HSPA LTE Advanced Rysavy Powerpoint Sept09 PDF

HSPA to LTE-Advanced
3GPP Broadband Evolution to IMT-Advanced (4G) Peter Rysavy, Rysavy Research September 2009
This presentation is based upon the white paper written by Peter Rysavy, Rysavy Research, which is available for free download at www.3gamericas.org
All figures Rysavy Research or 3G Americas member contributions unless otherwise noted.
Key Conclusions (1)

The wireless technology roadmap now extends to IMT-Advanced with LTEAdvanced being one of the first technologies defined to meet IMT-Advanced requirements. i t LTE LTE-Advanced Ad d will ill b be capable bl of f peak k th throughput h t rates t th that t exceed 1 gigabit per second (Gbps). Persistent innovation created EDGE, which was a significant advance over GPRS; HSPA and HSPA+, HSPA+ which are bringing UMTS to its full potential; and is now delivering LTE, the most powerful, wide-area wireless technology ever developed. GSM-HSPA has an overwhelming global position in terms of subscribers, deployment, and services. Its success will continue to marginalize other wide-area wireless technologies. In current deployments, HSPA users regularly experience throughput rates well ll i in excess of f 1 megabit bit per second d (Mb (Mbps) ) under d f favorable bl conditions, diti on both downlinks and uplinks, with 4 Mbps downlink speed commonly being measured. Planned enhancements such as dual-carrier operation will double p peak user-achievable throughput g p rates.
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HSPA to LTE Advanced, Rysavy Research Sept 2009 white paper
Key Conclusions (2)

HSPA Evolution provides a strategic performance roadmap advantage for incumbent GSM-HSPA operators. Features such as dual-carrier operation, MIMO and MIMO, d higher-order hi h d modulation d l ti offer ff operators t multiple lti l options ti f for upgrading their networks, with many of these features (e.g., dual-carrier, higher-order modulation) being available as network software upgrades. HSPA+ with 2x2 MIMO, MIMO successive interference cancellation, cancellation and 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is more spectrally efficient than competing technologies including Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Release 1.0. The LTE Radio Access Network technical specification was approved in 2008 for 3GPP Release 8, which was fully ratified in March, 2009. Initial deployments will occur in 2010 and will expand rapidly thereafter. Th 3GPP OFDMA approach The h used di in LTE matches t h or exceeds d th the capabilities of any other OFDMA system. Peak theoretical downlink rates are 326 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel bandwidth. LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol ( (IP) ) network architecture, , and it is designed g to support pp voice in the packet domain.
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Key Conclusions (3)

LTE has become the technology platform of choice as GSM-UMTS and CDMA/EV-DO operators are making strategic, long-term decisions on their next generation platforms next-generation platforms. In June of 2008 2008, after extensive evaluation evaluation, LTE was the first and thus far only technology recognized by the Next Generation Mobile Network alliance to meet its broad requirements. p the overwhelming g majority j y of subscribers over the GSM-HSPA will comprise next five to ten years, even as new wireless technologies are adopted. The deployment of LTE and its coexistence with UMTS/HSPA will be analogous to the deployment of UMTS/HSPA and its coexistence with GSM. 3GPP h has made d significant i ifi t progress on h how t to enhance h LTE t to meet t th the requirements of IMT-Advanced in a project called LTE Advanced. LTE Advanced is expected to be the first true 4G system available. HSPA-LTE HSPA LTE has significant economic advantages over other wireless technologies. WiMAX has developed an ecosystem supported by many companies, but it will still only represent a very small percentage of wireless subscribers over the next five years.
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Key y Conclusions ( (4) )

EDGE technology has proven extremely successful and is widely deployed on GSM networks globally. Advanced capabilities with Evolved EDGE can double and eventually quadruple current EDGE throughput rates rates, halve latency and increase spectral efficiency. With a UMTS multi-radio network, a common core network can efficiently pp GSM, , WCDMA, , and HSPA access networks and offer high g support efficiency for both high and low data rates, as well as for both high- and lowtraffic density configurations. In the future, EPC/SAE will provide a new core network that supports both LTE and interoperability with legacy GSM-UMTS radio access networks radio-access networks. Innovations such as EPC/SAE and UMTS one-tunnel architecture will flatten the network, simplifying deployment and reducing latency. Circuit-switched Circuit switched, voice-over voice over HSPA HSPA, then moving to voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over HSPA will add to voice capacity and reduce infrastructure costs. In the meantime, UMTS/HSPA enjoys high circuitswitched voice spectral efficiency, and it can combine voice and data on the same radio channel.
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Wireline and Wireless Advances

