c c

Chng 12
ng n i Cp
12.1. Gii thiu.. 1
12.2 Dng lin tc 2
12.3. Vn tc pha v bc sng . 3
12.4 c tnh tr khng 4
12.5. H s lan truyn 5
12.6 Pha v vn tc nhm. 10
12.9 T l in p sng ng 11
12.10 o tr khng ti ti tn s v tuyn in. 12
12.11 Cc yu t trong mch s dng ng dy truyn ti.. 14
12.12 th smith.. 18
12.13 Min thi gian phn x. 23
12.14. ng dy in thoi v cp. 24
12.15 Di tn s v tuyn 25
12.16 ng dy ti in nh. 25
12.17 Cc vn . 28
Chng 3

13.1 Gii thiu.. 31
13.2 ng dn sng hnh ch nht. 32
13.2.1 c tnh ca mode TE10. 32
13.2.2 Sng ng 35
13.2.3 u cui ng dn sng 36
13.2.4 Suy hao 37
13.2.5 Dng b.. 38
13.2.6 Lin h v mi ni.. 38
13.2.7 Phn ng khai.. 39
13.3 t khc 39
13.4 Cc vn . 41

Chng 14

14.1 Gii thiu 42
14.2 an truyn trong khng gian t do ..42
14.2.1 S lan truyn ca mode. ...42
14.2.2 H thng vi ba. 45
14.3 Lan truyn sng tng i lu 46
14.3.1 Ch truyn 46
14.3.5 S suy gim trong kh quyn 47
14.3.6 H thng radio VHFUHF 48
14.4 Truyn thng tng in ly. 50
14.4.1 p in ly 50
14.4.2 Tn s plasma v tn s gii hn. 51
14.4.3 Pha v tn s gc. 52
14.4.4 nh lut ng v tn s s dng ti a 53
14.4.5 Tn s lm vic ti u.. 54
14.4.6 Chiu cao o. 55
14.4.7 . nh hng ca t trng tri t... 57
14.4.8 . Khong cch dch v.. 58
14.4.9: S bt thng bn trong tng in li, nhiu ion, Fading 60
14.8 : Truyn tn s thp 62
14.9 Tm tt v s lan truyn sng radio. 65
14.10 Cc vn 65
Page 1

Chng 12
C
12.1. ii hi
Truyn ti thng tin nh l mt tn hiu in t lun lun xy ra nh mt sng in t
trng ngang (transverse electromagnetic TE) l s kt hp ca sng nh trong ng
dn sng (xem chng 13). Cc tnh cht c bn ca sng TE c nu trong Ph
lc B v s lan truyn ca cc sng v tuyn c m t trong chng 14.
Vi ng dy truyn ti, cc dy dn kim loi gii hn sng TE vng ln cn ca
in mi xung quanh cc dy dn. Kt qu l mt s kha cnh ca truyn d liu
iu tr tt nht trong i hnh ca cc tham s mch phn phi ca dng, trong khi
thuc tnh sng ca dng c xem xt. N phi c hiu r rng, y l quan im
b sung ca hp s, in p v dng in trn ng dy lun lun i km vi sng
TEM v quan im c th thng qua thng ph thuc vo tnh cht c o d dng
nht.
ng dy truyn ti c th c cn bng hoc khng cn bng i vi mt t. Hai
loi c bn ca ng dy truyn ti l dng hai dy m thng hot ng trong cn
bng (hnh 12,1 (a)), ng ng trc lun lun hot ng ch khng cn bng
(hnh 12,1 (b)). Cc cu hnh trng in t i vi tng loi c hin th trong hnh
12,1 (c) v (d). Trong mi trng hp, hng truyn ca sng TE cho thy in
trng E gc bn phi t trng H v c hai u vung gc vi hng lan truyn,
theo yu cu ca mt sng TEM.
Hnh 12.1. (A) Mt ng hai dy; (b) Mt ng cp ng trc; (c) cc trng in
t xung quanh mt ng hai dy; (d) cc trng in t xung quanh mt ng cp
ng trc.
Vi cc dng ng trc, dy dn bn ngoi to thnh mt l chn hn ch sng khng
gian gia cc dy dn cc bc x t ng dy l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, dng
v c bn l khng cn bng k t khi in dung bn ngoi l gia dy dn bn ngoi
v mt t.
Dng hai dy thng hot ng ch cn bng, cc dy dn c sp xp h
th hin in dung bng mt t (iu ny c th l mt iu kin kh khn duy tr
trong thc t). Bc x c th xy ra t mt dng hai dy k t khi sng TE c th
ta ra t dng cng nh dc theo n. ng hai dy l t tn km hn so vi ng
cp ng trc v c s dng cho phn ln cc mch in thoi tn s thp. Cn ch
duy tr cc iu kin cn bng, nh c m t trong phn 12,14. i vi cc
mch tn s cao (bao gm c in thoi a knh v v tuyn in), ng cp ng
trc c s dng gim thiu bc x v ng ten v tuyn cn bng phi c kt
Page 2

ni vi ng dy ng trc, ng dy truyn ti c bit my bin p c gi
l baluns (balanced to unbalanced) c s dng.
12.2 Dng lin c.
T quan im mch, mt ng truyn s c khng lot v t cm cng nhau i to
nn tr khng lot cc dy dn in. dn in dung shunt v in mi gia cc dy
dn i to nn shunt np ca dng. t chiu di nh dng c th c i din
khong phn b lc (hnh 12,2) nh l mt phn xp x cho cc gi tr ng i v dy
in tr li c bao gm trong cc thnh phn gp. Cc thng s R, , G, v C c
hin th trong hnh 12.2 c gi l cc hng s dng chnh, y l nhng khng lot
R (m); lot cc in cm (H/m), dn shunt G (S/m) v in dung shunt C
(F/m). Cc hng s chnh a vo hai tuyn i v tr li l hng s trong khng
thay i theo in p v hin ti l tn s ph thuc vo mt s phm vi. R khng lot
tng vi tn s nh l mt kt qu ca hiu ng b mt (xem Phn 1,10). t cm
l gn nh c lp ca tn s cho cc dng m, nhng c xu hng gim vi tn s
ngy cng tng cho cc loi cp sng lc. in dung C l gn nh c lp ca tn s,
trong khi G dn c xu hng tng vi tn s (cc khng shunt gim) v tng tn
tht in mi vi tng tn s.
Hnh 12.2. Mch xp x cho mt chiu di ngn ca ng dy truyn ti.
Khng c cng thc n gin c a ra cho cc hng s chnh cho tt c cc phm
vi tn s nhng n gin ha nht c th c xc nh r rng. V d: m thanh tn
s thp hay cao hoc v tuyn tn s. Nh c hin th ti mc 12,4, c tnh thit
thc hu ch nht l tr khng c tnh tn s cao c xc nh bi lot cc in
cm v in dung shunt. Nh hnh di y, ph thuc vo hnh hc dng. Do thit
lp mt gii hn v phm vi ca cc tr khng c trng c th c trong thc t.
i vi ng hai dy hnh 12,1 (c), vi cc dy dn c nhng trong mi trng
vi hng s in mi (F/m) v t thm (Hm) v kch thc dng trong mt,
t cm v in dung trn mt n v chiu di ly xp x:
Hai dy dng: )
2
ln(
d
D
L
t

~ H/m (12.1)

)
2
ln(
d
D
C
tc
~ F / m (12.2)
i vi cc ng cp ng trc ca hnh 12,1 (d), in mi ca hng s in mi v
t thm vi mt ln na kch thc dng trong mt, hnh thc gn ng ca cc
phng trnh l:
Page 3

Dng ng trc :
d
D
L ln
2t

~ H/m (12.3)

d
D
C
ln
2tc
~ F / m (12.4)
12.3. n c pha v bc sng
Trong Ph lc B, vn tc pha ca mt sng TE c cho bi phng trnh (B.11)
nh:

c
1
=
p
v (12.5)
i vi khng gian t do cc gi tr
7
0
10 4

= = t (H / m) v
12
0
10 85 . 8

= = c c
(F / m), cho
8
10 3 =
p
v (m s) - y l vn tc nh sng, thng thng k hiu l
c. i vi mt ng truyn, tnh t thm c th c gi nh bng cc gi tr trong
khng gian t do nhng tnh t thm c th khc vi gi tr khng gian t do ty
thuc vo in mi c s dng. Cc biu hin cho tnh thm l = ,
0
vi
r
l
hng s in mi. Thay trong biu thc (12.5) cng vi cc gi tr khng gian t do
cho:

r
p
c
v
c
= (12.6)
Thng thng
r
c th nm trong khong 1 n 5 v vn tc pha ca sng TE trn
ng dy c th t hn so vi gi tr khng gian t do.
Bc sng ca sng c cho bi phng trnh (B.4).

f
v
p
= (12.7)
Thay cho v
p
t phng trnh (12.6):

r
r
f
c
c

0
=
=
(12.8)
Trng hp l bc sng khng gian t do. Bc sng c a ra bi phng
trnh. (12.8) l gi tr phi c s dng trong tnh ton dng truyn ti. V d: h s
giai on chuyn i l giai on chuyn i cho mi n v chiu di, c cho bi:
Page 4

(12.9)
t biu hin hu ch khc cho vn tc pha c th c ly v t cm mi n v
chiu di v in dung cho mi n v chiu di C.
T pt (12.1) v (12.2) cho cc dng hai dy v pt (12.3) v (12.4) cho cc dng ng
trc, ta c:
(12.10)
Do , thay th phng trnh. (12.10) trong biu thc (12.5), kt qu l:

LC
v
p
1
= (12.11)
12.4 c nh khng
Nng lng di chuyn dc theo mt ng truyn dn trong cc hnh thc ca mt
sng in t, sng c thit lp bi cc ngun tn hiu c bit n nh v sng
(chuyn tip). Ch khi tr khng ti vo cui nhn c l phi hp tr khng cho
dng. Nh c tho lun ti mc 1.14, tt c cc nng lng s c chuyn ti. Nu
kt hp phi hp tr khng khng t c, nng lng s c phn nh tr li dc
theo ng trong cc hnh thc ca mt sng phn x (v th ph hp vi tn phi hp
tr khng). Do tnh cht phn phi ca mt ng truyn, cu hi c th c yu
cu: Chnh xc tr khng ca ng dy ti phi c xut hin? iu ny c th
c tr li bng cch xem xt mt ng dy gi thuyt v hn chiu di v khng
c phn x c th xy ra, k t khi sng ti khng bao gi t n kt thc. Cc i
pht thanh ca in p ti a ti a hin ti bt k im no trn mt dng c
tm thy l khng i, tc l c lp ca v tr. T l ny c gi l c tnh tr
khng Z
0.
By gi, nu chiu di hu hn ca dng c chm dt trong mt tr
khng ti Z
L
= Z
0,
iu ny s xut hin nh l mt dng v hn sng ti tt c
cc im, bao gm c vic chm dt ti, t l in p t hin ti s bng Z
0.
By gi,
nu chiu di hu hn v hn dng sng ti k t lc tt c cc im, bao gm c vic
chm dt ti, t l in p hin ti s bng Z
0.
V vy, tr khng c tnh ca mt
ng dy truyn ti l t s ca in p hin ti bt k im no dc theo ng m
trn khng c sng phn x tn ti.
Vi mt tn hiu hnh sin ca tn s gc (rad/s), tr khng c tnh v ca cc hng
s chnh c tm thy l:

(12.12)
tn s thp R > v G > C, biu hin cho Z
0
gim:
Page 5

(12.13)
V tn s cao R < L v G < C, n tr thnh:

(12.14)
N s c quan st thy rng mi gi tr gii hn hon ton l in tr (khng c h
s k) v c lp ca tn s. Gia nhng gii hn ny Z
0
l phc tp v ph thuc vo
tn s. N c tm thy rng i vi hu ht cc dng thc t v mt vi in
dung. Tuy nhin, trn vi chc km cho dng hai dy v mt vi trm km cho cc mc
ch ng trc, biu thc c s dng trong chng ny.
Thay pt (12.1) v (12.2) vo phng trnh (12.14) cho Z
0
v kch thc dng, hng s
in mi v t thm cho cc dng hai dy:

(12.15)
V i vi cc ng cp ng trc, t pt (12.3), (12.4) v (12.14)

(12.16)
i vi cc cht in mi gp phi trong thc tin, kh nng t thm s bng vi
khng gian t do:

(H/m) v hng s in mi c a ra bi
=
r

0,
ni
0
= 8,854 10
-12
(F/m) l hng s in mi ca khng gian t do v
r
l
hng s in mi tng i hoc hng s in mi. Thay vo cc phng trnh tr
khng pt (12.15) v (12.16)
Dng 2 dy:

(12.17)
Dng ng trc:

(12.18)
Trong mi trng hp, n s c thy mt cht in mi lin tc, tr khng c tnh
c xc nh bng t l Dd (Hnh 12,1 (c) v (d)). i vi cht in mi c s
dng ph bin, hng s in mi s nm trong phm vi 1-5 v gii hn thc t v t l
D/d i vi tng loi ca dng Z
0
gii hn trong phm vi t 40 n 150 cho ng
cp ng trc v 150 n 600 cho dng hai dy.


Page 6

12.5. H s lan n
H s lan truyn xc nh cc bin th ca hin ti hoc in p vi x khong cch dc
theo mt ng truyn dn. Hin ti (v in p) phn phi dc theo mt ng ph
hp c tm thy thay i theo cp s nhn vi khong cch, cc phng trnh l:
I = I
S
e
-x
(12.19)
V = V
S
e
-x
(12.20)
Vi I
S
l ln ca dng v V
S
l ln ca in p u vo.
Ging nh tr khng c tnh, h s lan truyn cng ph thuc vo cc hng s c bn
v vn tc gc ca tn hiu. c cho bi:
(12.21)
y cng l mt lng phc tp, v c th c vit nh sau:
= + j (12.22)
c gi l h s suy gim v xc nh lm th no gim in p hoc
dng, c gi l h s dch pha v xc nh gc pha ca in p bin thin (hay
dng) theo khong cch. H s dch pha l giai on chuyn i cho mi n v chiu
di, v k t khi mt s thay i pha ca 2 rad xy ra trn mt khong cch mt
chiu di sng , Sau :

(12.23)
xem lm th no h s lan truyn nh hng n dng, ta xem xt cc phng
trnh dng:

(12.24)

(12.25)
Phng trnh cui cng c th c i din ha nh trong hnh 12.3 (a). Chiu di
ca dng pha i din
x
S
e I
o
, v gc quay t h quy chiu .
Hnh 12.3. (a) dng v (b) s pha in p.
S suy gim l 1 thut ng c th hin trn mt n v c bit n l nepe.
ln ca dng in (trn ng dy thch hp) l:
||

(12.26)
V s suy gim ca ca dng in, bng n v nepers, c nh ngha l
Page 7

(
||

) (12.27)
= -ln(e
-x
)
= x nepers (12.28)
H s suy gim c th c la chn th hin nh suy gim nepers trn mi n v
chiu di ca dng:

(12.29)
d 12.1
u vo hin ti trong mt trong 1 ng dy c dng l 50mA v dng in ti l
1mA. ng di 1km. Tnh ton (a) s suy gim tng bng n v nepers, v (b) h s
suy gim.
ii
(a) N = -ln(1/50)
= 3,9 nepers
(u rng bng cch a mt du tr vo trong phng trnh xc nh cho cc gi
tr nepe, suy gim n mt s tch cc).
(b)

= 3,9 mM/m
Nepe l mt n v hu ch trong nghin cu l thuyt, nhng trong cng vic thc t
decibel c s dng ph bin hn. Trong ph lc A, mi quan h gia cc gi tr
dcibel D v gi tr nepe N l 1 t l nht nh c th hin l:
D = 8,686N (12.30)
Do , i vi cc ng dy truyn ti
D = 8,686x (12.31)
Trng hp N = x. Do , nu h s suy gim c xc nh bng decibel mi n
v chiu di, ni [], sau
[] = 8,686 dB/m (12.32)
V d 12.2:
H s suy gim ca mt dng l 0,0006 N/m. xc nh h s suy gim trong (a) dB/m
v (b) dB/dm.
Page 8

Gii:
(a) [] = 8.686
V khi h s suy gim tng ng s suy gim trong N/m,
(b) V: 1 dm = 1609m, h s suy gim trong dB/mi l:
0,00521 1609 = 8,4 dB/mi
i vi mt dng ph hp, V = I Z
0
ti bt k im no dc theo dng, v

. (gi s 1 gc pha ban u), s pha khong cch in p s tng t nh

th hin trong hnh 12,3 (b). Chiu di ca cc pha c sa i bi Z
0
,v dng tham
chiu cho in p c di di bi -.
C v c xc nh bi cc hng s chnh ban u v tn s, khi:
(12.33)
Cc biu hin cn bc hai gc c th c m rng thng qua vic m rng nh thc
v mt xp x chnh xc cho hu ht cc mc ch thc t l c vic m rng
nhim k th ba. iu ny cho kt qu trong biu thc

(12.34)
Trng hp Z
0
trong trng hp ring ny l (tc l, gii hn tn s cao tr
khng c tnh). Trong hu ht cc dng thc t, G l rt nh (gn nh bng khng),
do , xp x hn na thng ly l:

(12.35)
V d, cc hng s c bn cho mt cp ng trc mt tn s 10 hz c xc
nh xp x nh sau:
L = 234 nH/m
C = 93,5 pF/m
R = 0,568 m
G = 0
V vy, tn s 10 Mhz,

(t cng thc 12.14)

Page 9

(t cng thc 12.35)
Suy gim trong dB/m [] l: 0,00568 8,686 = 0,0493 dB/m. S thay i ln trong R
vi tn s l do hiu ng b mt, m R l t l thun vi cn bc hai ca tn s v iu
ny s gy ra s suy gim tng t nh vy.
Vic m rng nh thc trong biu thc sau y cho :
[

] (12.36)
Mt tnh hung th v ny sinh khi:

(12.37)
H s pha thy c sau khi bin i:
(12.38)
p ng cc iu kin ny c tho lun trong phn sau, yu cu truyn bin
dng t hn ( t l vi ). iu kin truyn bin dng t c xem l:

v iu ny c th c sp xp li nh sau:

(12.39)
Trong bt k dng thc t no R v G c hai s cng nh cng tt gi tn tht
mc ti thiu. T l L/C ni chung s khng bng R/G. Do , nu bin dng truyn t
hn l mong mun, t l L / C s c thay i bng R / G. Trong tt c cc
trng hp thc t ny t c bng cch tng , mt k thut c bit n nh ti.
Mt trong nhng cch ph bin l thm cun dy in cm trong lot vi ng
chuyn c khong thi gian cch nhau u n. Tuy nhin, n khng phi l thit thc
ta t c iu kin hon ton bin dng t , thy rng iu ny s i hi mt gi
tr ln ca in cm. Hn na, t cm ln lm gim vn tc pha (xem cng thc
12.11), trong c th k n cc s chm tr khng th chp nhn c trn cc
mch in thoi ng di. N l th v s gia i ca iu ch xung m (xem
phn 17.6) trn ng dy in thoi bnh thng yu cu loi b cc cun dy ti
tng bng thng ca cc dng.


