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LI CM N
Em xin chn thanh cm n Ban giam hiu Khoa Khoa Hc May Tinh trng
Cao Dng Cng Ngh Thng Tin Huu Nghi Vit-Han d tao diu kin thun loi d em
doc hc tp va tham gia lam d an.
Em xin chn thanh cm n c Dng Thi Thu Hin d tn tinh chi bo, hong
dn em trong qua trinh lam d an.
Mc du em d n luc d hoan thanh d an song vn khng tranh khoi thiu sot
kinh mong su gop y cua cac thy c va cac ban.
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MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MNG MANET................................................................1
1.1. GII THIEU VE MANG MANET...............................................................................1
1.1.1. Khai nim c bn.....................................................................................................1
1.1.2. Lich su phat trin.....................................................................................................2
1.2. DAC DIEM CUA MANET...........................................................................................2
1.3. KIEU KET NOI VA CO CHE HOAT DONG..............................................................4
1.3.1. Cac kiu kt ni topo mang......................................................................................4
1.3.1.1. Mang may chu di dng......................................................................................4
1.3.1.2. Mang co cac thit bi di dng khng dng nht.................................................4
1.3.2. Ch d hoat dng.....................................................................................................4
1.3.2.1. Ch d IEEE-ad hoc..........................................................................................4
1.3.2.2. Ch d c so ha tng.........................................................................................5
1.4. PHN LOAI MANET...................................................................................................5
1.4.1. Theo giao thuc..........................................................................................................5
1.4.2. Theo chuc nng........................................................................................................7
CHNG 2. NH TUYN TRONG MNG MANET......................................................
2.1. NHNG LOAI DINH TUYEN.....................................................................................9
2.1.1. Dinh tuyn Bellman-Ford........................................................................................9
2.1.2. Dinh tuyn tim dng..............................................................................................9
2.1.3. Dinh tuyn on-demand...........................................................................................10
2.1.4. Dinh tuyn vung.....................................................................................................10
2.2. CAC GIAO THUC DINH TUYEN.............................................................................10
2.2.1. Phn loai giao thuc dinh tuyn ..............................................................................10
2.2.2. Cac giao thuc dinh tuyn c bn............................................................................12
2.2.2.1. Giao thuc DSDV(Destination Sequence Distance Vector) ...........................12
2.2.2.2. Giao thuc DSR (Dynamic source routing) .....................................................13
CHNG !. "NG #NG C$A MANET...........................................................................1%
3.1. LNH VUC QUN SU ...............................................................................................16
3.2. LNH VUC THUONG MAI........................................................................................16
3.3. NOI BO........................................................................................................................16
3.4. PERSONAL ARE NETWORK (PAN): .....................................................................17
CHNG &. M' (H)NG MNG #*NG N+2.................................................................1,
4.1. CNG C M PHNG NS2.....................................................................................1
4.1.1. Tng quan v NS2..................................................................................................1
4.1.2. Kin trc cua NS2..................................................................................................1
4.1.3. Dc dim cua NS-2................................................................................................22
4.1.4. Gioi thiu phn mm NAM dung kt hop voi NS-2..............................................22
4.2. S DNG OTCL SCRIPT DE VIET CAC KICH BN M PHNG MANG
TRONG NS-2.......................................................................................................................25
4.2.1. .Tng quan v OTCL SCRIPT...............................................................................25
4.2.2. Khoi tao node.........................................................................................................31
4.2.3. Khoi tao lin kt ....................................................................................................32
4.2.4. Khoi tao Netork Agent........................................................................................32
1. UDP: ...............................................................................................................................32
2. set udp0 ne AgentUDP .............................................................................................32
3. set null ne AgentNull ................................................................................................32
4. ns attach-agent n0 udp0 .............................................................................................32
5. ns attach-agent n1 null...............................................................................................32
6. ns connect udp0 null..................................................................................................32
7. TCP:.................................................................................................................................33
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. set tcp ne AgentTCP..................................................................................................33
9. set tcpsink ne AgentTCPSink..................................................................................33
10. ns attach-agent n0 tcp ..............................................................................................33
11. ns attach-agent n1 tcpsink......................................................................................33
12. ns connect tcp tcpsink............................................................................................33
4.2.5. Cac loai traic .......................................................................................................33
4.2.6. Cac dich v c bn trong internet..........................................................................33
4.3. TraceGraph b phn tich ile trace...............................................................................34
.............................................................................................................................................35
KET LUN.........................................................................................................................37
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#ANH MC C-C T. VIT T/T
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DARPA Deense Advanced Research Proects
Agency
IEEE Institute o Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
AP Access Point
ID Identiication number
DV Distance Vector
DSDV Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
WRP Wireless Routing Protocol
DBF Portable Document Format
DC Diusion Computation
OLSR Optimied Link State Routing
DSR Dynamic Source Routing
AODV Ad hoc On- demand Distance Vector
routing
TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
RP one Routing Protocol
HLS one-based Hierarchical Link State
routing
HARP Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol
LSA Link state advertisement
MAC Media Access Control
Vd Vi d
PAN Pesonal Are Netork
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
WLAN Wireless Local Area Netork
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
UC Berkely University o Caliornia Berkely
LAN Local Are Netork
NS Netork Simulator
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
FTP File Transer Protocol
CBR Constant Bit Rate
VBR Variable Bit Rate
CBQ Class-Based Queueing
RED Random Early Detection
MANET Mobile Ad Hoc Netork
CD Compact Disc
DARPA Deense Advanced Research Proects
Agency
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#ANH MC H0NH NH
H123 1.1 M423 356 7829 MANET..........................................................................................2
H123 1.2 :4;< => 7829 MANET.............................................................................................2
H123 1.! M829 7?@ A3B C4 =D29..............................................................................................&
H123 1.& H123 7423 3E8 7829 AF A?A G34HG IJ C4 =D29 K3L29 =>29 23MG............................&
H123 1.N C3H =D IEEEO6C 3EA..................................................................................................N
H123 1.% C3H =D AP QR 38 GS29.................................................................................................N
H123 1.T +4296UO3EV..................................................................................................................%
H123 1., M<UG4O3EV....................................................................................................................%
H123 1. ML 3123 7829 V3W2 AMV...........................................................................................T
H123 1.1X ML 3123 7829 A99YZ96GZ.......................................................................................,
H123 2.11 ML G[ 946E G3\A #+R.............................................................................................1&
H123 !.12 "29 C]29 (AN.......................................................................................................1T
H123 &.1! ML 3123 =P2 94[2 AB6 N+.....................................................................................1,
H123 &.1& L<>29 A?A Q^ K4_2 A3E `4UZ TAU A38@ GYE29 N67..................................................2X
H123 &.1N a4H2 GYbA AB6 N+2.................................................................................................2X
H123 &.1% TAUCL 3E8G =D29 23c U4d2 KHG 94e6 A fg :.........................................................21
H123 &.1T G46E C4_2 => 3E8 N67...........................................................................................2!
H123 &.1, Ch6 Qi N67 AE2QEUZ..............................................................................................2&
H123 &.1 Ch6 Qi 7423 3E8 N67...........................................................................................2&
H123 &.2X TEVEUE9@ =P2 94[2 fg KJA3 I[2 7L V3j29..........................................................2N
H123 &.21 M423 356 NAM A3E KJA3 I[2 OGAU.......................................................................2,
H123 &.22 NECZ U24A6QG fg 2ECZ M<UG4A6QG...........................................................................!1
H123 &.2! :4;< C4k2 U42K 94e6 2 2ECZ....................................................................................!2
H123 &.2& G46E C4_2 => 3E8 29cl4 Cm29 TY6AZGY6V3.........................................................!N
H123 &.2N C3n2 =o4 Gcp29 TY6AZ...........................................................................................!N
H123 &.2% J23 C829 `4UZ TY6AZ..............................................................................................!%
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LI Mq rU
Ngay nay, mang may tinh dang ngay cang phat trin khng ngng va tro nn
tin dung km theo do la tinh phuc tap cng knh khng km. Cac du an nghin cuu,
xy dung va phat trin cac mi trng gi lp mang chi moi d cp va quan tm dng
muc trong thi gian gn dy. Mun xy dung cac cng c manh dap ung doc nhu cu
phat trin cua mang thi cn co cac cng c h tro manh m (nh C, ava..).