FTTH 100 Mbps ADSL2+ S 25 5 Mbps bps LTE 10 Mbps ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps 1 Mbps ADSL 1 Mbps HSPA+ 5 Mbps HSDPA 1 Mbps UMTS 350 kbps EDGE 100 kbps GPRS 40 kbps 10 kb kbps 2000 2005
100 Mbps 10 Mbps
ISDN 100 kbps 128 kbps
2010
Broadband Approaches
Strength Constant connectivity Broadband capability across extremely wide areas Mobile broadband (EDGE, HSPA, LTE) Good G d access solution l ti f for areas lacking wireline infrastructure Capacity enhancement options via FMC Excellent voice communications Wireline broadband (e.g., DSL, DOCSIS, FTTH) High capacity broadband at very high data rates Evolution to extremely high throughput rates Expensive to deploy new networks, especially in developing economies lacking infrastructure Weakness Lower capacity than wireline approaches Inability to serve highbandwidth applications such as IP TV
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Market Factors Contributing to Growth of Mobile Broadband
8
Deployments as of 2Q 2009
Over 3.8 3 8 billion GSM-UMTS GSM UMTS subscribers Most GSM networks now support EDGE More than 350 commercial EDGE operators 378 million UMTS customers worldwide across 295 commercial networks 277 operators in 116 countries offering HSDPA services
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UMTS/HSPA Voice and Data Traffic

19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1
35 05 75 45 5 85 55 25 95 65
Relative Network Load
~ 18x Packet data
Voice ~ 2x
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May July Sep Nov Jan Mar May 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09
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Mobile Data Growth in the U.S. U.S.*
Source: Managing Growth and Profits in the Yottabyte Era, Chetan Sharma, July 2009. One Terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. 11
1G to 4G
Generation 1G Requirements No official requirements. Analog technology. Comments Deployed in the 1980s. First digital systems. 2G No official requirements. Digital Technology. Deployed in the 1990s. New services such as SMS and low-rate low rate data. Primary technologies include CDMA2000 1xRTT and GSM. ITUs IMT ITU IMT-2000 2000 required i d 144 kbps mobile, 384 kbps pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors ITUs IMT ITU IMT-Advanced Ad d requirements include ability to operate in up to 40 MHz radio channels and with very high spectral p efficiency. y Primary technologies include CDMA2000 EV-DO EV DO and UMTS/HSPA. WiMAX now an official 3G technology. No technology meets requirements today. IEEE 802.16m and LTE Advanced being designed to meet requirements. 12
3G
4G
Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (1)

Technology Name Type Characteristics Most widely deployed cellular technology in the world. Provides voice and data service via GPRS/EDGE. Data service for GSM networks. An enhancement to original GSM data service called GPRS. Typical Downlink Speed Typical Uplink Speed
GSM
TDMA
EDGE
TDMA
70 kbps to 135 kbps
70 kbps to 135 kbps
Evolved EDGE
TDMA
Advanced version of EDGE th t can d that double bl and d eventually quadruple throughput rates, halve latency and increase spectral p efficiency. y
175 kbps to 350 kbps expected (Single Carrier) 350 kbps to 700 kbps expected t d (Dual Carrier)
150 kbps to 300 kbps expected
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Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies g (2) ( )

Technology Name UMTS Type Characteristics 3G technology providing voice and data capabilities capabilities. Current deployments implement HSPA for data service. Data service for UMTS networks. An enhancement to original UMTS data service. service Evolution of HSPA in various stages to increase throughput and capacity and to lower latency. New radio interface that can use wide radio channels and deliver extremely high throughput rates. All communications handled in IP domain. Advanced version of LTE designed to meet IMT-Advanced requirements. Typical Downlink Speed 200 to 300 kbps Typical Uplink Speed 200 to 300 kbps CDMA
HSPA
CDMA
1 Mbps to 4 Mbps p 1.5 Mbps to 7 Mbps
500 kbps to 2 Mbps p 1 Mbps to 4 Mbps
HSPA+
CDMA
LTE
OFDMA
4 Mbps to 24 Mbps (in 2 x 20 MHz)
LTE Advanced
OFDMA
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3GPP Releases (1)

Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancements to GSM data ( (EDGE). ) Majority j y of deployments p y today y are based on Release 99. Provides support for GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks. Release 4: Completed. p Multimedia messaging g g support. pp First steps p toward using IP transport in the core network. Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability to use IP-based transport p instead of j just Asynchronous y Transfer Mode ( (ATM) ) in the core network. Release 6: Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support through Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services ( (MBMS). ) Performance specifications for advanced receivers. WLAN integration option. IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
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3GPP Releases (2)

Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved EDGE. Specifies HSPA Evolution (HSPA+), which includes higher order modulation and MIMO. MIMO Provides fine fine-tuning tuning and incremental improvements of features from previous releases. Results include performance enhancements, improved spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient always-on service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity as well as reductions in call set-up delay for PoC. Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 QAM in the downlink DL and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through the multicast/broadcast single-frequency g q y network ( (MBSFN) ) function. Release 8: Under development. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such as simultaneous use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes work item for dual-carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA) where two WCDMA radio channels can be combined for a doubling of throughput performance. performance Specifies OFDMA OFDMA-based based 3GPP LTE LTE. Defines EPC. EPC Release 9: Under development. Likely 2010. Will include HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA multi-carrier operation. p Likely y 2011. Will specify p y LTE Advanced that Release 10: Under development. meets the requirements set by ITUs IMT-Advanced project.
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FDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies g