Page 10

12.6 Pha v vn tc nhm
Vn tc pha ca mt sng in c tho lun ngn gn trong phn 12.3. Chuyn
ng sng ni chung, mi quan h n gin sau y tn ti cho tn s f, bc sng
v vn tc pha v
p
(xem ph lc B).
f = v
p
(12.40)
Khi: = 2 v = 2f, thay vo phn bn tri ca cng thc 12.40 ta c:

(12.41)
Do c th c nhn thy rng trong khi l t l thun vi , vn tc pha s l
khng i. Do tt c cc sng thnh phn chim mt tn hiu s c truyn ti v
p

cng mt vn tc. y l s bin dng iu kin truyn dn t c cp trong phn
trc.
Tnh hnh c th xy ra ni khng t l thun vi . V d, Phn tch chi tit cho
thy phong b i dc theo ng vi mt vn tc c a ra bi (12.36). Cc thnh
phn k ln ca tn hiu s c truyn i vi vn tc khc nhau v cu hi c t
ra v tc tn hiu sng phn x? Mt cu tr li cho cu hi ny c th thu c
bng cch xem xt hai sng sin tn s khc bi mt lng nh . Sng kt s c
hin th trong hnh 12.4 cho r rng khi sng c cho l c bin bng nhau v
dng suy gim c b qua. Cc tn hiu phc hp c xem l bao gm cc sng tn
s cao (qua nhiu khng giao ct trn trc thi gian) c iu ch bng mt phong b
tn s thp. Phn tch chi tit cho thy phong b i dc theo ng vi mt vn tc
c a ra bi:

(12.42)
Ni cc vn tc ph biu th vn tc nhm. N cng l vn tc mc nng lng
c truyn dc ng dy.
nh 12.. hm sng, s dng trong vic xc nh tc nhm
Trong gii hn vn tc nhm c a ra bi h s phn ca i vi v nu
thay i nhanh chng vi , s dn n bin dng nghim trng. Cc iu kin nu
trc truyn t b bin dng l v
p
l khng i. Mt iu kin tng qut hn s
c nu r, c th l cho truyn t b bin dng, th / phi l mt ng thng,
c th c din t nh

(12.43)
Page 11

T
d
c bit n nh thi gian chm tr nhm, l dc ca ng thng v
0
l
nh chn m cn phi bng truyn t b bin dng. Biu ny c phc
tho trong hnh 12.5 cng vi dng i din cho iu kin n gin, = v
p
.
hi 46-410
12.9 T l in p sng ng
T l in p sng ng (VSWR) c xc nh :

(12.60)
V
max
v V
min
c th hin trn hnh 12.6. Gi s ng dy khng tn hao th tt c
cc im trn ng dy c cng mt gi tr in p V
max
, k c nhng im c gi
tr V
min
.
Nh th hin trn hnh 12.6c, gi tr cc i ch xut hin khi thnh phn pha ca
sng khng c phn o.
V
max
=|

|+ |

| (12.61)
=|

|( 1 + |

|) (12.62)
Ch : |

|+ |

khc

| vi |

| l modun ca in p ti
Mt vn nh xy ra l khi thnh phn phc l ngc pha:
V
min
= |

|( 1- |

|) (12.63)
Khi
VSWR = |

|( 1 + |

|) / |

|( 1- |

|)
VSWR = ( 1 + |

|) / ( 1- |

|) (12.64)
VSWR c khong gi tr nm trong khong
1 VSWR (12.65)
Trng hp l tng VSWR =1 vi iu kin thch hp cng vi vic iu chnh hp
l trn ng truyn RF, tt c u nhm mc ch gim thiu VSWR .
Ch rng : VSWR lun lun l mt s thc (n khng c phn o)
Phng trnh cho VSWR c vit li l :
|

| =


(12.66)
Page 12

12.1 o khng ti ti tn s v tuyn in
Vic s dng in p sng ng VSWR xc nh tr khng ti ti tn s cao l rt
phc tp, c th ni l rt kh o lng .V nguyn tc, phng php ny i hi
s chnh xc ca VSWR v khong cch ti thiu ti ti (l ti thiu ch khng phi
ti a l v trn thc t vic xc nh khong cch ti thiu l rnh mch hn). Cc
dng c phc v cho vic o c bao gm mt phn ca cp ng trc b khot rng,
qua my th c th ly mu in trng v o c in p sng ng. Sng ra t
my th thng c tn s thp sau n c khuch i, in p mt chiu chnh
lu u ra t l thun vi bin sng ng, u im ca phng php ny l cc
php o n gin, my th c t ngoi nn d dng cho vic iu chnh v sa
cha, dng in p mt chiu DC c o bi microampe k.
Khong cch t my th ti ti c th c trc tip nh mt thang o khong cch
chun. Lun lun c nhng phng php hiu chnh ring cho mi thit b c th, chi
tit cc k thut hiu chnh c ghi trong s tay ca nh sn sut . Trn l thuyt,
k thut o lng c trnh by nh sau .:
Gi l l khong cch t ti, ti h s phn x in p tnh c nh cng thc
12.47 v 12.48:
=

(12.67)
Tnh |

| ni chung l phc tp, n c th c vit di dng modun v pha nh
sau:

L
= |

(12.68)
Kt hp vi biu thc 12.67 v 12.68 ta c:


= |

= |

(12.69)
c bit, gi

l khong cch t ti ti im in p ti thiu u tin, h s in

p mc ti thiu lc ny l :

min
= |

(12.70)
Gc (

) l gc pha ca in p phn x vi in p mc ti thiu. Ti

mc in p ti thiu c 2 in p ngc pha, do in p phn x s ngc pha vi
thnh phn cn li mt gc radian. V vy in p ti s sm pha hn khi tng l (th
Page 13

hin bng vic + l) trong khi in p phn x tr pha hn ( th hin bng vic -l) .
Do :

= -
Hay:

- 1) (12.71)

T cho thy gc

c th c xc nh bng php o tr khng ti, khi |

| c
xc nh bng php o VSWR trc da vo cng thc 12.66. Do ta s xc
nh c h s phn x ti ti hay cn gi l tr khng ti dng trong cng thc
12.58 l:

(12.72)
Mc d quy c

l khong cch ti mc in p ti thiu u tin nhng trong

thc t th

c th hn nhau mt vi 2 tc n2 cng c ngha l thnh phn pha

s c cng thm n2 radian, iu ny khng nh hng ti cc gi tr khc .

V d 12.3:
o trn on dy siu cao tn c tr khng 50 c VSWR l 2,0 v

= 0.2. Xc
nh

trong hai trng hp mch tng ng mc song song v mc ni tip.

Gii:
T biu thc 12.66
|

| =


=

Nn

= (4 2 - 1) = -

Nhng

= cos

+ j sin

= - 0.809 +j0.588
V
|

Page 14

= - 0.27 +j0.196
T biu thc 12.72

= 50

= 50



Trng hp mch tng ng mc ni tip

+ j

trong :

+ j

= 50

= 77,8 j34,3
Vy

= 77.8 v

= 34.3 (in dung )

Trng hp mch tng ng mc song song

=G +jB vi

=1/

,
G = 1/

, B = 1/

. T ta c :
G +jB =

=10.76 + j4.75 mS
Vy

= 92,9
|

| = |

| =

= 211
Ch rng R
p
v X
p
c th tnh trc tip bng cng thc 1.50
12.11 Cc yu t trong mch s dng ng dy truyn ti
H s phn x in p ti l im bt k trn mt on dy c xc nh :
=

(12.73)
Nhn biu thc 12.57 ta thy h s phn x in p ti ti l mt trng hp c bit .
S dng l lun v biu thc 12.72 ta tnh c tr khng ti , tr khng ny ti bt k
im no trn ng dy u c xc nh
= Zo


(12.74)
Hnh 12.7 a) ngn mch ng dy; b)s thay i gia in khng vi chiu di dy
Mt s trng hp quan trng :
Page 15

Trng hp 1:

(ngn mch) hnh 12.7 a . T biu thc 12.58:

= -1 v t
biu thc 12.67: = -

. Th vo biu thc 12.74 ta c

= Zo

= jZ
o
tan l (12.75)
Bc tip theo s dng phng php bin i lng gic: jtan = ( 1 -

)/ (1
+

). th biu din s ph thuc gia Z/l c th hin trn hnh 12.7b . T

ta nhn thy rng trong nhng khong 0 l 4 v 2 l 34,. Th Z c tnh
cm khng (+j) . Trong thc t tnh c cm khng ta cho ngn mch tc lc ny
l s chn gia 2 gi tr 0 v 4. (l cng c th thay i, ta cng c th chn nhng
di khc nhau sao cho ph hp vi thc t).
in cm tng ng

c xc nh bi :
j

= jZo tan l ( 0 l 4) (12.76)

hoc

tan l (12.77)

V d 12.4: t on dy di 0,1 c tr khng 50, tn s 500 MHz. Tnh (a)
in khng tng ng, (b) in cm tng ng
ii l=2 0,1 = 36
0

(a) Z = j50 tan36
0
= j50 0.7265 = j36,33
(b)

nH = 11,6 nH
in khng cm ng khng t l thun vi tn s nhng tan l,

ph thuc vo tn
s. Trong v d trn, khi gp i tn s ta c:
I = 0.2 = 72
0
Z = j50 tan72
0
= j153,9

nH = 24.5 nH
T hnh 12.7(b) thy rng

(hoc

l ) th tr khng th hin cho

in dung (-j). Tr khng th hin cho in dung tng ng c cho bi:
-j

= -j

tan l (

) (12.78)
Hoc

(12.79)
Page 16

V d: ly l=

, tn s bng 500MHz
l =

Z = j50 tan

= -j50 tan

= -j50

pF = 6,4 pF
nh 12. (a) mch h dng v (b) in khng bin thin theo chiu di on dy
Trng hp 2: Khi

= ( h mch ), hnh 12.8 a. Trong trng hp ny,

+ 1,
th:
Z =

= -j

. cot l (12.80)
th biu din Z / l c cho bi hnh 12.8 b. T th ta thy rng 0 l 4 th
mch h th hin in dung v khi 4 l 2 th mch h th hin in cm
(vi cc on dy 2 ). Mc d mch h dng vn s dng nhng n khng thun
tin nh dng ngn mch. Dng ngn mch c a ra nh gi c hc cho ngn
mch pha cui ng truyn . n c th d dng iu chnh v xc nh chiu di l.
tuy nhin mch h dng li rt thun tin khi ch to v s dng microstrip v
stripline
Trng hp 3: l = 4
l =

= 2
Z =

.

(12.81)
Page 17

T trn ta thy tr khng u vo =

do on dy 4 c s dng
chuyn i gi tr tr khng t

thnh

. t y cho thy on dy 4 c
bit n nh l my bin th na sng
Gi s cho anten c in tr 73 ti feeder l 600 vi tn s 150Hz , c th
hin trong hnh 12.9. tng thch vi ng dy feeder chnh th tr khng

=600
Do

= (

)/

=
= 209
Vi v d ny s khng c sng ng trn ng dy feeder chnh (600) do tt
c phn cng sut c truyn s tp trung phn 4 .
N khng thch hp khi s dng on dy 4 v cc ng dy feeder (73) v khi
s xut hin sng ng trn ng dy feeder chnh. Tuy nhin trong thc t th c
th b qua v phnsng ng ngn hn rt nhiu so vi ng dy feeder chnh
v c th xc nh c. s dng h s phn x l -0.52 v khng s dng h s phn
x -0.78 cho on dy 4
Hin tng cng hng sy ra vi on dy 4 ( ch chnh xc ti tn s m
chiu di on dy bng 4 ), n ch c s dng trong vng tn s thp nhng
phng php tnh ton li rt d dng
nh 12. My bin th ghp /
Xt 2 trng hp :

=0 ( ngn mch) v

= ( h mch )
Cho ti ngn mch
Z=

= (12.82)
C ngha l s ngn mch on dy 4. Khi ny mch tng ng vi mt mch
cng hng song song ( tr khng cao). Trong thc t Z s b gii hn ti mt gi tr
nht nh, nhng gi tr l kh ln., cc h s tng ng Q mch lun ln hn
3000
Page 18

Cho h mch dng
Z =

= 0 (12.83)
C ngha l s h mch on dy 4 , khi ny mch s tng ng mt mch
cng hng ( tr khng thp ) , thc t Z l tr khng c gi tr rt nh nhng
khc 0
12.12 h smih
Vic tnh ton cho dng truyn ti s d dng hn rt nhiu khi s dng th smith .
phn ny chng ta cp ti l thuyt v th smith ,vic s dng th smith s
c cp phn sau
th c a ra da trn mi quan h ca cng thc 12.74, v gi tr ca tr khng
c tnh. bnh thng tr khng l t s ca Z/Z
0
v k hiu l ch Z
Z =

(12.84)
Cn lu ti th nguyn ca tr khng ,trong iu kin bnh thng ca tr khng th
phng trnh (12.74) tr thnh
Z =

(12.85)
Vi in tr r , in khng x th tr khng c tnh bng cng thc Z = r + jx . bt
k im no trn th smith lun xc inh c 4 i lng r ,x v . im Z
1

trn hnh 12.10(a) c gi tr

= 0.55 ,

= 1.6, |1| = .746, v
1
= 60 , tc l,
Z1 = .55 + j1.6
|1| = .74660
nh 12.10
Cng nh vy, im Z
2
tng ng vi Z
2
= .55 j.3, v
2
= .34-135. tm gi tr
tr khng thc t tng ng vi Z1 v Z2, c tnh tr khng ca ng truyn phi
c bit. Gi s l 50 ; sau Z
1
= 50(.55 + j1.6) = 27.5 + j80, v Z
2
=50(.55-
j.3)=27.5j15
Gi tr dn np c th c ch ra trong th Smith. Xc nh gi tr dn np chun
ha bi :
y=1/z (12.86)
v sau s dng CT ( 12.85), ta c
Page 19

y =
1
1
I
+I
(12.87)
Ch rng - = | | (180 + ), CT (12.87) c th c vit nh sau
y =
1 | |
1 |
180
1 | 80
|
|
I + Z
Z
+
I +
(12.88)
iu ny cng tng t nh mi quan h trn th da vo, ngoi tr gc ta
phi c vit dng ( 180 + ), trong l gc pha cho h s phn x in p. Dn
np chun ha c th c vit trong gii hn ca in dn chun ha g v in np
chun ha b nh y = g + jb, cng thang o s dng cho r, x, | |, v c th c
s dng cho g, b, | |, v ( 180 + ).
Trong hnh 12.10(b) im y
3
= .55 + j1.6 c biu din. Gi tr h s phn x
in p tng ng l | | = .746 v 3 = 60. V d khc c a ra l y
4
= 1 j2. H
s phn x in p tng ng l .707-225. N cng c th c biu din l
.707135. y l nhng gi tr chun ha trong y = YYo v Yo=1Zo. Tip
tc, gi s mt gi tr ca Zo l 50 m, dn np thc t y3 l Y3 = YoY = (.55 +
j1.6)/50 = 1.1 + j32 mS. Thnh phn in khng v tr khng tng ng song song
l :
Rp =
3
1
1.1 10

= 909
Xp =
3
1
32 10

= -31.25
Du (-) ch ra rng in khng l in dung.
Hai im quan trng trn th l tr khng ti in p cc i v cc tiu. in p
cc i gc pha ca h s phn xa in p bng 0, do ,

max
= ||0 = |
L
|
Vy,

max
=
1 | |
1 | |
L
L
I +
I
= VSWR (12.89)
Mi quan h cui cng thu c t CT (12.64). Nh vy, tr khng chun ha ti in
p cc i c xem l in tr thun v bng nhau ln VSWR, nh vy phi nm
trn trc r c ch ra hnh 12.11(a).