D tai Tim hiu va thuc hin m phong mang Manet khng nm ngoai xu
hong phat trin chung dc bit khi ngay nay mang khng dy di dng dang ngay cang
t r dc tinh ni bt cua minh do la kh nng c dng cao, co th di chuyn mt cach
tu y ma vn co th truy cp mang va trao di du liu voi nhau
D tai co y nghia thit thuc trong vic nghin cuu va phat trin cac mi trng gi lp
mang, dng thi xy dung nn mt c so nn tng ly thuyt v xy dung mi trng
va cac cng c gi lp mang.
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Tn hiu v trin khai m phng mng MANET
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MNG MANET
1.1. GIsI THItU V MNG MANET
1.1.1. a3?4 24_7 AP I[2
- Cac thit bi di dng nh cac may tinh xach tay, voi dc trng la cng sut CPU,
b nho lon, dung long dia hang trm gigabyte, kh nng m thanh da phng tin va
man hinh mau d tro nn ph bin trong di sng hang ngay va trong cng vic. Dng
thi, cac yu cu kt ni mang d su dng cac thit bi di dng gia tng dang k, bao
gm vic h tro cac sn phm mang v tuyn dua trn v tuyn hoc hng ngoai ngay
cang nhiu. Voi kiu thit bi din toan di dng nay thi giua nhung ngi su dng di
dng lun mong mun co su chia s thng tin
- Mt mang tu bin la mt tp hop cac thit bi di dng hinh thanh nn mt mang
tam thi ma khng cn su tro gip cua bt k su qun ly tp trung hoc cac dich v h
tro chun nao thng co trn mang din rng ma o do cac thit bi di dng co th kt
ni doc. Cac node doc tu do di chuyn va thit lp no tu y. Do do, topo mang
khng dy co th thay di mt cach nhanh chong va khng th du bao. No co th hoat
dng mt minh hoc co th doc kt ni toi Internet
- Vy MANET (mobile ad hoc netork) la mt tp hop cua nhung node mang
khng dy, nhung node nay co th doc thit lp tai bt k thi dim va tai bt cu ni
nao. Mang MANET khng dung bt k c so ha tng nao. No la mt h thng tu tri
ma may chu di dng doc kt ni bng dng v tuyn va co th di chuyn tu do,
thng hoat dng nh mt router
Trn Huu Nghi MM02A Trang
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Hinh 1.1 Minh ha mang MANET
Hinh 1.2 Biu d mang MANET
1.1.2. LJA3 Qh V3?G GY4;2.
- Mobile Ad-hoc Netork - MANET troc dy con doc gi la mang v tuyn
goi, va doc tai tai tro, phat trin boi DARPA trong du thp nin 1970
- Sau do mt mang moi: SUSAN (Adaptive Survivable Netork) d doc d xut
boi DARPA vao nm 193 d h tro mt mang quy m lon hn, manh m hn. Thi
gian nay, Ad-hoc d doc su dng d m t 1 loai mang nh tiu chun IEEE02.11
- Mobile Ad-hoc Netork d doc dinh nghia boi IETF
1.2. uC IvM C$A MANET
- T34HG IJ G^ GYJ =S< A<o4 wA<GE2E7E<Q GZY7426Uxy Trong Manet, mi thit bi
di dng du cui la mt node tu tri. No co th mang chuc nng cua host va router. Bn
canh kh nng xu ly c bn cua mt host, cac node di dng nay co th chuyn di chuc
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nng nh mt router. Vi vy, thit bi du cui va chuyn mach la khng th phn bit
doc trong mang Manet
- (3W2 A346 3E8G =D29 w#4QGY4I<GZC EVZY6G4E2xy Vi khng co h thng mang
nn tng cho trung tm kim soat hoat dng cua mang nn vic kim soat va qun ly
hoat dng cua mang doc chia cho cac thit bi du cui. Cac node trong MANET doi
hoi phi co su phi hop voi nhau. Khi cn thit cac node hoat dng nh mt relay d
thuc hin chuc nng cua minh. Vd: nh bo mt va dinh tuyn
- zJ23 G<@H2 =6 =cl29: Thut toan dinh tuyn khng dy c bn co th dinh
tuyn mt chng va nhiu chng dua vao cac thuc tinh lin kt khac nhau va giao
thuc dinh tuyn. Singalhop Manet dn gin hn multihop o vn d cu trc va thuc
hin voi chi phi thp va it ung dng. Khi truyn cac goi du liu t mt ngun cua no
dn dim trong pham vi truyn ti truc tip khng dy, cac goi du liu s doc chuyn
tip qua mt hoc nhiu trung gian cac nt
- CM< 3123 =D29 wC@2674A 2ZG{EYK GEVEUE9@xy Vi cac node la di dng, nn
cu trc mang co th thay di nhanh va khng th bit troc, cac kt ni giua cac thit
bi du cui co th thay di theo thi gian. MANET s thich ung tuyn va diu kin lan
truyn ging nh mu di dng va cac node mang di dng. Cac node di dng trong
mang thit lp dinh tuyn dng voi nhau khi chng di chuyn, hinh thanh mang ring
cua chng trong khng trung. Hn nua, mt User trong Manet co th khng chi hoat
dng trong mang loi di dng dc bit, ma con co th yu cu truy cp vao mt mang
c dinh cng cng (Vi d: Internet)
- #6E =D29 f| C<29 Ucp29 U4d2 KHG w}U<AG<6G429 U42K A6V6A4G@xy Bn cht ti l
bit li cao cua kt ni khng dy cn quan tm trong mang MANET. T du cui nay
dn du cui kia co th doc chia s qua mt vai chng. Knh giao tip o du cui
chiu nh hong cua nhiu, hiu ung da dng, su giao thoa va bng thng cua no it
hn so voi mang co dy. Trong mt vai tinh hung, truy cp cua hai ngi dung co th
qua nhiu lin kt khng dy va cac lin kt nay co th khng dng nht
- To4 c< 3E? A3E G34HG IJ =S< A<o4 wU493GO{Z493G GZY7426UQxy Trong hu ht
cac trng hop cac node trong mang MANET la thit bi voi tc d xu ly cua CPU
thp, b nho it va lu tru din nng it. Vi vy cn phi ti u hoa cac thut toan va c
ch
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1.!. aIvU aT N~I V C CH HOT NG
1.!.1. C?A K4;< KHG 2o4 GEVE 7829
1.3.1.1. Mng my ch di ng
- O topo nay cac thit bi chi lin kt voi mt may chu duy nht. Cac thit bi
khac lin kt qua may chu do nh hinh v:
Hinh 1.3 Mang may chu di dng
1.3.1.2. Mng c cc thit b di ng khng ng nht
- O topo nay cac may co th lin kt truc tip voi nhau trong pham vi phu song
cua minh
Hinh 1.4 Hinh minh hoa mang co cac thit bi di dng khng dng nht
1.!.2. C3H =D 3E8G =D29
1.3.2.1. Ch IEEE!d h"c
- Ch d nay thi cac node di dng truyn thng truc tip voi nhau ma khng cn
toi mt c so ha tng nao c. Trong ch d nay thi cac lin kt khng th thuc hin qua
nhiu chng
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Hinh 1.5 Ch d IEEE-ad hoc
1.3.2.2. Ch c# $% h t&ng
- Ch d nay thi mang bao gm cac dim truy cp AP c dinh va cac node di
dng tham gia vao mang, thuc hin truyn thng qua cac dim truy cp. Trong ch d
nay thi cac lin kt co th thuc hin qua nhiu chng
Hinh 1.6 Ch d c so ha tng
1.&. (HN LOI MANET
1.&.1. T3ZE 946E G3\A
- 'ing!(h")
Mang Manet dinh tuyn singal-hop la loai m hinh mang ad-hoc dn gin
nht. Trong do, tt c cac node du nm trong cung mt vung phu song, nghia la cac
node co th kt ni truc tip voi nhau ma khng cn cac node trung gian
M hinh nay cac node co th di chuyn tu do nhng chi trong mt pham vi
nht dinh du d cac node lin kt truc tip voi cac node khac trong mang
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Hinh 1.7 Singal-hop
- M*(tih")
Dy la m hinh ph bin nht trong mang MANET, no khac voi m hinh
troc la cac node co th kt ni voi cac node khac trong mang ma co th khng cn kt
ni truc tip voi nhau. Cac node co th dinh tuyn voi cac node khac thng qua cac
node trung gian trong mang. D m hinh nay hoat dng mt cach hoan ho thi cn
phi co giao thuc dinh tuyn phu hop voi m hinh mang MANET
Hinh 1. Multi-hop
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- M"bi(+ m*(tih")
M hinh nay cung tng tu voi m hinh thu hai nhng su khac bit o dy la
