1

CHUONG I

NHUNG VAN CO BAN CUA TRUYN HNH


-1 SO BO QU TRNH PHT TRIEN CUA TRUYN HNH

Trong cc gic quan cua con ngui, mat (thi gic) duoc coi l mot
gic quan quan trong nhat. Hnh anh mat ngui cam nhan duoc chiem ti
80% thong tin ni chung. Con ngui khong dng lai o nhng hnh anh m
mat truc tiep cam nhan duoc. t lau ho muon bang cch no d nhn
duoc anh cua muc tieu ngoi pham vi quan st truc tiep cua thi gic.
tuong d chnh l truyen hnh.
Nhng mau thiet ke dau tien ve he thong truyen hnh d c t tuong
doi lau. Dua tren co so su pht minh ra dn soi dot boi nh bc hoc Nga A.
H. Lodughin nam 1873 v phan tu bn dan quang (te bo quang dien) boi
nh bc hoc Anh V. Smit mo ra kha nang c the bien doi nang luong nh
sng thnh nang luong dien v nguoc lai, nang luong dien thnh nang
luong nh sng. l cc dieu kien can thiet de truyen hnh anh.
Mau truyen hnh dau tien phai ke den l cua nh bc hoc Anh .
Keli dua ra nam 1875. Theo mau ny hnh anh duoc chia ra thnh nhieu
phan tu v truyen den pha thu dong thi cc phan tu d.
Tiep den nam 1881 nh bc hoc Php Selenka dua ra mau truyen
hnh trong d cc phan tu cua anh duoc truyen lan luot nh he thong qut o
dau pht v o pha thu cng nhan duoc lan luot tng phan tu nh he thong
qut o dau thu. Phuong n ny thuc te hon v n giam duoc su phc tap cua
he thong truyen hnh.
Lc dau he thong qut duoc thuc hien bang co kh theo kieu xoan oc.
Nhng nam dau the ky XX viec qut anh nh dng tia dien tu trong ong
dien tu chan khong. V lc ny cc phan tu anh duoc truyen lan luot theo
dng v cot ( qut tuyen tnh). So dng can truyen tang dan len ng vi so
phan tu anh can truyen nhieu hon. Nghi l kha nang khoi phuc anh o dau
thu cng chnh xc, trung thuc hon. Nhng nam 40 cua the ky ny tieu
chuan quoc gia ve so dng can truyen ra di: Nga 625 dng, M 425 dng,
c 525 dng.
Nam 1941 o M xuat hien trung tam truyen hnh dau tien. Thng 5 -
1945 trung tam truyen hnh Moskova ra di. en nam 1959 o Lien Xo d
c hon 60 trung tam truyen hnh.



2
Nam 1973 mang truyen hnh cua Lien Xo d phu sng 70% dien tch
dat nuc.
Nam 1972 o nuc ta d bat dau chuong trnh pht sng truyen hnh.
Chuong trnh chinh phuc v tru d mo ra cho truyen hnh mot tuong lai ruc
r.
Nam 1960 truyen hnh qua ve tinh bat dau xuat hien v cng nh ve
tinh m ngay nay truyen hnh c the den moi noi tren the gii.
L thuyet ve nh sng v mu sac d duoc nghien cu t lau. tuong
ve truyen anh mu d c t nam 1899 qua cuon sch " Su phan chia nh
sng de truyen anh di xa" cua A. A. Palubop.
Su pht trien cua truyen hnh mu coi nhu l su hon thien cua he
thong truyen hnh den - trang. Nam 1925 nguyen tac truyen anh mu tren
co so truyen ba mu ra di. Cc phuong n dua ra c the truyen ba mu co
ban R (do), G (luc), B (chm) mot cch lan luot khi dng dia loc mu hoac
dong thi khi dng guong loc mu.
Trong linh vuc truyen thong dai chng viec xay dung cc he thong
truyen hnh mu mi can phai tuong hop vi he thong truyen hnh den -
trang d c san. Tren the gii c ba he mu dang ton tai den ngy nay d l
NTSC (1954) SECAM (1965) v PAL (1966).
Nhng nam gan day khoa hoc cong nghe tren the gi pht trien rat
nhanh dieu d cho php hon thien cc he thong truyen hnh mu de nang
cao chat luong anh thu duoc. l cc he thong truyen hnh so, truyen
hnh do nt cao (HDTV), truyen hnh 3 chieu (lap the).



















