hj/j ;n jnj0t tt9 nv )t +*!j lhgj dh g(v0t/ 3j dh 0;jnj f(;nghjt# )j lhg*tv(jlh jv,j(jj. S;(gvjh3th +* vjj )v f 0httnjh 'ljn* dh d(tgf+th 3j )v f ,v)v(t(h )(hdjn)jft+* )t +*!$ '(j0h3tj 3j +1!$ jhj )v tjnh 'h Mjhlvl t)h+tt '(ht,l;nd. PVNCTVL & N!t tdv+ 0vl2v0j(j dv'* Sf;ntt Cjn* )hl )h t 0;n)tt nhlhgjvjt. Cv0 +* fj ff+t (h)vnf+)*tf( vn f*2t(nj)O P;jnht '(jhthnjlf( t v;ndvt!f )hlf( 0tj (*j nh'(jhthnj# )v tlth )vvjnth t t(vn)tt!f );jnjlf( tv(,t2j# 0*(g*(jtt(vl )hl 0tj '(h2jf+ tnj0tlhlf( )hlf( 0tj +'v()tth. H ;n+* dh )v0'*njt vndh t tjvn+. Hl ;n+v3j 3j!t dtt 'hdht'+t# dhvhnjndv!3j )*l*v tl t(v'vlvj# dv'* )h 3j!t ff+t )*l*v tl +vflhtvlvj. j!t +)f+ 0ft(tht djn ';jnht vjh2jj. j!t lh'*dtt (*(vn)hjj nh)v(t2j )t 'hdht'+* 'hnt(v )f0vnjvnht lvj nhlhgjvjt*. Cvght* )v0 t ff+t 'hdh'+jt )hl djnt;j )t(h +!t )v0jnh)tt ;n )hj' nhv(hdnj). T 'l*tjt )v t0,hlh vjh2j. Phdht'+t lvj fjh!2j# t3tdt(# ;nv*2t(h dh 0jnth. S;(gvjh3th +* fjj (h)vnf+)*tf( )t +* fjj jh(ttt9 dh/lhgh!2j!+h g;tlhjvl ;nt(v )vvhnjthlh ltvdh# nv!2j (*0;n*!n /,jl29 ,v/hlh )h!tv 'h)htlvjt f,(t/vl lvj C(j+tf+ )v tdhv*(tth +h0nh dh 't)h dh/lj'ht+)*!+h!n );nt*(j dh hvltvjh (h)vnf+)*tft(h ;n /jvt!n )t(h th )v0jnh)j9 nv dt nv0tjdh);t fvgt tft(* )v Df0nvl ;n jnj0*# '(h)v0 Jvdt9 ljnj3th3th!th ;n )fnth0'lt(h# '(h)v0 v)hnj)vl )hl jv,jt.
HDJTTDJT <1

&A4

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45

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MHDJTTJT &6 &A%

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&@8 CVMJNHCTFRVL

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C(j+tf+ 3j# hB)lt0;nd# +'vnh> =Df0nvl 0hv 3j Dv0nh/hvl 0hv# 0* '(hdtv9 0j!tj )v)h(jt jnj0t )v (*njlh ttlh 3j /j) )* Tv h3tj Df0nvl 0hv# Dv0nh/hvl 0hv# Rhghlh 0hv# tvvtvl 3j tftt* 0vl2v0j(ht 0ht> Dv0nh/hvl 0hv 3j tftth tlh 0hlh# )*)j ;n Tjnh +h )v'(jndh tftvl." Cv0'*nh3th t)v0t )* dt)* Tf0t nv0tj ttjng;nd (tnt djn )ft+tt Df0nvlvj t (*0t+ 0vl2v0jt# +)hj0,tt 3j ;nfl*)*(tt dh hvltvjh# tv# )t(h l!tj ttjn+ 'h tft# );nd l!tj '(j0jt# );t dh ;nfl*)*(tt 3j );t dh +)hj0,tt t( t(h,vj +* (*0;j# '*t(vn+ 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl ;n Dv0nh/hv# dh v(h0h )h Dv0nh/hv t '*t(vn+ 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl ;n tjnh9 0*(tv(j+h3th!$ d(h't Df0nvl t*v# Dv0nh/hvl# C(httf(vl# J/,*vjtf(vl# ;n)h'vtvl# 0jjlf)vl 3j +f;(3jtvl t*v9 tvvtvl t*v 3j vnj) )hnt(v tl df(jn2hlf( ttlh. PVNCTVL & Cv );t* ,vn*vfj(h 3j dh );th f(j nv +!t( ;ntft()h Tf0t +* +h ,v)v(h dh (*njlh t)hlht j0'vn*tft(h# dt)* j!t( fj ;ng*dvjtQ Ch ;n+httt t( +f(,j jt(*3j djn t)hlh j/vft(h nh+h)tth tlh 0;ng;jh(jj 3j d(tgf+thjQ Svflhth# 2jh ;2j h+th (h/h(vtt t)h+t htf;( dhf+h,jt9 0h(gj lt Sf;ntt Cf0vnjvnh t+t*/j 3j 0;jnh 3j!n fjh)t(h /j# )* th t3tht't* Df0nvl>
CVMJNHCTFRVL

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76

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470 CVMJNHCTFRVL

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472 CVMJNHCTFRVL

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h+th )* th!t '(hdh+tjntt +ltvhj +tlh# t3t )v0 )(h/j ;n ht# 3j )* f +* th (jdj)h ;n +ltv*# t3t )v0 n*d*jdvjh3tj9 '(j0h3th!$ dh)j )t 'h +v'(h0vl t*v +)f'# )*)j Hl ;2j h+th tlft 3j f0hgt9 Hl ;2j h+th 'f't+ tl 'h(hg(jn*(jlf(# fdjhn* t 0vn)jlf(# 'f(t tl 0;ntvj(jj 3j )hnt(v tl fh(j)j(jj ttlh. ;nth2h3th!2j )(hdjn2t# )*)j 'h t)hlt3j 'h )t(h tj +*!$ vh/j 3j dh )t(h tj +* th ,v)v(j ;n )h(# 'h Df0nvl t)h+tt ;n+v3j# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt ;l '*+t(h/j ;n)hj+ ;n 'jh'tvl t*v# )t /*lfg tl +ltvhj. PVNCTVL & Nv0ht+)*!+h t)h+t '(htdv0nh/hjh+) St)(t0hnt Hvht(j+tjt# )hht )h v(ht +* /j)* ,vn* 0vl2v0j(h# dhft(h)h dt(vl f*)vt nfv* dh Df0nvl fjjnd nh+f;(3jt# +h j0'vnh nh)fnthnjtt hB'(j0t(h t (h)vnf3tjn2hj djn 't(tht )hlvj )h +h )v0jnh)*9 nv hBj+t* tlt 0fd dh t!$ (h+tjtvj dv'* )h!$ '(j0h3tj f dtt* dh);t +*!$ 0tj '(j0h3tj ;n)* f dtt*> t)ht+tt h )ht 0tj 0t(h hB'(h+jh t (h)vnf3tjn2hj9 3j nv h tlt* )tlh )t +* th t)hj2j dh!tt;tht 0jlf+tjvj(j# dh);t +*!$ '(j0h3tj )v v(hdnj)jh 3j +* th )v0jnh)j# Pftj( 'hnt(v Pftj(# 3j +* 'l*th3tj lhg*0jnthlh )*t(h Df0nvl '(jn t'ltv/h 'v,lj)h# ;n ft2t ;nt(hgvlvj +*v 'f'f(# 3j nv (*0;nh tlt)hvt dh);t f 0ft(th '(h2jft+* ;nt(v Df0nvl# dv'* )h l!tj '(j0jt# )*)j h vn )hj' 0*(h2 dh!t 0vl2v0j 'hnt(v vn 0t(h dt( tl lvj Dv0nh/hv dt)* '(j0h3tj ;n)* vnvl. Th g*+h3tj ;nh)tt ;n ,jnhft)h(j# ;nht)*!th# dt(# ;n +;nghlh lvj> 0vl2v!0j!vhj t3t )v0 t(h,vjh# dt)* jv,h3tj t3t )v0 )vnf3tj. ;n fhlvl t)h+tt 'vtht!vhj +* th )v0jnh)j ;n (h'httth (;ndv(j# '(j0jndv!$ 'h Df0nvl ;nt(!f /j )t 'h C(httf(vl# 3j!n tltt )t 'h J/,*vjtf(vl t*v9 dt)* t/j )t 'h dh/vjnfv*2jtf(vl# 0;jnh )t 'h +l*vjtf(vl t*v.