m hinh nay tp trung vao cac ung dng co tinh cht thi gian thuc: audio, video
1.&.2. T3ZE A3\A 229
- Mng M,-E. /ng c) 01(!t2
Trong kin trc nay tt c cac node co vai tro ngang hang voi nhau (peer-to-
peer) va cac node dong vai tro nh cac router dinh tuyn du liu goi trn mang. Trong
nhung mang lon thi cu trc Flat khng ti u hoa vic su dng tai nguyn bng thng
cua mang vi nhung thng tin diu khin phi truyn trn toan b mang. Tuy nhin no
thich hop trong nhung topo co cac node di chuyn nhiu
- Mng M!n+t )h3n c) 04i+5!5chic!(2
Dy la m hinh su dng ph bin nht. Trong m hinh nay thi mang chia
thanh cac domain, trong mi domain bao gm mt hoc nhiu cluster, mi cluster chia
thanh nhiu node. Co hai loai node la master node va nomal node
M!$t+5 n"d+y la node qun tri mt router co nhim v chuyn du liu cua
cac node trong cluster dn cac node trong cluster khac va ngoc lai. Noi cach khac no
co nhim v nh mt gateay
-"5m!( n"d+: la cac node nm trong cung mt cluster. No co th kt ni
voi cac node trong cluster hoc kt ni voi cac cluster khac thng qua master node
Hinh 1.9 M hinh mang phn cp
Voi cac c ch trn mang su dng tai nguyn bng thng hiu qu hn vi cac
tin nhn chi phi truyn trong 1 cluster. Tuy nhin vic qun ly tinh chuyn dng cua
cac node tro nn phuc tap hn. Kin trc mang phn cp thich hop cho cac mang co
tinh chuyn dng thp
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- Mng M,-E. kt h6) 0,gg5+g!t+2
Mang ones, one nodes
Mi node bao gm hai muc topo : Topo muc thp ( node level ), va topo
muc cao (one level )
Mi node dc trng boi: node ID va one ID. Trong mt one co th ap
dng kin trc dng cp hoc kin trc phn cp
Hinh 1.10 M hinh mang Aggregate

CHNG 2. NH TUYN TRONG MNG MANET
2.1. NHNG LOI NH TUYN
- Trong mang thng tin v tuyn noi chung va mang Ad hoc noi ring do mi
nt mang du co kh nng di chuyn nn topo mang cung thay di theo thi gian. Dc
dim nay gy ra kho khn trong vic truyn ti goi tin. Ring mang Ad hoc goi tin
mun dn doc dich thi phi truyn qua nhiu tram va nt mang do do d goi tin dn
doc dich thi nt mang phi su dng phng phap dinh tuyn . Giao thuc dinh tuyn
co hai chuc nng: Tim, chn dng di tt nht va chuyn goi tin dn dng dich. Ta s
d cp su hn v vic tim, chn dng cua cac nt
2.1.1. zJ23 G<@H2 :ZUU762O}EYC
- Nhiu loc d dinh tuyn troc dy doc xy dung cho mang khng dy Ad
hoc dua trn thut toan Bellman-Ford. Cac loc d nay cung doc nghin cuu gii
quyt cac vn d cua loc d Distance Vector (DV). Trong thut toan Bellman-Ford,
mi nt duy tri mt bng dinh tuyn hay ma trn chua thng tin khong cach va thng
tin v nt k tip cua minh trn dng di ngn nht toi dich bt k, trong do khong
cach chinh la chiu dai ngn nht t nt toi dich.
- D cp nht thng tin v dng di ngn nht mi nt s thng xuyn trao di
bng dinh tuyn voi cac nt bn canh no. Dua trn bng dinh tuyn t cac nt ln cn
do, nt nao do bit doc khong cach ngn nht t cac ln cn cua no toi nt dich bt
k. Do do, voi mi nt dich, nt xut phat s chn mt nt trung gian cho chng k
tip sao cho khong cach t no qua nt trung gian toi nt dich la nho nht. Cac thng
tin tinh toan moi nay s doc lu tru vao bng dinh tuyn cua nt nay va doc trao di
o vong cp nht dinh tuyn tip theo.
- Dinh tuyn nay co u dim la dn gin va tinh toan hiu qu do dc dim
phn b. Tuy nhin nhoc dim cua no la hi t chm khi topo mang thay di va co xu
hong tao cac vong lp dinh tuyn dc bit la khi cac diu kin lin kt khng n dinh
2.1.2. J23 G<@H2 G17 =cl29
- Cac giao thuc moi nh DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) va
WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) dua trn DBF d cung cp dinh tuyn lp tu do.
Cho du la vn d d doc gii quyt thi vn con tn tai vn d v d thiu chinh xac
trong dinh tuyn DBF, vn d nay co th gy ra suy gim hiu sut mang. Nguyn
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nhn dn dn su thiu chinh xac la do nt mang khng co doc cac thng tin trang thai
toan mang dn dn cac quyt dinh da ra chi ti u trong pham vi cc b, no khng
dm bo mt gii phap ti u trong mi trng di dng. Thm vao do khi DBF chi duy
tri mt dng di duy nht toi dich, no thiu kh nng thich nghi voi cac li lin kt va
yu cu nghin cuu mo rng cho cac h tro multicasting
2.1.!. zJ23 G<@H2 E2OCZ762C
- Dinh tuyn On-demand doc bit dn nh DC (Diusion Computation) cung
doc su dng trong mang khng dy. Trong loc d dinh tuyn On-demand, mt nt
xy dung dng di bng cach cht vn tt c cac nt trong mang. Goi cht vn tim
doc ID cua cac nt trung gian va lu giu o phn Path. Khi do tim cac cht vn, nt
dich hay cac nt d bit dng di toi dich tr lai cht vn bng cach phc dap source
routed cho ni gui. Do nhiu phc dap nn co nhiu dng di doc tinh toan va duy
tri. Sau khi tinh toan dng di nt lin kt bt k bt du cac cht vn , phc dap khac
nn lun cp nht dinh tuyn. Mc du cac tip cn dua trn c so DC co d chinh xac
cao hn va phn ung nhanh hn voi su thay di mang nhng ph tro diu khin qua
muc do thng xuyn yu cu looding dc bit khi tinh di dng cao hn va lu long
day dc phn b du nhau. Kt qu la cac giao thuc dinh tuyn On-demand chi phu
hop voi mang khng dy bng thng rng tr truyn goi nho va lu long rt nho
2.1.&. J23 G<@H2 fm29
- Dinh tuyn vung la mt giao thuc dinh tuyn khac thit k trong mi trng
Ad hoc. Dy la giao thuc lai giua dinh tuyn On-demand voi mt giao thuc bt k d
tn tai. Trong dinh tuyn vung mi nt xac dinh vung ring khi nt o khong cach nht
dinh. Dinh tuyn vung trung gian s dung dinh tuyn On-demand d tim dng di. Uu
dim cua dinh tuyn vung la kh nng mo rng cp d khi nhu cu lu tru cho bng
dinh tuyn gim xung. Tuy nhin do gn ging voi dinh tuyn On-demand nn dinh
tuyn vung cung gp phi vn d v tr kt ni va dim kt thc cua cac goi yu cu
2.2. C-C GIAO TH"C NH TUYN
2.2.1. (3W2 UE84 946E G3\A =J23 G<@H2
- 7nh t*yn th+" b8ng 0)5"!cti9+2
Trong phng phap dinh tuyn theo bng, cac node trong mang MANET lin
tc danh gia cac tuyn toi cac node d duy tri tinh tng thich, cp nht cua thng tin
dinh tuyn. Vi vy, mt node ngun co th da ra mt dng dn dinh tuyn ngay lp
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tuc khi cn. Trong cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo bng, tt c cac node cn duy tri
thng tin v cu hinh mang. Khi cu hinh mang thay di, cac cp nht doc truyn lan
trong mang nhm thng bao su thay di. Hu ht cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo bng
du k tha va sua di dc tinh tng thich t cac thut toan chn dng dn ngn
nht trong cac mang huu tuyn truyn thng. Cac thut toan dinh tuyn theo bng
doc su dng cho cac node cp nht trang thai mang va duy tri tuyn bt k co lu
long hay khng. Vi vy, tiu d thng tin d duy tri cu hinh mang di voi cac giao
thuc nay thng la lon. Mt s giao thuc dinh tuyn din hinh theo bng trong
MANET gm:
Giao thuc dinh tuyn khng dy WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol)
Dinh tuyn vector khong cach tun tu dich DSDV (Destination Sequence
Distance Vector)
Dinh tuyn trang thai ti u lin kt OLSR (Optimied Link State Routing)
.