3
-

1-2-1 Ban chat cua nh sng.
nh sng ve phuong dien vat l l dai sng dien t c tan so t
3,8.10
14
-7,8.10
14
Hz (tuong ng buc sng = 0,78- 0,38 m). Ton bo dai
sng dien t duoc phan bo nhu sau:

nh sng

hong ngoai tu ngoai
| | | | |
0 10
5
10
10
10
15
10
20
Hz
3,8.10
14
7,8.10
14


sng radio Tia X Tia Tia v tru


Hnh 1.1
Nhu vay trong ton bo dai sng dien t nh sng chi chiem mot dai
rat hep. Nam st canh dai sng nh sng l sng hong ngoai v tu ngoai.
Mien bc xa dien t thuoc dai sng tu ngoai, nh sng, hong ngoai (vi
buc sng t 0,01 den 3,4 m) l mien bc xa quang hoc. Trong mien bc
xa quang hoc ny chng deu c tnh dong nhat tren cc phuong dien kch
thch, bien doi v su dung.
Thnh phan pho v su phan bo nang luong cua nguon sng phu thuoc
vo nhiet do cua nguon bc xa d (hnh 1-2).
O day: Nguon sng dang A ng vi nhiet do 2854 do K.
Nguon sng dang B ng vi nhiet do 4800 do K.
Nguon sng dang C ng vi nhiet do 6500 do K.
Cong suat bc xa tuong doi
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 | | | | | |
0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 (m)
Hnh 1-2



4
1- Nguon nh sng mat tri truc tiep:
2- Nguon dang A.
3- Nguon dang B.
4- Nguon dang C.

1-2-2. Cc dai luong do nh sng.
Nhu tren d ni nh sng l mot phan cua dai sng dien t, v vay n
mang day du cc tnh chat cua nang luong dien t, d l tnh phuong
hung, cong suat, mat do dng nang luong, do chi, su phan bo nang luong
theo pho.
Tc dung nh sng den mat duoc dac trung boi cc dai luong: nang
luong nh sng, quang thong v mat do cua n (cung do chieu sng), do
chi, cung do thu cam, mau sac.
a/ Quang thong:
Quang thong l nang luong nh sng trong mot don vi thi gian:
= W / t (ot -W)
Tnh ton k thuat cc dai luong nh sng thung su dung hm nhn
thay tuong doi K

. K

bieu thi do nhay cua mat doi vi cc sng bc xa
nho hon bao nhieu lan so vi buc sng 0,556 m. (O buc sng = 0,556
m mat ngui cam nhan nang luong bc xa ln nhat). Su phu thuoc ny
duoc bieu din tren hnh 1-3.

K


1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 (m)

Hnh 1-3
b/ Luc nh sng (cung do ngun sng):
Thung th nguon sng bc xa dng nh sng theo cc hung khc
nhau l khong nhu nhau. Mat do khong gian cua quang thong o hung d



5
cho goi l luc nh sng (cung do sng). Vay cung do sng l dai luong
vecto, nghia l duoc dac trung boi do ln v hung v duoc xc dinh bang
ti so cua quang thong theo hung d cho v gc khoi :
= / cadela : cd
Neu nguon sng l nguon diem, quang thong duoc phan bo bang
nhau o moi pha nghia l ton bo gc 4 cua vat the th:
= / 4
Mot nguon sng thuc te duoc coi nhu nguon diem neu khoang cch
chieu sng ln hon 10 lan kch thuc cua nguon sng.
Thung nguon sng c dien tch S, cung do sng cua nguon nhu the
duoc xc dinh theo quy luat Lamper (hnh 1-4).

= ( / ) . cos =
0
. cos
O day: - quang thong ton bo cua nguon sng S

0
- Cung do sng theo hung vuong gc vi S

- Cung do sng theo hung bat ky.

0

S S
0

Hnh 1-4 Hnh 1-5

c/ Do chi (do sng) :
Cung do sng theo hung d cho tren mot don vi dien tch nguon
sng goi l do chi (hnh 1-5):

B =

/ S. cos

cd / m
2
= nt
thay

=
0
. cos
ta c: B =
0
/ S
Nghia l do chi cua nguon bc xa theo quy luat Lamper khong phu
thuoc vo hung. ieu ny ni len rang neu quan st nguon sng vi cc
gc khc nhau th dien tch nguon sng thay duoc bi thay doi, cn do chi
khong thay doi mac dau cung do sng bi thay doi theo quy luat Lamper.