Operating band Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Band 5 Band 6 Band 7 Band 8 Band 9 Band 10 Band 11 Band 12 Band 13 Band 14 Band name 2.1 GHz 1900 MHz 1800 MHz 1.7/2.1 GHz 850 MHz 800 MHz 2.6 GHz 900 MHz 1700 MHz Ext 1.7/2.1MHz 1500 MHz
Lower 700 MHz Upper 700 MHz
Upper 700 MHz, public safety/private
Total spectrum 2x60 MHz 2x60 MHz 2x75 MHz 2x45 MHz 2x25 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x70 MHz 2x35 MHz 2x35 MHz 2x60 MHz 2x25 MHz 2x18 MHz 2x10 MHz 2x10 MHz
Uplink [MHz] 1920-1980 1850-1910 1710-1785 1710-1755 824-849 830-840 2500-2570 880-915 880 915 1749.9-1784.9 1710-1770 1427.9 - 1452.9 698-716 777-787 788-798
Downlink [MHz] 2110-2170 1930-1990 1805-1880 2110-2155 869-894 875-885 2620-2690 925-960 925 960 1844.9-1879.9 2110-2170 1475.9 - 1500.9 728-746 746-756 758-768
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TDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

Operating band Band 33 Band 34 Band 35 Band 36 Band 37 Band 38 Band 39 Band 40 Total spectrum 20 MHz 15 MHz 60 MHz 60 MHz 20 MHz 50 MHz 40 MHz 100 MHz Frequencies [MHz] 1900-1920 2010-2025 2010 2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620 1880-1920 2300-2400
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LTE Spectral Efficiency as Function of Radio Channel Size

100 90
% Efficiency y Relative to20MHz
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1.4 3 5 MHz 10 20
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Parlay X Specifications
Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Title Common Third Party Call Call Notification Short Messaging Multimedia Messaging Payment Account Management Terminal Status Terminal Location Call Handling Audio Call Multimedia Conference Address List Management Presence Message Broadcast Geocoding Application-driven QoS Devices Capabilities and Configuration Multimedia Streaming Control Multimedia Multicast Session Management Functions Definitions common across Parlay X specifications Creates and manages calls Management of calls initiated by a subscriber Send and receive of SMS including delivery receipts Send and receive of multimedia messages Pre-paid and post-paid payments and payment reservations Management of accounts of prepaid customers Obtain status such as reachable, reachable unreachable or busy Obtain location of terminal Control by application for call handling of specific numbers Control for media to be added/dropped during call Create multimedia conferences including dynamic management of participants Manage subscriber groups Provide presence information Send messages to all users in specified area Obtain location address of subscriber Control quality of service of end-user connection Obtain device capability information and be able to push device configuration to device Control multimedia streaming to device Control multicast sessions, members, multimedia stream and obtain channel presence information
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Expected Features/Capabilities
Year Features Networks and devices capable of Release 7 HSPA+, including MIMO, boosting HSPA peak speeds to 28 Mbps Enhanced IMS-based services (for example, integrated voice/multimedia/presence/location) Evolved EDGE capabilities available to significantly increase EDGE throughput rates HSPA+ peak speeds further increased to peak rates of 42 Mbps based on Release 8 2010 LTE introduced for next-generation throughput performance using 2X2 MIMO Advanced core architectures available through EPC/SAE EPC/SAE, primarily for LTE but also for HSPA+, providing benefits such as integration of multiple network types and flatter architectures for better latency performance Most new services implemented in the packet domain over HSPA+ and LTE 2011 and d later 2012 LTE enhancements such as 4X2 MIMO and 4X4 MIMO LTE Advanced specifications completed LTE Advanced potentially deployed in initial stages 2009
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Peak Rates Over Time

Downlink Speeds 100 Mbps
MIMO/64QAM 41M MIMO 2x2 28M
DL LTE(20MHz) 300M
DL LTE(10MHz) 140M
20 Mbps
UL LTE (10MHz) 50M UL LTE (10MHz) 25M HSDPA 14.4M
10 Mbps
HSUPA/16QAM 11M HSDPA 7.2M HSDPA 3.6M HSUPA 5.6M
10 Mbps Uplink Speeds
HSDPA 1.8M
HSUPA 1.5M
1 Mbps
DL R99-384k UL R99 384k
HSPA DL and UL peak throughputs expected to double every year on average 1 Mbps Limitations not induced by the technology itself but time frames required to upgrade infrastructure and transport networks, obtain devices with corresponding capabilities and interoperability tests
100 kbps 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
100 kbps
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2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Relative Adoption of Technologies

LTE Relativ ve Subscr riptions
UMTS/HSPA
GSM/EDGE
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
24
Different LTE Deployment Scenarios
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Radio Resource Management 1 RTT/1 EV DO versus UMTS/HSPA 1xRTT/1xEV-DO