Page 20

Ti in th cc tiu , gc pha ca h s phn xa in p l 180, v do :

min
=
1 | |
1 | |
L
L
I
+ I
=
1
VSWR
(12.90)
Tr khng chun ha ti in th cc tiu , do , cng l in tr thun, nhng bng
ln 1VSWR. im phi nm trn trc r, c ch ra hnh 12.11(a). H trc
th Smith c sp xp mt vng trn trung tm trn r=1 i qua nhng im
ny. Gi tr VSWR cho 1 vng trn nh vy p dng cho mi im ct bi ng
trn. V d, tr khng chun ha ca .4 + j.75 dn n mt VSWR ca 4, ch ra
hnh 12.11(b). S cn thn lun lun phi c thc hin khng nhm ln ng
ng r vi ng ng VSWR. ng trn VSWR trong hnh 12.11(b) c chm
cch.
Cch s dng khc l cc ng trn VSWR c t l tm dn np tng
ng a ra gi tr tr khng v ngc li. Dn np chun ha y c tm ra hon
ton i xng vs z trn ng trn VSWR, ch ra hnh 12.11(b). V d, cho z = 1.4
+ j1.7 trong hnh v, y s c tm ra vs y = .29 j.35 . Bin i tr khng dn np
mang li trn th Smith khng cn phi c lin kt vi ng truyn, v trong
thc t th mang li mt ha c ngha l gii quyt lot cc phng trnh song
song tng ng c a ra phn 1.7. Cc v d c th s c a ra ngn gn
th Smith c s dng vi o c rnh ng xc nh tr khng v
dn np. T l khong cch c thm vo th, mc 0 cho thang o ny l im
gc pha 180. a ra bi CT (12.69), h s phn xa ca gc pha c a ra l L -
4l . Khong cch chun ha l l , v l tng, gc pha gim, t im mc 180 ,
t l gim gc pha c th c phn trong chiu di bc sng v pha ngun.
Hn na, cho l gim, i v hng ti t in p cc tiu, tng ng vi t l gc
pha tng, c th c phn trong chiu di bc sng v pha ti. Nhng t l
c a ra trong hnh 12.12(b).

Tng chiu di chu vi ca th c gii hn cho 0.5 k t khi m hnh sng
ng lp i lp li chnh n khong thi gian ny.
V d 12.5
Lm li v d 12.3 s dng th Smith. D liu a ra v d 12.3 l VSWR
= 2 : 1, l
min
= .2 v Zo= 50
Li gii
Page 21

V ng trn VSWR = 2 ct trc r ti 2 v .5 nh hnh 12.13. Di chuyn dc theo
chiu di bc sng v pha ti t l 1 khong .2, v v mt ng thng t im
n im gia th . Ni ng ct ng trn VSWR , im Z
L
trong hnh
12.13 a ra tr khng ti.
T th,
Z
L
= 1.55 j.7
Do ,
Z
L
= 50(1.55 j.7)
= 77.5 j35
So snh vi 77.8 j34.3 thu c bi tnh ton trong v d 12.3
tm dn np tng ng, di chuyn hon ton ngc li t Z
L
ti y
L
trn
ng trn VSWR, nh trong hnh 12.13. T th,
y
L
= .54 + j.24
Do ,
y
L
=
.54 .24
50
j +

= 10.8 + j4.8 mS
So snh vi 10.76 + j4.75 mS thu c bi tnh ton trong v d 12.3
V d trn ch ra rng tm im tr khng ti, a ra v tr ca in th cc tiu,
n ch cn thit di chuyn khong cch lmin v pha ti trn th, v im Z
L

c nh vi tr ni bn knh ng ct ng trn VSWR. N cng ch ra bao nhiu
cng vic t hn lin quan n s dng th Smith gii quyt cc vn , so snh
vic tnh ton.
V d 12.6
Lm li v d 12.4 s dng th Smith. D liu t v d 12.4 l Zo = 50 ,
l= .1, ti ngn mch
Li gii
Vi 1 ti ni ngn mch , VSWR = , do ng trn VSWR trng vi in
khng chun ha ( hoc in np) . Mt phn ca t l dc ch ra trong ng bin
dy trong hnh 12.13. Vn l tm ra in khng vo ti .1 v hng ngun . Do ,
Page 22

di chuyn dc theo ng trn VSWR 1 khong cch 0,1 i vi my pht in cung
cp cho mt tr khng u vo bnh thng
z
in
= j.725
do
Z
in
= 50 j.725 = j36,25
iu ny so snh vi j36,33 thu c bng cch tnh ton trong v d 12.4
12.13
______________________________________________________________
iu quan trng l quan st thy s di chuyn theo chiu kim ng h t bt k v tr
trn bng cho mt s thay i v tr i vi my pht in, trong khi ngc chiu
kim ng h chuyn ng cho mt s thay i v tr i vi ti. n khng phi l
cn thit rng nhng thay i nh vy din ra t ngun gc khng trn quy m bc
sng. s phn x t kt hp ca ng dy truyn ti c th t c bng cch s
dng phn ng iu chnh cc phn ng d th cm v tr chnh xc trn ng
dy. V tr ban u, chiu di ca n,c tnh tr khng ca n,v liu n c nn c
m hoc ngn mch, l tt c cc thng s m phi c a vo xem xt. Trong cc
phng php c m t y,c tnh tr khng ban u c thc hin c
ging nh ca trung chuyn chnh c xut hin. Cn stub c kt ni trong lot
vi dng chnh,cch tt nht l lm vi tr khng v in khng. Ni stub c kt ni
song song,nh c th hin trong hnh 12.14a, l s sp xp thun tin nht cho
ng dy ng trc, n l cch tt nht lm vic vi np v in np. Cc vn
cn gii quyt l tm v tr ,chiu di ca l1,l2,v xem stub nn c m hay ngn mch.
Vn ny c gii quyt mt cch d dng bng cch s dng th Smith. V np
bnh thng ,chiu di l1 phi bin i np ti yL vo 1 np y = 1+jb. stub phi thm
mt in np jb np ti hiu qu nh c cho bi (1 +jb) jb = 1. nhn vo thc t
vo thi im ny l do Y
0
x 1 = Y
0
, i.e., dng l ln xut hin.
cp n hnh 12.14b, bc u tin trn th Smith l nhp im z
l
, v vng trn
VSWR, v xc nh v tr cc im y xuyn tm i din. tt nhin nu y
L
c cho
bit, n c th c nhp trc tip trn th, v vng trn VSWR c th c rt ra.
bc th hai l di chuyn y
L
theo hng bc sng i vi my pht in, im m
vng trn VSWR ct r = 1 vng trn. iu ny cho php chiu di l1, nh hin th trn
hnh 12.14b, v in np cn s khai ,jb. th ba l i n im jb trn th v di
chuyn theo hng bc sng i vi ti, im ti t c khi mt trong hai in
np in np t c bng 0 hoc v hn. in np khng c ngha l ti cn s khai
phi l mt mch m, v in np v hn c ngha l n phi l mt mch ngn. vi
cc iu kin hin th trong hnh 12.14b, in np v hn no t ti trc. Chiu di
Page 23

l
2
c xc nh nh c hin th, v ti cn s khai yu cu trng hp ny l mt
mch ngn.

kt hp cn s khai duy nht b bt li rng v tr l
1
khng th d dng c thay i,
v do phng php ny thc s ch thch hp cho mt ti c nh. ti trng khc
nhau c th gp phi,tng gp i stub ph hp thng c s dng, mt trong nhng
chng trnh c sp xp trong bng 12.15a. Vi kt hp n cn s khai, mc tiu
l chuyn ti ln vng trn g=1 v sau iu chnh in np bng cch s dng s
khai l
2
. trong vic b tr hin th,chiu di l ty ca dng bin np ti t Y
L
y'
L
,
y l mt s chuyn i c nh nh trong hnh 12.15b. cn s khai chiu di l
1
by
gi l iu chnh mang li y
L
ln 8 di di vng trn g=1 ti im y
1
. t c
iu ny, chiu di l
1
c iu chnh sao cho stub thm in np j(b
L
+ b
1
) song song
vi hin ti -jb
L
. dn vn khng i g
1
. giai on ny, khng c chuyn ng
dc theo ng chnh, l
1
cn c iu chnh di chuyn cc in np tng s t -
jb
L
n +jb
1
. im bt k trn 8 di di vng trn g =1 c t ng chuyn ti
vng trn g =1 di chuyn 8 khong cch t stub 1 n 2 theo hng i vi my
pht in. Do ,im y
1
chuyn i thnh im y
2
. chiu di l
2
iu chnh iu
chnh ra cc in np +jb
2
. Yu cu chiu di stub c cho trn hnh 12.15c. k t khi
c hai khai c th hin ngn mch, np ti cn s khai trong mi trng hp l v
hn. Stub 1 cung cp mt in np tch cc +j(b
L
+b
1
) v d hin th, v di di phi
c hng ti (stub), l v hn np. Trong v d ny , l
1
c xem l ln hn 0,25,
k t khi mt na chu vi ca biu l 0,25 . Stub 2 cung cp mt in np jb
2

t ngn mch, v nh vy
l2
c tm thy nh hin th trn hnh 12.15c.
Chiu di l
1
, l
2
c th iu chnh, h thng c th c iu chnh theo ti trng khc
nhau. mt bt li l nu ti ti y
1
, phi nm trong vng trn th hin bng m, n
khng th c a vo 8 di di vng trn g=1,v im trong vng trn bng m
khng th c xut hin. Cho 8 khong cch , kim tra vic th smith cho thy
khu vc cm c bao bc bi vng trn g=2.
12.13 Min thi gian phn
Hnh 12.16. (a) H thng min phn x thi gian. Hin th: (b)mch h; (c) ngn
mch;(d) in tr ti =
0
2Z ; (e) RC mc song song.
y l,
3
I
V
R
V = (12.92)
Theo nh hnh 12.16(d)
Mt v d ti phc tp l RC mc song song nh hnh 12.16e. Ban u cc t s ngn
mch (gi s ban u t khng tch in).Tuy nhin,t C s bt u np in ngay lp
Page 24

tc, in p vo theo nh lut hm m. Khi C np y, n chuyn sang trng thi h
mch, dng in s chm dt ti R. H s phn x cho iu kin cui cng do
0
0
L
R Z
R Z

I =
+
(12.93)

V in p cui cng
F
V l
F I R
V V V = +
(1 )
I L
V = + I
0
0
1
I
R Z
V
R Z
| |
= +
|
+
\ .
(12.94)
Dao ng nh hnh 12.16(e).
Bit thi gian T t lc bt u ti phn nh in p v vn tc pha trn cp, chiu di
cp gia chuyn tip v im phn x l khng tm c. Do , d (hnh 12.16a c
2
p
T
d u =

(12.95)
T l chu k thi gian, n cn thit phn chia nh 2 hnh hin th.
y l tnh nng quan trng trong vic pht hin cc li v cc ngun khng ph hp
cho cp m hin nh phn nh. Cp hnh 12.17a, v d, c th dn ti li nh hnh
12.17 b. vn tc pha khng tm c bng cch o T tm chiu di cp. TDR l h
thng o lng rt inh hot xc nh c tnh ng truyn v y chi tit hn
s c tm thy trong ghi ch ng dng 62 v 67 c ban hnh cng ty hewlett-
packard.

(12.96)

(12.97)

(12.98)

12.14. ng d in thoi v cp.
Loi n gin nht ca ng dy (tr cc ng dy n trn t li) l ng
dy kp trn khng. Dy ny thng c lm t catmi ng, c bn c hc tt
Page 25

hn ng th. ng dy trn c s dng nu c th nhng c cch in v bo
v bao bc, nha PVC thng c s dng.
ng dy in (60Hz) c th gy nhiu vo ng dy m nhng iu ny c
th loi b bng cch chuyn v cc ng dy in thoi Hnh 12.18 a cho thy lm
cch no c th can thip thng qua khp ni quy np v in dung. S can thip gy
ra 2 in p i lp E
1
v E
2
nhng chng ko bng nhau v ln, s can thip kt
qu in p E
1
-E
2
s khc nhau v khc 0. Hon v ng dy hnh 12.18b, in p
cm ng trong mi dy c th cn bng chng hy b.
ng dy m l khng kh thi, dy c lm t nhiu si cp a li thng
thc hin di lng t trong mt ng dn. Dy c luyn t ng rt do dai v
mi dy c cch li vi bng giy cao cp. Mt v bc hp kim ch c bc vo
cc dy nh hnh 12.19a.

cho cc cm cp ln hn, v d nhng yu cu trao i gia chung, dy mt
cp hoc l xon li vi nhau theo cp to thnh mt cp i (hnh 12.19b) hoc
chng c th xon thnh hnh sao 4 dy (hnh 12.19c). Sau lp rp trong hi ng
tm hoc n v thi cng. Sau c phn phi ti cc a phng nh phn nhnh
ti cc n v nh hn thun tin v gn gng.
Cho tn hiu tn s cao hn (v d a truy nhp in thoi hay tivi), cp ng
trc thng s dng xy dng hnh 12.20a ln lt c th thnh mt phn ca cp
tng hp nh hinh 12.20 b

12.15 Di tn s v tuyn
i vi cc ng dng ca cng sut thp, dng cht in mi rn nh fi kp hoc
cp ng trc thng c s dng. Vi cc dng c cng sut ln (chng hn nh s
cp tn s tuyn cho anten trong phm vi KW) cht in mi rn c b qua trnh
s tn tht mc ti thiu v cu trc m c s dng cc cht cch in h tr
nhng khong cch in mi chnh l khng kh.
12.16 ng dy ti in nh
Sng cc ngn c tch hp sn trong cc mch lp rp s dng cc hnh thc c
bit ca dng chuyn giao, 2 loi ph bin nht l dng vi di v dng dc nh. Cu
trc c bn cho c 2 loi cng vi cc cu hnh trng in t c biu din trong
hnh 12.21. V dng vi di c gii thiu trn u trang c s phn b phc tp v n
nh hng n tr khng c tnh ca dng. Tuy nhin, cu trc m c d dng hn
Page 26

ch to v cc thnh phn ri rc c th d dng thm vo mch. Vi dng dc
nh, cc lnh vc c gii hn trong lnh vc in mi v iu ny ging nh 1
phin bn bin dng ca s phn b cp ng trc trong hnh 12.21

Mc d cc m hnh dy dn cho mt cu hnh mch nht nh c th tng t cho c
h thng nhng cc chi tit bn trong th li rt khc nhau. in hnh cho dng vi di
l alumin, l cht cng c th chu c nhit cao v iu kin chn khng gp
phi trong qu trnh lng ng ca cc dy dn. C mng dy v mng mng s lng
ng c s dng trong thc t. Hng s in mi ca nhm oxit l 9. Mt phn ca
dng vi di c hin th trong hnh 12.22 cng vi mch tng ng.
Mch dng dc c thc hin bng cch s dng phng php bng mch in c suy
hao thp tn s sng cc ngn v c n inh c hc tt. Nhiu vt liu c sn
nh si thy tinh v polyolefin, hng s in mi tng i lc sau l 2.32. Lp sn
ph c quy nh trong oz trong cp n s lng oz ng c s dng cho
mi din tch b mt. Trng lng thng gp l 1 oz v 2 oz tng ng vi dy l
.0014 v .0028. Hnh 12.23 cho thy phn khut ca dng dc. Hai bo mch in s
dng c 1 mt trn. B mt thp hn bn nn trng trong khi m hnh dn c t
trn b mt ca bn. Khi sn sang lp rp, 2 cht nn cht ch v thng nht kp
gia v bc kim loi. Khong cch khng kh cn st li xung quanh dy dn c th
c lp y bng cch s dng du m silicone hoc laminate mt polyethylene hoc
trong trng hp c lc kp c th to ra dng chy in mi xung quanh dy dn.
Tr khng c tnh ca c 2 loi ca dng ph thuc vo chiu rng ng dy dn,
dy v tch t cht in mi v hng s tng i ca in mi. Trong trng hp
ca dng vi di, hng s in mi tng i kt hp vi in mi ca khng kh.
Cng thc tnh ton v biu xc nh tr khng c tnh c sn dng thit k
mch. Gi tr thc t ca tr khng c tnh t khong 5 - 110. Dng tng tr
khng l ph hp vi w gim bi v mt kt qu dng hp trong mt inh cm lot
tng v gim in dung r nhnh v c th hin biu thc 12.14, c 2 c xu hng
tng

