Chris Lawrence

VP Sales & Marketing

AGENDA
So what are

Chilled Ceilings & Beams ?

Part 1 Passive Systems
Chilled Ceilings Chilled Sails Passive Beams

Part 2 Active systems

Active Chilled Beams

Part 3 - Reducing Energy

Space Humidity concerns Design Considerations Water System Design Savings & LEED

Part 4 - Solutions
All Air Core 6 Way LoFlo Overall 1st Costs

So What are Chilled Ceilings & Beams?

A sensible cooling only device that uses chilled water above the room dew point to remove heat from the space. They can be independent of, or combined with, a method of introducing conditioned outside air to the space to meet the ASHRAE 62 ventilation requirements

Chilled Ceilings
Radiant & Convective sensible cooling independent of Primary air delivery

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Chilled Ceiling
Radiant Effect
CW Supply 59-62F CW Return 62-66F

55% Convective 45% Radiant

76F Dry Bulb

74F radiant temperature (black bulb)

Chilled Ceilings
Advantages Excellent thermal comfort Can Heat Reduced space requirements Will fit into 6-8 cavity Self regulating Simple controls Low noise Low maintenance Design Issues Low cooling output 20 to 25 BTUH/FT2 100% coverage 14 to 18 BTUH/FT2 70% coverage
Driven by surface area

Very High cost Separate air system required Needs many connections

Sails
Sensible cooling independent of Primary air delivery.

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Sails
Operation Principle

Sails
Operation Principle

Increased convection

Chilled Sails

Advantages Good thermal comfort Reduced space requirements Freely suspended Self regulating Simple controls Low noise Low maintenance

Design Issues
Cooling output 40 to 50 BTUH/FT2
dependent of amount of ceiling used

Separate air system required High cost Can not heat Need good acoustic treatment to avoid hard spaces Many connections Aesthetics ?

Ceilings & Sails Summary Cooling & Heating (Ceiling only) Very High thermal comfort especially on ceilings Cooling capacity up to 18 Btuh/FT2 floor space (Ceiling - average) Cooling capacity up to 40 Btuh/FT2 floor space (Sail - average) Very low ceiling cavities needed, could in installed in a 6 space. Self regulating simple two position controls Low noise Low maintenance

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Passive Beams
Buoyancy driven sensible cooling independent of Primary air delivery

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Passive Chilled Beams Operation Principle

Soffit Suspension rod Water coil

Fabric skirt

Perforate d tile

Passive Chilled Beams Airflow Pattern

Faade driven cooling

Above the ceiling recessed

Exposed

Passive beams

Advantages Good thermal comfort Low terminal velocities Self regulating Simple controls Low noise Low maintenance Ideal top up to UFAD especially at the faade

Design Issues
Cooling output 40 to 50 BTUH/FT2 Separate air system required Need High free area ceilings Can not heat Need deep ceiling cavity and space above coil Need separate return air passage for remove primary air volume

Typical Installation

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Passive Beams Summary Cooling only Good thermal comfort Cooling capacity up to 50 Btuh/FT2 floor space Up to 450 BTUH per LF of beam Reduced ductwork, riser and plant sizes Water transports most of sensible cooling Self regulating simple two position controls Low noise Low maintenance

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Passive beams Perforation beware!

Perforation Free Areas
Are critical to passive beam performance ! Painted ?

Usually, perforated free areas are quoted prior to paint application !

On a recent project

The tiles were specified 28% free area 1/10 hole. These turned out to be when painted a 1/12 hole which equated to
19% free area.
This reduced the reduced performance by a further 20%

Rule of Thumb
Minimum 1/8 hole, approx 45% free area preferred, any reduction in hole size or free area reduces output therefore it costs you more because you need more beams

Passive beams Return air passage

Passive beams need a return air passage to feed the coil, typically the same area as the coil, split 50-50 along the 2 long sides of the beam. As important, the removal of the fresh or conditioned air must have a Separate return route if the return is via the celling cavity/void. Better to have a ducted return!

AGENDA
Part 2 Active systems

Active Chilled Beams

Part 3 - Reducing Energy
Space Humidity concerns Design Considerations Water System Design Savings & LEED

Part 4 - Solutions
All Air Core 6 Way LoFlo Overall 1st Costs

So What are Chilled Ceilings & Beams?

A sensible cooling only device that uses chilled water above the room dew point to remove heat from the space. They can be independent of, or combined with, a method of introducing conditioned outside air to the space to meet the ASHRAE 62 ventilation requirements

Chris Lawrence
VP Sales & Marketing

Active Beams
Sensible cooling combined with primary air delivery

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Active Chilled Beam

Operation Principle - Horizontal coil

Primary air nozzles

Primary air plenum

Suspended ceiling

Heat exchanger

Active Chilled Beam

Operation Principle - Vertical coils

Primary air supply Slab

Suspended Ceiling

Active Chilled Beam

Airflow Pattern 2-way

Active Chilled Beams

2 way

Active Chilled Beams

1 Way perimeter (Concealed)

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Thermal Comfort
Perimeter CFD