- 7nh t*yn th+" y:* c&* 05+!cti9+2
Trong phng phap dinh tuyn theo yu cu, cac dng dn doc tim kim chi
khi cn thit, hoat dng tim tuyn bao gm c thu tc xac dinh tuyn. Thu tc tim
tuyn kt thc khi mt tuyn doc tim thy hoc khng co tuyn kh dng sau khi xac
minh toan b tp hoan vi tuyn. Trong mang MANET, cac tuyn hoat dng co th
ngng do tinh di dng cua node. Vi vy, thng tin duy tri tuyn la ti quan trng di
voi cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo yu cu. So voi cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo bng,
cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo yu cu thng co tiu d trao di thng tin dinh tuyn
nho hn. Vi vy, v mt nguyn tc, cac giao thuc nay co kh nng mo rng tt hn so
voi cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo bng. Tuy nhin, vn d lon nht cua cac giao thuc
dinh tuyn theo yu cu la tr do tim kim tuyn troc khi chuyn tip thng tin du
liu. Vi d v mt s giao thuc dinh tuyn theo yu cu gm:
Giao thuc dinh tuyn ngun dng DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
Giao thuc dinh tuyn vector khong cach theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On-
demand Distance Vector routing)
Giao thuc dinh tuyn theo thu tu tam thi TORA (Temporally Ordered
Routing Algorithm)
11
- ;i!" th<c nh t*yn (!i gh=)
Cac giao thuc dinh tuyn lai ghp doc d xut d kt hop cac dc tinh u
dim cua cac giao thuc dinh tuyn theo bng va theo yu cu. Thng thng, cac giao
thuc dinh tuyn lai ghp Manet doc su dng trong kin trc phn cp. Cac giao thuc
dinh tuyn theo bng va theo yu cu doc trin khai trong cac cp thich hop
Mt s vi d v giao thuc dinh tuyn lai ghp:
Giao thuc dinh tuyn vung RP (one Routing Protocol)
Giao thuc dinh tuyn trang thai lin kt dua trn vung HLS (one-based
Hierarchical Link State routing)
Giao thuc dinh tuyn mang tu bin lai HARP (Hybrid Ad hoc Routing
Protocol), v.v...
-g">i 5!? ch@ng cAng B6c )h3n ("i th+" cch khc:
- Cink $t!t+ )5"t"c"( : Trong cac giao thuc loai nay, cac router s trao di LSA
(Link state advertisement) voi cac router khac d xy dung va duy tri c so du liu v
trang thai cua toan mang (Netork topology database). Cac thng tin nay doc trao
di doi dang multicast (Mt router dn nhiu router khac). Nh vy mi router s co
mt cai nhin dy du va dc lp v toan mang (Routing table chung) va t do s tim
cach xy dung dng di ngn nht dn dich
- Di$t!nc+ 9+ct"5 )5"t"c"( : Trong giao thuc loai nay, cac router s chi trao di
bng dinh tuyn (Routing table) ring cua minh dn cac router ln cn doc kt ni
truc tip voi minh. Nh vy, cac router nay khng tu bit doc dng di dn dich,
khng bit cac router trung gian ma phi dua vao bng dinh tuyn cua router ln cn
(Bi chi phi boi cac router ln cn)
2.2.2. C?A 946E G3\A =J23 G<@H2 AP I[2
2.2.2.1. ;i!" th<c D'DE0D+$tin!ti"n '+F*+nc+ Di$t!nc+ E+ct"52
- M t8
DSDV la giao thuc dinh tuyn vector khong cach theo kiu tng boc:
Trong mi nt mang duy tri bng dinh tuyn lu tru dich co th dn o boc tip theo
cua dinh tuyn va s boc d dn dich. DSDV yu cu nt mang phi gui du dn
thng tin dinh tuyn qung ba trn mang
Uu dim cua DSDV la dm bo khng co dng dinh tuyn kin bng cach su
dng s thu tu d danh du mi dng. S thu tu cho bit muc d moi cua dng
12
dinh tuyn, s cang lon thi muc d dm bo cang cao (dng R doc coi la tt hn R`
nu s thu tu cua R lon hn, trong trng hop co cung s thu tu thi R phi co s boc
nho hn). S thu tu s tng khi nt A phat hin ra dng dn dich D bi pha v, sau do
nt A qung ba dng dinh tuyn cua no toi nt D voi s boc khng gioi han va s
thu tu s tng ln
- 7Gc iHm
DSDV ph thuc vao thng tin qung ba dinh k nn no s tiu tn thi gian
d tng hop thng tin troc khi dng dinh tuyn doc da vao su dng. Thi gian
nay la khng dang k di voi mang co cu trc c dinh noi chung (bao gm c mang
co dy), nhng voi mang Ad hoc thi gian nay la dang k, co th gy ra mt goi tin
troc khi tim ra doc dinh tuyn hop ly. Ngoai ra, bn tin qung cao dinh k cung la
nguyn nhn gy ra lng phi tai nguyn mang
2.2.2.2. ;i!" th<c D'I 0Dyn!mic $"*5c+ 5"*ting2
- M t8
Dy la mt giao thuc thuc dang Distance Vector doc dung trong Manet.
Khi mt node mang cn chuyn du liu nhng cha bit doc dng dn dn mt dia
chi nao do, node mang nay bt du qua trinh tim kim dng dn (Route discovery).
Vi vy, DSR la giao thuc bi dng (Chi cp nht trang thai mang va tim dng dn khi
co yu cu). Mt u dim cua DSR la khng co goi tim dng nao doc phat di dinh
k (vi khng cn phi cp nht trang thai mang thng xuyn trai ngoc voi giao
thuc Link state). DSR con co kh nng diu hanh dng dn mt chiu. Vi DSR tim
dng theo yu cu nn no khng thich hop cho cac mang dung long lon va co tinh
di dng cao. Giao thuc DSR cung co hai hoat dng chinh: Tim dng va bo tri dng
dn (Router maintenance). Hinh doi dy cho ta thy mt vi d dn gin cua DSR.