.
S kt hp tng t c biu th trong hnh 12.14 v 12.15 c th c thit k bng
cch s dng dng vi di v dng dc, phng php s dng th smith gii
quyt vn ph hp vi p dng nhng cc gi tr ch tng i, tr khng c tnh
ca cc dng s dng, mt li th ca stripline v microstrip l cc phn dng khc
nhau c tr khng c tnh khc nhau c th d dng kt hp vi nhau trong cng mt
mch, kt qu trong cc mng kt hp linh hot v cc loi khc ca cc mch. Bi v
cc hn hp tr khng c trng gp phi trong cc tnh hung nh vy, biu smith
khng cung cp 1 phng php thun tin ca gii php. Nhng trong thc t, cc yu
Page 27

t ph hp c th d dng tnh toan bng phng php trc tip. Cc mng nh vy
lm cho vic s dng cc yu t mch c m t trong phn 12.11. C th, m v
ngn mch di dng 18 v 38 thng c s dng. t v d 12.75 , z tr khng
c chiu di ngn mch 18 dng c cho bi
Z= jZtan(

)= j

tan (

) =j

(12.99)

iu ny cho thy rng tr khng u vo, s lng tr khng c tnh ca nhnh.
Mt cch tng t, chiu di 38
Z= -j

(12.100)
Thng thng, iu thun tin hn lm vic vi gi tr np, ch n gin l cc
nghch o ca tr khng :

Ngn mch : Y= -j

(12.101)

Ngn mch : Y= -j

(12.102)
Khi mch in h cng c th s dng v cc dn np cho 2 trng hp c th d
dng bt ngun t biu thc 12.80

H mch : Y= j

(12.103)

H mch : Y= -j

(12.104)
Cng vi phn ct r nhnh, 4 bin p cng c s dng, biu thc 12.81 c p
dng trong trng hp ny. Vic s dng stripline(microstrip) to 1 mng kt hp
l mng c minh ha trong v d sau.
V d 12.7: ti u ha hiu sut thp ting n ca mt b khuch i vi sng, bng
bn dn phi c t 1 ngun c gi tr dn np Y=0.05 - j0.03 siemens. Tr khng
ngun thc t l 50. Thit k 1 mng li stripline kt hp ph hp.
Gii
S mch cho mng kt hp c biu th trong hnh 12.24a. yu cu Y=G+ jB, 4
chuyn i 50, ngun vo 1/G=1/.05=20, bng cch s dng biu thc 12.81
20=

Page 28

Do

= =31.62
Cc bi phi thm 1 in np ca jB = -j0.3 siemens. Biu thc 12.101 cho thy c th
s dng dn np c trng

-j.03 = -

Nh vy
Z
0
=

= 33.33
Trong thc t, gim thiu tc ng ca cc shunt kt ni ni tip, stub shunt
thng c cn bng v ng dy ni tip nh th hin trong hnh 12.24b. iu ny
l tng ng vi c hai on ni song song, mi in np -j0, 015 siemens v do
, c mt tr khng c trng 66,66. ch in dung ngn c s dng hai u
ca cc on ni.
12.17 Cc vn
1. Gii thch nhng g c ngha l c tnh tr khng ca mt ng truyn. Gii
thch l do ti sao bn mong ch mt dng di v hn thng nht c mt tr khng
u vo bng tr khng c tnh.
2. Cc hng s c bn (c th gi nh l khng ph thuc vo tn s) cho ng
dy truyn ti l R = 0.5 m, L = 250 nH/m, C = 100 pF/m v G = 10
-6
S / m. V
th th hin s dao ng ca | Z
0
cho ng dy ny.
3. Vi ng truyn nh bi 2, tnh h s suy hao v h s pha ti tn s 20MHz.
4. Gii thch nhng g c ngha l h s lan truyn ca mt ng truyn. H s
lan truyn ca mt ng truyn c cho l (0.0005 + j/10) m
-1
. Vi chiu di
ng dy l 50m, xc nh:
a. Tng suy hao tnh bng Nepe
b. Tng suy hao tnh bng Decibel
c. Tng s dch pha.
5. H s lan truyn ca mt ng dy c cho l = 0,0006 + j (10). Dy
di 32m v c gii hn chnh xc khng c sng phn x. V th hnh sin th
hin s dao ng ca dng in trn chiu di ca si dy (nhn hnh 12.3) nhng biu
c di nepe, s dng mili nepe cho mi bc.
Page 29

6. Cho ng truyn nh bi 4, xc nh suy hao theo nepe, decibel cho 15km
ng dy.
7. Gii thch ngha ca thi gian tr nhm v l do ti sao iu ny l khng
i cho mt ng truyn. cho = , L = 1 H/m v C = 11,11pF/m. tnh:
a. Thi gian tr nhm
b. Vn tc nhm
8. Gii thch ngha ca h s phn x in p cho mt ng truyn. H s
phn x trn 50 l 0.730. Xc nh gii hn tr khng ti ca ng dy.
9. Mt ng dy 300 c gii hn tr khng ti l 100+ j200. Xc nh h s
phn x in p.
10. Gii thch sng ng l nh th no trn ng truyn v mi quan h gia
in p v dng in ca sng ng cho 1 ng dy c c tnh tr khng l thun
tr.
11. Tnh t s in p sng ng cho mt ng dy khng tn hao vi tr khng
c trng 50 khi n c gii hn bi :
a. in tr 100
b. (30 j50)
12.V phc tho s dao ng ca tr khng vo vi chiu di ca ng truyn
khng tn hao ngn mch u cui. Mt phn ca ng dy 50 , chiu di l 0.15
c ngn mch u cui. Xc nh in khng c ch ca phn , biu din r rng
cho d n l in cm hay in dung.
13. Tnh chiu di ban u cn cung cp mt in khng bng:
a. Z
0
b. Z
0
.
Biu din chiu di di dng phn s ca bc sng
14. Mt ng truyn khng tn hao 600 c gii hn bi t in 5pF. ng
truyn hot ng ti tn s lm vic m lm n c chiu di bng . Xc nh loi
tr khng vo cho ng truyn, cho gi tr in cm v in dung l nh nhau.
15. S dng th Smith xc nh gi tr dn np tng ng vi tr khng 150
+ j80 . Cho dn np tnh bng simen, cng c a ra thnh phn song song
tng ng gi tr trong ohm.
Page 30

16. Tr khng ti 80 j70 c kt ni ti ng truyn 50. Tm :
a. VSWR
b. Khong cch, gii hn bc sng, in p ti thiu u tin (U
1
min)
c. Tr khng mc ti thiu ny.
17. o lng trn mt rnh dy 50 cho kt qu nh sau : VSWR = 3,0. Khong
cch t ti n U
1
min = 0,4. S dng th Smith xc nh gi tr ca tr khng ti.
18. tr khng 100 j50 c s dng gii hn cho mt ng truyn khng tn
hao 50 . ng y c chiu di 0,6. S dng th Smith xc nh :
a. VSWR
b. tr khng vo
c. tr khng ti mc in p ln nht.
19. dn np ti 4 - j10 mS c kt hp vi h thng s dng kt hp vi mt
on ni n. Xc nh v tr kt ni song song vi ng truyn chnh, chiu di ca
on ni v c h hoc ngn mch.
20. Lp li bi 19 cho on ni kt ni ni tip.
21. Thnh phn on ni i ph hp c sp xp nh biu din hnh 12.15(a)
vi khong cch l = 0,1. Xc nh dn np chun ho sau y c th ph hp vi :
a. 0,6 j1,2
b. 0.6 j1,2
c. 1,1 =j1,3
d. 3 j2.
22. Tr khng ti l 75- j80 c kt ni vi ng truyn 50 s dng thnh
phn on ni i nh bi 21. Xc nh chiu di cn thit ca on ni theo bc
sng.
23. Mt php o phn x trong min thi gian trn u cui mt ng truyn,
in p phn x c tm thy l mt bc i xung theo chiu dc, ln bng mt
na bc u vo. Nu ng truyn c th gi nh l khng tn hao v tr khng
c tnh l 100 , xc nh gi tr ca tr khng ti.
24. V phc ha di dng theo di d kin trn mt php o TDR thit lp khi p
dng cho u cui mt ng dy trong mch ni tip RL.
Page 31

25. Mt ng truyn c lm bng hai dy ng song song # 18 AWG (ng
knh l 1,024mm) cch nhau 10 mm ra v nhng vo trong mt ming m lm t
nha polyvinyl clorua (PVC). ng dy c in tr 1,984 / km v cht cch in
c dn r r 2,5x10
-10
simen km. Tm ng dy khng i ban u. Cho PVC c

r
= 3,3.
26. Lp li vn 25 cho mt ng cp ng trc c thc hin cng mt dy
in v vt liu cch in, vi mt v bc ng c ng knh bn trong 2cm. Gi
nh s r r c cng gi tr.
27. Mt b khuch i sng viba cn phi c cung cp mt tr khng ngun 12
+ j8 .Tr khng ngun thc t l 50. Xc nh gi tr tr khng ph hp cho thnh
phn stripline bao gm thnh phn my bin th 4 v mt on ni 3 4 kt ni
song song, v trng thi cho d on ni c m hay ngn mch.

Chng 3

13.1 Gii thiu
tn s cao hn khong 3000 MHz, truyn sng in t dc theo ng dy v cp
tr nn kh khn, ch yu l do nhng tn tht xy ra c trong cht in mi rn cn
thit h tr cc dy dn v bn thn cc dy dn. N c th truyn mt sng in t
trong mt ng kim loi c gi l ng dn sng. Cc hnh thc ph bin nht ca
ng dn sng hnh ch nht trong mt ct ngang nh th hin trong hnh 13.1 a. Dng
cm ng trong thnh ca ng dn sng lm tng tn tht in nng v gim thiu
nhng tn tht in tr trong thnh ng dn sng c to thp nht c th. Cc dng
c xu hng tp trung gn b mt bn trong ca cc thnh ng dn, c bit i khi
gim sc khng.
Ngoi vic xc nh tn tht, cc thnh ca ng dn sng c th c coi l cc dy
dn hon ho. Kt qu ca hai iu kin quan trng trong xc nh phng thc
truyn ca sng in t mt hng dn di: (1) in trng phi truyn ht trn cc
dy dn [ngha l, thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng phi bng khng (hnh
13.1b)] (2) t trng phi nm hon ton tip tuyn dc theo b mt thnh [ngha l
thnh phn php tuyn ca t trng phi bng khng (hnh 13.1c)]. Bit cc iu
kin ny cung cp mt cch n gin hnh dung c cc phng thc truyn dn
sng xy ra nh th no s c tho lun trong cc phn sau.

Page 32


Mc d ph tn s ca sng ko di t 300 Hz n 300 Ghz (xem hnh 14,17)
ng dy ti c th c s dng cho phn di ca phm vi. Trn 3000 Mhz, ng
dn sng tr nn cn thit m mt lng ln nng lng phi c truyn.
13.2 ng dn sng hnh ch nht
Cc iu kin loi tr kh nng ca mt ng dn sng h tr sng in t ngang
(TEM) (xem Ph lc B) s truyn sng k t khi t trng l vung gc vi hng
truyn (dc theo trc ca ng dn sng) v do t trng s c to thnh vng
dc theo hng truyn nm song song vi cc bc tng trn v di v tip tuyn
vi ng bn (xem hnh 13.2a).

S bin thin ca in trng l mt hm khong cch hng truyn th hin hnh
13.2 (b) v dc theo mt ct ngang hnh.13.2 (c). ch truyn c biu din
trong hnh.13.2 c bit n nh mt dng in nm ngang ch (TE) v in
trng l nm ngang theo hng truyn (cn c bit n nh l mt ch H,
ngha l mt phn ca t trng nm dc theo hng truyn).
Ch s di c s dng biu th s lng mt na chu k ca s bin i xy ra
dc theo hai bn a v b. Th hin trong hnh.13.2, mt na chu k (th d ti a l
mt) xy ra dc theo pha a v khng dc theo pha b. V vy mode ny c gi l
mode TE10. Cc mode TE10 l mode chim u th trong truyn dn sng nn s c
hin th h tr mode ng dn sng tn s thp nht.
13.2.1 c tnh ca mode TE10
Hnh.13.3 (a) cho thy lm th no mt sng TE10 c th c khun nh l kt qu ca
hai sng TEM giao nhau. Ti cc im giao nhau c hin th, cc sng ring l l
vector. Ti nhng im m in trng tng cng ln nhau, th hin qua cc cp t
trng l trc tip ln v xung, ti cc im m cc lnh vc in hy b th hin
bng cc du chm v con lai vi nhau, t trng c ch o tri v phi. Bc tng
kim loi c th c t theo hng R nh trong Hnh 13.3b m khng vi phm cc
iu kin bin v n s c nhn thy rng in trng l s khng v t trng tip
tuyn ti cc bc tng. Bc tng kim loi trn v di c th c t v tr nh
cc lnh vc in s chm dt bnh thng trn cc v t trng nm song song vi
h.

Page 33

Hng ca t trng xen k nh hnh 13.3b, mt vng lp chim mt khong cch
ca mt na bc sng trong ti liu hng dn. im khc bit t mt na bc
sng ca cc sng TE c nhn v c th hin nh
g
, ni
g
c gi l bc
sng ca ng dn sng.
Tn s ca sng TE l tng t nh ca sng TEM (tc l n c s chu k trong mt
giy). Cho Vp l vn tc pha ca sng TE, sau bng cch s dng cc mi quan h
chung f = V
p
c trong Ph lc B, ta c:
Sng TE:
g
f = V
p
(13.1)
Sng TEM: f = c (13.2)
T c cng thc: Vp = c

(13.3)
T hnh .13.3b, n c c th hin rng:
Cos = 2a (t tam gic OBP) (13.4)
Sin =
g
(t tam gic vung ABO) (13.5)
V t sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
Sau ta c: (

+ (

Hoc

(13.6)
Ni
g
l bc sng ca mode TE
10
, l bc sng khng gian t do ca mt trong
hai sng TEM v mt l chiu rng ca sng.
T phng trnh 13.6, c th thy rng khi = 2a, bc sng tr nn v hn, iu ny
tng ng vi sng TEM t bn khng c thnh phn vn tc hng dc theo hng
dn r rng. Sau = 2a i din cho bc sng TEM sng di nht c th l cm
ng vo ng dn sng nh l mt mode TE s khng c to ra cho cc bc sng
di hn. i vi bc sng TEM ngn hn, pt (13.6) cho thy bc sng l c thc v
r rng TE-mode truyn c th xy ra.
Gii hn 2a c gi l bc sng ct
c
ca mode TE
10
v vit li phng trnh
(13.6), ta c:

(13.7)
T cng thc 13.3 v 13.5 suy ra:
Page 34

V
p
=

(13.8)
Sin ca mt gc khng bao gi l ln hn 1, V
p
khng bao gi nh hn c, n c th
ln hn.
Cc sng ring l phi i mt con ng ngon ngo v do cc thnh phn vn tc
theo hng l tc m ti nng lng sng c chuyn ti nh hn c. T
hnh.13.4 thnh phn ny, c gi l vn tc nhm V
g
, l
V
g
= c sin (13.9)
Kt hp cng thc 13.8 v 13.9
V
g
V
p
= c
2
(13.10)
Cng thc (13.9) cng c th c vit li v bc sng v y l nhng s thng
c bit n:
V
g
= c

(13.11)
Tr khi c quy nh khc, n c gi nh rng cc ng dn sng in mi l khng
kh kh, hng s in mi v thm khng gian t do.

