Effect of Data Rate on Throughput

Wireless and Mobile Computing Project Presentation EE 382V project Sunil Kowlgi Vacha Dave

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

Presentation Outline

Motivation Methodology Overview Setup and Environment

NS-2 802.11b Experiments Results Analysis

Experiments , Results and Analysis

Furthering the work Issues References

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 2

Motivation

Most wireless cards come with multiple data rates The commonly held belief is that higher data rate guarantees higher throughput. Higher data rates require higher transmit power which means lesser spatial reuse.

We would like to see how spatial reuse is affected for different data rates and how this effect manifests as reduced throughput.
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 3

Methodology Overview

We measured throughput for a single flow on a linear chain topology of nodes. Measurements were carried out for different data rates and transmit power levels. The number of concurrent successful transmissions was measured to serve as an indication of spatial reuse.
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 4

Setup and Environment: NS-2 PHY Layer

Phy/WirelessPhy:

Frequency 2.4GHz (802.11b) RX threshold varied according to data rate Transmit power swept over a range 1 30dBm Carrier sense threshold - 1e-13W Capture threshold 10dB

Propagation/Shadowing:

Path Loss Exponent 2.0 (free space) Shadowing deviation 4.0 ( outdoor)
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 5

Setup and Environment: NS-2 MAC Layer

Mac/802_11 :

RTS Threshold 0 ( RTS/CTS turned on ) Data rate 1, 2, 5.5, 11Mbps ( 802.11b)

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

Setup and Environment: NS-2 Network Layer - NOAH

Package that enables static routing for wireless nodes Lets you set the routing table by hand for each node Queue/DropTail/PriQueue interface queue type Network interface queue length 500

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

Setup and Environment: Application layer

Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic is used CBR parameters that were set:

Time interval between packets varied for different experiments Packet size 1456 bytes + 24 MAC hdr + 20 IP hdr

Different transmit data rates can be achieved by varying CBR parameters CBR lets you limit the maximum number of packets that need to be sent from source to sink.
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 8

Setup and Environment: Testing for different Power levels

FCC mandates that wireless transmitters limit power to 30dBm (1W). Commonly used transmit power level for wireless cards is 15dBm. We ran experiments for all power levels in the range 1 30dBm.
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 9

Setup and Environment: Measuring Throughput

Loss Monitor was used to measure the throughput at the sink, over a given time window. All simulations were run for 700 seconds The initial and final 100 seconds of simulation were excluded from throughput measurement. This is to ensure that the system was in steady state.

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Experiments carried out

To determine the chain length To determine of CBR value To measure the throughput for different power levels, for 802.11b data rates Number of concurrent transmissions for different power levels, for 802.11b data rates

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Experiment: Determining Chain Length

Trying to approximate an infinite chain length, for which throughput does not vary significantly with small change in number of nodes. Before carrying out throughput v. data rate experiments we determined the right chain length and that would be valid for different data rates. Settings:

Power level 15dBm Packet size 1500 bytes Distance between nodes 550m
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 12

Results: Determining Chain Length

Throughput vs. Number of Nodes for sending rate = 1Mbps, distance between nodes = 550m transmit power = 15dBm

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Chain Length 60 70 80 90

Throughput (Kbps)

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Results: Determining Chain Length

Throughput for different number of nodes at 2Mbps Data Rate, Distance= 550m, transmit power = 15dBm
1800 1600 1400

Throughput in Kbps

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Number of Nodes

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Results: Determining Chain Length

Throughput Vs. Number of Nodes for 11Mbps sending rate, distance between nodes= 550m transmit power = 15dBm
700 600

Throughput (Kbps)

500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Number of Nodes

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Analysis: Determining Chain Length

There is a quasi-exponential decay in throughput as the chain length is increased. The chain length for our experiments was picked from the stable/flat region of the throughput curve.

We picked a chain length of 60 nodes for all subsequent simulations.

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 16

Experiment: Determining CBR values

We need to determine the CBR value at which there are no congestion losses. For a chain length of 60 nodes, we measured the throughput for different CBR values. This was carried out for 1, 2 and 11Mbps data rates, at a transmit power level of 15dBm.

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Results: Determining CBR values

Throughput for different CB rates, distance between nodes = 550m, power = 15dBm, 1Mbps data rate
35 30

Throughput (Kbps)

25 20 15 10 5 0 1 10 100 CBR ( Kbps) 1000 10000

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Results: Determining CBR values

Throughput for different CB rates, distance between nodes = 550m, power = 15dBm, 2Mbps data rate
50 45 40

Throughput (Kbps)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 10 100 CBR ( Kbps)

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

1000

10000

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Results: Determining CBR values

Throughput for different CB rates, distance between nodes = 550, transmit power = 15dBm, 11Mbps data rate
8
Throughput (Kbps)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 10 100 1000 CBR (Kbps) 10000 100000

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Analysis: Determining CBR Rate

Throughput increases with CBR value until a point, where it starts to fall. The reduction in throughput beyond a certain CBR value can be attributed to congestion. For our subsequent experiments we use CBR values just below the inflection point so that it guarantees reasonable throughput without the worry of congestion. For 1Mbps 31.6 Kbps For 2Mbps 60 Kbps For 11Mbps 60 Kbps