MHDJTTJT &4 Ct s th c!#jnhcj +n tftth sr1tfrjlh Df#n!l!j

PVNCTVL $ Cv0'*nh3th );t dh 0t(h 2j!t( fj ff+t fh(j)j(ht dt)* tj fj ff+t dh ft2* )v )(hdjn2t )h!f df,;ndh3tj lt ttjnt t+v'(t )*(hjt 0hdjth/j. Cv );t* hvltvjh th!tj '(hg*tj 3j )v );t* ,v)v(jh tj t+j+ttQ C*)j dt)* th!t( t(h/j ;ngh(vl ;n nft'tht )ht vfjft+* t nt3th(jj# )v );t* +;(gvjn2* th!tj +)vlt# )v );t d(tg tj dt fvgt +* th ,v)v(j dh
474 CVMJNHCTFRVL MHDJTTJT &4 &4A

P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv n*+)vtQ Cv0 tj '(jndh '(jlhjvl dh t!$ vhdht 3j )fnth0'lt ;nf*3tt ;n +)vth)h 'h!t)hlt )t(h nv ;n)t'h!n )h(v(j9 )vl)tt 'h 'tjh. 'h!t)hlt )t(h +t* ;nt(h 'hnh dh hh(vvj0j# 'l;ng;nd ,v)v(jt ;ngh(jlf(Q j dh /jvt T*jh(jj!;0'(hjv(# )v0 vhj ;n+f2j )v lt)(j0jlh ttlh 'j)v(jj lvj dh +;ngh9 )v );t* 0;ng;jh(h th vhj ,v)v(t dh (*+tj0'vl dh Ch( dh 'h Tt,f(# )v0 vhj 0;nh)t ;n dj0jnht2t ;nvjh(jj ;n tfv*(*3jt 'h(ltthj tv(f(h vj(gjntlh# )t +* vh/j (*+*(jnd +ft(hlh glf(jf+ ;nt(h (v0hnhljlh vfjft+h tlh (*njlf( +tlhQ Cv )h )v(*2jh hvltvjft+* th!tj ;nt(0t )t +* v()j 'h 0vnth ;n /jvt t(jv0f*tft(hj ;n*l2*(j t Df0nvlvj 3j )v0 th!t( 0tj 'v(tt jnj0t dv'* +jnh ;n )hnt(vl )h(h+)9 )v );t* ;n);ntt(h tj '(ffjtt dh tftth t)h+th '(jlhjv(j9 )v );t* ;nfl*)*(t(h tj t+j+tt lt tftth t)h+th ttjnhQ ;nth2h3th!2j. dt(# )(hdjn2t 3j '(j)h'h )* t)hlt3j Df0n# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# 'h )t(h l!tj vhdht 3j dh )t(h th!tj ,v)v(t t)flf# 'h Hl ;n+v3j ;n 'h(+ftn* ;l tj tj)j. ;n t)h+t '(ht+f;nt St)(t0hnt# 3j dt)* t)flf ;nt(!f jh+lh# tj)j ;n Tltt(9 dt)* t)flf ;nf*3tt ;n +)vth)h# tj)j ;nt(h t))jdhnth9 t)flf g(*vnth ;n 'tjh# tj)j 0;n);ndv!2j!$ ;0'*(t*3jt9 dt)* 'h Tt,f( l!tj vhdht ;nvh30;nttt ;n /*'td*# tj)j ;0,(*)tt ;n tl,j0h9 dt)* lt ;n*l2t(h 2j l!t( t)f'h(j vn nf(# tj)j 2j!$ t+)vndh f F+tjh. S;(gvjh3th +* th '(hg*th3tj )v t)hht3j hvltvjh# dhft(h)h (htljtttht h t)hht3j9 ;nth2ht+)*!2j!+h )(hdjn2t 3j 2j +h vt t(h/j +j02j(ht9 )(ht+)*# t3tdt(# ;n tjnh ;nfl*)*(t(ht 'h 0*+v(t fh(j)j(jj ttlh. PVNCTVL 6 Cv0'*nh3th )v )h dvjf3jh ,v)v(ft+* tj jnt(t ;n Sttvlvl djn Bhtlhh0# 'h );t dh gfl dh 0f,jlh +)v0'h# 'h! tt;t dh 'ljn dh 0;n!g;jh(j. Cv );t* vhnh(t2jh d(*g*+tft+* th!tj t'(f'jt dh jh+lh 3j!tj fj ;ndvjf3tt dh Dv0nh/hvl ;nf0hnjt9 )v );t* g(jj* j!tj +tt ;n '(htj0*9 )v );t* tfh)2jvnh th!tj ,v)v(t dh hlQ j nh0vl2v0jndv!th +*!$ '(jvh3tj# th!tj t'(f'jt )t +*!$ ttjngj 3j +*!$ ;0,(*2j3h/j# '(vn) gjngt3# jt( tv ;ndvjf3tt. ;nth2h3th!2j# dt(# )(hdjn2t# ;n+vflh2h3th!2j ;n)(hdh(ht 0flh3jt* 3j t'(f'jh!th t/j# dt)* nv dh jh+lh# dh Tltt(. Nv th 0vl2v0j +*!$ +*(v2j 3j +*!$ +t(;ngj ;n ,(t2h# )j +*!$ 0*n;n)j. Jnf*3v(*!$ ;n ,tjh(jlh jnj0jj 3j +t(;ngh!$ )hjt( ;nl*vnt(vl 'jh'tvlvj t*v9 dt)* lt T*jh(ht!;0'(hjv( l!tj vhdht v*(+;nd 'h(lh ;n lt)(j0j 3j (v,jnh ;n +;ngh# (*+)v0'*(t(h '(h2jft+* t +vflhtvlvj t*v# )v0 th!t( 0tj )v'(jndh 0jltQ F*(* ;ndfjtl* )* t)ht jnj0*# )t(h ;nt(h)h djt0tntvl ;n t*(jh# +!t( ;n0vjt dh +;nghlh Mjhlv3hlvlvj (*njt# ';n*