6
Su thu cam cua mat ti le thng vi do chi. Nghia l mat quan st
muc tieu vi gc bat ky th su thu cam nh sng l nhu nhau (B nhu nhau).
V vay trong thuc te do chi duoc dng truc tiep l dai luong do phan ng
cua mat.
Dui day l v du ve do chi cua mot so nguon sng (don vi nt =
Cd/m
2
):
Mn anh ong thu hnh : 30 1000.
Mn anh ong chieu hnh : 1000 5000.
n dien thap sng : 3000 5000.
Mat tri buoi trua :10
9
.
Quang thong, cung do sng, do chi dac trung cho nguon sng l
nguon bc xa truc tiep (nguon so cap). Phan ln xung quanh ta, ban than
cc muc tieu (doi tuong truyen ) khong bc xa nh sng m chi phan xa
nh sng cua nguon so cap chieu ti, nh d m ta mi nhn thay duoc.
Nguon nhu the goi l nguon th cap.
e dac trung cho nguon th cap can phai biet do sng cua n
(cung do thu cam) v he so phan xa. Cung do thu cam l quang thong
chieu tren mot don vi dien tch:
E = / S don vi: Lucxo (Lx)

Gia E v duoc tnh nhu sau:
E = / r
2

r l khoang cch t nguon diem den nguon th cap.
Dui day l gi tri cung do thu cam cua mot so nguon th cap (don
vi tnh l lucxo):
nh sng trang: 0,2.
Ban ngy trong phng: 100.
Ban ngy thng tia mat tri: 100000.

d/ Su phan xa, hap thu, cho qua nh sng cua vat the.
Nguon sng vi quang thong chieu ti vat the A duoc chia lm 3
phan: phan xa

, hap thu

v cho qua

(hnh 1-6).
=

Mi thnh phan quang thong ny duoc dac trung bang cc he so:
Phan xa =

/
Hap thu =

/
Cho qua =

/ . Tat nhien = 1



7

Hnh 1-6
Gi tri cc he so ny phu thuoc vo tnh chat cua tng vat the.

T cong thc tren E = / S = (

/ ) / S
m

=
0
.
ta c do chi cua nguon sng th cap:

B

=
0
/ S = ( / ). E. S. 1/ S = ( / ) . E

Vi vat the phan xa ton phan 1 do d B = E /

Dui day l he so phan xa cua mot so vat the:
Tuyet, voi, phan trang: = 0,9 0,98
Giay trang : = 0,6 0,8
Nhung den : = 0,004 0,01




















8
-3 NGUYEN TAC CUA TRUYN HNH

1-3-1 inh nghia:
Truyen hnh l su truyen anh cua muc tieu (doi tuong truyen) tren
mot khoang cch no d vi su quan st dong thi tren mn anh cua my
thu.
e truyen mot vat vo cng nho a trong khong gian ta phai truyen tat
ca cc tham so cua diem d, tc :
( B
a
,
a
, p
a
, x
a
, y
a
, z
a
)
O day: B
a
- do chi ( do sng) diem a.

a
- buc sng nh sng (tong mu).
p
a
- do sach mu (bo ho mu).
x
a
, y
a
, z
a
l toa do khong gian cua diem a.

oi tuong truyen l vat the V.
e truyen n ta phai chia V
thnh cc phan tu nho( N phan tu)
v phai truyen tat cacc phan tu d, . a
tc:
a
N
f
=

1
( B
a
,
a
, p
a
, x
a
, y
a
, z
a
) V


Hnh 1-7
Muon truyen cc tham so ny lai phai bien doi n thnh tn hieu
dien: dien p hoac dng dien hoac
a
, vv....
Giai quyet mot lc dieu ny rat kh khan nen dau tien ta xt truyen
hnh phng den - trang nghia l bt cc tham so
a
, p
a
, z
a
. Phan truyen
hnh mu s xt rieng.

1-3-2. Nguyen tac cua truyen hnh.
e truyen tat ca cc phan tu a trong doi tuong truyen V o tren ta c
the truyen dong thi hoac lan luot cc phan tu d.
a/ Truyn dng thi cc phan tu anh.
e giai thch phuong php ny ta dua tren mau truyen hnh sau (hnh
1-8). ay l mau truyen hnh dau tien do nh bc hoc Nga Lodughin dua ra
nam 1873.