Router A, B va C lp thanh mt mang Manet. Router A va C khng kt ni voi nhau
trong khi c hai cung kt ni voi router B
13
Hinh 2.11 M t giao thuc DSR
- .h tJc tKm kim BLng
Gi dinh rng ban du b nho dm trong tt c cac router du trng (nhung
router nay cha bit gi v su co mt cua nhau va nhung dng dn co th co giua
chng). Khi router A mun gui du liu dn router C, no phat ra tin hiu yu cu tim
dng dn, va qua trinh tim dng dn lc nay moi doc kich hoat. Router B nhn
doc yu cu cua A vi no nm trong vung phu song cua A. Router C la dia chi cua yu
cu do va B cha co thng tin nao v dia chi cua C lc nay, vi vy router B gn ID cua
no vao trong danh sach cac router trung gian doc dinh km trong yu cu cua A va
chuyn tip yu cu do dn nhung router khac. Khi C nhn doc yu cu doc gui dn
t B, no nhn bit rng dia chi cua no trung voi dia chi dich dn. Vi vy mt dng
dn t A dn C doc tim thy. D gip cho router ngun (A) va nhung router trung
gian (B) thit lp dng dng dn, router C gui mt thng dip tr li v A trong
trng hop dy la dng dn hai chiu. Qua trinh nay doc thuc hin d dang vi ID
cua nhung router trung gian du nm trong goi yu cu doc gui dn C. Nhung router
trung gian nay s xy dung cho minh bng dinh tuyn ngay khi chng nhn doc tr
li t router C. Vi vy, mt dng dn t A dn C doc thit lp
- 7Gc iHm
Trong qua trinh tim dng, cac router duy tri danh sach ID cua nhung router
trung gian trong cac yu cu tim kim gn thi dim do d tranh phi xu ly cung mt
yu cu tim kim (lp). Yu cu tim kim bi bo qua trong trng hop chng d doc
xu ly gn thi dim do va doc xac dinh la mt yu cu lp. Khi mt router nhn doc
yu cu va nhn ra rng ID cua no d nm sn trong danh sach router trung gian cua
yu cu do thi yu cu nay s bi bo qua
14
Qua trinh bo tri dng dn din ra khi dng dn tro nn khng th su dng
doc vi su di chuyn khng doan troc cua cac router (dc trng cua MANET). Mi
router qun ly tt c dng dn d chuyn tip cac goi, khi mt dng dn hong, mt
goi bao cao li dng dn (Route error) lp tuc doc gui v router ngun va dng
dn tng ung. Vi vy, dng dn bi hong s bi bo qua
D qun ly vic truyn goi du liu diu khin vn khng dm bo (topo
mang lun thay di), DSR phi dua vao giao thuc ngm dinh MAC (XX) d dm bo
ni nhn lun nhn doc du liu hoc no s gui goi du liu diu khin mt s ln nht
dinh. Vi DSR la mt giao thuc bi dng, no khng th bit doc router dich bi ngt kt
ni hay yu cu tim dng bi mt. Vi vy, chi phi vn hanh s lon trong trng hop
giao thuc MAC khng dm bo du liu lun toi doc dich. Dy la mt vn d ph bin
cua cac giao thuc bi dng, boi vi khi khng nhn doc tr li t router dich, router co
giao thuc bi dng s khng th phn bit doc hai trng hop li xy ra trong qua
trinh truyn dn hoc mt hoc nhiu node mang tro nn khng th su dng doc.
Giao thuc bi dng thng su dng nhiu goi xac nhn (Acknoledgement) hoc gui
du liu di nhiu ln d khc phc vn d nay, tuy nhin phng phap nay lai lam tng
chi phi hoat dng. Giao thuc chu dng phat di cac goi diu khin dinh k va bo qua
cac node mang khi chng khng tr li sau mt s ln phat nht dinh, vi vy giao thuc
nay khng mc phi vn d trn, tuy nhin vic phat cac goi diu khin mt cach dinh
k nh vy cung lam tng chi phi
15
CHNG !. "NG #NG C$A MANET
Voi su gia tng cua thit bi cm tay cung nh su tin b trong thng tin khng
dy. Mang di dng gia tng thm tm quan trng voi su gia tng cac ung dng rng
ri. Mang di dng nay co th ap dng o nhung ni co it c so ha tng hoc khng co
troc c so ha tng, hoc nhung ni co sn c so ha tng dt tin, khng tin cho su
dng. Mang manet cho php duy tri nhung kt ni hoc thm vao hay do bo di mt
cach d dang. Nhung b ung dng cho cac mang manet la rt da dang, khong lch
lon, di dng, mang co tinh dng cao, mang tinh thng bi han ch boi cng sut
ngun. Bn canh nhung ung dng cu troc dy trong nhung mi trng truyn thng,
nhung ung dng moi s doc tao ra trong nhung mi trng moi. Nhung ung dng
din hinh bao gm
!.1. LNH VC QUN +
- Trang thit bi qun su hin nay thng chua mt s loai thit bi may tinh.
Mang loi manet s cho php qun di d tn dng loi th cua cng ngh mang ph
bin d duy tri mt thng tin mang loi giua nhung ngi linh, xe c, va thng tin t
b chi huy. Cac k thut c bn cua mang ad hoc dn t linh vuc nay
!.2. LNH VC THNG MI
- MANET co th su dng trong cuu h nhm n luc cuu tro nhung thin tai.
Vd: ho hoan, lu lt, dng dt Linh vuc cuu h lam vic trong mi trng khc
nhit va nguy him cho ha tng thng tin va tc d trin khai h thng nhanh thi cn
thit. Thng tin doc chuyn tip voi cac thanh vin trong nhom cuu h voi nhau bng
mt thit bi nho cm tay
!.!. NI :
- Mang manet co th chu dng lin kt mt mang loi da phng tin tuc thi
va tam thi nh su dng may tinh xach tay d truyn ba va chia s thng tin giua cac
dai biu tham du nh mt hi nghi, lop hc. Mt cach su dng khac cua loai mang nay
la su dng trong gia dinh d trao di truc tip thng tin voi nhau. Tng tu nh vy
trong cac linh vuc khac nh taxi dn su, th thao, sn vn dng, thuyn va may bay
nho
16
!.&. (ER+ONAL ARE NETORa w(ANxy
- MANET tm ngn co th dn gin hoa vic truyn thng giua cac thit bi di
dng ( PDA, laptop, cellphone). Nhung dy cap doc thay th bng vic kt ni v
tuyn. Mang manet cung co th mo rng chuc nng truy cp Internet nh cac mang
khac vi d nh WLAN, GPRS, va USTM. PAN la mt linh vuc co tim nng ung
dng dy hua hen cua Manet ph bin trong tng lai
Hinh 3.12 Ung dng PAN
17
CHNG &. M' (H)NG MNG #*NG N+2
&.1. C'NG C M' (H)NG N+2
&.1.1. Ti29 <62 f| N+2
- NS2- -+tM"5k Simulator Version 2: la phn mn m phong mang diu khin
su kin ring r hong di tong, doc phat trin tai UC Berkely, vit bng ngn ngu
C va Otcl. Doc su dng rt ph bin trong cac nghin cuu khoa hc v mang ( rt
huu ich cho vic m phong mang din rng WAN va mang local LAN)
- Mc dich cua NS-2 la tao ra mt mi trng gi lp cho vic nghin cuu, kim
tra, thit k cac giao thuc, cac kin trc moi, so sanh cac giao thuc va tao ra cac m
hinh mang phuc tap
- Phin bn thu nht cua NS doc phat trin vao nm 1995 va phin bn thu hai
ra di nm 1996. NS-2 la phn mm m ngun mo co th chay doc trong mi trng
Linux va Windo
&.1.2. a4H2 GYbA AB6 N+2
- NS thuc thi cac giao thuc mang nh giao thuc diu khin truyn ti (TCP) va
giao thuc goi thng dung (UDP), cac dich v ngun lu long nh giao thuc truyn
tp tin (FTP), tc d bit c dinh (CBR) va tc d bit thay di (VBR)
- Cac k thut qun ly hang doi nh vao troc ra troc (Drop Tail), do som
ngu nhin (RED) va CBQ, cac thut toan dinh tuyn nh DikstraNS cung thuc thi
multicasting va vai giao thuc lop Diu khin truy cp dng truyn (MAC) di voi m
phong LAN
Hinh 4.13 M hinh dn gin cua NS
- Otcl Kich bn OTcl
- Simulation Program Chng trinh M phong
1
OTcl B bin dich Tcl mo rng hong di tong
NS Simulation Library Th vin m phong NS
Event Scheduler Obects Cac di tong B lp lich su kin
Netork Component Obects Cac di tong Thanh phn mang
Netork Setup Helping Modules Cac modun Tro gip Thit lp mang
Plumbling Modules Cac modun Plumbling
Simulation Results Cac kt qu M phong
Analysis Phn tich
NAM Netork Animator Minh hoa Mang NAM
- NS-2 bao gm:
Cac di tong B lp lich su kin
Cac di tong Thanh phn mang
Cac modun tro gip thit lp mang (modun Plumbing)
- D su dng NS-2, user lp trinh bng ngn ngu kich bn OTcl. User co th
thm cac m ngun Otcl vao NS-2 bng cach vit cac lop di tong moi trong Otcl.