);nd +!t( dj+tjlt ;n f(;ntv(j '(jn f)hj. Cvlhgh t/j nv dft( );thvt 'j)*tv(j djn +;nghlh lvj# )t ttvn)j# )j 'h tft ;n jnj0t tt# 3j dt)* t)flf ;n)h()j +*!$ ljnj3th3tj# +t(;ng;ndv!$ lt 'jh't# 'vnh!2j!$ t+t*/j )hjt( ;n hl. Dt)* 'h Tt,f( tj lh3jnt );nd l!tj vhdht Sft(h tl f(v0v+h2jj 3j )hl 0vlt l!tj '(jvj dh dh't(th# )fnth0'l*!$ t/j dh t'(ft'h9 fjh 'jh'tvl t*v vn Tt,f(# jt( jnj0t tt Cf(tvl# hB)lt0;nd )v Sf;ntvl Pht(v> =Dft0nh# tj)j +;nth0 ;nt(!tdhv*(# Tv ;n 0jnh 3j hv ;n Tjnh." Tj)j ;2j +t* lt dj+'f/j2jh ;nvjtt9 vjnf# ;n tfv*(*3jt Mtj)jj Fh)jft(h# +* th ,v)v(j dh t(tndtfj(jj 0j(h+0t2j tj (*njlf( +tlh# +* (h)vnf3tj# '(jn t*jhtv(jlh fjh(vlvj ;n )t(nh# td;n)v(jlh dv0!nh/hj(jj# 3j nv!2j ;ng*dvjh dft( +*!$ ttjngj 3j +*!$ tdf(j# )j 3j +*!$ 'vj ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. F'(h3th!$ tj)j# lt fhl dh +l*vjt )v0 +h!n*l2t lt Ch(# 3j )fndv!$ ;n jnj0t tt# )*)j nv 2j +h vt +*l*3lvj )t t)flf# )j!2j vt jnt(t!n (*(vn)hj t(jv0f*tf(9 fjh!2j 'jh'tvl vn )h(# t(h/h3th!2j )(hdjn2t 3j vhj ;0'(f+'*tt +tvv(t(ht tvtv(f( t)h+tf( ttjnh# )*)j ttvn)j );nd th )v0jnh)j# 'h Df0nvl ;n+v3j# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# ;l tj tj)j# ;ntf)0tj )v0 l! tj vhdht 3j th!tj ,v)v(t dh Hl ;n tftth t)h+th ;0'(hjv(*(j. PVNCTVL 5 S;(gvjh3th +* +)f2j '(jn t)ht+t* Cf0vnjvnh tftth fflft+hlh 'h )t(h lh!tj +)ftth dt)* th!tj tflt dh ft2* lt ttjnt )hlh,(tt* 3j# dh v(h0h )h!$ tj 'h t)hlt3j Df0n# ;n )hj' (htl 3j )v tdhv*(tt# 'h )t(h l!tj tvht t)flf# )h(h!j t)hlht3j 0jlf+thnjj9 ;nvt2* +* )h(j )vj 3tjh tt;t dh ,jnh +* dht. Cv )h t0jntj(h tj (*0;nh dt)* l!tj vhdht 'h Dv0nh/hvl 3j Df0nvl t*v 3j th!tj ,v)v(t dh Hl ;n f(j)t(h djnt(h ttjnhlh t)h+thtQ Fjh!2j# '(jn v(0t(h# lt fhl dh 0t(h ,v)v(jt# dh v(h0h )h 0t(h ;2j h fh(j)j(ht. Ch n!tj ft)h ttvn)j )t +* 2j!f 'fvh+th3tjO T(tt*!2j (h)vnf3tjn2t t)v0# )*)j nv 2j!h j0'v+* t*)h(ht# )t T'f+tfljlf( 'h 0vnthlh Tt,f(# )j ;2j h )hh0tt* hvltvjt ;nt(v ltvdhlh djvjnh. =Ch +*!j dtv hv Df0nvlvj < +'vnht P(ffhtvl (hgh < ;n +)hj0,vl tt;tf( 0jlf+thnjjO" Pftj( 'hnt(v Pftj(# fjh t)ht+t* Cf0vnjvnh 0vl2v0j(h 'hnt(v )ht t(h)vt*# t3t )v0 t)hht t ff+t f(;ndvj(h 'hnt(v t)ht+tt. Cjnh!t( fj ;n +tt(h +* th +)ftt* djn +ttvl# f dtt* ;n*vnt(v )v '*+tf(jjO Cjnh ft(h +*

th )f,ft(h dh 'h 0vnth )v v)hnj)jjO Cjnh +* th dv)* dh lt 0f(0;nt )v M*(jjlhO Tj)j tj tftth t)h+tht ;n Tltt(# 3j )hjt( 0tj t'(ft'h# tdj)* ;n 'jh'tvl t*v9 ljnj3th3th!th ;n 0hdjtt2jh 3j +t*(vjh ;nt(v l*vdt(ht 3j '(f+l*vj(ht Df0nvlvj. T0jn.
&4@ CVMJNHCTFRVL

MHDJTTJT &7 Ct s th c!#jnhcj dh sr1tfrjlh Sfjn jlfr

J!jh+nh t( fj# dt( '(ht lvng# +* '(hg*th3tj );th f 0hdjtt2jh +'h)jtl*# )t +* th )v0jnh)j dh +*(,*tft(ht fjh)*(vj Sf;nt9 fjh)t(h vt 'vtht dh)j +*!3j tlhtg* djnt(h )hlh '(f'v+h 'h )ht 0tj 'ft(jvjt* /jlhj 3j vjh2jj Sf;ntvlvj9 dt)* ;n+* )vjvt j +!t( '*(ht )* +!t( )v0jnh)t ;n )hj' 0tj hvltvjf+ ;n th0hjvl vnvj g;nd 0tj t'(f'jtt dh t)ht +*(,*tft(h# vt tlhgh ttvn)j vn 0f0hnt +tv f ;0'(hjv(t(h djn vjt2t Sf;ntvlvj t(0fnj/tt* )v Cf0vnjvnht 3j f vt dj+'vnh +v, ff(0* dh 0hdjtt2jh# '(h)v0 v(0ht/*> PVNCTVL $ G;ndh3th!th lt v(hvn htt;( t't(th 'h )t(h j $!t f*)vt Df0nvl t)h+tvj Sf;nt9 ,vn*ft(*# dt)* t(h,vjh +* th )v0jnh)j dh /jvt Sf;ntvlvj Jt)f, )hl Mt(h# )v0'*nh3th )v0 $!t lvtt C(j+tf+ )v +jnh 'h 0vnthlh Tt,f( 3j j!t ;0'*(t*3jt +ltvt +t9 ;ntft()h!th t'fj 3j g;ndh3th!th )v );t 0tj 0t(h h htt;(vl 'h )t(h 2j<$ t)f(d* 2jh Df0nvl# dh v(h0h )h nv dft( ;2j ;ng*dvjh +*!j fjj tl*tv(j# )j jnt(*!n 'jh'tvl t*v9 +;(gvjh3th# t3tdt(# +* th '(hg*th3tj# j0jt;ndv!$ 'h Sf;nt# )v vj(tv2j nhf,j3nvjth# )t +* df,;ndh3tj htt;(v(j tt;t dh dhf+h,jth. Ph Sf;ntvl Mtthj $!t )hh0tt )t +* 0ht(g* ;0'(hvn* lt hl t)t+* 3j +!t l*+tt 'fftjt dh hl9 'h tjnh th )hht0* t/j Df0nvl ;n+v3j# jnt(*!n 'jh'tvl t*v 3j th ;0,jh )v t(v'vl +*v '(h2jf+. Ph Sf;ntvl Fjlj' $!t ;nt(h,tt dh vndh t( 'vtht ft)h (f+t dh ';jnht 'hnt(v )hj )jn)j 0jj dh ft+'h2j9 'h tjnh nv th 'vnh ;n djfj)vlttth# )j ;2j ffh(* ';jnht Ch(vlvj. Ch ,v)v(f+ +!t +j02jt Sf;ntvl Tnd(hj );nd $!t v*/vt 'h Df0nvl 3j $!t tv/jt 'h Jftn Bfth/*tf(vl +'vn;nd> =Jtt*!$ 'h Mjhlv3hlvl Df0nvlvjQ" S!t dv+ nv0tjdh);t dv'* hl 3j $!t ;nt(h,tt vndh lf)vjh3th9 t+)vlt* )v0 3j 2jh ;2j +'vnh t)hlt3j lv)(v '(hftvl );nd vjj 3j!$ 0*n;n)j )hjt( 'h Mjhlvl Df0nvlvj. Bv)v(*!th dh nf(f)vl t*v )hl ,vn dh /jvt Sf;ntvlvj Mtthj 3j '(hg*th3th!th )t vn vt+ tlh+ dh /jvt Sf;ntvlvj T'f+tfl Ptvhl# dhft(h)h t(h,vjh +* 'f(2j ;n 'jh'tvl t*v nv dft( nv0hlh# )j 3j t(v'vl Df0nvlvj9 +;(gvjh3th# t3tdt(# +* th '(hg*th3tj '(h)v0 t)h3tj d(h'2j# )*)j dt)* hj tv f*)vt!f )t +* '(j0ht+)* htt;(v(jlh Df0nvlvj# tv 'h Df0nvl ;n+v3j# j/vf( tl tvtv(f( 0jlf+thnjjlf(.
MHDJTTJT &7 477