Speech S h Blocking Unavailable U il bl Hi Highh Speed Data Capacity Efficient Effi i t Allocation All ti of fR Resources Between Voice and Data
Three 1.25 MH Hz Channels
EV-DO One 5 MHz Ch hannel High-Speed Data Voice
1xRTT
1xRTT
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Throughput Comparison
Downlink Peak Network Speed
EDGE (type 2 MS)
Uplink Peak And/Or Typical User Rate Peak Network Speed 473.6 kbps 200 kbps peak 70 to 135 kbps typical 1 Mbps peak 350 to 700 kbps typical expected (Dual Carrier) 200 kbps peak 70 to 135 kbps typical 400 kbps peak 473.6 kbps 150 to 300 kbps typical expected Peak And/Or Typical User Rate
473.6 kbps
EDGE G (type 1 MS) S) (Practical Terminal)
236 8 kbps 236.8 kb
236 8 kbps 236.8 kb
Evolved EDGE (type 1 MS)
1184 kbps
Evolved EDGE (type 2 MS)
1894.4 kbps
947.2 kbps
Blue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates, Green Typical

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Throughput Comparison (2)

UMTS WCDMA Rel99
Uplink Peak And/Or Typical User Rate Peak Network Speed 768 kbps 350 kbps peak 200 to 300 kbps typical > 1 Mbps peak 350 kbps peak 200 to 300 kbps typical 350 kbps peak Peak And/Or Typical User Rate
2.048 Mbps
UMTS WCDMA Rel99 (Practical Terminal)
384 kbps
384 kbps
HSDPA Initial Devices (2006) HSDPA
1.8 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
384 kbps 384 kbps
HSPA Initial Implementation
> 5 Mbps b peak 7.2 Mbps 700 kbps to 1.7 Mbps typical 2 Mbps
> 1.5 Mbps b peak 500 kbps to 1.2 Mbps typical
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HSPA Current Implementation HSPA HSPA+ (DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM)
Uplink Peak And/Or Typical User Rate Peak Network Speed 5.76 Mbps 5.76 Mbps 1.5 Mbps to 7 Mbps 13 Mbps peak 11.5 Mbps
1 Mbps to 4 Mbps
Peak And/Or Typical User Rate
7.2 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 21.6 Mbps
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM)
28 Mbps
11.5 Mbps
> 3 Mbps typical expected
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM) LTE (2X2 MIMO)
42 Mbps 173 Mbps 4 Mbps to 24 Mbps (in 2 x 20 MHz)
11.5 Mbps 58 Mbps
LTE (4X4 MIMO)
326 Mbps
86 Mbps
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Downlink Peak Network Speed CDMA2000 1XRTT CDMA2000 1XRTT CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev 0 153 kbps 307 kbps 2.4 Mbps > 1 Mbps peak > 1.5 Mbps peak CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev A 3.1 Mbps p 600 kbps to 1.4 14 Mbps typical 1.8 Mbps p Peak And/Or Typical User Rate 130 kbps peak Uplink Peak Network Speed 153 kbps 307 kbps 153 kbps 150 kbps peak > 1 Mbps peak 300 to 500 kbps typical Peak And/Or Typical User Rate 130 kbps peak
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B (3 radio channels MHz) CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B Th Theoretical ti l (15 radio di channels) h l ) Ultra Mobile Broadband (2X2 MIMO) Ultra Mobile Broadband (4X4 MIMO)
9.3 Mbps 73.5 Mbps 140 Mbps 280 Mbps
5.4 Mbps 27 Mbps 34 Mbps 68 Mbps
WiMAX Release 1.0 (10 MHz TDD, DL/UL=3, 2x2 MIMO)
46 Mbps
2 to 4 Mbps average
4 Mbps
WiMAX Release 1.5 802.16m
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
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Throughput Distribution
6.0
5.0
Thro oughput [Mbps s]
4.0
3.0
2.0
10 1.0
0.0
90 %
10 0%
65 %
95 %
85 %
80 %
75 %
70 %
60 %
55 %
50 %
45 %
40 %
35 %
30 %
25 %
20 %
15 %
10 %
5%
31
0%
HSDPA Performance in 7.2 Mbps Network

Good Coverage Bad Coverage
Median bitrate 3.8 Mbps
-106 dBm
Performance measured in a commercial network
Mobile
Median bitrate 1 9 Mb 1.9 Mbps
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HSUPA Performance in a Commercial Network

Mobile
100 90 80
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
70
700
770
840
280
420
490
140
210
350
560
630
910
980
1120
1260
1330
1050
1190
1400
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LTE Throughput in Test Network

Base station located at x. L1 Throughput Max: 154 Mbps Mean: 78 Mbps Min: 16 Mbps User Speed Max: 45 km/h Mean: 16 km/h Min: 0 km/h Sub-urban area with lineof-sight: less than 40% of the samples Heights of surrounding buildings: 15-25 m 20 MHz Channel 2X2 MIMO
100 meters
154 123 97 74 54 37 23 12
LTE Throughputs Th h t in i Various V i Modes M d
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LTE Actual Throughput Rates Based on C diti Conditions
Source: LTE/SAE Trial Initiative, Latest Results from the LSTI, Feb 2009, http://www.lstiforum.org. 36
Latency y of Different Technologies g