Good air movement throughout the room with 3-4:1 entrainment ratios

Uniform temperatures and no drafts by thorough mixing of the primary and room air

Active Chilled Beams

1 Way perimeter (Concealed)

Active beams

Advantages
All services in celling, integrated cooling, ventilation and heating Lower pressure than traditional induction systems Self regulating Simple controls Low maintenance Fiber tile ceilings Lower ceiling cavity, lower slab to slab

Design Issues
Cooling output to 100 Btuh/FT2 , beam outputs up to 1800 Btuh/LF Can be 2 or 4 pipe Can heat Need more primary air than minimal fresh are, suggest .3 cfm/SF Primary air controls dew point

Rule # 1

The Design with the fewest number of chilled beams will be the lowest 1st cost install, therefore performance matters.

Performance matters

Reducing energy
ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Heat Removal Active Chilled Beam

concept
Airflow requirement reduced by 70%

70% of sensible heat removed by chilled beam water coil

30% of sensible heat removed by air

Chilled Water
On a Mass Flow Rate Basis:-

1 lbs of chilled water (6t) transports 4x more cooling energy than 1 lbs of air (20t)
As water weighs 800 times that of air On a Volume Flow Rate Basis:-

1 FT of chilled water transports 1000 more cooling energy than 1 FT of air (20 t)
Transportation Energy

Transportation of a ton of cooling by air requires 7 to 10 times more energy than by chilled water.

Fan Energy Use in Buildings

Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems - publication prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

Heat Removal Ratio

Airflow requirement reduced by 70%

Airside Cooling 30% Waterside Cooling 70%

70% of sensible heat removed by chilled beam water coil

Rule # 2

If your not reducing the air volume in a space by 25%, you could be installing a very expensive diffuser

Rule # 3

Even if your using chilled beams on your design, you dont have to use them everywhere.

Water = Efficient Transport

10

1 Ton of Cooling
requires 550 CFM of air

or
4 GPM of water

diameter water pipe

Water is a better cooling medium, than air !

Water takes less energy to transport than air !

Room Load is still Room load

Chilled Ceilings & Beams do not lower the heat load of a space, solar gain is still a gain, lights and equipment still give off heat and so do people.

So a room BTU/h is still a BTU/h, however

.

Only enough chilled Water is Chilled to 45F to dehumidify the reduced primary airflow requirement. So less energy is used to produce the beams chilled water at 58F - saving energy

We need less primary air, making 100% DOAS ideal and cost effective, Improving IAQ & Ventilation effectiveness

Space Humidity Concerns

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Independent Publications

This years 2012 ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment publication

covers chilled beam basics
Part of the European Commission Energie program, in partnership with COSTIC (France), BSRIA European (UK), ISSO (Netherlands) (Federation Heating & & IDEA (Spain).

REHVA

Ventilation)

Publication

Climatic Ceilings - Technical Note: Design Calculations Climatic Ceilings and Chilled beams - Application of low (being worked temperature heating and high temperature cooling

AHRI Test Standard

on)

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Extract From Independent Energie Climatic Ceilings

Passive
+ 0.5 C ( + 0.9 F )

Active
- 1.5 C ( - 2.7 F)
Relative to room air dew point

64 Dew Point

75/70% RH 58 CWS

75/50% RH
55.1 Dew Point

Condensation Consideration

Condensation after 8.5 hours on a chilled surface intentionally held 7.8F colder than the space DPT. Not one droplet fell under these conditions

Chilled Ceilings in Parallel with Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems: Addressing the Concerns of Condensation, Capacity, and Cost Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E.

Active Chilled beams could be run at or below the room dew point, but thats crazy!
Be safe, design at 2 to 3F above the dew point and control the moisture content of the primary air to control the room RH

Rule # 4

If you can not measure and control the space humidity, and your not in the middle of the desert, dont use chilled beams !

Design Considerations
ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Building Suitability

Building Characteristics that favor Active Chilled Beams

Zones with moderate-high sensible load densities
Where primary airflows would be significantly higher than needed for ventilation

Buildings most affected by space constraints

Hi rises, existing buildings with induction systems

Zones where the acoustical environment is a key design criterion Laboratories where sensible loads are driving airflows as opposed to air change rates Buildings seeking LEED or Green Globes certification

Building Suitability

Characteristics that less favor Active Chilled Beams

Buildings with operable windows or leaky construction

Beams with drain pans could be considered

Zones with relatively low sensible load densities

Zones with relatively low sensible heat ratios and low ventilation air requirements Zones with high filtration requirements for the re-circulated room air Zone with high latent loads

Water System design

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Secondary Loop
Supply temperature monitor T Primary chilled water supply S SCHW Pump

Secondary chilled water supply to beams

Heat Exchanger Primary chilled water return

Secondary chilled water return

Dedicated Chiller
To chilled beam zones

Bypass Valve

Chilled water pump

64F

Cooling Tower

Dedicated chiller Geothermal Heat 11+ COP Pump

58F

Geothermal Loop

District Chilled Water Loops

Tap into return pipe with heat exchanger and secondary loop

No demand in district loop GPM Increases main chiller plant COP

Waterside Economizer
With mid-high 50Fs chilled water temperature serving the Active Chilled Beams
Reduce chiller energy consumption through: Using a water side economizer to minimize the chiller operating hours serving the Active Chilled Beams