Nhung lop nay khi do s doc bin dich cung voi m ngun gc
- Kich bn OTcl co th thuc hin nhung vic sau:
Khoi tao B lp lich su kin
Thit lp M hinh mang dung cac di tong Thanh phn mang
Bao cho ngun traic khi nao bt du truyn va ngng truyn packet trong
B lp lich su kin
- B lp lich su kin trong NS2 thuc hin nhung vic sau:
T chuc b dinh thi m phong
Huy cac su kin trong hang doi su kin
Triu gi cac Thanh phn mang trong m phong
- Ph thuc vao mc dich cua User di voi kich bn m phong OTcl ma kt qu
m phong co th doc lu tru nh ile trace
File name trace ( ile.nam) doc dung cho cng c Minh hoa mang Nam
File Trace (ile.tr) doc dung cho cng c Ln vt va Giam sat M phong
XGRAPH hay TRACEGRAPH
19
Hinh 4.14 Lung cac su kin cho ile Tcl chay trong Nam
- Trong m phong mang dung NS2 su dng:
NAM Visual Simulation: M phong o NAM
Tracing and Monitoring Simulation: M phong ln vt va Giam sat
Tcl
OTcl OTcl
TclCL TclCL
ns-2
E
v
e
n
t

S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
r
Network
Components
E
v
e
n
t

S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
r
Network
Components
C/ C++
Hinh 4.15 Kin trc cua NS2
- Hinh trn biu din kin trc cua NS-2. User co th tong tong minh dang
dung o goc trai doi, thit k va chay cac m phong trong Tcl. Tcl dung cac di tong
m phong trong OTcl. Cac di tong B lp lich su kin va cac di tong thanh phn
mang thuc thi bng C va sn co cho OTcl qua mt lin kt OTcl. Lin kt OTcl nay
doc thuc thi dung TclCL. Tt c d lam nn NS, b bin dich Tcl mo rng hong di
tong va cac th vin m phong mang
NS su dng hai ngn ngu lp trinh: Ngn ngu kich bn OTcl va ngn ngu
lp trinh h thng C
NS la tng bin dich Tcl d chay cac kich bn Tcl
Bng cach su dng COTcl, b m phong mang phi hoan toan la hong
di tong
20
Hinh 4.16 TclCL hoat dng nh lin kt giua A va B
- TclCL la ngn ngu doc su dng d cung cp lin kt giua C va OTcl. Cac
kich bn TclOTcl doc vit d thit lp va cu hinh topology cua mang. TclCL cung
cp lin kt giua phn cp lop, khoi tao di tong, ni kt bin va gui lnh
- NS phi su dng dn 2 ngn ngu vi B m phong cn thuc hin hai vic khac
nhau:
Vic 1: Cac m phong cho cac giao thuc yu cu mt ngn ngu lp trinh h
thng co th tinh toan hiu qu cac byte, cac tiu d packet va cac thut toan thuc thi
dang chay trn mt tp du liu lon. Voi tac v nay, run-time speed (tc d thi gian
chay thuc) la quan trng trong khi turn around time ( thi gian thay di) thi it quan
trng hn. Turn- around time bao gm thi gian chay m phong, thi gian tim li, thi
gian sua li, thi gian bin dich lai va thi gian chay lai
Vic 2: Khi nghin cuu mang thi rt cn quan tm dn cac tham s va cu
hinh co thay di nhng khng dang k, hay quan tm dn cac scenario ( tinh hung)
cn kham pha tht nhanh chong. Trong tac v nay thi iteration time ( thi gian lp lai,
tuc la thi gian thay di m hinh va chay lai) la quan trng hn. Vi cu hinh chi chay
mt ln lc bt du m phong nn run-time trong tac v nay r rang km quan trng
hn
- Vi th ma dung C d:
M phong giao thuc chi tit theo yu cu ngn ngu lp trinh h thng
Thao tac trn byte, xu ly goi, thuc thi thut toan
Tc d thi gian thuc la quan trng nht
Thuc hin bt k vic gi ma cn phi xu ly tng packet cua mt lung
Thay di hanh vi cua lop C dang tn tai theo nhung hong d khng doc
lng troc
- Dung OTcl d:
21
M phong nhung thng s hay cu hinh thay di
Cu hinh, thit lp nhung gi chi lam 1 ln
Thuc hin nhung cai ta mun bng cach thao tac trn cac di tong C
dang tn tai
&.1.!. A =4;7 AB6 N+O2
- NS-2 thuc thi nhung tinh nng sau:
Cac k thut qun ly hang doi Router nh DropTail, RED, CBQ
Multicasting
M phong mang khng dy
Hanh vi ngun traic , CBR, VBR
Cac agent truyn ti - UDP, TCP
Dinh tuyn
Lung Packet
M hinh mang
Cac ung dng Telnet, FTP, Ping
Cac Packet tracing trn tt c cac link va trn cac link xac dinh
Loi ich cua NS-2:
Kh nng kim tra tinh n dinh cua cac giao thuc mang dang tn tai
Kh nng danh gia cac giao thuc mang moi troc khi da vao su dng
Kh nng thuc thi nhung m hinh mang lon ma gn nh ta khng th thuc
thi doc trong thuc t
Kh nng m phong nhiu loai mang khac nhau
&.1.&. G44 G34_< V3S2 7|7 NAM Cm29 KHG 3pV f4 N+O2
- Cac tinh nng cua Nam:
Cung cp trinh din o cho mang d doc tao
Co th thi hanh truc tip t kich bn Tcl
Nam co giao din d hoa bt mt cua CD player voi cac diu khin bao gm
play, stop, ast orard, r, pause
Biu din thng tin nh s packet trn tng link
Cung cp giao din r va th cho vic tao ra cac topology
22
Hinh 4.17 Giao din d hoa Nam

- Cac chuc nng cua Nam trong giao din d hoa ngi dung
Cua s Nam Console: Sau khi khoi dng Nam, cua s Nam console xut
hin. Trong cua s Nam Console co hai menu chinhFile`va Help`
Trong menu File co:
Tao moi mt topology ns dung chng trinh soan tho Nam
Open: Mo cac ile trace d tn tai (mo cua s minh hoa Nam)
WinList: Mo cua s lit k tn cua tt c cac ile trace dang mo
Quit: Thoat khoi Nam
Trong menu Help: Cac tro gip dn gin, xem phin bn, thng tin v bn
quyn
Cua s minh hoa Nam: Khi mt ile trace doc ti vao Nam (FileOpen) thi
cua s minh hoa Nam xut hin. Giao din chinh co Menu File, Vies, Analysis
23
Hinh 4.1 Cua s Nam console
Hinh 4.19 Cua s minh hoa Nam
24
&.2. + #NG OTCL +CRI(T v VIT C-C aCH :N M' (H)NG
MNG TRONG N+O2
&.2.1. .Ti29 <62 f| OTCL +CRI(T
- NS la trinh bin dich OTcl voi cac th vin di tong m phong mang. Vi d
sau gip chng ta tip cn voi Otcl
- Chay vi d nay bng cach g lnh ns ns-simple.tcl
Hinh 4.20 Topology dn gin va kich bn m phong.