700 600 500 Mi illiseconds s 400 300 20 0 100
GPRS Rel97
E l d HSDPA EDGE EDGE WCDMA Evolved Rel99 Rel4 Rel99 EDGE

HSPA
LTE
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Performance Relative to Theoretical Limits

6 Shannon bound Shannon bound with 3dB margin HSDPA EV-DO IEEE 802.16e-2005 802 16 2005
5 Ach hievable Efficiency (bps/Hz)
0 -15 15
-10 10
-5 5
0 5 Required SNR (dB)

10
15
20 38
Comparison of Downlink Spectral Efficiency

2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 15 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 11 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
UMTS/HSPA Future improvements LTE 4X4 MIMO
Spe ectral Effici iency (bps s/Hz/secto or)
LTE 4X2 MIMO Future improvements HSPA+ SIC, 64 QAM HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO HSDPA MRxD, Equalizer LTE 2X2 MIMO Future improvements Future improvements Rev B Cross-Carrier Scheduling Rev A, MR D MRxD, Equalizer Rel 1.5 4X2 MIMO Rel 1 1.5 5 2X2 MIMO Rel 1.0 2X2 MIMO
HSDPA
EV-DO Rev 0
UMTS R99
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LTE HSPA to LTE Advanced, Rysavy Research CDMA2000
Sept 2009 white paper
WiMAX
Comparison of Uplink Spectral Efficiency

1.0 Spect tral Efficiency (bps/H Hz/sector) ) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
HSUPA Rel 6 UMTS R99 to Rel 5 EV-DO Rev A EV-DO Rev 0 Future Improvements HSPA+ Interference Cancellation, 16 QAM LTE 1X2 Receive Diversity Future Improvements EV-DO Rev B, Interference Cancellation Rel 1.5 1X2 Rx Div Rel 1.0 LTE 1x4 Receive Diversity Future Improvements Rel 1.5 1X4 Receive Diversity
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UMTS/HSPA LTE CDMA2000 WiMAX
Comparison of Voice Spectral Efficiency

500 450
Future Improvements LTE AMR 5.9 kbps LTE VoIP AMR 7.95 kbps Future Improvements Interference Cancellation EVRC-B 6 kbps EVRC-B 6 kbps EV-DO Rev A EVRC 8 kbps 1xRTT 1 RTT EVRC 8 kbps
Erlangs s, 10+10 M MHz
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

Future Improvements Interference Cancellation AMR 5 5.9 9 kbps Rel 7 VoIP AMR 5.9 kbps Rel 7, VoIP AMR 7.95 kbps UMTS R99 AMR 7.95 kbps UMTS R99 AMR 12.2 kbps
Future Improvements p Rel 1.5 EVRC-B 6kbps Rel 1.0 EVRC 8 kbps
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UMTS/HSPA LTE CDMA2000 WiMAX
LTE and WiMAX Features

Feature
Multiple Access
LTE
OFDM in downlink, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)spread OFDM in uplink Fractional path-loss compensation
WiMAX Release 1.0

OFDM in downlink and uplink
WiMAX Release 1.5

OFDM in downlink and uplink
Impact
DFT-spread OFDM reduces the peak-to-average power ratio and reduces terminal complexity, requires one-tap equalizer in base station receiver. Fractional path-loss compensation enables flexible tradeoff between average and cell cell-edge edge data rates Access to the frequency domain yields larger scheduling gains Horizontal encoding enables per-stream link adaptation and successive interference cancellation receivers.
Uplink Power Control
Full path-loss compensation
Full path-loss compensation
Scheduling
Channel dependent in time and frequency domains Multi-codeword (horizontal), closed loop with precoding
Channel dependent in time domain Single codeword (vertical)
Channel dependent in time and frequency domains Single codeword (vertical), with rankadaptive MIMO (TDD) and with closed-loop precoding (FDD)
MIMO Scheme
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LTE and WiMAX Features (2)

Feature
Modulation and Coding Scheme Granularity Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Frame Duration
LTE
Fine granularity (12 dB apart)
WiMAX Release 1.0

Coarse granularity (2-3 dB apart)
WiMAX Release 1.5

Coarse granularity (2-3 db apart)
Impact
Finer granularity enables better link adaptation precision. Incremental redundancy is more efficient (lower SNR required for given error rate) Shorter subframes yield lower user plane delay and reduced channel quality feedback delays Lower overhead improves performance
Incremental redundancy
Chase combining
Chase combining
1 msec subframes
5 msec subframes
5 msec subframes
Overhead / Control Channel y Efficiency
Relatively low overhead
Relatively high overhead
Relatively high overhead apart from pilots reduction in p
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Relative Volume of Subscribers Across Wi l Wireless Technologies T h l i

Subscriptions
Million ns
7,000 6,000 5,000

438M 4.6 Billion Total 649M 3.7B 3.9B 4.0B 3.8B 3.4B 2.7B 2.0B 2.7B
6.3BillionTotal Subscriptionsin 2014
1.4B 957M
4,000 3,000 2,000 1 000 1,000
UMTSHSPA GSM CDMA Other
Dec09 Dec10 Dec11 Dec12 Dec13 Dec14