9
Anh can truyen (ch T) qua thau knh duoc dua den tam Selen trong
d c cha cc te bo quang dien (dien tro cua n bien thien theo luong
nh sng chieu vo). Tng te bo quang dien duoc cung cap boi nguon dien
(pin hoac ac qui) v tai cua nguon dien l tng bng dn lap tren mot pano.







thau knh

Se len pa no


anh
Hnh 1-8.

Do do sng cua anh thay doi dan den dien tro cua tng te bo quang
dien thay doi, dan den dng dien qua tng cap day dan thay doi, dan den
do sng tng bng dn thay doi v hnh tren tam pano s phan nh dng
anh cua vat truyen.
Vi v du ny anh cua vat truyen duoc chia thnh cc phan tu, tuong
ng bang so te bo quang dien bang so cap day dan bang so bng dn. V
viec truyen cc phan tu duoc truyen mot cch dong thi.
e phan nh chnh xc anh cua vat truyen th so phan tu N phai rat
ln (thuc te N =500.000), tc so cap day dan v so bng dn phai rat ln...
V vay nguyen tac phuong php truyen hnh ny l dng nhung khong the
thuc hien duoc v he thong phc tap v cong kenh.
b/ Truyn lan luot cc phan tu anh.
Theo thi gian cc phan tu anh duoc truyen mot cch lan luot, nh
d o dung truyen ta chi can dng 1 kenh thong tin (1 cap day dan).
Phuong php truyen hnh ny duoc minh hoa nhu sau:









10



Selen pano










Pht Thu
Hnh 1-9
Trong so do ny, viec truyen lan luot cc phan tu duoc thuc hien
nh thiet bi qut o dau pht v viec lap lai anh cua tng phan tu nh thiet bi
qut o dau thu. Su qut o dau pht v dau thu phai dong bo (dong pha, cng
tan so). Phuong php ny l thuc te v cau trc cua he thong don gian, do
d duoc thuc hien trong tat ca cc he thong truyen hnh hien nay.
Nhu vay den day ta c the hnh dung ra duoc so do khoi tong qut
cua he thong truyen hnh nhu sau:


1 4 5 6 9

Anh Mat

2 3 7 8


Hnh 1-10

Khoi 1: Bo phan bien doi anh thnh tn hieu dien
Khoi 2: Thiet bi qut cho camera pht
Khoi 3: Tao sng dong bo Khoi 4: Kenh thi tan
Khoi 5: Kenh thong tin Khoi 6: My thu
Khoi 7: Thiet bi dong bo o dau thu Khoi 8: Thiet bi qut cho my thu
Khoi 9: Bo bien doi tn hieu dien thnh anh quang.




11
-4: MAT VA CC AC TNH CO BAN CUA N.

1-4-1- Cau tao cua mat.
Mat (thi gic) dam bao cho con ngui c the quan st (nhn nhan)
cc thong tin ve hnh anh o ben ngoi, bao gom hnh dang, vi tr khong
gian, mau sac, su chuyen dong cua vat v.v...
He thong thi gic bao gom mat, he than kinh v khu vuc thi gic cua
vo no. He thong ny c the coi nhu mot my thu thong tin hien thi, o d
xay ra qu trnh thu nhan, bien doi anh quang thnh cc dng xung dien
sinh hoc. He than kinh thi gic noi vng mac vi vo no c nhiem vu xu l
nhng thong tin nhan duoc.
Mat c cau tao nhu sau. N c the coi nhu mot he thong quang hoc,
trong d anh khoi phuc duoc the hien tren vng mac. He co cua mat dam
bao tu dong thay doi dung knh cua thuy tinh the v su hoi tu cua anh.
ung knh cua thuy tinh the c the duoc thay doi t 1,8 den 7,4 mm phu
thuoc vo do chi cua muc tieu quan st. Toc do cua su thay doi ny cng
phu thuoc vo do sng ln hay nho.

Thi gic nham khoi phuc lai anh truyen hnh, n l khau cuoi cng
cua he thong truyen hnh. V vay cc tnh chat cua n c lien quan chat ch
den viec xay dung he thong truyen hnh.