V d 13.1 ng dn sng hnh ch nht c kch thc thnh rng ca 0,900 inch v
c to bi mt nh cung cp dch v 10GHz t mt cp ng trc th hin trong
hnh.13.5. Xc nh liu mt ln sng TE
10
s c tuyn truyn v nu nh vy, tm
bc sng dn giai on ca n v vn tc nhm.
Gii a = 0,900 inch = 2,286 cm
V vy
c
= 2 2,286 = 4,572 cm
=

= 3 cm.
lu rng n l bc sng ca khng gian t do v khng phi l bc sng dc theo
dy cp ng trc c s dng. V vy
c
> v mt ln sng TE
10
s c truyn.
Do ,

Page 35

Do :

g
=

= 3,975 cm

m/s
V
g
= c

= 2,264 x 10
8
m/s
Tr khng sng c nh ngha l t l cc thnh phn ngang ca in trng. Tng
hp ch TE
10
, hai sng TE c bin v pha thi gian bng nhau, do , E1 =
E2 = E v H1 = H2 = H. Ton b in trng E l theo chiu ngang cng kch thc
b, trong khi t hnh. 13.3 n c th d dng xc nh chc chn rng thnh phn nm
ngang ca H nm cng mt kch thc a
H
a
= H sin (13.12)
Do tr khng sng cho ch TE
10
l:

( 13.13)
Trong ph lc B tr khng sng ca mt sng TEM trong khng gian t do c th
hin cng thc. (B.10))
Z
o
=

(13.14)
Nh vy,biu thc thay th (13.14) v (13.5) trong biu thc (13.13)

(13.15)

(13.16)
Khi cc gi tr
o
v
o
c thay th.
Tm quan trng ca khi nim tr khng sng l n c th c s dng trong mt
cch tng t vi tr khng c tnh ca mt ng dy truyn ti, do cc l thuyt
v phn x, sng ng v bng smith trong chng 12 cng c th c p dng cho
ng dn sng.
13.2.2 ng ng
Hy xt mt phn ca ng dn sng kn bi mt tm dn in cui. Cc iu kin
gii hn yu cu cc trng hot ng iu chnh in trng v khng v t
Page 36

trng l hon ton tip tuyn ti min ng (tc l cc hnh dng ca trng l ging
vi thnh dn sng). Cc hnh dng sng tng hp c th c kt hp gia sng ti
TE v sng phn x TE, s kt hp trong thit lp mt hnh dng sng dng dc
theo sng dn, tng t nh m t trong phn 12,7 cho cc ng dy ti. iu quan
trng l quan st c cc m hnh sng tng hp l ng yn trong khng gian v
thay i trong thi gian, trong khi sng ti c hin th trong hnh 13,3 (b) l thi
gian bt bin nhng tt nhin di chuyn dc theo sng dn. Hnh 13,6 nhn mnh
im ny. Bn tri hin th cc iu kin trong mt hng dn ngn mch ti cc
khong thi gian ca mt phn t thi gian chu k ca sng, thi gian tham chiu
c la chn ti mt trng ln nht. Dy bn phi cho thy mt ln sng n di
chuyn nh th no s thay i theo cng mt khong thi gian. (cho r rng, ch c
cc vng t trng c hin th.
N s c quan st rng
g
t trng kn nm ngang cui cng l bng 0, trong
khi in t l ti a. V vy, tr khng sng l v hn phn ny trn ng dn sng.
phn
g
, in trng bng 0 v thnh phn t trng ngang l ti a. Do , tr
khng sng bng 0. V vy mt phn t bc sng v mt na bc sng c tnh cht
chuyn i ca cc b phn truyn ti dng m t trong phn 12.11

13.2.3 u cui ng dn sng
u cui mt ng dn sng m khng gy ra phn x, tr khng u cui phi
bng tr khng sng ca sng ti. u tin xt mt in tr cui ca ng dn sng
(hnh.13.7a). Gia trn v di ca ng dn, mt tm in tr c chiu di l b v din
tch mt ct ngang a, trong t l dy ca tm, a v b l kch thc c xc nh
trc . Ch c tm khng gia trn v di cn c xem xt t khi dng hng v
gc bn phi trng H. Cho p l in tr sut ca tm, sau u cui tr khng l:
R
T
=

(13.17)
in tr R
s
c xc nh:
R
s
=

(13.18)
By gi, dng bng ny h tr cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca Ht t trng c a ra
bi
H
T
=

(13.19)
Ngoi ra, in p trn tm cung cp mt thnh phn in trng E
T
:
Page 37

E
T
=

(13.20)
Do :

(13.21)
Nhng V I = R
T
= R
s
(b / a) v thay th vo phng trnh. (13,21)

E
T
v H
T
s bao gm ba thnh phn: sng ti, phn x v sng truyn, th hin trong
hnh 13.7a nh W
i
, W
r
, v W
t
tng ng. Sng truyn c th c loi b bng cch
m rng v ng dn g , nh th hin hnh 13.7b ngn mch. Ct ngn g
c mt tr khng v hn, do khng c sng c th c truyn vo n. Tip theo
cc tm in tr R
s
c thc hin bng tr khng Z

sng:
Z = Rs (13,23)

iu ny cho thy rng E
T
/ H
T
= E
i
/ H
i
= E H; l sng ti c hp th bi cc
tm xung mt ng dn sng di v hn, trong cc tr khng sng Z

(hoc R
s
).
Nh vy, sng phn nh c loi b.
Vic b tr tho lun minh ha hai nguyn tc quan trng, l tm in tr sut v
tng ca vic s dng ngn mch trn

g
phn l kh quan trng iu chnh.
Sp xp thc t hn chm dt mt hng dn c hin th trong hnh 13,8.Cc di
in tr c t trong mt phng ca in trng ti a, lm gim phn x n mt
mc khng ng k. D bng hnh thc ca cn th hin trong hnh 13,8 l tha
ng, v kch thc hin th l in hnh ca nhng ngi c s dng trong thc
t.Di trng carbon - c th c s dng, hoc cho hot ng n nh hn, mt di
thy tinh c ph mt lp mng mng kim loi , ln lt, c mt lp in mi
mng bo v.Resistivities b mt ca th t ca 500 mi in hnh.
13.2.4 Suy hao
Mt s sp xp tng t nh nhng g th hin trong hnh 13,8 c th c s
dng cung cp suy gim trong ng dn sng. Hai phng php ph bin c hin
th trong hnh 13,9.Trong hnh 13,9 (a), cc tm mng in tr c th c chuyn t
lp ni sn xut suy gim ti a. Cc a c kh bng tnh mi thng c trang b
vi mt iu khin micromet iu chnh tt ca s suy gim c th c thc hin
v chnh xc hiu chun. Suy hao np Hnh 13,9 (b) l n gin xy dng v nh
th hin trong phn tip theo, v tr khe nh vy m bc x c gim thiu. Tuy
nhin, mt s bc x khng xy ra v loi ny khng c s dng cho cng vic
chnh xc.
Page 38

Hnh 13.9
13.2.5 ng b
Nh nu, cc m hnh i li sng trong thi gian bt bin, l m hnh xut hin
gi hnh dng ca n khi n di chuyn xung hng dn. Ti bt k mt ct ngang
ca hng dn, tuy nhin, t trng (v in trng) xut hin khc nhau trong thi
gian l vng qut phn cc thay th. iu ny a n dng in cm ng trong cc
bc tng ca hng dn vung gc vi t trng. Cc dng cho ch TE
10
nh
trong hnh 13.10 (a). M hnh ny di chuyn xung hng dn cng vi cc m hnh
lnh vc vn tc pha. Nhn mnh rng cc m hnh xy dng v phn r nh sng TE
qut. Tng t c th c rt ra mt ln sng bin di chuyn dc theo mt bc tng
bin to ra mt git gn (Hnh 13,10 (b)). Splash i vn tc giai on ( l nhanh
hn so vi vn tc m ln sng phng php tip cn bc tng) v nhng ngi
ng ra ca bc tng bin s di chuyn tr li nh git gn i qua chng, do
cc gn trong dng cng di chuyn giai on vn tc.
Bit cc m hnh hin ti l quan trng v n cho php ch trng c th nh
v chnh xc trong cc bc tng phc v cc mc ch khc nhau. Slots khng
ng ch gin on dng chy hin ti c gi l nonradiating, v chng dn n
s xo trn ca lnh vc ni b ti thiu v do t in r r nng lng thng qua
h. Cc v tr ca hai khe cm nonradiating, dn nhn NR c th hin trong hnh
13,10 (c). N s c thy rng mt khe cm nonradiating c th c t dc theo
trung tm ca bc tng rng ln ca hng dn v s dng c thc hin iu ny
trong suy hao ca hnh 13,9 (b). Mt ng dng khc l khe dn sng cho php sng
ng c o lng k thut tng t nh m t trong phn 12,10 ng dy truyn
ti.
khe m lm gin on dng chy hin ti, chng hn nh nhng ngi R dn
nhn trong hnh 13,10 (c) c gi l bc x khe. Nhng xo trn ti a cc sn phm
ca lnh vc ni b, kt qu trong con ngi nng lng bc x. Khe bc x hnh
thnh nn c s ca ng-ten khe.

13.2.6 Lin h v mi ni
Cc thuc tnh ca mt phn ngn mch c th c s dng cung cp mt mch
in ngn m khng cn thit phi cung cp mt s lin lc vng chc c kh ti im
ngn mch. Nguyn tc ny c tch hp vo trong thit k ca mt s loi mt bch
c s dng khp ni phn hng dn vi nhau v trong vic thit k cc a ch
lin lc di chuyn ngn mch. Hai 14
g
bin i xy ra, nh th hin trong hnh
13,11 (a). 14
g
chuyn i phn u rn ngn mch u mt mch m ti ng
Page 39

giao nhau ca hai phn 14
g
. Di y l mt doanh c kh xy ra nhng v y l
mt poin cao tr khng dng nh v sc khng chung l khng quan trng. 14
g

phn bin i mch m tr li mt dng ngn mch ti im nhp cnh. ng dng
POF nguyn tc mt mt bch khp ni c minh ha trong hnh 13,11 (b) v mt
mch ngn di chuyn trong hnh 13,11 (c). Trong hnh sau mt feeder ng trc c
hin th bng cch v d, 14
g
ngn mch phn thc hin chc nng tng t nh
nhng g th hin trong hnh 13,7 (b).
Hnh 13.11
13.2.7 Phn ng khai
Cc yu t tng ng vi phn ng c th c a vo ng dn sng trong
nhiu cch khc nhau, mt phng php ph bin l s dng mt s khai vt iu
chnh nh trong hnh 13,12. Khi cn s khai l ch l mt cch ngn nh trong sung
13,12 (a), n hot ng nh mt t in v n to ra s gia tng mt thng lng
in ca sng trong vng ln cn ca stub
Vi vt tt c cc cch nh vy m n to thnh mt bi gia trn v di ca
hng dn (Hnh 13,12 (b)), mt ng dn c cung cp cho cc dng gy ra trong
thit lp mt t trng nh mt bi hot ng nh mt inductor. Mt lot mch LC
tng ng c hnh thnh khi vt l cho c hai thnh phn ng k nhng
khng chi phi nh c th hin trong hnh 13,12 (c). Khai trc vt c s dng
n l v trong nhm hai v ba cung cp cc thit b kt hp gia mt ng dn
sng v ti.

13.3
Bc song ct cho

ni chung c cho bi :
(

` (13.24)
y m v n l s nguyn. Phng trnh (13.24) gim xung ti
c
= 2a cho m=1 v
n=0. y l iu in c gii thiu trong Eq.(13.7) cho ch

Ch

l ch thp nht ch TM c th xy ra. iu kin bin loi

tr ch

. Ch

c s dng cho cc mc ch truyn ti v Cc kch

thc hng dn c la chn kt hp vi tn s u vo ct t tt c nhng ch
(

) chi phi. V d, cho mt hng dn tiu chun kch thc l :

Kch thc bn ngoi : 1.000 x 0.500 inch
Page 40

dy : 0.050 inch
kch thc bn trong l:
a = 2.286 cm
b = 1.016 cm
Bc song ct cho cc s khc nhau trong cc phng php khc nhau :
E
10
:
c
= 2a = 4,572 cm
TE
20
:
c
= a = 2,286 cm
TE
01
:
c
= 2b = 2,032 cm

}: (

`
Do
c
= 1.857 cm
Kt qu ny c lp bng nh sau :
Di tn s hot ng c ngh cho ng dn WR90 l 8,20 n 12,40 GHz v n s
thy ch mode (

) c kch thch. Tt nhin, nu mt tn s cao hn c a

vo ng dn mode cao hn s c kch thch. V d, nu 1 tn s 15 GHz c s
dng. Ba mode u tin c th tn ti ng thi trong ng dn. Tt c cc mode bao
gm c mode trn c m t trong on k tip, phng trnh (13.7) c p dng
Cc ng dn trn cng h tr mode dn sng. Mode

trn c minh ha
trong hnh 13.13(c). (Cc ch s di biu th chu vi n phc tp hn nhiu so vi
phng php trong ng hnh ch nht). Bc sng ct gim lin quan in ng knh
ca ng dn, gi tr l thuyt l :

= 1.71d (13.25)
y l ng knh ca ng dn song.
Cc ng dn song trn c cc c im c bit. Cho php xoay cc khp ni
v mode

c nhng c im khc bit ca s suy gim tr nh tn s c tng

ln thch hp cho ng truyn tn s vi song cao hn. Tuy nhin, Vn c kh v
thc hin v duy tr kch thc chnh xc trong 1 ng dn song trn l phc tm hn
nhiu so vi ng dn song hnh ch nht v sau ny c tm thy nhiu hn trong cc
mc ch truyn ti.


Page 41

13.4 Cc vn
1. Xc nh

cho cc ng dn sng tiu chun WR62 kch

thc bn ngoi l 0.702 x 0.391 inch v dy 0.040 inch khi kch thch tn s l 10
GHz
2. Xc nh tr khng sng ca

cho ng dn WR62 bi ton 1.

3. Gii thch lm th no sng ng c th c to ra trong ng dn sng.
4. Bng cch tng t vi l thuyt ng truyn c trnh by trong phn
12.8, xc nh h s phn x in trng ca mt ln sng

tr khng sng 68
in hnh 13.7(b), in tr sut ca ti l 500vung
5. Cng tng t vi l thuyt truyn dn c trnh by trong phn 12.9, xc
nh t in trng sng ng vi cc iu kin hng dn ca vn 4
6. in tr sut tm l g ? n khc in tr sut vt liu nh th no ?
7. Biu din trn th Smith s chuyn i din ra trong

ngn mch trong

hnh 13.11(a)
8. Gii thch s khc bit gia bc x v khe khng bc x trong mt ng dn
sng mode

9. mt ng dn sng tiu chun WR187 c kch thc nh sau: Bn ngoi
2000x1000 inch, dy 0.064 inch. Xc nh tn s cao nht c th c truyn nu ch
mode

c php. Nhng mode c th tn ti trong nu n c kch thch bi

mt ln sng ca tn s 6.00 GHz ?

Page 42


Chng 14


14.1 Gii thiu
Thng tin v tuyn s dng sng in t truyn qua kh quyn tri t hoc
khng gian mt khong cch di m khng cn dy. Sng v tuyn vi cc tn s
khc nhau t khong 100 Hz trong bng EF n 300 Ghz trong bng UHF c
s dng cho cc mc ch truyn thng v gn y bc x trong v gn vng nhn
thy ( gn 1000 THz or 10
15
Hz) cng c s dng. Hnh 14.17 cho thy cc bng
tn c s dng ph bin.
Mt s cc thuc tnh c bn ca mt sng in t ngang (TE) c m t
trong ph lc B. Mc d in trng v t trng tn ti ng thi, trong thc t ng-
ten c thit k lm vic thng qua mt hoc cc lnh vc khc. ng-ten c m
t trong chng 15. V c bn khi ng mt ln sng in t vo khng gian mt
dng in c y mnh m trong thc t c ngha l hin ti trong b tn nhit phi
thay i theo thi gian. Trong chng ny, cc bin th hnh sin hoc hnh cos s
c gi nh tr khi c quy nh khc
14.2 an n ong khng gian do
14.2.1 S lan truyn ca mode.
Xt 1 cng sut trung bnh

, gi s c bc x bng nhau mi hng

(ng hng). S ln truyn ra ngoi thnh hnh cu khi n di chuyn t ngun. do
khong cch d, mt cng sut trong sng l nng lng cho mi n v din tch
ca mt u sng, s c

W/m
2
(14.1)
nh vy bi v 4

l din tch b mt ca hnh cu bn knh d, tp trung vo

ngun.

l vit tt ca mt cng sut ng hng.

Ta bit rng tt c cc ng-ten thc t c c im nh hng l cc bc x
c cng sut ln hn mt s hng ti tiu hao t hn nhng noi khc. H s hnh
hng l t s gia mt cng sut ca an-ten ti 1 hng vi mt cng sut ca
ang-ten chun khi hai ang-ten t cng v tr v cng sut bc x nh nhau. Cho

l
h s hng tnh cao nht ca ng-ten pht. Th mt cng sut theo hng bc x
ti a s l :
Page 43

P
D
= P
Di
G
T
=

(14.2)
Mt ng ten thu c th c nh hng n thu thp cng sut ti a t
sng. khi c v tr, cho Pr l cng sut cung cp bi cc ng-ten ti (thu) vi iu
kin ph hp. Sau ng ten c th c coi l c mt din tch hiu qu (hoc khu
)

P
R
= P
D
A
eff
=

(14.3)

N c th c biu th cho ng ten bt k, t l ti a ca h s tnh hng
n khu vc hiu qu l

(14.4)
y, l bc sng ca sng bc x. Cho

l h s tnh hng ti a ca
ng ten thu, chng ta c t cng thc 14.3 v 14.4

(14.5)
y l phng trnh c bn cho truyn dn trong khng gian t do. Thng n c
hin t thng qua tn s MHz v ng knh Km. Nh c biu din trong ph
lc B, , v thay vo cng thc 14.5 v tnh ton coi nh 1 bi tp cho cc bn,
ta thu c kt qu l :

(14.6)
Biu din theo decibel dB. Cng thc 14.6 c th vit thnh :
(

= (G
T
)
dB
+ (G
R
)
dB
(32,5 + 20log
10
d + 20log
10
f) (14.7)
Phn trong du ngoc n bn v phi l phn b mt theo dB, kt qu t s lan
truyn ca sng khi n truyn ra ngoi t ngun. N c gi l suy hao ng truyn
. do
L = (32,5 + 20log
10
d + 20log
10
f)
dB
(14.8)
y d c n v l Km v f l MHz
cng thc 14.7 tr thnh
(

= (G
T
)
dB
+ (G
R
)
dB
(L)
dB
(14.9)
Page 44

V d 14.1 : Trong mt h thng thng tin v tinh, khng gian t do c th c gi
nh. V tinh cao 36,000 Km so vi tri t. Tn s s dng l 4000MHz. h s
khuch i ca ng-ten l 15dB v h s khuch i ng-ten thu l 45 dB. Tnh suy
hao ng truyn trong khng gian t do V cng sut nhn khi cng sut suy hao l
200W.
Gii :
(a) L = 32,5 + 20log
10
36000 + 20log
10
4000 = 196 dB
(b) (

