Fluency became popular

SPEAKING WAS...

Communicative language change grammar - based syllabi to communication syllabi

Memorizing, repeating and drill based

PRINCIPLES FOR TEACHING LISTENING SKILLS

1. Include a focus on listening in an integrated-skills course

2. Use techniques that are intrinsically motivating

3. Use authentic language and contexts

4. Carefully consider the listeners' responses

5. Encourage the development of listening strategies

6. Include both bottom-up and top-down listening techniques

PRINCIPLES FOR TEACHING SPEAKING SKILLS

1. Focus on both fluency and accuracy

2. Provide intrinsically motivating techniques

3. Encourage the use of authentic language

4. Provide appropriate feedback and correction 5. Capitalize on the natural link between speaking and listening 6. Give students opportunities to initiate oral communication

7. Encourage the development of speaking strategies

Employs more vague or generic words than written language

THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING

Show variation between formal and informal speech

May be planned or unplanned

FUNCTIONS OF SPEAKING

Talk as Interaction: primarily a social function. Focus is on the speaker not the message

Talk as Transaction: focus on what was said or done. The message is number 1! e.g. problemsolving activities,asking for directions Talk as Performance: public speaking, form of monolog, mimics written language

TALK AS INTERACTION
SMALL TALK PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

TALK AS TRANSACTION
ROLE PLAY SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES

TALK AS PERFORMANCE
EXAMPLES OF SPEECHES

CONVERSATIONAL ROUTINES

USE OF FIXED EXPRESSIONS

STYLE OF SPEAKING

"It doesn't matter."

What is appropiate for the context?

"I see what you mean."

"Wacha up to/ what are you up to?"

"Just looking, thanks."

Differences between forml and informal speech

Help develop fluency, accuracy and appropiateness language use

CHALLENGES FOR TEACHERS

Move from linguistics competence to communicative competence