Savings & LEED

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Energy Savings
Compared to VAV

Source
US Dept. of Energy Report (4/2001) ASHRAE 2010 Technology Awards

Technology
Beams/Radiant Ceilings Passive Chilled Beams

Application
General Call Center General Laboratory Offices

% Saving*
25-30 41 20 57 24

ACEE Emerging Technologies Report (2009) Active Chilled Beams ASHRAE Journal 2007 SmithGroup *Compared to VAV Active Chilled Beams Active Chilled Beams

Call Center, Kentucky

Case Study

Call center, 350,000 sq ft

2200 occupants LEED design Considered radiant ceilings and passive beam systems Article in ASHRAE Journal, December 2009

Call Center, Kentucky

Case Study

Real energy results based on comparison with another building on the same campus
Energy usage data collected over 1 year Electrical energy consumption reduced by 41% Natural gas consumption reduced by 24%

First Costs
Compared to VAV

Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems - publication prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

Maintenance

No moving parts No filter No condensate pumps No consumable parts

Up to 4 year inspection & clean

Easy maintenance access

LEED Certification
Optimize Energy Performance - up to 48% (new) or 44% (existing)more efficient than ASHRAE

90.1
(EA Credit 1) - up to 19 points Increased Ventilation - 30% more outdoor air than

ASHRAE 62
(IEQ Credit 2) - 1 point Controllability of Systems - individual temperature control (IEQ Credit 6.2) Thermal Comfort - meet ASHRAE 55 (IEQ Credit 7.1) 1 point 1 point
(Minimum 40 points needed for certification out of 100 maximum)

Solutions
to reduce cost

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

All Air Core

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Interior Zones
Induction Diffuser

277 cfm
48F

277 cfm
75F

555 cfm 60F

Lower airflows and fan energy consumption in the interior VAV system through use of lower temperature primary air

- 20% reduction if temperature lowered from 55F to 50F

- 26% reduction if temperature lowered from 55F to 48F

Improved comfort through increased air movement in the low load interior zones
Increased latent cooling capacity and improved humidity control

Latent 640 Btuh

Latent 1408 Btuh

2.2 times latent capacity for same sensible capacity with 26% less primary air

6 Way valve

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

2 or 4 Pipe Chilled Beams?

Higher coil performance 4 pipe performance is compromised 75% Cooling (12 pipes) 25% Heating (4 pipes) Fewer or shorter beams Lower hot water temperatures 90F for 2 pipe 130F for 4 pipe

2-Pipe Beams and Terminal Heating

Chilled Water Supply

Terminal Heating Coil

Hot Water Supply Hot Water Return

2-Pipe Active Chilled Beams

Chilled Water Return

6-way valve

6-way valve

6-way valve

One valve per zone

4-pipe to zone then 2-pipe to chilled beams Half controls costs Increased chilled beam performance Increased energy efficiency

LoFlo

ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Advantages Reduced pipework Higher system Delta T Reduced pumping flow and horse power Increased flexibility Eliminate flow control valve and balancing valves Reduced commissioning Multiple water temperatures Increased capacity at chilled beam (no 4-pipe req.) Used in conjunction with 6 way valve LMB requires no maintenance One LMB for each zone (multiple ACBs) Simple cartridge replacement

Disadvantages Power required to each LMB Requires low temperature water at thermal plant

Overall st 1 cost
ASHRAE
Engineering for the World We Live In

Viterbo

School of Nursing, WI
New $15.8m facility (original estimate $20m)
68,000 ft2, 7 floors Consists of labs, lecture halls and classrooms LEED Silver Certification

Completion fall 2011

HVAC First Costs

Savings Compared to VAV

Smaller AHUs
Smaller ductwork Controls
Simple two position zone valves

Electrical infrastructure costs

Increased pump HP more than offset by reduced fan HP

HVAC First Costs

Increases Compared to VAV

More terminals (beams)

More distribution piping More piping insulation
Requirement depends on chilled water temperature and dewpoint

Overall HVAC cost increase = $300,000 compared to VAV

Construction Costs Reduced height

Floor heights reduced 10-14

Overall height reduced by 6

Construction Costs
Savings due to reduced height

Building Component Structural Steel Masonry (int/ext) Fire-Proofing Steel Studs Air Barrier Overall cost Insulation Exterior Caulking Curtain Wall Stairs Exterior Drywall Elevators Electrical Total Cost Savings

Savings $ 7,200 $ 97,692 $ 600 $ 22,824 $ 8,787 neutral $ 3,424 $ 1,522 $ 10,500 $ 2,500 $ 55,249 $ 5,000 $ 30,000 $ 245,298

Pricing provided by CD Smith Construction

Viterbo

School of Nursing, WI

Rule # 5

When budgeting chilled beams, consider the overall 1st cost, not just the Mechanical vs VAV.

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