= 15 + 45 -196 = -136 dB
y l cng sut sng ratio 0,25 10
-13
v khi P
T
= 200 W
P
R
= 200 10
-13
= 5 10
-12
W = 5 pW
Thng n l cn thit bit cng in trng ca sng trn ng-ten thu sng.
Trong ph lc B, E c cho bi phng trnh (B.12) P
D
mt nng lng v tr
khng sng Z
0
. Nh
E =

(14.10)
Ngoi ra, Z
0
c cho nh phng trnh (B.10)
Z
0
=

(14.11)
Cc gi tr mi trng t do nh sau : =
0
= 4 x 10
-7
H / m, =

= 8,854 x 10
-12

F / m. thay th trong cc phng trnh (14,11) cho.
Z
0
=120 (14.12)
bng cch thay th phng trnh (14.2) v (14,12) trong phng trnh (14,10) c th
tm c cng trng.
E =

V/m (14.13)
y l phng trnh c bn th hin c trng ca ng-ten thu, iu kin truyn lan
trong khng gian t do. t ng ten thu c l
eff
chiu di hiu dng (tng t n khu
vc hiu qu) h mch EMF ca E
s
ng ten c cho bi
V
s
= E l
eff
(14.14)

Chiu di hiu dng c cp trong phn 15,9
Page 45

d 14,2: Tnh ton in p h mch gy ra trong mt lng cc in 2 khi 10W
ti 150Hz c bc x t mt lng cc in /2 xa 50Km. ng ten c nh
hng truyn ti u v tip nhn
ii
=

= 2 m
Trong chng 18, n c th hin bi mt /2 lng cc in , t c ti a l
1.64:1 v chiu di c hiu dng l / n.V vy

= 282 V
Phng trnh 14,13 i khi c vit li trong s lin h ca cng trng mt
n v khong cch, E0. do , d = 1m
E = E
0
=

V / m (14.15)
V do phng trnh 14,13 c th c vit li nh sau
E =

V / m (14.16)
u rng n v ca E v E
0
u l V / m, mc d cng thc 14.16 c th c xu
hng ngh rng E l cc n v (V / m), hoc V / m
2
.Phng trnh 14,16 thc s
th hin mt t l chun tc v y , n s l
E = E
0



V / m (14.17)

14.2.2 H hng vi ba
H thng v tuyn viba hot ng tn s trn 1GHz truyn ch yu phng thc
tm nhn thng ca ch khng gian t do, d l trn mt t hoc trong cc h
thng truyn hnh v tinh. T nhng nm 1950, h thng v tuyn viba tr thnh
nhng phng tin lm vic hiu qu ca tnh lu ng ng di h thng truyn
thng.
Cc h thng ny cung cp bng thng truyn dn v tin cy cn thit cho php
tn hiu truyn qua nhiu knh in thoi cng nh mt s knh truyn hnh trn cng
mt tuyn ng v s dng thit b tng t. Tn s sng mang trong khong 3-
12Ghz c s dng. K t khi c viba n ch i trn con ng tm nhn thng
khong cch cho cc trm lp khong 50km. iu ny lm cho chi ph trang thit b
cho h thng nh vy rt ln nhng n hn l phi b p bng tng cng sut knh.
My pht cho cng sut u ra thp (< 1W). v ng-ten tng cao tnh nh hng cao
c s dng. Hnh 14.1a cho thy thit b cn thit t cung cp mt knh ca mt h
thng vi ba . N bao gm hai trm thit b u cui v mt hoc nhiu trm lp. Nhiu
tn s thit b u cui gi cc yu t u vo bao gm mt s knh thoi 100 hoc
mt knh truyn hnh c tn s ghp trong vt qua bng tn c s 6 MHz. Bng
tn c s iu chnh mt 70MHz tn hiu trung tn sau chuyn i sang tn s f
1

u ra trong di tn 4GHz. Tn hiu ny c b khuch i khuch i v c
truyn ra mt ng-ten hng v pha mt trm lp cch xa 50km. Ti trm lp, tn hiu
Page 46

ti f
1
c thu vo mt ng-ten ch i vi cc trm ngun gc, gim tn s v chuyn
sang IF, khuch i ln tn s f
2
sau truyn n trm u cui cui cng .
Khi tn hiu c truyn qua mt chui lp, lin kt thay th trong chui s dng tn
s thay th nng lng truyn li ti mt trm lp khng b trng lp vi tn thu
hoc nhn.
Vi hai tn s s dng, lun phin ti mi lp li, hai knh, mt trong mi hng, c
th c cung cp, nh minh ha trong hnh 14.1b.Trong mt s h thng viba mt s
hay chiu cp knh c cung cp v mt h thng phc tp hn ca chuyn i tn
s c s dng ti cc trm lp.
Ti trm tip nhn cui cng, tn hiu c chuyn i xung IF v gii iu ch
phc hi tn hiu bng tn c s.Tn hiu bng tn c s ny sau c tch knh
phc hi tn hiu thoi, truyn hnh thnh cc knh ring.
Trm thit b u cui s dng hai ng-ten thu v truyn. H thng c th c
truyn v nhn, nhng tt c u s dng cc ng-ten tng t. Trm lp c cung
cp vi hai ng-ten ch trong mi hng, tng cng bn ci. Cc trm lp hoc trm
u cui c la chn ti cc im cao, chng hn nh trn nh i hoc nh cao
tng, v ta thp cung cp thm cao ti a ha khong cch gia cc trm.
Hnh 14.11 h thng chuyn tip viba
(a) mt cch hin th knh truyn v cc thit b c s dng trn tuyn ng
(b) hai cp knh hin th giao tn s ti trm lp trung gian
H thng vi ba n knh s dng cc thit b u cui di ng v trm lp thng
c dng cho xe bn ti truyn hnh t xa ca cc s kin c bit v cho vic ci t
tm thi khc nh kim tra cc tuyn vi ba mi. Thit b ny thng c t trong
cc xe ti di ng trang b thp anten v tinh c th nhanh chng xy dng.
14.3 Lan truyn sng tng i l
14.3.1 Ch truyn
Tng i lu l khu vc ca bu kh quyn ca tri t tip gip vi b mt tri t v
m rng tr ln cao hng chc km (khu vc trong chng ta thng sng v i du
lch, bao gm cc my bay phn lc bay cao). Trong khu vc ny, cc iu kin
khng gian t do c bin i theo b mt (1) ca tri t v (2) bu kh quyn ca
tri t.
u tin xem xt tc ng ca b mt tri t, mt m hnh n gin c pht
trin thnh cng m t qu trnh lan truyn in qua mt lot cc trng hp thc t
v c minh ha trong hnh14.2a. Trong hnh ny, tri t c gi nh l bng
phng v sng khng gian n ngi nhn c hai thnh phn: sng trc tip, m qua
con ng s
d
v sng phn x t mt t m sau s
i
tia sng. Sng phn x i mt con
ng ln hn sng trc tip, mc d iu ny c nh hng khng ng k n bin
, n gii thiu mt giai on khc nhau l rt quan trng. vng ng bng l s
khc bit ng dn sau t mt gc pha 2. radians tng ng vi chiu di
ng dn ca mt bc sng (), gc phase tng ng vi vng ng bng
s
.
Page 47

(u rng 2/ ch n gin l h s pha c gii thiu trong coong thc 12.23
sau y l tnh ton cho vng ng bng v iu ny c th c gii quyt bng hnh
hc ca cng thc 14.2b. h
T
l chiu cao ca ng ten pht trn mt t, h
R
l chiu cao
ca ng ten tip nhn, v d l khong cch truyn dn thng gia 2 trm t anten . T
tam gic FBD Hnh14.2b

T tam gic ABC

Do

=4h
T
h
R
(14.19)


hi 473-477
Con ng nh c phc tho trong hnh 14.4a. Bng cch ny, cc i pht thanh
c tng ln ng k. Tht khng may, hiu qu ca n l khng tin cy c
s dng cho cc h thng thng tin thng mi nhng n khng ti khon cho mt s
s can thip khong cch bt thng lu c quan st thy VHF.
S gia tng ca nhit vi chiu cao (c gi l s nghch o nhit ) cho php
tng khc x siu, cng nh tng m vi chiu cao. N l iu ng ch nht khi
c hai mt trong nhng hiu ng ny xut hin cng nhau. Khu vc trong siu khc
x xy ra c gi l mt ng dn c th c hnh thnh b mt tri t v trong
cc tng a cao nh c phc tho trong v 144a.
N cng c th tc ng ngc li xy ra to ra khc x ph lm gim cng tn
hiu bng cch un cong cc tia i t im tip nhn (hnh 144b).
S khng ng nht trong kh quyn c th lm pht sinh mt tn x tn hiu radio
v bng cch s dng ng-ten nh hng cao c cng sut pht ln, lin kt truyn
thng ng tin cy vt ra ngoi chn tri i pht thanh c th c thit lp (hnh
144c). phng php ny c gi l truyn thng tn x tng i lu dao ng ln n
400 dm trong bng tn 40 n 400hz, iu ny t c.
Hnh 144 (a) siu khc x; (b) khc x ph, (c) truyn thng phn tn tng i lu.
14.3.5 S suy gim trong kh quyn
Ln sng khng gian b nh hng bi cc iu kin kh quyn nhng ch nghim
trng tn s trong vng vi sng trn 10GHz. a ln xy ra trong vng nhit
i dn n kt qu l lm suy gim nghim trng ca sng in t tn s trn v
Page 48

10GHz trong khi va ma, m my v sng m s nghim trng suy gim sng
in t tn s trn 30Ghz. a t tc dng tr tn s ph cao (v d trn v
100GHz) v nh hng ca tuyt l khng ng k tt c cc tn s.
Cc phn t kh trong khng kh c th dn n s suy gim ca sng in t. Rung
ng cng hng trong cc phn t hi nc (H
2
O) kt qu trong cc nh hp th
bc sng ca 1.35cm v 1,7 mm. phn t oxy (O
2
) trnh by cc nh hp th tng
t ti 5 mm v 2,5 mm. r rng tn s m ti cc cng hng ny xy ra phi c
trnh trong vic truyn ti sng khng gian. Cc hiu ng ny c tho lun trong
kt ni vi cc thng tin lin lc v tinh trong phn 19,6.
14.3.6 H hng adio HH
truyn thng trong cc bng tn VHF v UHF gia 30MHz v 3GHz din ra tng
i lu.
S dng chnh ca hai cch lin lc v tuyn trong bng tn VHF v UHF l thng tin
lin lc t mt trm gc c nh v trm di ng, nm trn xe, tu hoc my bay trong
bng tn s 30-470Mhz. Cc ng dng in hnh l trong thp iu khin giao tip
my bay ti sn bay, s cu ha, kim sot con tu trong bn cng, s cnh st, lnh
vc hot ng ca lc lng v trang, ng ng v bo tr ng dy truyn ti, bo
tr ng cao tc, taxi v phng tin chuyn cng vn, v nhn vin h thng phn
trang. K t khi cc h thng ny hot ng tn s trn 30MHz, phm vi hot ng
ca n c gii hn trong ng chn tri trc mt cc trm c s (xem phn
14.3.2), hoc nhiu hn na nu mt trm lp c s dng. Tr ngi ln nh i
hoc nh cao tng khu th, to ra bng ti v mu phn x l m lm cho vng
ph sng ca mt trm c s duy nht gp kh khn. V l do ny, v tng ng
chn tri mt cht, trong thc t thng nh v tr ca ng-ten trm c s trn mt
ngn i cao hay xy dng t c chiu cao b sung.
Mt s gii hn cc tp knh c sn trong quang ph, ch yu l trong cc di
bng148 n 174 Mhz v 450 - 470MHz. Hot ng F c a thch nht, v hin
nay cho php khong cch knh ti a cho php cho dch v ny c gim dn t
120Khz n 15khz, do c th c gn nhiu knh hn. Bi v rng di c s
dngl di hp, cc my pht v thu phi l rt n nh, v phi duy tr tn s hot
ng ca h trong vng + -5 phn triu. Tinh th kim sot l cn thit nu loi n
nh l c thc hin.
h thng gi bn tin cho xe t thng yu cu khu vc vng ph cng nhiu
cng tt, v ng-ten a hng theo chiu dc phn cc thng c s dng thc
hin vic ny, c cc trm c s v trong cc n v in thoi di ng. Trong mt
s ng dng, chng hn nh h thng ng ng v bo tr ng cao tc,cc lnh
vc hot ng c lin kt thnh chui trong mt tuyn trn nhiu dm, v cho cc
Page 49

h thng phn cc ng nhiu phn t ng-ten Yagi nm dc theo con ng thng
xuyn c s dng. iu ny cung cp vng ph t ra khi hai bn, nhng khng
cung cp vng ph sng tt hn dc theo ng chn tri. Cc ng-ten c s dng
trn cc phng tin l gn nh lun lun ngn roi ng-ten mt t c t trn u
ca chic xe. Nhng roi anten cho cc bng 50Hz VHF khng c s dng ph
bin.
y pht in trong c in thoi di ng v cc n v c s nh ga thng c
gii hn khong 150W, ch yu l do nng lc c sn t h thng xe. in p danh
nh cung cp cho nhiu thit b di ng t 12V cho xe t, 28V v 48V cho my
bay, v 48V cho u my xe la. Cc trm c s thng c iu hnh trc tip t
110V, 60Hz ngun in, mc d i vi mt s ng dng nng lng pin d phng
cng c cung cp trong trng hp mt in.
Thu pht c thit k thay phin truyn v nhn trn cng mt tn s. i vi
my bay v s dng iu khin tu, v cc h thng nh cnh st v cc hot ng
la, cc n v c th c thit k hot ng trn mt s knh, t chuyn i gia
cc knh cung cp. Mi n v in thoi di ng c cung cp vi mt u iu
khin m thng tch bit vi khung chnh, thun tin nm gn cc nh iu hnh.
u iu khin cung cp mt cng sut on / off chuyn i, iu chnh m lng m
thanh, kim sot ngng tt ting, v mt chic in thoi c cha mt microphone,
mt b tip nhn in thoi, v chuyn i ting ni. Cc trm c s c th l khp
kn v trc tip kt ni vi mt ng-ten gn v tr iu hnh, nhng thng l n v
thu pht trm c s c v tr vi cc ng-ten ti mt im cao thun tin v iu hnh
c cung cp vi mt giao din iu khin iu khin t xa. Kt ni gia cc trm c
s v giao din iu khin iu khin c thc hin bng phng tin ca mt cp
dy nu khong cch l ng k. Mt h thng in hnh c hin th trong sung
14.5a.
Thng th n khng th che ph cc khu vc mong mun t v tr trm c s duy
nht. Trong trng hp ny, mt hoc nhiu trm c s b sung c th c thit lp.
y c th c kt ni tr li giao din iu khin vn hnh trn ng dy v hot
ng c lp vi nhau bi cc nh iu hnh. Ngoi ra, mt kt ni v tuyn lp c
th c thit lp. iu ny i hi vic s dng mt tn s th hai cho cc lin kt
gia cc c s nh ga chnh v trm lp li. Hnh 14.5b cho thy mt s sp xp c th
c s dng. Theo hot ng bnh thng, cc nh iu hnh c s c th giao tip
qua cc trm c s a phng trn tn s 1 vi bt k n v in thoi di ng trong
vng 1 vng ph sng. Khi n l cn thit t c mt chic xe trong 2 vng ph
sng, ng c th bt ra khi khu vc cc trm c s a phng v bin vo lin kt
lp li trn tn s 2. By gi khi cc nh iu hnh c s truyn, ng truyn trn F2 v
pha lp. Repeater nhn c kim sot trn F2 v truyn li F1 m rng vng ph
Page 50

sng. Khi in thoi di ng trong mt n v truyn khu vc m rng, n nhn c
ti lp li F1 v truyn li v F2 i vi cc trm c s.
Khi mt h thng vi cc trm c nh ang c vn hnh trong mt ch lp
li, trm c s iu hnh phi theo di lin tc tt c cc tn hiu n t tt c cc b
lp. Nu mt in thoi di ng trong mt khu vc chng cho gia hai trm lp
li, n c th c m kha ca c hai trm lp, gy nhiu ti giao din iu khin. Cc
nh iu hnh phi c kh nng v hiu ha tt c cc trm lp nhng gimt trm
lp li trong cuc tr chuyn. iu ny c th c thc hin bng cch gi mt tn
hiu chung c m ha tt cc trm lp mong mun, vcho php chng hoat
ng tr li khi cuc tr chuyn l hon tt. Cc c tnh d tm ca FM mt my
thu nm trong s hin din ca hai truyn dn ng knh (cng tn s) truyn (chng
hn nh c s f1 v repeater f1 trong sung 14.5b) s ngn chn cc tn hiu yu hn.
iu ny c gi l hiu ng chp.
nh 14.5 (a) mt h thng cng vn in thoi di ng n gin, (b) mt h thng
cng vn vi mt trm lp m rng vng ph sng.
(in thoi di ng trm, c s trm, ng dy) trm gc vng ph sng (nh iu
hnh giao din iu khin)
14.4 Truyn thng tng in ly
14.4.1 p in l
Trn tng cao nht ca tri t l bu khng kh b ion ha (tc l, cc electron c
tch ra t cc nguyn t kh trong kh quyn), ch yu l kt qu nhn c bc x
cc tm t mt tri, mc d cc ngun khc, chng hn nh tia v tr, cng gp phn.
trng thi t c ni c mt electron t do c duy tr gn nh khng i, t
l ion ha c s cn bng t l ti t hp ca cc electron vi cc ion dng. R
rng, mt in t s thay i gia ngy v m, v cng nh hin th mt s thay
i gia ma ng v ma h, nh t l ion ha ph thuc vo bc x mt tri.
quan st ta thy mt in t tng ng vi cao m nhng loi kh khc
thng tng kh quyn. Cc lp phn loi theo iu kin kh tng, c bit n l
lp C, D lp, lp E, F1 v F2 lp. Hnh 14.6a cho thy mt s kt qu mi c cng
b gn y phn phi mt in t in hnh vi chiu cao. N cho thy rng i
vi iu kin thi gian ban m, ch cn c lp F2. iu ny l bi v trong cc lp
thp hn, qu trnh va chm trong mi trng kh dy c hn gy ra mt t l ti t
hp nhanh hn so vi khu vc F2 t dy c.
Page 51