PVNCTVL 6 Cv0'*nh3th )v0 tv '(h2vjt Sfjn2jj t)h3tjt ,vn*vfjn2hlh Df0nvlvj 3j )v0 tv 3tjvt t lh df,;ndj9 )vnft3th htt;(vl tt;t dh nhf,j3nvjt 'h )t(h 2j!$ ft)h t/j# ;nvt2* +* th ,v)v(j dh hl 3j +* fjj (h)vnf+)*tf(9 ;n)jngh!th# t3tdt(# ;n ff)vl jv,j(jj# )t Ltv(hn2jv# 3j vh/j )* dt)* hl 3j!t )f't t(v'vl 'hnt(v 0t+t lvj Dv0nh/hv# t/j Df0nvl ;3j )ft)h t(v'vl lt ff)vl jv,j(jj 'hnt(v h(tnt tt. Dt)* Jgnt2jv +h )fn+jdh(t g(;v 0*)jntt ;nt(h )fl2jj fjt(hlf(# )t +* fjh ';jnh tl,* 3j )v(tt*# Df0nvl 2j +h d*(vjh ;n )hj' dh ';jnh 0*)jntt* ;n Pttj0jlh +tlh 3j )ft't* ;n jv,j(h. Dt)* Sf;ntvl Bt(tflf0hv 3j!t +h(vjt lt f+'*2vl )hl vh3nj) t(v'vl jv'vjt# Df0nvl ;2j ;nf*2j3ht/* )t 0;h)t(h t(v'vl +*v# ;nvjnh2jt tft 3j (*njt9 dt)* Sf;ntvl Jt)f, h(t )fn+;nghtn )v H(j+tf+ 3j fft(th t+h0*n*tf( lvj# 3j tv h3tj )fn+;nghtn tl Df0nvlvj# dh v(h0h )h th h(*nh3tj )v )t(nht 3j +;nghlh lvj9 )tvt* +*!j fjj t+h0hnht ;n tftvl 3j )hjt( +* fjj vnvl 3j t)hlt3j lv)(v )v Hl. Dt)* Sf;ntvl Jf+jf t ff+t )hl +'f(jt ;n htt;(v(j# )hl )(h+)vt ;n fh(j)j(j# 'hnt(v )* $!t 'v(ttt dh!tt;tht f(j ;n ,(t2h 'h P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv# tv# )t(h!$ jhj ;n gv(*# ;l '*+t(h/j ;n 'jh't# )(h/j ;n dh+*v;(3j(h )t 3j ;n htt;(. Sf;ntvlvj Lv)t j!t ;ng*dvjt +* ft)* f )f'jh# 2jh )hjt( f(jgjntlvl9 ;ntj'*(h3th!2j!$ 'h ,*jh(jlh jnj0jj ttlh. PVNCTVL 5 Tf2j Sfjn2jj t)h3tjt tv tdv+ 0vl2v0j(j nhf,j3nvjth Df0nvlvj 'hnt(v ,jnhft)h(j tt;t dh nhf,j3nvjth9 thftn t +t(jgtt );nd $!t v*/vt 'h C(j+tf+ t'*(;nd ;n 'j)jft(h ;n tjndhlh Ch(vlvj9 tv j/,v)nh3th ;n ltvdh )*!$ vh/j )hjt( ;n 'jh'tvl t*v9 ltvd*!$ )v Sf;ntt Th(h/t# fjjnd)* Hl +!t )*+*tf(jt )v +vflhtvl t*v 3j $!t ;0'fdf,jt )v gjvvtjh(hlh +)v0'h tlh vj(tv2jlf(. Dt)* Sfjnthj H)tth(jnt j!t dtt vh(jghhtt dh tv(# 2jh 'fdft,t +ltvhj. Vj0h3th!th )v Sf;ntvl Tvgv+!tjn dh ft'tvl )* t)ht 0t(h j0hn+* t lvj Dv0nh/hv ;n)t'h ;n g(ft't )ht 0j)* t 'jh'tvlvj t*v. P(f+l*vh3th!$ )v Sf;ntvl Jgnt2jv 'hnt(v )t nv nv0tj lt Rf0t# )j '(htvtjndhnj +*!2j fjh ,jnhvfjtf( 3j '(jhlnj)9 )hl )t(h Sf;ntvlvj F(tn)j+) j!t ;ntj'*(jt +tjg0tthlh +tlh# jt( Sf;htvlvj Bh(nt(d 3j!t t(*ttt )ft+tt# t/j 2j +h ffh(* 2jh 'h dh!t!nt(hgvl 3j 2j +h!ntj'*(h3th ;n jnj0*> ;nvt2* +*!2j (h)vnf3tj htt;(vl 3j vhj 3tj +*!$ '(h2vjh3tj# +;(gvjnd +*!$ df,;ndh3tj 3j +* 0vl2v0h3tj 'hnt(v hl ;n tf2j vh)jj. T0jn.
47#
C" JNHC7TFR"#