Source: Informa Telecoms & Media, WCIS+, June 2009. 44
Throughput Requirements
Microbrowsing (for example, Wireless Application Protocol [WAP]): 8 to 128 kbps Multimedia messaging: 8 to 64 kbps Video telephony: 64 to 384 kbps General-purpose Web browsing: 32 kbps to more than 1 Mbps Enterprise applications including e-mail, database access access, and VPNs: 32 kbps to more than 1 Mbps Video and audio streaming: 32 kbps to 2 Mbps
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GPRS/EDGE Architecture
Mobile Station Mobile Station Mobile Station Base Transceiver Station Base Transceiver Station Public Switched Telephone Network
Circuit-Switched Traffic Base Mobile Station Switching Controller Center IP Traffic Home Location Register g
GPRS/EDGE Data Infrastructure
Serving GPRS Support Node
Gateway GPRS Support Node
External Data Network (e.g., Internet)
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Example of GSM/GPRS/EDGE Timeslot Structure

4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots 577 S per timeslot 0
1 TCH 1 TCH
2 TCH 2 TCH
3 TCH 3 PDTCH
4 TCH 4 PDTCH
5 PDTCH 5 PDTCH
6 PDTCH 6 PDTCH
7 PDTCH 7 PDTCH
Possible BCCH carrier configuration Possible TCH carrier configuration
BCCH 0 PBCCH
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel carries synchronization, paging and other signalling information TCH: Traffic Channel carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-rate PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel Carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGE PBCCH Packet PBCCH: P k t Broadcast B d t Control C t l Ch Channel l additional dditi l signalling i lli f for GPRS/EDGE GPRS/EDGE; used d only l if needed d d
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Evolved EDGE Objectives

A 100 percent increase in peak data rates. A 50 percent increase in spectral efficiency and capacity in C/I-limited scenarios. scenarios A sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and data. A reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip time, thereby enabling support for conversational services such as VoIP and PoC. To achieve compatibility with existing frequency planning, thus facilitating deployment in existing networks. To coexist with legacy g y mobile stations by y allowing g both old and new stations to share the same radio resources. To avoid impacts on infrastructure by enabling improvements through a software upgrade. To be applicable to DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the A/Gb mode interface. The A/Gb mode interface is part of the 2G core network, so this goal is required for full backward-compatibility with legacy GPRS/EDGE.
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Evolved EDGE Methods in Release 7

Downlink dual-carrier reception to increase the number of timeslots that can be received from four on one carrier to 10 on two carriers for a 150 percent t increase i i in th throughput. h t The addition of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, and 32 QAM as well as an increased symbol rate (1.2x) in the uplink and a new set of modulation/coding schemes that will increase maximum throughput per timeslot by up to 100 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8PSK modulation. A reduction in overall latency. This is achieved by lowering the TTI to 10 msec and by including the acknowledge information in the data packet. These enhancements will have a dramatic effect on throughput for many applications. applications Downlink diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase the obust ess in interference te e e ce and a d to improve p o e the t e receiver ece e se sensitivity. s t ty robustness Simulations have demonstrated sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decrease in required C/I of up to 18 dB for a single cochannel interferer. 49
Evolved EDGE Two-Carrier Operation

Slot N Rx1 Rx2 Tx (1) Slot N + 1 (Idle Frame) Slot N + 2 Slot N + 3
Neighbor Cell Measurements Uplink Timeslot Downlink Timeslot
50
Evolved EDGE Theoretical Rates

Type 2 mobile device (one that can support simultaneous transmission and reception) using DBS DBS-12 12 as the MCS and a dual-carrier receiver can achieve the following performance: Highest g data rate p per timeslot ( (layer y 2) ) = 118.4 kbps p Timeslots per carrier = 8 Carriers used in the downlink = 2 Total downlink data rate = 118.4 kbps X 8 X 2 = 1894.4 kbps This translates to a peak network rate close to 2 Mbps and a user-achievable data rate of well over 1 Mbps!
51
Evolved EDGE Implementation
52
UMTS Multi-Radio Multi Radio Network
GSM/EDGE
Packet-Switched Networks UMTS Core Network (MSC, HLR, SGSN GGSN) SGSN,
WCDMA, HSDPA
Circuit-Switched Networks
Other e.g., WLAN
Other Cellular Operators
Common core network can support pp multiple p radio access networks

53
High g Speed p Downlink Packet Access

High speed data enhancement for WCDMA/UMTS Peak theoretical speeds of 14 Mbps Current devices support 7.2 Mbps throughput Methods used by HSDPA High speed channels shared both in the code and time domains Short transmission time interval (TTI) Fast scheduling and user diversity Higher-order Hi h d modulation d l ti Fast link adaptation Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ)
54
HSDPA Channel Assignment - Example

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
Channe elization Co odes
2 msec Time
Radio resources assigned both in code and time domains

55
HSDPA Multi-User Multi User Diversity
User 1 Signal Quali S ity High data rate
User 2
Low data rate
Time
User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1
Efficient scheduler favors transmissions to users with best radio conditions