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Experiment: Power Vs. Throughput for a given Data Rate

Simulations were run to measure the throughput for 30 different transmit power levels ( 1- 30 dBm). These simulations were performed for different data rates 1, 2, 11 Mbps. CBR values determined in the previous experiment were used ( to avoid congestion-related losses). Nodes were separated by 550m.
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 22

Result: Power Vs. Throughput for a given Data Rate

Power v. Throughput for CBR=60Kbps, chain length = 60, 550m between nodes
40 35 30

15 dBm

Throughput(Kbps)

25 20 15 10 5 0 0.001 -5 1Mbps 15dBm

0.01 Power (W)

0.1

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Analysis: Power Vs. Throughput for a given Data Rate

For very low values of transmit power, very few data packets get across from source to sink, and throughput is very low. As the transmit power increases, transmissions become more reliable and the throughput increases till a point. There is an inflection point corresponding to a certain transmit power beyond which fewer nodes transmit in a given time interval and thus spatial reuse decreases.
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Result: Putting them All together

Power v. Throughput for CBR=31.6Kbps, chain length = 60, 550m between nodes
35 30 15 dBm

Power v. Throughput for CBR=60Kbps, chain length = 60, 550m between nodes
70 60

15 dBm

Throughput(Kbps)

Throughput(Kbps)

25 20 15 10 5 0 0.001 -5 1Mbps 2Mbps 11Mbps 15dbm

50 40 30 20 10 0 0.001 -10 1Mbps 2Mbps 11Mbps 15dBm

0.01 Power (W)

0.1

0.01 Power (W)

0.1

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Analysis: Putting them All together

For each data rate, throughput increases with increased transmit power and beyond a certain transmit power it starts to fall. The graphs are testament to the fact that for a given transmit power a higher data rate does not always result in higher throughput. The envelope of the curve gives the data rate at which transmissions should happen, to achieve the highest throughput possible for a given transmit power.
Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 26

Analysis: Extrapolating the 11Mbps Curve

The 11Mbps throughput-transmit power curve appears to flatten out, contrary to intuition! But, if the curve is extrapolated for transmit powers up to 5W (!) it shows the degradation of throughput.

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Experiment: Measuring Spatial Reuse Possibilities

Spatial reuse could be quantified in different ways

The minimum distance between nodes at which an optimal Fairness Ratio of 1 is achieved is indicative of spatial reuse. The number of transmissions that complete in a time interval ( defined by the transmission time of a standard size data packet) is indicative of spatial reuse. Using the queuing theory

First packet 59x , second at 59x + x, and so on Measuring the deviation from ideal

We adopted the second methodology to quantify spatial reuse.

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Experiment: Measuring Spatial Reuse

After a simulation run, the trace file was examined by a script to determine the maximum number of ACKs in a time interval. The time interval was determined by measuring time from sending of RTS to the reception of an ACK, for a single CBR packet of 1500 bytes.

13 ms for 1Mbps 7.2 ms for 2Mbps 4 ms for 11 Mbps

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Result: Measuring Spatial Reuse

Measure of Spatial Reuse
7

Number of Acks received/time interval

6 5 4 1 Mbps 3 2 1 0 0.001 -1 2 Mbps 11 Mbps

0.01 Power in Watts

0.1

Power v. Throughput for CBR=60Kbps, chain length = 60, 550m between nodes
70 60

15 dBm

Throughput(Kbps)

50 40 30 20 10 0 0.001 -10 1Mbps 2Mbps 11Mbps 15dBm

0.01 Power (W)

0.1

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Analysis: Measuring Spatial Reuse

Very Jittered Curve seems to follow the general throughput curve Binning the values and taking a weighted average would result in a better curve Pessimistic bound since it counts only the transmissions that have completed during the given time interval.

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin

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Furthering the Experiments

Effect of Distance between nodes on the result

We have maintained a distance on 550 m between nodes. This is just under the transmission range for 1Mbps.

More exhaustive sweep over different Application layer data rates. Trying out for different packet sizes

Issue with 64 byte packets

Sunil Kowlgi, Vacha Dave Univesity of Texas at Austin 32

Some of the Exhaustive Sweep

CBR vs. Throughput (Kbps) for different power levels, chain length = 60 nodes, 550 m apart
45 40 35 0.001259 0.001585 0.001995 0.002512 0.003162 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0.003981 0.005012 0.00631 0.007943 0.01 0.012589 0.015849

Throughput (Kbps)

30

Constant Bit Rate (Kbps)

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Issues

We could not see any throughput for 5.5 Mbps, for all transmit power levels. Possibly because of incorrect value of RX threshold. The default TTL value for IP in NS-2 is set to 32. A week was spent in figuring out the mysterious packet drops for long chain lengths. NS-2 simulations took a long time, which prevented us from performing more exhaustive experiments. For instance, sweeping across different CBR rates for different power levels.
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References

The Network Simulator http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ Capacity of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Jinyang Li, Charles Blake, Douglas S. J. De Couto, Hu Imm Lee, and Robert Morris , MOBICOM 01 Improving spatial reuse through tuning transmit power, carrier sense threshold, and data rate in multihop wireless networks, Kim et al. MOBICOM 2006
An Experimental Evaluation of Several Rate Adaptation Protocols, Choi et. al.

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