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Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

M u

Cu vng sau ma

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Th nghim
Th nghim Newton (1962): chiu nh sng trng qua mt lng knh => Chm nh sng trng b tch thnh mt di sng nhiu mu theo th t (ln) cam vng lc lam chm tm (nh) quang ph

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Tnh cht
Mu sc ph thuc vo bc sng

lch ca tia i qua lng knh ph thuc vo mu sc Trit sut qui nh lch ca tia (Khc x nh sng) Trit sut lng knh ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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tn sc v ng cong tn sc
Mi trng Nc Thy tinh Kim cng (660 nm) 1.331 1.512 2.410 Vng (580 nm) 1.333 1.518 2.417 Da tri (470 nm) 1.338 1.524 2.444 Tm (410 nm) 1.342 1.530 2.458

ng cong tn sc: ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca trit sut vo bc sng AS tn sc D: dc ca ng cong tn sc ti mi bc sng
Cho bit tc bin thin ca trit sut theo bc sng Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Tm

Cu vng

AS trng b tn sc qua git nc ma

Tia sng vi mu sc khc nhau tn sc t cc git khc nhau chiu n mt im quan st Tp hp cc a sng c cng 1 mu to nn mt cung trn

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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n AS trng

nh sng trng b tn sc khi i qua bn mt song song? (Dn Neon)

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Gii thch
Vn tc truyn sng nh sng Vn tc nh sng trong mi trng c trit sut n s b gim i n so vi trong chn khng (n = 1) Vn tc truyn sng nh sng lin h vi bc sng nh sng:

Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng c trit sut n s b gim i n so vi trong chn khng (n = 1) Trit sut ca mi trng: Mi trng c mt cng cao => trit sut cng ln (n kim cng > n thy tinh > n nc > khng kh)

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Gii thch

nh sng kch thch electron dao ng (hp th) => bc x nng lng => nguyn t hp th => bc x nng lng . nh sng c truyn i trong mi trng Mi trng mt cng cao => qu trnh truyn nh sng cng chm => vn tc cng gim

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Hin tng

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Hin tng
nh sng l hin tng cng sng ca sng nh sng b gim khi i qua mi trng vt cht

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Gii thch
Di tc dng ca thnh phn in trng ca sng nh sng, cc in t chuyn ng quanh ht nhn v thc hin dao ng iu ha Cc in t tr thnh ngun pht sng th cp. S giao thoa ca sng ti (nh sng) v sng th cp lm cho bin ca sng ti b thay i. Phn nng lng b hp th c th chuyn ha thnh nhit nng, kt qu l mi trng b nng ln khi nh sng chiu vo n. Cc cht c h s phn x cng cao th hp th cng yu, v ngc li.

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Phn loi
Hp th ton phn: Mt cht c gi l hp th ton phn nu nh cng sng b gim cng mt lng i vi tt c cc bc sng ca nh sng ti. Cc cht thng l cht c mu xm. Hp th chn lc: Cc cht ch lm gim cng sng i vi mt s bc sng nh sng. Cc cht hp th mt phn u l cc cht c mu.

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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nh lut Bouguer (1729)

Chia mu vt thnh v s cc lp mng c dy l dx. gim cng sng trn mt n v b dy dx:

- h s hp th (ph thuc v mi trng)

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Hin tng
Hin tng tn x nh sng l hin tng nh sng b lch khi phng ban u khi truyn qua mi trng khng ng tnh.

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Tn x Tyndall

Th nghim Tyndall nm 1869. ng thy tinh cha nc tinh khit : khng c nh sng theo phng ON m ch c nh sng theo phng OA. Khng c hin tng tn x ng sng. Nc b pha vi git sa, mi trng nc tr thnh mi trng pha tp: Quan st thy nh sng trong ng theo phng ON. Nh vy, c hin tng tn x nh sng bi cc ht sa nh trong nc. Nu nh sng trng chiu vo => theo phng ON ng v mu xanh
Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Tn x Tyndall
Mi trng pha tp: trong mi trng c cc ht l m chit sut v h s hp th khc vi chit sut v h s hp th ca cc nguyn t, phn t to nn mi trng. nh sng truyn qua mi trng pha tp b tn x theo mi phng bi cc ht tp cht c gi l tn x Tyndall. Cc ht tp cht c th l bi trong khng kh, cc ht nc trong sng m, cc ht keo trong dung dch keo

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

nh lut vi tn x Tyndall
Cng nh sng tn x

k h s t l (ph thuc nng , kch thc ht tn x)

nh sng tn x b phn cc mt phn theo phng vung gc phng truyn Cng nh sng tn x theo phng gc bt k:

Cng nh sng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Th nghim

k h s t l (ph thuc nng , kch thc ht tn x)

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Tn x Tyndall trong t nhin

Khng kh bao gm git nc nh, cc ht bi l lng v, phn t khng kh => nh sng b tn x trn cc ht ny

Bt m ha trong nc c mu xanh v nh sng xanh tn x hn nh sng

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Tn x Rayleigh
Rayleigh nghin cu hin tng tn x trn cc ht hnh cu c hng s in mi

khc vi hng s in mi ca mi trng lin tc o

Nu kch thc ht b hn nhiu bc sng (r << ) nh sng th cng sng:

V l th tch ca ht, N l tng s ht trn 1cm3, r l khong cch t ht n im quan st v l gc tn x.

Nu ht c kch thc vo c bc sng (r ~ ) th cng sng:

ng dng: o kch thc ca cc ht tp cht, kim tra tinh khit dung dch.
Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Tn x Rayleigh

cc tia c bc sng ngn tn x mnh hn cc tia c bc sng di

= 450 nm tn x mnh gp 6 ln = 700 nm

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Tn x Rayleigh
= 450 nm tn x mnh gp 6 ln = 700 nm

Anh sng mt tri khi truyn vo kh quyn s b tn x bi cc ht keo kh trong kh quyn. Khi bu tri quang, cc tia sng ngn (mu xanh) tn x mnh hn cc tia sng di (mu ), do mt ngi s thy bu tri "mu xanh".

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

Tn x Rayleigh

Khi Mt Tri gn ng chn tri tn x ny em li sc cho bu tri. - nh sng n c mt ngi quan st lc ny i theo ng xuyn ngang qua lp kh quyn dy. nh sng t b tn x c truyn thng n mt nhiu hn. - nh sng xanh da tri b tn x mt nhiu, khi qua lp kh quyn dy theo ng gn chn tri. - Sau khi Mt Tri khut, khng thy trc tip nh sng ca Mt Tri; nhng nu c cc m my trn cao, chng s phn x li nh sng xung mt t, to nn cnh tng hng v ca hong hn v bnh minh. Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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Tn x phn t
Hin tng: Mi trng khng ng tnh do c s khc nhau v mt cht, khc nhau v nhit do s chuyn ng nhit ca cc nguyn t, phn t. Khi nh sng truyn qua mi trng khng ng tnh, mt phn nh sng truyn thng, mt phn truyn theo cc phng khc.

Gii thch: Mi trng khng ng nht => phn b phn t b thng ging: Trit sut ca mi trng thay i khi i t ni ny sang ni khc: => Bc sng ca nh sng ti b thay i khi i trong mi trng => Hin tng tn x vi cng nh sng tn x tun theo cng thc Rayleigh: cc tia c bc sng ngn tn x mnh hn cc tia c bc sng di

Chng 4: Tn sc, tn x v hp th

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