1-4-2. Cc dac tnh co ban cua mat.
a/ Dac tnh pho.
Nhu tren ta d biet dai sng nhn thay cua mat (sng nh sng) l t
0,38 den 0,78 m. Nhung trong dai sng ny mat cam nhan do sng khong
nhu nhau. l tnh chat pho cua mat. ac tnh ny duoc bieu thi boi do
thi hnh 1-12. l su phu thuoc cua su nhan do chi cua mat (B

) vo
buc sng khi kch thch nguon nang luong nhu nhau. T do thi ny ta thay
mat nhay nhat doi vi doan pho vng luc ( = 0,55 m ). O ben tri cua
buc sng 0,38 m v ben phai 0,78 m l dai sng tu ngoai v hong
ngoai m mat ta khong nhan biet duoc.

Su phu thuoc ny rat quan trong. Khi quan st truc tiep bang mat
chng ta gap phai cc doi tuong khong chi khc nhau ve do chi m cn
khc nhau ve mu. Khi d chng ta so snh chng ca ve mu v ca ve do
sng. V du, doi vi hai trung bc xa nhu nhau mu luc v chm (c
khc nhau ), do chi nhan duoc doi vi hai trung l khc nhau.



12

B
1



0,5



0,38 m 0,55 m 0,78 m
Hnh 1-12
Trong trung hop cc anh khoi phuc chi c mot mu, v du anh trang
den, phim den trang, truyen hnh den trang, ngui quan st chi phan biet su
khc nhau ve do chi. ac tnh ny cng chnh l do nhay pho cua he
thong thi gic. Trong he thong truyen hnh den trang anh khoi phuc l
chan thuc khi v chi khi dac tuyen pho cua he thong phai giong dung
cong tren. Cn vi he thong truyen hnh mu dac tuyen pho phai khong
doi, nghia l B (

) = const.
b/ Do nhay.
o nhay cua mat l kha nang nhan biet anh cua muc tieu. Ni
chung khi anh c do sng ln mat nhan biet cng tot. Vi anh c mu sac
do nhay cua mat s cao hon. Kha nang nhan biet anh cua mat s cng giam
khi anh chuyen dong vi toc do cng cao.
Ni rieng vi tham so do chi, mat c the cam nhan nh sng trong
gii han t 0,1 nt den 10
7
nt, tc khoang 10
8
lan. Tuy nhien su phu thuoc
cua su nhan nh sng cua mat (su thu cam) vo do chi cua muc tieu l
khong tuyen tnh (hnh 1-13).

Su thu cam E






B

Hnh 1-13




13
T dung cong cua hnh 1-13 ta thay do nhay cua mat s giam khi
do chi ln v s tang khi do chi nho. Hien tuong ny ta cn goi l su
thch nghi cua mat doi vng sng v vng toi. Su thay doi do nhay cua mat
trong vng sng khoang t 3-5 pht, cn trong vng toi t 30-50 pht.
Bang thuc nghiem, nam 1846 E.Veber d chi ra rang su thay doi cam
gic cua mat E phu thuoc vo su thay doi tuong doi cua do chi, nghi
l:
E = k.
B
Bmin

O day: k - he so ti le
B = B
max
- B
min

B
min
: do chi cuc tieu tc nen sng.
Ty so (
B
B
)
min
=
0
goi l do tuong phan ngung.
Trong gii han bnh thung cua do chi (B =10 -1000 nt) th nho
nhat v bang 0,02 - 0,05. o tuong phan ngung cho ta biet neu
B
B

0

th mat ta khong nhan biet duoc su thay doi.
Su phu thuoc cua do tuong phan ngung vo nen sng duoc bieu
din nhu sau (hnh1-14).

(
B
B
)
min

0,15

0,1

0,05

| | | | | | B
0,1 1 10 100 1000 nt

Hnh 1-14

Bieu thc do tuong phan ngung tren c the viet dui dang vi phan:
E = k.
dB
B

Tch phan phuong trnh ny:



14
E = k.lnB C
O day k, C : he so.
Quy luat ny ni len rang cung do su thu cam tang ti le vi logarit
cua do chi.
Hay ni mot cch khc: gia so cua cung do thu cam nhan duoc:
E = E
2
- E
1
= E
3
- E
2
= ...... = E
n
- E
n - 1

neu:

B B
B
+ 1
1
=
B
B
2
1
=
B
B
3
2
= ....... =
Bn
Bn 1
= a
hay:
B
2
= a. B
1
: B
3
= a
2
.B
1
: ........ : B
n
= a
n=1
.B
1

Qui luat ny c nghia ln v n cho php tao su phan chia anh.