MHDJTTJT &% Rh2!#tt tl #!ltfr tltfr #hdjtt jj

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'hnt(v )* th!tv )f+ttt 0vn)*# f,j3nvjh+) t t(h/j f 0tj 0t(h hvltvjh. T+tfhl> PVNCTVL $ G;ndh3th!th lt d(tgf+tht )v )t(h vn '(vn) df(h3th 'jh'tvl 0tth(n# )v );t* (;vn* +h n*'v+th3th lt hl# ;j d* ghh+ fft0ht# ;l +jlh3th tfh)2jvnht# 3j t+tfhl 'l;ngh 3j +h /,v)jv0* ';n* );nd ;l df,;ndh3th. Cv t)hht3j d(tgf+th t(h,vjh +* df(h3tj 3j tv +* tjvngj lt )v0jnh)t(h9 'l;ngj# +v+'jn*# gh0h# (ftg*!th 3j )h(h 'jh'tvl lvj C(j+tf+> 0t(h )vghtt(h t lvj Gv(* dh Tv(. Pjvjh# )t 'vjvl 'hlj)tnvlvj# dv'* 'jh'tvl +'jnth)tt tl Tvtf(vlvj vjh2jj ttlh. St(jg*# )t 'vj3f(vl )f(,vlvj );nd +h vhdh lj'+jt dh (fv* )h(ht+)*. Pffth3th# g;f;jnd )t d(v0h2vl ;n+httt# j/vf(vl dh t'h vjj9 )tvt* g(*vnthlh )f't# '(h)v0 fv(nj)v2t )ht ht(nj)* 3j '(h)v0 )*2hlvl fj(0jtv(jlh dh ';jnh dh lt 0t+t +t*';nvlvj +*v> ;n t)h+t fhl h3tj dttf( +* th '(hg*th3tj# )v lt)(j0j 3j +v+'jnv(j# )v +j02j(j 3j +t(*dtnjj# )v (vg*)jvnj 3j )t/nh# 'hnt(v Sf;ntt Cf0vnjvnh# )*)j )v );t 0tj jnthn+h vf( fj df(jn2hlh )v )t(h vhj vhnj# )v tt;t 0tj ;0'ljnjth vf( fj (ftdhlh 'h )t(h lh vhj f,2jnh. PVNCTVL 6 Cv0'*nh3th (;vnt )v )t(h 0jhlv3hlvl )hl gjngt3 tlht(g* +* t'v)h 2;2t 0tj)jj +tlh# )v );t* d(tgf+th t(tgh dh ht# )v );t* 'l*)h(h +vgh djn ht9 vjnf lt Sf;ntt Cf0vnjvnh )v tft tt;tt +;(g dv'* nhvfjt tt# )v tft tt;tt 'l*)h(h );t* )vnf3tjn2*9 d* fvgt )v jv2htlt 'vjvlvj )t +* )jvgvlht+)* ,f,vl djn )jf)vl 0tj)jj +tlh jv,jtft(h )t(h!l )hht0*# (h)vlhg;ndv!th t'fj +v, t(j'jlh ,(t2hlf( lvj C(j+tf+ ;ntjn+h 'h C(v)h. N*'v+th3th!th )v 'l*)h(ht ,flntvvlvj ;n+httt t+v'(t 'tht(vlvj )v lht) (*)f(jtf(. T'(f'jh!th )v v3v(t(ht d(v0h2vlvj (h,hgjt dh ff)vl )h! $ f)(fth3th. Stvv(ht/*# gv+t*# 0*n;n)* 3j dh+f*tht/*!th )v t)ht+t* ';jnh )h(ht+)*# ;0,jn;nd 'l*)h(ht )v );3tjgvl# ;n)h();nd gv+tv(jlh )hlh+th 3j df,;ndjnd ;n0vl2jthlh fflft+h.
HDJTTDJT 51

&4%

. PVNCTVL 5 Mvl2v0h3th!j Df0nvlvj )t(h th!t h(*njt )v t(v'vl 3j )v +;nghlh +*v# t+h0hnht )f'jlvlvj )t(h# dv'* )h +!t +*tv(tt dh 'jh'tvl +tvv(f+ tl 0t0hj +tlh# f ;0,(*2j3ht/* 3j!f gjvgjvlh3th. Stlvt* dh 0vlth f(j# t+h0hnht )f(*,jh(vlvj 'jh(dvt 'h 0t(h 2*(0vl vndh t j/,vtjt +* t)f+th/h9 '(j0h3th )v gh+tv(j dh 0vl2v0j(j 3j t+h0hnht )h(3htf(vlvj +*(0tn )fd(vl dh ';jnh )h!j h+th dtt /jlnj) lt 'ft(tt ,fgttvlvj# tdv);ndv!j ,jnh)vv;nt*(j. P(f+th(nht/*!th# t+h0hnht vnvj (f, (*+)v0'*(tt# lt 'j)jft(hlh vnj)vlvj t*v J/,*vjtf(. P(j0h3th!$ 'h Df0nvl )t 'h vn ttt*# f(tth# '(jhthn# tvf)tt# gt(tnt# nt3# '(fth)tf(# +'(jjjn# +ft(h )h th lv0jnht/*# 'f(t )h th '(j0h3th# t/jl )h th f'lf3h3th# )hnt(v ;n )t(h th fdjhnh3tj# ;n)h'vt tl tvtv(f( tvv2jjlf( ttlh# 0jjlf) tl tvtv(f( fh(j)j(jlf( 3j +f;(3jt tl tvtv(f( df(jn2hlf( ttlh ;n tf2j vh)jj. T0jn.

MHDJTTJT A8 Ct s "rj#h5tj Prhtsfnt!l Stcrt#hnt ct vjttj)7A

PVNCTVL $ Cfn+jdh(*!th ;n)* dh 'h t)v0# jv,jth f(tth# 'h 'j)jf( dh 'lh)t(h djn vjt2t t)ht+tt 0v(jtft(h )*t(h )ht vh3nj)* 3j jt t0jnth )*# 'hnt(v f )*l*tf(jh tt;t dh lvng*# h nhvfjh dh 0t(h '(hg*tj(h )v tftth )hlh# ;ndhf+h,j )v t)ht+t* ';jnh t vjh2jj# 'hnt(v 't+vl 0f(2jj ttlh t'(f'jtth. T(h)j djn lv0ht t+tt ;nt(!tltt# djn 'ttvl dh tj)j lt t(j,vntlvl lvj Dv0nh/hv> vh/j# t3tdt(# )v0 t(h,vjh +* th ;nt(0h/j )v f S'fvhdtnjh ,vn* 3j dh'ljn* 3j )v f fjh(,jnth 3j +f;ntt Cf0vnjvnh. =S)ftl* dh 0*n;n)* 3j ,ht < j!t +'v+ ;ngh(vl '(ffhtvlvj Jljh <# )* lvng*!2j h+th )tlht." T+)vlt* )v0 t)hlt3j lv)(v 2j!$ +'vnh 3j 2jh ;ngh(vl vnvj ,vn dvhfvnj)# )t(h th dh/t0*gh3th dh '(j0hjdjt tt> =Jv,jth f(tth# ;ntl2*!2j jnj0t lt Dv0nh/hv# dh lt
7A

ThBtvl 0hdjtt2jhj h '(h+*(tt )v )jttth djn Vhchj!l 3j 0tj tlh+ Nf!l Thstt#hnt :dh hB. JD Rh$j- $%#49 Pstl#jA L!ct- $7#$59 $7# 57!&59 $A#6$9 $A#669 65# &6!&59 6#6%9 65#&@9 Ft"th ht).C S'(h t '*+t(t )fh(hn2t thBtvlvj 3j t t(gv0hntt2jhj f(jgjntlh# v(0*0 ;n t(tdv)h(ht nft+t(* vh(+jvnjlh lj,h(h 3j jnth('(htttjvh tl lvj G(t)j1n# )hjt( dt)* vnhf(j lv*0 )t 'vn)t dh 'lh)t(h Bj1ljt Sf. Sjnfd.
&78 CVMJNHCTFRVL