Hnh 14.6a cng cho thy cc bc x ion ho chnh, v dc theo pha trn ca th
c hin th plasma tn s Fn, mt tham s quan trng trong vic thng tin lin lc
v tuyn thng qua tng in ly.
nh 1.6a in hnh phn b mt in t cho bui tra ma h v iu kin na
m cc v gia v cc bc x ion ho ch yu mi tn s cp plasma f
N

(Hz) c lin quan n mt in t (m
-3
) f
N
= 9; tn s plasma nh cao ca
mt lp c gi l tn s quan trng (f
0
) (in li bi s cho php ca cc IERE), (b)
in trng E v vect mt dng in J trong mt lp ionspheric.
14.4.2 Tn s plasma v tn s gii hn
Khi mt sng in t i vo mt khu vc b ion ha iu kin theo chiu dc, nh
th hin trong hnh 14.6b, in trng s hot ng nh lc tc dng ln cc ht tch
in (electron v ion), kt qu cc ht chuyn ng v dng in to thnh. Mc d
mt ion dng s mang theo cng ln nh electron nhng n ln hn 1000 ln v
vn tc ca n s tng ng nh hn v s c mt ca ion ny c th c b qua.
Cc m my electron s dao ng trong in trng ca sng, nhng vi mt chm
pha 90
0
(i vi mt sng hnh sin) do qun tnh khi lng electron. Chuyn ng
ca cc m my electron ny to ra mt khng gian hin hnh, ngoi ra in trng
di chuyn dng in ca in dung m n ang dm n 90
o
. V vy, hin ti khng
gian i lp pha dn n di chuyn vi tr hin ti, v n c th lm gim cc hng s
in mi tng i (hng s in mi) ca mi trng b ion ha, c a ra bi:

) (14.35)
Trong :
N = mt in t, m
-3
m = khi lng tnh ca in t = 9.11 10
-31
kg
q
e
= i lng in tch in t = 1.6 x 10
-19
C
= tn s gc ca bc sng, rad/s

o
= hng s in mi ca khng gian t do = 8.854 x 10
-12
F/m
Vn tc gc ca sng c th c 1 gi tr m lm cho
r
= 0 v c gi l vn tc gc
th in t,
N
. T cng thc (14.35),
N
c tnh l:

(14.36)
Hoc
Page 52

(14.37)
t vo gi tr bng hng s ta c :
f
N
= 9 (14.38)
Cng thc (14.35) c th vit nh sau:

(14.39)
ngha ca f
N
l khi tn s ny ca 1 sng t ti 1 vng mt in t N, nh
c a ra bi cng thc (14.38), hng s in mi tng i nh nu bi cng
thc (14.39) c coi nh l 0. iu ny c ngha l tng s dch chuyn mt
hin ti l 0 v do vng in trng c hiu qu l 0. iu ny c th c tnh
trong gii hn ca 1 sng bc x m hy b chnh xc sng ti ti im phn x. Tt
nhin n c th chp nhn sng bc x nay, l s chnh xc nhng g xy ra trong
thng tin lin lc v tuyn in sng ngn thng qua tng in ly.
Tn s sng cao nht m s c phn x t 1 lp nht nh s c xc nh bi mt
in tch cao nht ca lp v c cho bi

(14.40)
y f
o
c bit nh tn s ti hn
14.4.3 Pha v tn s gc
Mt iu l th xut hin th kt ni cng vi cc vn tc kt hp v sng vn tc pha
c ch ra cng thc (12.6) l

(14.41)
Do trong tng in ly th sng t ti 1 cao m lm cho
r
= 0, v
p
tr thnh v
hn. By gi nh nu trong phn 12.6 nng lng ca 1 sng di chuyn vi vn tc
gc vg v n c th biu din 1 lp in ly
V
p
v
g
= c
2
(14.42)
(iu ny c trnh by trong cng thc (13.10) t chc cho 1 v d c bit
ca 1 ng dn sng.
u sng trong tng in ly l 1 bc chc nng m s truyn nng lng ti vn tc
gc vg v do t cng thc (14.42) khi vn tc pha l v hn (cc ) vn tc gc =
0, v vy nng lng thi truyn ln.
Page 53

14.4.4 nh lu ng v tn s s dng ti a
Khi a sng vo lp ion ho ca gc nghing ti i, ng tia ca dng in qu p
(hnh 14.7(a)). Vn tc pha v
p
c a ln cao c xc nh bi nh lut Snell
vi khc x quang hc, chi tit s c b qua y. Kt qu nh sau

(14.43)
y gc ca khc x c ln n vp xut hin, nh hnh 14.7(a).
Ti nh ca ng, r = 90
0
v thnh ra
Cng thc 14.44
Xem nh ng gc ti i dn n 0, vn tc pha dn n v hn, theo quy c kt qu
ca b phn trc.
c ch ra

(14.44)
Theo cc cng thc trn ta c

Thay th vo cng thc (14.39) cho

T ta rt ra c
f = f
N
seci (14.45)
l nh lut Sec. Tn s cao nht c th c s dng s c xc nh bi N
max
,
v do f
0
ny c gi l tn s c th s dng ti a (UF).
MUF = f
0
seci (14.46)
N c th cho ln sng i mt khong cch ng k theo chiu ngang trong lp,
nh th hin bi cc ng tia chm trong hnh 14,7 (a), nhng s khng u trong
lp ion ha cui cng s lm chch hng cc sng.

Page 54

Hnh 14.7
(a) ng un cong ca mt sng trong tng in ly vo t l xin
(b) Tia ng dn cho gc c nh t l v tn s khc nhau
(c) Tia ng dn cho tn s c nh v gc khc nhau v t l
Hnh 14.7 (b) cho thy nhng g xy ra khi gc ti c gi c nh v tn s khc
nhau. Ti cc tn s thp hn UF, sng phn x t mt im thp hn trong lp.
tn s cao hn UF, khc x khng tr li ln sng tri t v n thot ra qua
lp (n c th,Tt nhin, c phn nh t mt lp dy c hn cao hn).
Hnh 14.8 (c) cho thy nhng g xy ra vi tn s c gi khng i trong khi gc
ti khc nhau. V trong thc t n s l gc cao chm tia ng ten (i khi c gi
l gc ct cnh) c th s c thay i ny c th hin. L gc ti hn ca cao
c th hin l o, v gc ny, f tr thnh MUF. Ti gc nh hn quan trng,
sng phn x t thp hn khu vc hn Nmax, v gc ln hn quan trng, sng
thot.
Trong cuc tho lun cho n nay, cong ca tri t, v tng in ly, b b qua.
Ny gii thiu li nh, ni khong cch mt t gia truyn v nhn l t hn khong
1000 km. Ngoi ny, mt yu t iu chnh c gii thiu p dng php lut v
phng trnh MUF Sec.
Hnh 14.8.
(a) Xc nh chiu cao o;
(b) Xc nh khong cch ng
14.4.5 Tn s lm vic ti
Tn s thng c s dng truyn tng in ly c gi l tn s lm vic ti u
(OWF) v c chn l khong 15% t hn so vi UF. l mong mun s dng
mt tn s cao nht c th, nh l s suy gim ca sng khi n i qua tng in ly
thp hn, nh s suy gim ca cn sng khi n i qua cc lp tng in ly thp hn t
l nghch vi bnh phng ca tn s. iu ny pht sinh bi v cc in t va chm
vi cc phn t kh, h b mt ng nng m h thu c t ln sng i qua.
(Electron m lm khng va chm tr li nng lng nh k thng qua s ti bc x
trong giai on chnh xc). Cc ng nng ca mt electron ca khi lng m l
1/2mv, trong v l vn tc.
Vn tc s t l thun vi thi gian m in trng hot ng trong bt k cho hng,
v iu ny s c t l thun vi thi gian nh k ca sng. Tuy nhin, nh k thi
Page 55

gian bng 1 f (Eq. (B.3)), trong f l tn s. Do , ng nng b mt l t l (1 /
f).
i s sau l s dng te tn s cao nht c th, tt nhin l MUF. Bt thng
trong tng in ly c th, tuy nhin, kt qu trong mt ln sng MUF thnh thong b
lch hng ln trn thot ra qua lp. thit thc kinh nghim ch ra rng tn s
thp hn khong 15% so vi cc UF nn c s dng.

14.4.6 Chiu cao o
Mt ln sng i du lch mt ng cong c mt thnh phn ngang ca vn tc
nhm v
h
c a ra bi (xem hnh 14.8 (a))
v
h
=v
g
sinr (14.47)
14.8
T biu thc. (14,42)

Do

Thay th cho (sin r) / v
p
t cng thc (14,43),

(14.48)
iu ny cho thy cc thnh phn ngang ca vn tc nhm l khng i v c lp
ca chiu cao trong lp ion ha. V vy, thi gian t cn thit cho vic u sng t
im cao nht trong ng dn s

(14.49)
Ni AC l gim t khong cch ngang t im nhp theo chiu dc im cao nht
(Hnh 14.8 (a)).
Thay th cng thc (14.48) cho v
h
, cng thc (14.49) tr thnh:

T hnh 14.8(a), AC= ABsin i, do
Page 56

(14.50)
Do sng c th c coi l i khong cch AB ti c velcotity lin tc trong thi
gian t. Chiu cao o ca mt lp sau OB (hnh 14.8 (a)), l Chiu cao sng
c phn nh t m nu n c di chuyn vi vn tc khng i c. chiu cao o c
li th ln c d dng o lng v n rt hu ch trong tnh ton ng truyn.
Tri t phng gi thit v gi nh rng cc iu kin tng in ly l i xng v v
vic v phn nh sng, khong cch truyn dn ng TR, hnh 14.8(a)
Cng thc 14.51
cong ca tri t c tnh n c th c xc nh t khong cch truyn dn
ng hnh hc ca hnh 14,8 (b)
TR=

(14.51)

(14.52)
180-=180-(i+
i=- (14.53)
Thay th cng thc (14.53) trong cng thc (14.52)
Do

) (14.54)
V gc cao, cng thc (14.55) tr thnh

) (24.55)
T hnh 14.7(b), chiu di h quang:

2
d
au = (14.56)
Ni gc u l radian,thay th cho u bi biu thc 14.55 v s dng s o radian cho
mi gc:
Page 57

d = 2a| (
2
t
|) -
1
sin os
a
c
a h
|

| |
|
+
\ .
| (14.57)
v d 14.5. tnh khong cch truyn dn tng in li m s dng mt tng chiu
cao hiu dng 200km.Gc siu cao ca anten chm l 20
bi gii :
Tnh xp x cng thc 14.51 . ta c
d =
2 200
tan 20

= 1100km
dng cng thc 14.57:


( )
1
6370
2 6370 1.57 0.349 sin os20 966
6570
d c km

( | |
= =
| (
\ .


Php o ca chiu in dung thng c thc hin bi 1 cng c c bit n nh
mt ionosode. Phng php c bn truyn ti theo chiu dc ln pha trn 1 sng
v tuyn iu ch vi mt thi gian xung khong 150s. Tn hiu phn x nhn c
gn cc im truyn dn v thi gian T yu cu cho kh hi l u. chiu cao hiu
dng l :

2
cT
h = c l vn tc nh sng (14.58)
Ionosonde s c c s qut trn phm vi tn vi tuyn, thng thng n s qut t 1
MHz - 20 MHz trong 3 pht. N s c c s ( phng tin ) cho vic t ng v
th ca chiu di hiu dng da vo tn s , th kt qu c bit n nh l 1
ionogram.( hnh 14.9) .Ionogram cho thy 2 tn s quan trng :
0 2
f F v
2 x
f F ci m s
c gii thch trong phn tip theo.

14.4.7 . nh hng ca t ng tri t
Khi mt ht tch in c di chuyn trong 1 t trng,n chu mt lc, ci m gy ra
n, di chuyn trong 1 ng cong . T trng ca tri t tc dng mt lc nh
vy i vi cc electron trong 1 lp ion ha. Ci m c thay th bi in trng
ca 1 ln sng pht thanh . cng l t trng ca sng pht thanh, nhng lc tc
Page 58

dng bi n l khng ng k trong hon cnh ny. Ni chung cc ng dn in t
s c xon li nh phc ha trong hnh 14.10a. trong 1 tn s c bit kiu nh l
tn s quay ni m thi gian nh l ca sng l bng thi gian cn thit cho mt vng
hon chnh v trc t trng. ng i ca in t tr thnh 1 vng lp n rt rng (
hinh 14.10b) Tn s c tnh bng

2
e
g
q
f B
m t
= (14.59)

e
q l in tch ca electron
m l khi lng ca n
B l cng in trng
Thay th cc gi tr cho
e
q v m v dng 1 gi tr trung bnh ca
4
0.5 10

T cho t
trng ca tri t, kt qu trong 1 tn s quay l 1,4 Hz
ngha ca tn s quay l v con ng di theo trong e phn t trong lp D c
tng ln, dn n suy gim s tng trong sng phn x tn s trong trung bnh di
truyn thng b suy gim cao ca sng phn x thnh phn trong ngy. Khi lp D l
hin ti
nh 1.10 : (a) ng xon ca mt in t di chuyn trong trng tri t
(b) :ng in t tn s quay
Direction of earths magnetic field : chiu ca trng tri t
Electron path : ng in t
Direction of wave propagation : chiu ca truyn sng
Mi hiu ng ca trng tri t l hng s in mi tng i ca lp ion ha pht
trin thnh 2 thnh phn. Cc chi tit phc tp s khng c hin th y nhng kt
qu l 2 tn s quan trng xut hin trong 1 lp ion ha.Trong thc hnh iu ny ch
hin th cho lp F2. 2 tn s quan trng c bit nh l tn s quan trng cho tia
thng thng, biu th bng gc m
0 2
f F v tn s quan trng cho tia c bit, biu th
bi
2 x
f F . Xem hnh 14.9
14.4.8 . Khong cch dch v
Phm vi dch v ca truyn dn 1 tn s nht nh c xc nh bi tia quan trng
im gn nht v tia lt im xa nht nh hnh 14.1a nhng tia t cc anten truyn
Page 59

gc ln hn ,gc vt ti hn ( hoc nhng g l tng ng) , gc t l t hn gi
tr quan trng s to ra 1 khong cch b qua m khng c tn hiu no nhn c.
Phm vi ti a c th t c khi tia quan trng trng vi tia lt ( hnh 14.11b) khi
m tia lt phn hi t chiu di hiu dng ln nht
m
h . Hnh 14.11b tng t nh
hnh 14.8b vi | bng s 0 v h c thay th bi
m
h . Gc u l :

1
os
a
c
a h
u

| |
=
|
+
\ .