56
High Speed Uplink Packet Access

85% increase in overall cell throughput on the uplink Achievable rates of 1 Mbps on the uplink Reduced packet delays to as low as 30 msec Methods: An enhanced dedicated physical channel A short TTI, as low as 2 msec, which allows faster responses to changing radio conditions and error conditions Fast Node B-based B based scheduling, scheduling which allows the base station to efficiently allocate radio resources Fast Hybrid ARQ, which improves the efficiency of error processing
57
HSPA+ Objectives HSPA

Exploit the full potential of a CDMA approach before moving to an OFDM p platform in 3GPP LTE. Achieve performance close to LTE in 5 MHz of spectrum. Provide smooth interworking between HSPA+ and LTE, thereby f ilit ti th facilitating the operation ti of fb both th t technologies. h l i A As such, h operators t may choose to leverage the EPC/SAE planned for LTE. Allow operation in a packet-only mode for both voice and data. Be backward-compatible with previous systems while incurring no performance degradation with either earlier or newer devices. Facilitate migration from current HSPA infrastructure to HSPA+ infrastructure.
58
HSPA Throughput Evolution

Technology Downlink (Mbps) Peak Data Rate 14.4 21.1 Uplink (Mbps) Peak Data Rate
HSPA as defined in Release 6 Release 7 HSPA+ DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM Release 7 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, DL 16 QAM, QAM UL 16 QAM Release 8 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM Release 9 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, Dual Carrier
5.76 11.5
28.0
11.5
42.2
11.5
84
23.0
59
Dual-Cell Operation with One Uplink Carrier

Uplink 1 x 5 MHz UE1 1 x 5 MHz UE2 2 x 5 MHz Downlink 2 x 5 MHz
60
Dual-Carrier Dual Carrier Performance

100 90 80 70
Ped A, 10% load
C DF [%]
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
RAKE, single-carrier RAKE, multi-carrier GRAKE, single-carrier single carrier GRAKE, multi-carrier GRAKE2, single-carrier GRAKE2, multi-carrier
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
A hi Achievable bl bitrate bit t [Mbps] [Mb ]

61
HSPA/HSPA+ One-Tunnel Architecture

Traditional HSPA Architecture GGSN User Plane Control Plane RNC Node B RNC Node B Node B SGSN HSPA with One-Tunnel Possible HSPA+ with Architecture One-Tunnel Architecture GGSN SGSN GGSN SGSN
62
Summary of HSPA Functions and Benefits

Uplink DTX + downlink DRX CS voice i over HSPA Downlink 64QAM, MIMO and Dual carrier Uplink 16QAM L2 optimization (Flexible RLC) High speed FACH + High speed RACH Lower UE power consumption
Higher voice capacity Higher downlink peak data rates and higher data capacity Higher uplink peak data rates Higher L2 throughput and less processing requirements Lower latency = better response times More efficient common channels = savings in channel elements
Flat architecture optimization
Less network elements 63

CS Voice Over HSPA

Scheduler prioritizes voice packets CS mapped to R99 or HSPA bearer depending on terminal capability Transport queues etc
CS R99
AMR adaptation possible
AMR p adapt. IuCS
Combined to one carrier
HSPA scheduler
HSPA
IuPS
PS R99
NodeB
RNC
64
Smooth Migration to VoIP over HSPA

1.4 1.2 1
VoIP CS CS + VoIP
06 0.6 0.4 02 0.2 0 0 Power 2 reserved 4 6 for PS 8 traffic 10 (W) 12 14
Rela ative Cap pacity
0.8
PS Evolution
65
LTE Capabilities
Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth Uplink p p peak data rates up p to 86.4 Mbps p with 20 MHz bandwidth Operation in both TDD and FDD modes. Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of two to four Reduced latency, to 10 msec round-trip time between user equipment and the base station station, and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to active
LTE Configuration Downlink (Mbps) Peak Data Rate 172.8 326 4 326.4 Uplink (Mbps) Peak Data Rate 57.6 86 4 86.4 66
Using 2X2 MIMO in the Downlink and 16 QAM in the Uplink Using U i 4X4 MIMO in i the th Downlink D li k and d 64 QAM in the Uplink
LTE OFDMA Downlink Resource Assignment in Time and Frequency

User 1 User 2 User 3 Frequency User 4
Time Minimum resource block consists of 14 symbols and 12 subcarriers
67
Frequency Domain Scheduling in LTE

Carrier bandwidth Resource block
Frequency Transmit on those resource blocks that are not faded
68
TDD Frame Co-Existence Co Existence Between TD TDSCDMA and LTE TDD
69
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation

Release 10 LTE-Advanced LTE Advanced UE resource pool
Rel8
Rel8
Rel8
Rel8
Rel8
100 MHz bandwidth 20 MHz

Release 8 UE uses a g 20 MHz block single
Source: "LTE for UMTS, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley, 2009. 70
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation gg g at Protocol Layers
Source: The Evolution of LTE towards IMT-Advanced, St f Parkvall Stefan P k ll and dD David id A Astely, t l E Ericsson i R Research h 71
LTE-Advanced LTE Advanced Relay