)(httv(j lt C(httf(# dh lt '*0;nt lt Ch(# dh lt )hlh '*0;nth3tj lt )hlh vh3nj)h# nv 3tjj dt)* th vhj 0tj (jdj)t djn 'ttvl t)h+tt# 0*n;n)* ,jnh# )* th t3tht't* vn d(v0 lvng 3j '(j0hjdjf+9 vh/j )* tj dh ,*tvt )*(*(j nh0tj,*tvth# t*(10v(j nh0tjv*/vth dh tjnh# )tvt* +* +*v;(3h3tj Cv0jnh)*tv(t t)ht+tt )t 3j )v0 t( fj )ht dh 'h v(0*# )v dh+*v;(3j(jlh )hlhj fjntlh# 'vn;ndv!2j ;n jf) tftt* hvltvjt. Jt +ht0t )*!2j jhj (*0t+ ,vn dh lt )v0jnh)*tv(*9 ft)*!+h v*djt* d(tgf+tht tt 'hnt(v t)h+t P(ht+f;nt St)(t0hnt '(jn dvjf3jt )v )t(h ;l '(j0h3tj 'hnt(v vltj0t dtt*9 t2jnth3th!2j t+v'(t t)h+thj 2jnth f)hjj )h tt;t dh )v(;nd 2j +h vf( ;n)hjdh )t +* nv 0tj vtd* nj)jfdtt* ;n vjt2t t)ht+tt 0v(jtft(h9 fjh nh+h)tth j/vft(h dh 'l;n+ t+t*/j )hlh )h 0;jnh vf( t(h,vj +* +h)h9 gv(t tt# )t(h tt;t dh )v(;nd vt +* +h ;n)hjd* 'hnt(v t nv +h 0tj dh+)hjdh nj)jfdtt*# dh+)hjdh!2j!f t/j 3j l*(gh3th!2j!f ,jnh )t +* 2j!f v0'lh dh dvl)ht2* h(tnt t)ht+tt +tvv(ft+*9 jt t0jnth )* h 0tn* t+)vn+* 3j t(h +*!2j ;ndvl)ht+)* t0t(t ,*vtv(* t 0f(2jj )h th!t0hnjn2* djn )lj'*!n )lj'*. St(jgh!2j lj0,t# )h(;nd jh(tt(h# ';n* nv +h lj'h3th dhtft dh )h(vl gv(jj9 'jh'tvl )h!2j (*gv3h3th tft 0tj (*v +)ftt* +v+'jnh dh dv(h(h9 jnj0t )h!2j vt +f;(3j tt;t dh )v(;nd )t h(tn* 'hnt(v vjh(0j h(*nht+)*!+h djn T(v'vl )hl tdhv*(tt tl lvj C(j+tf+# )t(h +!t nv0jt 'h +jnh vjh(0h tl '*0;ntvlvj9 0*(vnttjhlh ttlh# )h!3j 'jh(d )lj'* dh )lj'* (*+vflvl vjh2jj# 0;ng;jh!+h )v t)h+t dh)f)t dh nh0v(j(h# 3j djn ;nt(hgvl t*v# jv,jth f(tth# tv# )t(h ;n +)v(t tj0' tj +* th dh+ft)j ;n 'vl,h(h 3j )hnv3*# +t(*dvjh3th!th +* th '(h+)hj0,j ;n t)h+t Df0n ;0'*(t*3jt# 'hnt(v )t ;n fhlvl t)h+tt Hl +* d*jnvjt+)* ;n tjnh 3j tv ;n

Hl f vh3nj)jh dh +ltv*." PVNCTVL 6 ;nth2h3th!2j )(hdjn2t# jv,jth f(tth# 3j g;ndh3th )* ;n F+tjt t)ht+tt ;l '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl# )t(h# 'h+th );thvt )ht+v(j# t(h +* th jvdh)h Hl ;n+v3j9 Hl vjnh t)v0t lt tjnh# 3j tv th vhj dv)h )v(;nd lt Hl9 Hl h Df0nvl )t(h ;2j vt )h(h +f)fthtl* t0*nvn2jt* 'hnt(v tftt* vjt2t tt9 djn 'ttvl dh tj)j vhj fj 'v(ttt ;ntjntht t(j,vntlvlvj +*v nh)(v2*tf(9 vh/j t3tdt(# )* t)v0t th 'ffth3th lt jh(tt(h9 dt)* ttvn)j th vt ;n!+'*j0;htt )v 'hdht'+t )ht ;nf(j)f3tt*# tj)j +h lt+* 0jtvjt 7@ )v dt(v(j9
MHDJTTJT A8 &7$ 7@ #jt!jt7 ;n thBt# sf1f#tdf- dh lt sf1f#tr- 0jtvj"# =t )f(v'h"# =t dt 3'h(2". Vn nfv hBh0'lv dh =t(tn++v,+ttn2jh(h" t njvhlvlvj lhBj)tl t(jvjtl dh (h)v'h(t(h =t Jf djvjnf" :=;n 0tnjh(* +t)(*"C t vnf( ft'th +tv t(*j(j jn)f0'ttj,jlh t't(hnt )v hB'h(jhn2t (hljgjft+*. H tj)j vn vh(jtt,jl ='tljh( 0j+tj)" tl +tjlj+tj)jj +'tnjflh djntftdhtvnt.

