ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS SECOND EDITION = Prentice-Hall International Editions LARRY D. JONES Ma ete ||Contents Preface xix Introduction to Instrumentation 1 1-1 instructional Objectives 1 1-2 Introduction 1 1-3 Funct ons and Characteristics of Instruments 2 1-4 Electrical Units 2 1-5 Measurement Standards 3 1-6 Error in Measurement 4 1-6.1 Gross Errors. 8 1-6.2 Systematic Errors, 8 1-6.3 Random Errors, 9 1-7 Statistical Analysis of Error in Measurement 10 1-8 Limiting Errors 12 1-9 Elements of Electronic Instruments 14 1-10 Selection, Care, and Use of Instruments 14 4-11 Summary 15 1-12 Glossary 15 1-13 Review Questions 16 1-14 Problems 17 1-15 Laboratory Experiments 20CONTENTS 2 Direct-Current Meters 21 ! 2-1 Instructional Objectives 21 \ 2-2 Introduction 21 2-3 The d’Arsonvai Meter Movement 22 2-4 d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used in a de Ammeter 23 | 2-5 The Ayrton Shunt 25 2-6 d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used in a dc | Voltmeter 28 2-7 Voltmeter Loading Effects 32 2-8 Ammeter Insertion Effects 36 2-8 The Ohmmeter 39 2-10 Multiple-Range Ohmmeters 44 | 2-11 The Multimeter 46 2-12 Calibration of de Instruments 47 i 2-13 Applications 48 2-13.1 Electrolytic Capacitor Leakage Tests. 48 2-13.2 Nonelectrolytic Capacitor Leakage Tests, 49 2-13.3 Using the Ohmmeter for Continuity Checks, 50 2-13.4 Using the Ohmmeter to Check Semiconductor Diodes, 60 2-14 Summary 51 2-15 Glossary 61 2-16 Review Questions 52 2-17 Problems 53 2-18 Laboratory Experiments 55 3 Alternating Current Meters 57 3-1 Instructional Objectives 57 3-2 introduction §7 3-3 D’Arsonval Meter Movement Used with Half- Wave Rectification 68