- Mang trn gm 4 node (n0, n1, n2, n3). Duplex-link (lin kt truyn du liu
hai chiu din ra dng thi) giua node n0 va n2, n1 va n2 co bandith 2Mbps,
delay10ms. Duplex-link giua n2 va n3 co bandidth1.7Mbps, va delay20ms. Cac
node dung hang doi DropTail, maxsie10
- Agent tcp gn voi n0 va agent sink gn voi n3. Agent tcp co th tao
packet voi maxsie1 Kbyte. Agent tcp sink tao va gui packet dang ACK cho sender
(sender la agent gui packet di) va gii phong packet nhn doc. Agent udp gn voi
n1 s kt ni voi agent null gn voi n3. Agent null chi gii phong packet d nhn
doc. B khoi tao lu long tp va cbr tng ung doc gn vao agent tcp va
udp. cbr doc cu hinh d tao ra packet 1 Kbyte tai tc d 1 Mbps. cbr doc
25
thit lp cho start bt du tai thi dim 0.1 giy va kt thc tai thi dim 4.5 giy,
tp bt du lc 1.0 giy va kt thc lc 4.0 giy
#Create a simulator obect
set ns ne Simulator
#Deine dierent colors or data los (or NAM)
ns color 1 Blue
ns color 2 Red
#Open the NAM trace ile
set n open out.nam
ns namtrace-all n
#Deine a 'inish' procedure
proc inish }
global ns n
ns lush-trace
#Close the NAM trace ile
close n
#Execute NAM on the trace ile
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create our nodes
set n0 ns node
set n1 ns node
set n2 ns node
set n3 ns node
#Create links beteen the nodes
ns duplex-link n0 n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
ns duplex-link n1 n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
ns duplex-link n2 n3 1.7Mb 20ms DropTail
#Set Queue Sie o link (n2-n3) to 10
26
ns queue-limit n2 n3 10
#Give node position (or NAM)
ns duplex-link-op n0 n2 orient right-don
ns duplex-link-op n1 n2 orient right-up
ns duplex-link-op n2 n3 orient right
#Monitor the queue or link (n2-n3). (or NAM)
ns duplex-link-op n2 n3 queuePos 0.5
#Setup a TCP connection
set tcp ne AgentTCP
tcp set class 2
ns attach-agent n0 tcp
set sink ne AgentTCPSink
ns attach-agent n3 sink
ns connect tcp sink
tcp set id 1
#Setup a FTP over TCP connection
set tp ne ApplicationFTP
tp attach-agent tcp
tp set type FTP
#Setup a UDP connection
set udp ne AgentUDP
ns attach-agent n1 udp
set null ne AgentNull
ns attach-agent n3 null
ns connect udp null
udp set id 2
#Setup a CBR over UDP connection
set cbr ne ApplicationTraicCBR
cbr attach-agent udp
cbr set type CBR
27
cbr set packetsie 1000
cbr set rate 1mb
cbr set random alse
#Schedule events or the CBR and FTP agents
ns at 0.1 "cbr start"
ns at 1.0 "tp start"
ns at 4.0 "tp stop"
ns at 4.5 "cbr stop"
#Detach tcp and sink agents (not really necessary)
ns at 4.5 "ns detach-agent n0 tcp ; ns detach-agent n3 sink"
#Call the inish procedure ater 5 seconds o simulation time
ns at 5.0 "inish"
#Print CBR packet sie and interval
puts "CBR packet sie cbr set packetsie"
puts "CBR interval cbr set interval"
#Run the simulation
ns run
Kt qu cua kich bn trn la
Hinh 4.21 Minh ha NAM cho kich bn Otcl
2
- Du tin la qua trinh thit lp mang c bn. NS Script bt du bng vic tao ra
mt instance cho di tong Simulator ( di tong m phong)
set ns ne Simulator :
- Tao instance cua Simulator, gan vao bin ns. Dong nay s thuc hin lnh
Khoi tao dinh dang packet
Tao b lp lich ( mc dinh la Calender scheduler B lp lich thi gian)
- Di tong Simulator co cac ham thanh vin thuc hin nhung vic sau
- Tao di tong ghp nh cac node va cac link
- Connect (ni) cac di tong thanh phn mang d doc tao lai voi nhau ( vi d
ham attach-agent)
- Gan gia tri cho cac tham s cho cac di tong thanh phn mang ( thng la
cho cac di tong ghp)
Tao cac connection giua cac agent ( vi d tao connection giua tcp va
sink)
Xac dinh tuyn tu chn trinh din Nam
- Hu ht cac ham thanh vin dung cho mc dich thit lp m phong ( doc d
cp dn nh cac ham plumbing) va cho mc dich lp lich. Tuy nhin cung co nhung
ham cho vic trinh din bng Nam. Cac thuc thi cho cac ham thanh vin cua di tong
Simulator doc dinh vi trong ile ns-2tcllib.ns-lib.tcl
ns color id color:
- Gan mau cac packet cho lung co m nhn dang lung id. Ham thanh vin
nay cua di tong Simulator doc dung cho vic trinh din NAM, va khng co tac
dng gi trn m phong thuc t
ns namtrace-all ile-descriptor:
- Ham thanh vin nay yu cu m phong lu lai cac du vt m phong vao trong
dinh dang du vao cho NAM. Dng thi co th cung cp tn ile ma trace ( du vt) s
doc ghi vao bng lnh ns lush-trace tng tu, ham thanh vin trace-all dung lu
trace theo dinh tuyn dang chung
proc inish}:
- Ham doc gi sau khi m phong d kt thc. Trong ham nay cac tin trinh
post-simulation ( m phong thng bao doc xac dinh)
set n0 ns node:
29
- Ham thanh vin Node khoi tao mt node. Node trong NS la di tong ghp
bao gm address (dia chi) va port classiiers (b phn loai cng). User co th tao node
bng cach tao ring di tong address va port classiier va ni chng lai voi nhau. Tuy
nhin cac ham thanh vin cua di tong Simulator d thuc hin vic nay rt dn gin.
Xem ile C:\cygin\usr\local\ns-allinone-2.29.3\ns-allinone-2.29\ns-2.29\tcl\lib\ ns-
node.tcl d vit Simulator tao node nh th nao
ns duplex-link node1 node2 bandidth delay queue-type:
- Tao 2 simplex link (lin kt dn) voi bandidth va delay xac dinh tuyn, ni
hai node xac dinh lai voi nhau. Trong NS, hang doi du ra cua node doc thuc thi nh
mt phn cua link, vi vy user nn xac dinh lun queue-type khi khoi tao link. Ging
nh node, link la di tong ghp, user co th tao va ni cac link voi cac node. M
ngun link doc tim trong ile C:\cygin\usr\local\ns-allinone-2.29.3\ns-allinone-
2.29\ns-2.29\tcl\lib\ns-lib.tcl va C:\cygin\usr\local\ns-allinone-2.29.3\ns-allinone-
2.29\ns-2.29\tcl\lib\ ns-link.tcl
- ns queue-limit node1 node2 number:
- Xac dinh gioi han hang doi cua hai simplex link kt ni node1 va node2 voi
nhau
- ns duplex-link-op n0 n2 orient right-don:
- Dung cho Nam
- Qua trinh tip theo la thit lp cac agent nh FTP, CBR, connect cac agent voi
cac node va connect cac ngun traic voi cac agent
set tcp ne Agent/T!:
- Lnh tao ra mt agent TCP va dy cung la cach d tao ra bt k agent hay
ngun traic nao. Cac agent va cac ngun traic chua trong cac di tong c bn thuc
(khng phi trong di tong kp), hu nh doc thuc thi trong C va doc lin kt
dn OTcl. Vi vy, khng co ham thanh vin nao cua mt di tong Simulator xac dinh
la co th tao ra instance cua cac di tong nay. D tao ra doc Agent va ngun lu
long thi user cn phi bit tn lop cua cac di tong nay (AgentTCP,
AgentTCPSink, ApplicationFTP). Xem thm trong ile C:\cygin\usr\local\ns-
allinone-2.29.3\ns-allinone-2.29\ns-2.29\tcl\lib\ns deault.tcl. File nay chua cac thit
lp gia tri tham s cu hinh mc dinh cho cac di tong mang sn co
ns attach-agent node agent:
30
- Ham thanh vin attach-agent gn agent vao node. Ham nay s gi ham thanh
vin attach cua mt node xac dinh tuyn, d gn agent vao node do. Vi vy, user co th
lam tng tu, nh n0 attach tcp chng han. Ngoai ra, mt agent co th dung ham
attach cua no d gn mt ngun traic vao chinh no
ns connect agent1 agent2:
- Ham thit lp lin kt lun ly giua hai agent, bng cach thit lp dia chi dich
dn mang cua nhau va cp dia chi cng
- By gi gi su rng tt c cu hinh mang d doc thuc hin. Tip theo la ghi
kich bn m phong. Di tong Simulator hin co nhiu ham thanh vin lp lich
ns at time string:
- Ham nay yu cu scheduler (b lp lich) lp lich cho string thuc thi vao thi
gian time. Trong NS, thuc t thi ngun traic khng truyn du liu tht, nhng no lai
thng bao cho agent phia doi rng no co du liu cn truyn. Khi do agent s tao ra
packet d truyn du liu y di
- Cui cung la chay m phong bng lnh ns run
&.2.2. a3R4 G8E 2ECZ
- Trong NS co hai loai node:
Node unicast co mt address classiier ( b phn loai dia chi) lam nhim v
dinh tuyn tuyn unicast va mt port classiier ( b phn loai cng)
Node multicast co thm mt classiier (b phn loai) lam nhim v phn loai
cac packet multicast voi cac packet unicast
- Trong NS, cac node unicast la node mc dinh. D tao node multicast user phi
thng bao tng minh trong kich bn OTcl du vao rng tt c cac node s doc tao ra
la node multicast, ngay sau khi user tao ra di tong lp lich
Hinh 4.22 Node Unicast va node Multicast
31
- Di tong m phong node doc dung d khoi tao mt node. Hai node doc
tao voi diu khin n0,n1
set n0 ns node
set n1 ns node
Thit lp mau cho node bng lnh:
n0 color color ~
&.2.!. a3R4 G8E U4d2 KHG
- Tao link mt chiu giua 2 node bng lnh:
ns simplex-link n0 n1 bandidth~ delay~ queuetype~
- Va link hai chiu giua hai node bng lnh:
ns duplex-link n0 n1 bandidth~ delay~ queuetype~
- Gia tri bandidth va delay tng ung co th la 1Mb va 10ms. NS2 h tro
nhiu gia tri queuetype nh RED, Drop Tail
Hinh 4.23 Biu din link giua 2 node
&.2.&. a3R4 G8E NZG{EYK A9Z2G
- Hai lop Agent va Application s tao nn traic trong NS-2. Mi node trong
mang mun gui va nhn tracic thi phi co Agent gn vao no. Trn dinh cua Agent
chay Application
- Co 2 loai Agent trong NS-2 la agent UDP va agent TCP:
1. UDP:
2. set udp0 ne AgentUDP
3. set null ne AgentNull
4. ns attach-agent n0 udp0
5. ns attach-agent n1 null
6. ns connect udp0 null
32
- Doan m trn tao Agent UDP va gn vao node n0 bng thu tc attach-agent.