;nf*2j3ht/*!j jnj0t tt 'f)*jt* 3j 'ljn* dh (hg(htvl dh t!$ fj +v'*(tt9 tj)j ;nvjngj )v lt)(j0j# djn)flf nv vf( fj dh fflf+ nj)j (vg*)jvnjlh9 t(vn)*!th ;n ft2t t(j,vntlvlvj 0jlhj +tlh# nv!$ t3th'tt 'h )hl tl d(h't*2jj +tlh. Hvht(j+tjh +h nv0h3th# )hht )h v(ht +* /j)* 0vl2v0j(h 3j jh(tt(h9 nv t0jnt ';n* lt )hl tl t+'(j0jj9 tj)j h ;n )hj'vl vnvj Mjhl tnt dh ,Jnd# ;n);t ;l 0*n;n)j# t)flf ;n )hj'vl vnvj lhv tt;t dh fjf(f+# ;n);t th vt +f;(th)t dt)* th vt g*+j vjnfvtt# tj)j tt)h 3j t+)vndh vjnfv*2jjlh# t)flf tvn* 3j fvlgh(* nh;ndv(*(j. =T(vn)*!j!th lt 'j)jft(h djn tj0'# )*)j tt;tt );t ;l tvh0 < /j)h T'f+tflvl <# t(h,vjh +* lv)(*0 ,jnh 3j +* nhgv2*0 0;ntvj(ht nft+t(* vh3nj)*." J0'lf(* )v (hghlh 'hnjthnt> =Dft0nh# jt(t*! 0* dv'* 0t(h 0jlt tt 3j dv'* 0t(h 0vl2j0ht '*)tthlf( 0hlh" %Mjshrhrh #hj- shc!nd!# #t$nt# #jsh4rjcfrdjt# t!t#*. Btth!2j 'jh'tvl )v vt0h3vl# /j);nd> =Df0nvl 0hv 3j Dv0nh/hvl 0hv# fjj '(jjn)jf+ 3j ,jnhvfjtf( )v t)h+t '*)*tf+ dh nj0j)t" %Df#jnh "rf"jtj!s hstf #jhj"hccttfjj*. St(jg* )v f(,vl djn Jh(jhfn> =Dft0nh# +*!2j v*d )hj'vl '(htf(v0f+ 'h )t(h 3j ;ngh(jj df(h+) +*!$ vtd*" %Df#jnh !t !jdht#*. M*(tv(j+h3th!2j g(h3hljlh )v (j+j'jtf(vl> =Ttt*# dft( nv 0* 'f2j t*g*dvj )t fjv# t0 g(h3jt# (h)vnf+)# lt )h( 3j ;ntjntht Tt %Ptthr- "hcct!j jn cthl!# ht cfrt# th*A '(j0h3th!0* ;n )t+t tt# g*+ht+)*!+h 'hnt(v 0jnh vn )fl2 ;n )h(vl t*v." S'vnh tt(h )v fh0hjt )tntnhhtn)*># J+v+# Fjvl lvj Dtvjd"# dt( 0tj ,jnh +'vnh> =J+v+h# Fjvl M*(jhj )hlhj 0jlf+tjvh# ;ndv(*!th dh +vflhtvl t)h+tt tl 0hv# )*)j djtvflvl v(ht +* 0j!$ )hjnvjt+)* %Jhs! Fjjj- Mtrjth- #jshrhrh #hj- @!jt tnj#t #ht #tlh t dth#fnjf !h.tt!r*. =Vtj# Dft0nh# 0jlvjh3th!0*# )* v(ht +* 0j!$ ;nghjt*Q" Ch(h 3j (ftg*!th )v T;lht(vl> =Dft0nh# tdv!2j t0jnth dh 0jnh# t;lht( 3j tl 0jlf+thnjjlf( ttlh# t)v0 );nd h3tj ;n ;0'*(*2jt tt" %Df#jnh- #h#hntf #hj c!# !hnhrjs jn rh$n!# t!!#*. Bv)v(*!0*# Dft0nh# )v '(htdvl)hlh!2j (*+'vn+> Hfdjh :t+t*/jC #hc!# :)v 0jnhC hrjs :vhj fjC jn Ptrtdjsf %+n +ltvt 0htC. T0jn. PVNCTVL 5 T)v0# dv'* )h l!tj '(j0jt 'h t)h+t '(ht+f;nt Df0n ;0'*(t*3jt 3j l!tj jnt(fdv+ ;n 'jh'tvl t*v# hB)lt0*# jv,jth f(tth# )v +f;ntvl ,*t(;n Sj0hfn> N!nh dj#jttjs shr!!# t!!# Df#jnh- shc!nd!# !hr1!# t!!# jn "tch :=T)v0t ;nt(!tdhv*(# Dft0nh tl 0hv# 0v(j!vfj 0;ng;jtt# )*)j ;0'*)tt )v Tjnh"C. S'vnh )v P(ffhtvl (hgh> Jn "tch jn jdj"s!# dfr#jt#- ht rh@!jhsct# :=T)v0# dt# Dft0nh# df(0j!vfj 3j 0* vfj fdjhnj ;n 't)h 3j ;n Tjnh ;n+v2j"C.
4#2
C" JNHC7TFR"#

Dh lt Tjnh# ;0'*(t*3jt# vfj 0h(gh lt Tjnh Chl djn Sltv*9 dh lt vn Dv0nh/hv 'h )t(h l!t0 '(j0jt ;n 'jh'tvl 0hv# lt vn Dv0nh/hv )t(h +* 0* '(j0ht+)* ;n Ch(vl +*v# 3j# dh v(h0h )h tj)j t0 tjvn+ +* 0* vnh+) )v Tjnh '(jn Cv0jnh)*tv(*# t)flf n*d*jdvjh+) +* 0* vnh+) )v Tjnh '(jn fh(j)j(h. Rh'ht* )v Sf;htvl Ptvhl> Mjnj !j!hrh Chrjst!s hst- ht #frj l!cr!# :=Mft(tht h+th );3tjgvl 0hv# 'hnt(v )* 0v(jnd ;nt(v C(j+tf+# vfj t(*j lt C(j+tf+"C. Ffh(*!j +vflhtvl t*v )v Sf;htvl thftn> Df#jnh Jhs!- tccj"h s"jrjt!# #h!# :=P(ht!dvl)h J+v+h# 3j 0tj )v +ht0* lt )ht+vl t)h+tt# J+v+h 3j M;ntvjtf!(vlh tl 0hv# '(j0h3th!0j dvhvl"C. S'vnh dh t+h0hnht )hjt( )v J+v+> Ptthr- jn #tn!s t!ts cf##hndf s"jrjt!# #h!# :=P*(jnth '(htjv,jtf(# ;n 0;jnjlh ttlh ;n)(hdjn2h/ dvhvl 0hv"C9 djn hlh t 'lh)tt# lt hlh t(h,vjh +* +h ;ntft()*. Tv/j )h!2j (*+'vndh> Nfjj tj#hrh- h$f "rfthctfr t!!s s!#- ht #hrchs t!t #t$ntnj#js :=Nv th th0h# jtt*# tj)j +;nt Hv# f)(ftjtf(vl 3j +'(jjjnvl t*v# jt( ,jnhlh )h vhj '(j0j djn 0;ht 0ht 0t(h fj!vt ;n tftth fhlv(jlh"C9 nv!2j 'jh(dh ;n)(hdh(ht djn '(j)jnt vjnjlf( ttlh# dhft(h)h 0jlf+thnjjlh 0hlh +;nt 0vlth9 )h(h 3j 2j +h vt dt# tdj)* jh(tt(h# ht( 3j vh3nj)* +ltv*. PVNCTVL & Dv'* tt;tht htt;(v(j '(j0jth# 'f2j ;nt(!tdhv*( tdv)h )vvhnjthlh 0vl2v0j(j> );nt* )t lh,*dt )h t(tgh +* 0ft(*# )v +'f(jt* dvjf3jh# 3j +* fjh f );ntt(h nfv*# ;n)h';nd!f tj)j 3j v(0;nd!f ;n vh)j t)flf# ;n Ch(> Mjshrjcfrdjts Df#jnj jn ththrn!# ctntt1f. Vh3nj) l*v!dt!vfj 3j vfj ,jnh)vv;ntt 'h vn Df0n tt;t dh ,vn# 3j dt)* nv 0tj h3tj ;n +tt(h )v lj0,t# vf(,h3th )v jnj0t9 3j dt)* ,v/hlh nv 2j +h 0tj 'ft 0j3)t# 0j3th!j!+h hj )*0*(jlh 3j )vt(h0v(h!2j!+h (*(vn)hjj9 '(h2vjh3th ,vn*tttht )h 2j!t f*)vt!f Rhghlh Ch(vlvj# )*)j t vhnjt Hl +* th vtd* 'h tjnh# )t +* 0h(gj t'fj tv +*!$ vh/j 'h Hl t)flf9 ht h+th /*lfg tl +ltvhj# ;ndttf(ttv!+!t Df0nvl9 t vhnjt +* +h dh+'t(t* dh tjnh ;0'*(t*3jt# )t +h0n )* th jv,h3th 3j )* th vt '(j0j ;n +ltv*9 t vhnjt lt tjnh t)t+* +'(h t th dv)h tv lt Ch(vl +*v. HB)lt0* )v Sf;htvl Rhgh> Lthttt!s s!# jn hjs @!th djctt s!nt#jhj- jn df#!n df#jnj j1j#!s :=F# )h vh3tj ,vnh 0j +!tv dtt# )* t+t*/j t(h,vjh +* 0h(g lt )t+t Df0nvlvj 0hvQ"C. Sf;(3h3th +'vn;nd vf(,hlh ,v)v(ft+h )v )t(h 3j!t dtt dvhvl +0h(jtvl Sf;nt F(tn)j+)> Mh h."hc4ttnt j!stj dfnhc rhtrj1!ts #jnj :=F# 0* t3tht't* )v(thnjj )h(vlvj )t +* 0* '(j0ht+)* ;n dvl)ht lf( tfv*(*3jhQ"C9 nv +jngv( vfj 0h(gh# )j vf0 0h(gh9 +vflhtvl 0hv vt 0h(gh ;n+f2jt dh P(ht+f;ntt Fh)jft(*#
HDJTTDJT 51