V t cng thc 14.56

1
2 2 cos
m
a
d a a
a h
u

| |
= =
|
+
\ .
(14.60)

Hnh 14.11
Escape ray : tia thot ra
Critical ray : tia ti hn
Glancing ray : tia lt
Maximum range : khong thu max
Skip distance : khong cch b qua
Service range : khong thu dch v
a, khong thu n v, hin th khong cch b qua
b, khong thu max
Phng trnh 14.60 a ra khong cch ln nht c th cho 1 bc nhy n , l
mt phn x lin quan n tng in ly. Phm vi c th c tng ln bng cch s
dng a bc nhy , trong ci m sng c phn x t tri t sau bc nhy u
tin, c phn x t tng in ly 1 ln na ra xa hn .
Tt nhin cc iu kin tng in li ti im phn x phi c s dng trong tnh
ton xc nh ng truyn dn vi truyn dn a bc nhy, tnh hnh s tr nn
phc tp hn k t khi 2 hay nhiu im phi xt. . iu ny c bit ng cho cc
ng dn sau dng v ,v iu kin th thay i t ngy sang m trn ng
truyn.S bt thng bn trong tng in li c s dng thnh cng cho s truyn
tn song tng t xy ra tng i lu.Vi tn x tng in li ,khong cch v th
t ca 1000 dm t c ti cc tn s mc thp cui cng ca di VHF (20 60
Page 60

Hz).Hiu ng Fading gy rc ri trong cc h thng phn tn tng in li hn l trong
h thng phn tn tng i lu,ci m c xu hng gii hn s truyn sng
ionoscatter tn hiu bng hp. (3KHz)
14.4.9: S b hng bn trong tng in li, nhiu ion, Fading
Trong cc phn trc,mt m hnh rt n gin ca tng in li c gi inh trong
mt in t khc nhau thng sut v thng nht v thay i kt qu t nhng
thay i theo ngy v theo ma c gi nh l c th d on trc c.
Tnh ton ca MUF ,chiu cao hiu dng v nh vy,da vo m hnh ny ch cung
cp mt c tnh cho iu kin trung bnh.Trong thc hnh ,tng in li biu hin
khng u trong mt in t cc lp khc nhau.Mc trong khong t 100m
ti vi trm km.
N c bit rng mt s bt thng di chuyn trong tng in li vi mt thnh phn
nm ngang ca php o c li vn tc,t mt vi mt mi s n hn 1 km mi s.Ci
c biu hin nh l di chuyn bt thng mt tng in li.(TIDs)
Ci m c th nh hng nghin trng ti tnh chnh xc ca my tm phng hng
bng radio tn s cao.
C nhiu nguyn nhn ca ri lon tng in li cha c hiu r.Mt s nguyn nhn
lin quan n sng trng lc quy m ln trong bu kh quyn,dng in v bt n th
in tng ng tng in li ,c bit l trong hot ng nng lng mt tri, n
c quan st thy rng s suy gim nghim trng hoc thm ch mt hon ton tn
hiu radio i km vi bng pht nng lng mt tri.Cng bc x tia X t nng
lng mt tri ln tng s ion ha ca lp D.Kt qu trong gia tng hp th c m
t nh trong phn 14.4.5.s l m dn cnh (m thanh) xy ra rt t ngt v c
bit n nh (SIDs) s ri loan t ngt tng in li.N cng c bit n nh l
s lm m dn delliger v mogef-dellinger, c bo co bi 1 Mogel c nm
1930 v bi Dellinger cc tiu bang thng nht nm 1937.
Proton c thi ra t nh sang mt tri trong sut qu trnh bng pht nng lng
mt tri.Chng nh hng n vng ngoi ca t trng tri t khon 30h sau khi
mt ngn la c quan st v c pht sinh t mt cn bo t.Nhng cn bo ny
nh hng xu n cc thng tin v tuyn c bit l cc v cao gn cc cc
t.Cc cn bo khng kt ni vi hin tng bng pht nng lng mt tri.,nhng
lin kt vi cc vt en , c ghi nhn,nhng ngi quan st thy dng nh
khng c kt ni gia bng pht nng lng nh sng mt tri hay cc vt en.N c
chu k ti pht khong 27 ngy ,thi gian quay ca mt tri .Nhng xut hin ny c
bt ngun t vng c xc nh r rng ca mt tri (vng c nhn ghi ) v trn
thc t ng ch hn vt en cc tiu ca mt tri.Chng gia tng dn dn hn vi
Page 61

s kt hp vi nhng h en hay l cc tia nng lng mt tri.Mc d chng khng
n nh chng duy tr trong thi gian khng di,khong 10 ngy.S khng n nh
ngu nhin ca cn bo t dng nh khng lin quan n hot ng ca mt tri m
ta quan st thy.Mt dng khc ca s xo trn tng in li nghim trng c th nh
hng n cc i pht thanh truyn thng c bit n nh l E ngu nhin. Lp
mng,lp ion ha cao xy ra trong lp E theo thi gian,mt ,v tr,thi gian, y l
tt c cc bt thng ,do xut hin thut ng lp e ri rc.Bi v mt in t
cao,ri rc E thng c th pht i mt chm tia thng thng trn lp F.Phn x
VHF cng c quan st t cc E ri rc.Kt qu s can thip trn cc knh tivi VHF(
v d : s tip nhn nhng m ca trm xa,ci m thnh thong xy ra).
Bin ng trong mt in t xy ra lin tc trong tng in li to ra s khc bit v
pha trong ng i ca tn hiu.K t khi song theo ng i cu tia kt hp phaso
ngi nhn,bin ng trong cng tn hiu nhn c gi l s can thip phading-
s c quan st.S khng n nh ngu nhin ca phading c bit n nh l s
phn cc phading,xy ra ni m cc tia bnh thng v cc tia bt thng kt hp v
pha.Cc sng thng v bt thng lun lun vung gc phn cc vi tham chiu ti
nhau
hi 45-501
Do tn s pha l

( || ||) (14.69)
Trong , tn s pha i trong 1 di t gi tr ln nht n gi tr nh nht vi s thay
i khong cch. ging nh xy ra h s sng ng trn ng truyn(xem phn
12.7). 2 tn hiu cng pha khi . ti n l s nguyn,
Do
|S1| - |S2| = n.o (14.70)
Cho mt gi tr nht nh ca n, |S1| - S2 l khng i (khi m o lun c gi
nguyn). y l 1 gi tr ca ng hypebol (hnh 14.13c), cho thy cc gi tr ca n.
1 ng cong hypebol c th c v cng vi |S1| - |S2| c nh. V cng vi tn
hiu pha. 1 nhm cc ng cong c th xy dng, 1 ng cong t 1 gi tr n, nh
hnh 14.13(d). Cc ng cong gi l ng v tr. Khong cch gia ng v tr
c bit n l cc ln ng.
Dc ng c s tham gia A v B, khong cch hp. L l chiu rng ca lun trn
ng c s. Sau di chuyn t ng n n n+1 cng ng c s, s thay i trn
ng tn s s l 2L, k t khi tng S1 bng L v gim s2 bng L. V bc sng s
thay i t (n+1).o n. o.
Page 62

2 = . o
L=

(14.71)
Cng thc (14.71) p dng vo vic so snh pha h thng trn hnh 14.13(b). Trong
cc h thng khc tn s c th c nhn ln nhiu gi tr thp nht ca fo, hoc
mang u tin c th c chia xung n f v sau nhn ln vi tn s th ng m
n ang c so snh. Thut ng chnh thng c s dng biu th cc my pht
m c ng b ha , trong khi phn kia c coi l th ng. trong h thng nh v
Decca, tn s chnh l 6fo, sng mang l 8 fo, sng mang xanh l 9 fo, v sng
mang mu tm l 5 fo. bng cch s dng nhiu hn mt sng mang, hai hoc nhm
ca hypebol c thc hin giao nhau, cho php mt v tr xc nh chnh xc
(hinh 14.14 a). thit b thu phi c kh nng thu c s thay i pha -c tc dng,
m s ng ca v tr vt qua cng nh ch ra v tr trong mt lung.
H thng Decca lm vic rt tt vi sng b mt , nhng giai on bin th t tng
in ly gim chnh xc ca n, ni b sng tri tc ng. Trn th gii h thng
dn ng v tuyn tn l Omega, c pht trin bi M. Navy, hot ng bng
VF. Trong bng ny pha thay i t tng in ly c th chp nhn c. 8 trm c
lin quan n, bt u t A,H. v mt s hin nay ang c x dng. V d.
14.8 : Truyn tn s thp
Truyn Tn s thp (EF) c s dng su ca lng t v cc i dng.
ng lc thc y s pht trin ca n c nhu cu thng tin lin lc tu ngm,
c bit l nhng ngi l mi nguy him v ht nhn.
Bng tn ELF trong khong t 30Hz n 300Hz, ng vi bc sng t 10000km n
1000km. by gi, nh ch ra trong phn gii thiu phn 8. Hiu qu bc x ca
sng in t yu cu kch thc ng ten tng t nh bc sng bc x, v iu ny
iu kin khng th c p ng trong di EF . Cng c th xy ra, nh thy
trong cc nghin cu iu ch, mt iu ch ln sng mang i hi mt bng thng
tn s nht nh m thng l trn 1% ca tn s mang. Do , ti EF ny c ngha
l ch 1Hz bng thng c sn cho cc ni dung Thng tin. Nh chng 17, t l
truyn thng tin trc tip trn l bng thng s dng, v do elf khng cung cp
nng lc cho tc truyn ti thng tin cao. Cu hi t ra, ti sao l sng EF c
s dng cho tt c cc mc ch truyn ti. cu tr li l h cung cp nhng phng
tin thc t duy nht hin nay c bit n l thng tin lin lc vi cc tu ngm. v
y l ch yu l mt vn quc phng, vn ng-ten hiu qu thp c th c
khc phc bng cch chi tiu nhiu tin hn tng cng sut pht, v cc vn v
tc thp lin lc c th c khc phc bng cch ch truyn ti nhng l th m
cho mt thng ip c a ra lmt phn ca mt danh sch cc thng ip tiu
Page 63

chun trn chic tu ngm. V d, 1 bng thng ca 1hz c th truyn vi tc
1bit/s. 10 bit l 2
10
= 1024 k t cho 1 thng ip, v thi gian cn truyn 10 bit s
l 10 giy.
Nh c ch ra trong trng hp truyn ca VLF, cng tc truyn xung quanh tri
t c th c xem xt xy ra trong mt ch ng dn song, tri t v tng in
ly to thnh ranh gii ng dn sng. Bi v cc bc sng rt di, ng ten pht c
gn kt theo chiu ngang . Chiu di ca ng ten nh hn rt nhiu so vi bc sng.
Xem hnh 14.15. N c tm thy r bao gm mt t trng ngang v mt in
trng theo chiu dc, v truyn trong ng dn sng tng in ly ca tri t bng
phng tin ca mt ch TEM. Mt s r r cng xy ra, hng vo b mt tri
t, v thng tin lin lc di b mt s dng lnh vc r r ny. S r r trong truyn
thng tin ca my bay truyn theo phng trnh 12.20, in p trn ng dy truyn,
l lnh vc in su z c lin quan n E (0), in trng b mt.
E(z) = E(0). e
z
(14.72)
h s truyn c to thnh t hai thnh phn c a ra bi Eq(12.22), h s suy
gim , v h s thay i . Nhng ph thuc vo dn, hng s in mi, v tnh
thm ca mi trng, v vo tn s ca sng. t l / c gi l tip tuyn mt
ca mi trng v / , h s suy gim c s lng bng h s giai on
chuyn i, c a ra bi :
=

(14.73)
Cho t thm bng 4
-7
H

Mt th th v ca suy gim vs, tn s cho mt sng TEM ca my bay truyn
trong nc bin c a ra trong cun sch. ELF communications Antennas, vit bi
ichael . Burows (1978). th c vit hnh 14.16. N cho thy s suy gim
ti ELF l mt phn nh ca mt decibel trn mt, nhng n tng s suy gim rt ln
khong 1000db / m ca 1GHz. V d, 3mm ca nc bin s lm suy gim 3db ca tn
hiu tn s 1GHz, hoc mc nh ca 2:1. cui c th nhn thy ca ph in t
s suy gim lm gim gi tr tng i thp mt ln na, nh th hin trong hnh
14.16.
Mt phn quan trng ca ELF khi truyn l ting n b mt cng s suy yu khi n
thm nhp vo tri t, tn hiu t l vi ting n, nh truyn i, l hu nh c lp
v chiu su. Cng c, ting n bu khng kh ch yu l st gy ra v bao gm cc
im cng sut cao c th d dng loi b bng cch gii hn cao im n gin
ngi nhn. Nc bin bng phng vi cc nh, gii hn ting n hiu qu n cn
Page 64

1 b lc o trong phn thu trc cc gii hn. Tt nhin, ngoi ting n trc tip t
khng kh, ting n s c to ra trong thit b thu, v iu ny cui cng s thit lp
mt gii hn v nhy thu .
Nh ni trn, ng ten pht phi rt rng v c to ra ph sng mt vng c
din tch nhiu dm vung (1 dm = 1,6093 km). N bt ngun t ng ten dy c
chiu ngang xc lp v c chn su 3,048m m khng cn quan tm ti hiu sut
bc x. in trng tng vi in dn sut gim v chn ng ten v tr cho vng t c
in dn sut thp. mnh tn hiu b nh hng bi cao ca tng in li v chiu
di bc sng. Hnh 14.15 cho thy hiu sut bc x l thp vi dng ng ten pht l
100A. Trong mt th nghim, ngun cp nng lng cho ng ten l 3,88W: tiu tn
nhit trong dy dn l 43%, gii hn t ca ng ten l 11%, v 46% cho dy ni t
phn hi, s d, b ra 69W, ngun bc x.
tn s hot ng 100Hz, suy gim l 1,5dB1000km v dy 10000km vi tc
1bits bc x 69W. K thut m ha v bin iu c s dng.
c d ng ten pht rt rng nhng n li khng ph hp khi thu. ng ten lai gm 2
cc cch nhau 300m s dng dy cp lai di bin. Cc p ng vi in trng
gradien xuyn qua nc. Cp di 600m v in cc xa nht l 75m tnh t cui. Kiu
khc ca ng ten thu l th nghim vi nguyn l ca my o t. N p ng t
trng ca sng. Vit tt l SQUID (thit b giao thoa lng t siu dn). Bn cht
phn t trong SQUID l vng nh ( ng knh 2mm) ca siu thit b. t s thay
i trong s c trng t vng thay i dng siu thit b v pht hin ra con ng
tn hiu l t c. Nh vy ng ten phi rng di s h tr ca thit b.
nh 1.16 suy gim ca mt phng sng in t trong nc bin vi hm tn s.
Di thng tin.
ht thanh
Truyn hnh
nh nh
Tn s
Nhn t bn ngoi, thc ra truyn thng tin ch ph hp cho mt ng tn hiu t
trm mt t c cng sut cao n trm mt t thu. Thc t, kh khn ca ng ten
pht rng v truyn cng sut cao trm mt t gi ra bn ngoi l tp m kh quyn
lm gim tn hiu ng xung, tng tc ng pha ngoi, thm s khc bit ca vic
thit k 2 ng lin kt thng tin.

Page 65

14. m v s lan n sng adio
Biu hnh 14.17, phn loi di sng v tuyn da vo tn s v chiu di bc
sng. Ch vic phn chia ch mang tnh cht tng i v gii hn gia cc di l
khng r rng.
Hnh 14.17. Phn loi di sng v tuyn
Tn s Bc sng oi sng v c tnh
30-300GHz 1-10mm EHF (tn s cc cao), sng khng gian, rada,
thng tin khng gian, sng cc ngn nhn
thy
3-30GHz 10-100mm SHF (tn s siu siu cao), nh EHF
300MHz-3GHz 100mm-1m UHF (tn s siu cao), sng khng gian,
thng tin v tuyn nhn thy v ng dng
pht thanh
30-300MHz 1-10m VHF (tn s rt cao), nh UHF
3-30MHz 10-100m HF (tn s cao), sng in ly, sng thng tin
v tuyn ngn
300KHz-3MHz 100m-1Km F (tn s trung bnh), sng mt t tm
ngn, sng in ly tm xa, thng tin pht
thanh v radio
30-300KHz 1-10km F (tn s thp), sng mt t, sng tri, pht
thanh v radio hng hi
3-30KHz 10-100km VF (tn s rt thp), sng mt t v sng
tri tm tt, c th coi nh mt ng sng,
nh F
30-300Hz 1-10Mm EF (tn s cc thp), thng tin di mt t

14.1 Cc vn
1. Phn lin kt sng cc ngn c th ly xp x bng sng khng gian t do iu
kin. Tng ch anten l 40dB, tn s 10GHz v khong truyn 80km. Tnh: (a)
tn hao ng truyn, (b) cng sut thu khi cng sut truyn l 10W.
2. thu c sng cc ngn th h thng tng i in thoi cn c c im g?
Cn bao nhiu trm lp cho tuyn 6000km?
3. t lin kt sng radio VHF c thit lp gia trm trn b vi mt hn o
trong h khong 16,093km. V tr anten trn o t ti nh mt mm cao
30,48m. Tnh cao ti thiu ca anten trm trn b nu cng tn hiu nh
nht chp nhn c ca c 2 trm l 10Vm. Tn s 150Hz, cng sut
truyn l 1W v lng cc na cho mi trm.
Page 66

4. Dn ra cng thc 14.34 trang 477.
5. Ti sao h thng VHF c dng thng dng cho vic pht?
6. Ti sao trm lp khng truyn li tn s m n thu?
7. Gii thch ngha ca tn s th in tng trong kt ni vi thng tin radio
tng in ly. Tn s gii hn cho lp ion ha v tn s th in tng c lin
quan nh th no?
8. in kt thng tin radio c thit lp qua tng in ly. cao thc t ln nht
ca tng l 100km chnh gia ng i, tn s gii hn l 2Hz. Khong
cch gia cc trm l 600km. Xc nh tn s ti u v gc ngng ca anten
chnh.
9. Gii thch v khong gia tn s hi tip v ti sao tn s trong vng tn s hi
tip khng ph hp cho truyn tng in ly.
10. Tnh gii hn ln nht c th t c trong truyn mt bc nhy dng tng
F
2
vi h
max
=400km. Bn knh tri t l 6370km.
11. Tho lun ngn gn v nhn t dn n pha inh trong truyn radio tng in
ly.
12. u im v nhc im ca mch my in thoi radio HF.
13. Gii thch s khc bit gia sng mt t v sng t cho truyn radio trong
di tn s t 300kHz ti 2Hz.
14. Tc truyn trong khng gian t do ca nh sng l c=299.792,5kms v t
s tc pha trong khng kh n khng gian t do c gi tr v
p
c=0.9974.
Tnh bc sng ca tn s pht f
0
ca h thng hng hi.