Tao ra agent Null, hoat dng nh mt traic sink va gn vao node n1. Hai agent doc
ni lai bng phng thuc connect
7. TCP:
. set tcp ne AgentTCP
9. set tcpsink ne AgentTCPSink
10. ns attach-agent n0 tcp
11. ns attach-agent n1 tcpsink
12. ns connect tcp tcpsink
- Doan m trn tao agent TCP va gn vao node TCP dung thu tc attach-agent.
Agent TCPSink hoat dng nh mt TCP sink va gn vao tcpsink. Hai agent ni voi
nhau bng phng thuc connect. Cac loai TCP co sn trong NS-2 la: TCP, TCPReno,
TCPVegas, TCPSack1, TCPFact, TCPSink
&.2.N. C?A UE84 GY6``4A
- Co 4 loai traic application ( ung dng lu long) co th gn vao agent UDP
d m phong lu long mang: CBR, Exponential, Pareto, TraicTrace
&.2.%. C?A CJA3 f] AP I[2 GYE29 42GZY2ZG
- Hai application m phong gui traic trn dinh di tong TCP la
:ApplicationFTP va ApplicationTelnet
Giao thuc truyn tin FTP:
set tp ne ApplicationFTP
tp attach-agent tcp
ns at time~ tp start
Cac tham s:
attach-agent: gn ApplicationFTP vao mt agent
start: khoi dng ApplicationFTP truyn du liu
stop: ngng truyn du liu
produre n: n la b dm s packet doc truyn
producemore n: n la gia tri s packet va moi tng doc truyn
send n: tng t nh produremore, nhng gui n byte thay vi n packet
Telnet
33
set telnet ne ApplicationTelnet
telnet attach-agent tcp
Cac tham s cu hinh:
interval: thi gian dn ni (inter-arrival) trung binh cua packet doc tao
boi di tong Telnet
i (interval0) S ln dn ni theo phn b tcplib
i (interval!0) S ln dn ni theo phn b mu, gia tri trung binh doc
gan bng gia tri interval
&.!. TY6AZGY6V3 ID V3W2 GA3 `4UZ GY6AZ
Tracegraph chay trong h diu hanh Windos, Linux, Unix va yu cu h
thng co cai dt Matlab 6.0( Hoc cac phin bn cao hn)
- Tracegraph h tro cac dinh dang ile trace nh sau:
Wired ( co dy)
Satellite (v tinh)
Wireless (khng dy)
Tracegraph phin bn 2.02 co cac tinh nng sau:
23 d thi 2D (hai chiu)
12 d thi 3D ( ba chiu)
Cac d thi va cac thng k v Delay (tri hon), itter (d rung pha),
processing times (s ln xu ly), Round Trip Times (s ln khu hi), intermediate nodes
(s node trung gian) throughput (thng long)
Cac d thi va cac thng k cho toan netork, link va node
Tt c cac kt qu co th doc lu vao iel dang text, cac d thi co th lu
doi dang ile ti
Thng tin cua trc x, y, : minimum ( gia tri nho nht), mean (gia tri trung
binh), maximum ( gia tri lon nht), standard deviation (d lch tiu chun) va median (
s trung binh)
Nu cac d thi lu trong ile text thi trong ile nay co th dua vao thng tin
hai hay 3 ct d v lai d thi
Xu ly cac ile kich bn d phn tich mt cach tu dng
34
Hinh 4.24 Giao din d hoa ngi dung TraceGraph
- Trong NS2, cac hoat dng mang doc trace ( lu du) trong cac simplex link.
Nu m phong doc chi truc tip dn cac hoat dng trace ( bng lnh "n# trace-all $i%e
hay "n# namtrace-all $i%e) thi cac link s co cac di tong trace doc chn thm vao.
User cung co th tao di tong trace voi loai xac dinh d lu vt mang t ngun dn
dich bng lnh create&trace t'pe $i%e #rc (#t}
- Khi tng di tong doc chn thm di tong trace (EnqT, DeqT, DrpT,
RecvT) nhn packet, no s ghi vao ile trace xac dinh ma khng tiu tn thi gian m
phong. Va truyn packet dn di tong mang k tip
Hinh 4.25 Chn di tong Trace
35
- Trace ile co tt c cac thng tin d thuc hin minh hoa - va trn s d biu
din mang tinh va trn cac su kin dng nh su kin packet arival( goi dn), packet
departure ( goi xut phat), packet drop (huy bo goi), va link ailre ( hong lin kt)
M Otcl thuc thi Tracing trong m phong
set traceile open out.tr
ns trace-all traceile
ns lush-trace
close traceile
- File trace chun trong NS-2 va dinh dang cua ile nay nh sau:
Hinh 4.26 Dinh dang ile Trace
event: thao tac doc thuc hin trong m phong
time: thi gian xut hin su kin
rom node: node 1 la node doc trace
to node: node 2 la node doc trace
pkt type: loai packet
pkt sie: kich c packet
lags: c
id: m lung
src addr: dia chi node ngun
dst addr: dia chi node dich
seq num: s trinh tu
pkt id: m packet duy nht
36
aT LUN
Kt qu dat doc
- Nm doc kin thuc chung v mang MANET
- Nm doc cach thuc d m phong mang bng phn mm NS-2
Han ch
- Tuy d c gng tim hiu cach m phong mang MANET bng phn mm NS-2
song vn cha th thuc hin mt cach c th va hoan chinh
Hong phat trin
- Trong thi gian toi s tip tc thuc hin m phong mang MANET mt cach
hoan chinh va c th
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37
TI LItU THAM aHO
Tg4 U4_< G4H29 V4_G
1. Ng Thi Thu Ha, khoa lun tt nghip, Dai hc S Pham Ha Ni
2. dv1k1nhom7MANET, khoa lun tt nghip, Hc Vin Hang Khng Vit Nam
Tg4 U4_< G4H29 A23
3. Kamanshis Bisas and Md. Liakat Ali, Security Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc
Netork
4. Karthik sadasivam, Tutorial or Simulation-based Perormance Analysis o
MANET Routing Protocols in ns-2
I2GZY2ZG
5. http:datatracker.iet.orggmanetcharter
6. http:en.ikipedia.orgikiMobileadhocnetork
7. http:.google.com
. http:.ianchak.commanet
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3
aIN C$A GING VIN HsNG #N
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