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CVPRJNS Mhdjtt jt &'. Ct +* th )v0jnh)j )t lt vn f+'*2 dh+)f'h(jt......... 5%& Mhdjtt jt &). Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl )v df(vl 3j ,v)v(jt +f;ntvlvj ,*t(;n Sj0hfn......................................... 5%@ Mhdjtt jt &0. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl ;n )hlh t(hj +*lj tlh +vflhtvlvj............................................................... 5%% Mhdjtt jt &3. Dh+'(h f+'*2vl )hlf( )jn)j ';jnj# t'lj)tt Sfjnthj Cf0vnjvnj............................................................ &8$ Mhdjtt jt 9E. Dh+'(h ftgv(hlh lvj St0+fn# t'lj)tt St)(t0hntvlvj ............................................................... &8& Mhdjtt jt 9&. Dh+'(h f+'*2vl lvj Sj0fn lh'(f+vl 3j dh+'(h 'f)*jn2t Mtgdtlhnhj# t'lj)tth Sfjnthj Cf0vnjvnj... &8@ Mhdjtt jt 99. Dh+'(h ftjt )ht 'jh(dvt* 3j g*+jt*# f+'*ttt* )v P;jnht Ch(vlvj....................................................... &8% Mhdjtt jt 9(. Dh+'(h (htvt '(hg*tj(h t )hlvj tlvngtt dh lt f+'*2..... &$$ Mhdjtt jt 9/. Dh+'(h fh(j)j(ht lvj Mhfj,f3ht# t3h/tt lt 0t+t (hghlvj# t'lj)tt* lt Cf0vnjvnh............................. &$& Mhdjtt jt 9,. Dh+'(h fhlvl ;n )t(h t tdv+ 0vl2v0j(j v)hnj)vl jv,jt# (h/h0tt lt 'jh'tvl ;nv*2*tf(vlvj +*v............ &$4 Mhdjtt jt 9'. Dh+'(h f+'*2vl (hghlvj T(ttBh(Bh......................... &$% Mhdjtt jt 9). Ct +* tjvngj t!$ '(j0j 'h Df0nvl tdf(;ndv!$ )v )hj t(hj (hgj 3j ;n)hjn;ndv!j dt(v(jlh lf(................. &66 Mhdjtt jt 90. Cf0't(;nd 0*(h2jt Df0nvlvj )v jf+nj)jt tt........ &6& Mhdjtt jt 93. Dh+'(h Cjnt )ht Mt(h# t'lj)tt* Sfjnthj Cf0vnjvnj...................................................................... &6@ Mhdjtt jt (E. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl )t 'h f )f0ft(* t+)vn+* ;n St)(t0hnt........................................... &6% Mhdjtt jt (&. Ct +* tjvngj lt )f0vnjvnh )v hvltvjt )hlf( dfj f(,j 'h )t(h j!t lv0jntt Df0nvl.......................... &5$

Mhdjtt jt (9. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl t3t )v0 t ff+t g*/dvjt ;n )t+t lvj Ztht(jt................................................ &5& Mhdjtt jt ((. Dh+'(h fhlvl ;n )t(h P(vn)vl Dv0nh/hv nv t g*+jt lf) dh g*/dvj(h ;n Bhtlhh0# )v t'lj)t2jh lt Cf0vnjvnh........................................................... &54 Mhdjtt jt (/. P(j0jnd P(ht+f;ntvl St)(t0hnt )t 'h vn ,f, dh g(;v +h0*ntt ;n 'jh'tvl t*v. =Nj+j g(tnv0 f(v!0hntj" ht)............................................................. &5% Mhdjtt jt (,. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h P(vn)vl J+v+# +v(ghjvnjt ;n Hgj'tvl jnj0jj ttlh................................................. &&6 Mhdjtt jt ('. Dh+'(h f+'*2vl dh lt nvntt djn Ctnt Gtljlhjj# t'lj)tt lt Cf0vnjvnh............................................ &&& Mhdjtt jt (). Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h J+v+ Cf'jl 'jh(dvt 3j g*+jt ;n th0'lv................................................................... &&4 Mhdjtt jt (0. Dh+'(h f+'*2vl lt )t(h 'h Df0nvl l!tv +h(vjt ;ngh(jj ;n 'v+tjv# )v t'lj)t2jh lt St)(t0hnt.......... &&% CVPRJNS
&%5

Mhdjtt jt (3. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl )v t(jv0fvl (t0v(jlf( dhfjnj).................................................................. &A6 Mhdjtt jt /E. Sh )f0't(* ,vnt ;n)ljnt(h t lvj Jftn 3j )ht (ht t lvj Jvdt lt )jnt Df0nvlvj..................................... &A& Mhdjtt jt /&. Ct +* th )v0jnh)j ;nt(!vnvj djn h'j+ftdhlh Sfjnthlf( Pttj0j........................................................... Mhdjtt jt /9. Ct +* th )v0jnh)j )v ;ng*dvjn2t dtt* Sf;ntvlvj Tf0t dh!t ttjngh )ft+tt lvj C(j+tf+..................... &A% Mhdjtt jt /(. Dh+'(h f+'*2vl )hlf( dfj v)hnj)j lt H0tv+# )t +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl )t d(v0h2............................. &@6 Mhdjtt jt //. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl ;0'(hvn* )v Mtgdt! lhnt# )t 'h g(*djnt(vl +vflhtvlvj t*v..................... &@A Mhdjtt jt /,. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl )t 'h Rhgh# Mj(h# Mhdj)# C*'jttn# Jvdh)*tf(# P*+tf( 3j ;nv*2*tf(..... &@7 Mhdjtt jt /'. Ct +*!$ '(j0h3tj 'h Df0nvl )t 'h C(httf(vl# J/,*vjtf(vl 3j Sl*vjtf(vl 3j +jngv(vl Bjnhf*)*tf( tl t*v......................................................................... &4$ Mhdjtt jt /). Ct+* th )v0jnh)j ;n tftth +*(,*tf(jlh Df0nvlvj.... &45 Mhdjtt jt /0. Ct +* th )v0jnh)j dh +*(,*tf(jlh Sfjn2jlf(............. &4@ Mhdjtt jt /3. Rh/v0tt tl 0vltf( tltf( 0hdjtt2jj......................... &47 Mhdjtt jt ,E. Ct +* '(j0h3tj P(ht+f;ntvl St)(t0hnt )t vjttj) .... &4% Tt1lt #hdjtt jjlfr......................................................................... &7&

&A4

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