Direct Link
Relay Link
Access Link
72
IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMS
Home Subscriber Server ( (HSS) ) DIAMETER Call Session Control Function (CSCF) (SIP Proxy) Media Resource Gateway Control SIP Application Server
SIP
Media Resource Function Control
UMTS/HSPA Packet Core Network
DSL
Wi-Fi
M li l P Multiple Possible ibl A Access N Networks k

73
Efficient Broadcasting with OFDM
LTE will leverage OFDM-based broadcasting capabilities

74
Evolved Packet System

GERAN Rel7 Legacy GSM/UMTS SGSN UTRAN
One-Tunnel Option
Control
MME
PCRF
Evolved RAN, e.g., LTE
User Plane
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
IP Services, IMS
EPC/SAE Access Gateway Non 3GPP N IP Access

75
Evolved Packet System Elements

Flatter architecture to reduce latency Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks connected via SGSN. Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE. The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface toward the 3GPP radio-access networks. The PDN gateway that controls IP data services services, does routing, allocates IP addresses, enforces policy, and provides access for non-3GPP access networks. The MME that supports user equipment context and identity as well as authenticates and authorizes users. The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) th t manages Q that QoS S aspects. t
76
Conclusion
Through constant innovation, the EDGE/HSPA/LTE family provides operators and subscribers a true mobile broadband advantage. UMTS/HSPA provides for broadband services that will deliver increased data revenue and provide a path to all-IP architectures. LTE is now the most widely chosen technology platform for the forthcoming decade and with deployment imminent, LTE offers a best-of-breed, long-term solution that matches or exceeds the performance of competing approaches approaches. UMTS/HSPA and/or LTE offer an excellent migration path for GSM operators, as well as an effective technology solution for greenfield operators. HSDPA offers the highest peak data rates of any widely available wide-area wireless technology, with peak user-achievable rates of over 4 Mbps in some networks. HSUPA has increased uplink speeds to peak achievable rates of 1 Mbps. HSPA+ has peak theoretical rates of 84 Mbps, Mbps and in 5 MHz will match LTE capabilities. EDGE/HSPA/LTE is one of the most robust portfolios of mobile-broadband technologies and is an optimum framework for realizing the potential of the wireless-data market.
77

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HSPA to LTE-Advanced

Key Conclusions (1)

Key Conclusions (2)

Key Conclusions (3)

Key y Conclusions ( (4) )

Wireline and Wireless Advances

100 Mbps 10 Mbps

ISDN 100 kbps 128 kbps

Market Factors Contributing to Growth of Mobile Broadband

UMTS/HSPA Voice and Data Traffic

Relative Network Load

~ 18x Packet data

Mobile Data Growth in the U.S. U.S.*

Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (1)

70 kbps to 135 kbps

70 kbps to 135 kbps

150 kbps to 300 kbps expected

Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies g (2) ( )

1 Mbps to 4 Mbps p 1.5 Mbps to 7 Mbps

500 kbps to 2 Mbps p 1 Mbps to 4 Mbps

4 Mbps to 24 Mbps (in 2 x 20 MHz)

HSPA to LTE Advanced, Rysavy Research Sept 2009 white paper

3GPP Releases (1)

3GPP Releases (2)

FDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies g

TDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

LTE Spectral Efficiency as Function of Radio Channel Size

% Efficiency y Relative to20MHz

Peak Rates Over Time

HSUPA/16QAM 11M HSDPA 7.2M HSDPA 3.6M HSUPA 5.6M

10 Mbps Uplink Speeds

100 kbps 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

HSPA to LTE Advanced, Rysavy Research Sept 2009 white paper

Relative Adoption of Technologies

HSPA to LTE Advanced, Rysavy Research Sept 2009 white paper

Different LTE Deployment Scenarios

Radio Resource Management 1 RTT/1 EV DO versus UMTS/HSPA 1xRTT/1xEV-DO

Three 1.25 MH Hz Channels

EV-DO One 5 MHz Ch hannel High-Speed Data Voice

EDGE G (type 1 MS) S) (Practical Terminal)

236 8 kbps 236.8 kb

236 8 kbps 236.8 kb

Evolved EDGE (type 1 MS)

Evolved EDGE (type 2 MS)

Blue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates, Green Typical

Throughput Comparison (2)

UMTS WCDMA Rel99 (Practical Terminal)

HSDPA Initial Devices (2006) HSDPA

1.8 Mbps 14.4 Mbps

384 kbps 384 kbps

HSPA Initial Implementation

> 1.5 Mbps b peak 500 kbps to 1.2 Mbps typical

Throughput Comparison (3)

Peak And/Or Typical User Rate

7.2 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 21.6 Mbps

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM)

> 3 Mbps typical expected

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM) LTE (2X2 MIMO)

42 Mbps 173 Mbps 4 Mbps to 24 Mbps (in 2 x 20 MHz)

11.5 Mbps 58 Mbps

LTE (4X4 MIMO)

Throughput Comparison (4)

9.3 Mbps 73.5 Mbps 140 Mbps 280 Mbps