c/ Kha nang phan giai cua mat.
Neu goi l gc nho nhat m mat c kha nang phan biet duoc hai
diem chi th kha nang phan giai duoc dinh nghia l: V = 1 /
Kha nang phan giai cua mat phu thuoc v do chi cua muc tieu quan
st, vo nen sng, vo dieu kien quan st v vo ban than tng ngui.
Bang thuc nghiem trong nhng dieu kien bnh thung ngui ta d
xc dinh duoc gc =1 - 1,5 pht.
Neu quan st vi gc 1 pht th mat ta khong phan biet duoc hai
diem chi, ta nhn thay dung nhu chi c mot diem.
ac tnh ny cua mat cho php ta chon duoc so dng toi uu cua he
thong truyen hnh (muc 1-6 s trnh by cu the).
d/ Tnh qun tnh :
Mat khong tc thi bat dau v ket thc cam gic ve do chi khi c
xung do chi xuat hien m c su tr nhat dinh (hnh 1-15). l tnh qun
tnh cua mat. Tnh chat ny phu thuoc vo cung do nh sng, buc sng
kch thch, vo ban than tng ngui v vo cc dieu kien khc. V du khi
tang do chi cua xung kch thch th thi gian cam gic cua mat giam
xuong v nguoc lai, hoac cam gic cua mat doi vi mu chm nhanh hon
(thi gian ngan hon) so vi mu do.





15


B
max
T
x


0,638 B
max




0,368 B
max

t

Hnh 1-15
: Xung do sng
: qui luat tang truong B
1

: qui luat giam cam gic cua mat B
2

Qu trnh bat dau v ket thc cam gic cua mat khi c xung do sng
c the duoc bieu din nhu sau:
B
1
= B
max
. ( 1 - e
-
t
1
)
B
2
= B
max
. e
T t
2

O day: Bmax- do chi cua xung nh sng:
1
: thi gian tang
truong cua mat, duoc xc dinh t gi tri B = 0 den B = 0,638 Bmax:
2
: thi
gian cam gic cua mat, duoc xc dinh t gi tri B = B
max
den B = 0,368B
max

Tx: do rong xung nh sng.
Trong cc dieu kien bnh thung
1
khoang bang 0,1 giay. Gi tri
2

ln hon
1
khoang vi chuc lan.
Tnh chat qun tnh cua mat gip ta nhan biet anh cua muc tieu
khong bi lap lnh (anh lien tuc) vi tan so lap lai cua xung xc dinh. Tan so
cuc tieu cua xung nh sng m o d dam bao anh khoi phuc lien tuc goi l
tan so ti han cua su lap lnh. Chng ta hy xc dinh gi tri tan so ny.
Cc xung do sng duoc khoi phuc coi nhu lien tuc neu su thay doi
cung do thu cam E nho hon nhieu so vi gi tri trung bnh cua n. (hnh
1-16a).







16

a/ B b/



t

E



t 0 | | | | t/T

Hnh 1-16
Trong truyen hnh su thay doi ny khong ln hon 2%. D dng thay
rang tan so ti han cua su lap lnh tang khi do chi cua xung tang v khi
do lap day cua xung ( ti so t/T) giam. O day t: do rong xung, T: chu ky
xung.
Tan so ti han cua su lap lnh tuan theo quy luat Logarit v duoc
bieu din bang phuong trnh thuc nghiem boi Aubca - Bortera:

th
= a. lg B b
O day: a, b : cc tham so cua phuong trnh.
B: do chi cua xung.
Trong gii han cho php (do chi khong vuot qu 1000 nt) cc gi
tri a, b theo do lap day xung (t / T) duoc bieu din tren hnh 1-16b).
Vi cc gi tri bnh thung (ph hop vi thuc te): B = 400 nt,
t / T = 0,5 ta c:

th
= 10 lg 40 30 50 Hz.








17
-5 DANG VA PHO CUA TN HIEU THI TN
1-5-1 Tn hieu thi tan.
Xuat pht t nguyen l cua truyen hnh: su phan chia anh thnh cc
phan tu v lien tiep theo thi gian truyen do chi trung bnh cua cc phan
tu d. Can nh rang tn hieu anh (, ) l hm so cua thi gian (t), (t):
cn gi tri cua n o mi thi diem ty le vi do chi cua phan tu truyen. Tn
hieu d duoc goi l tn hieu thi tan.
Gia su ta truyen mot loat cc phan tu anh theo dng a-a (hnh 1-17).
Neu kch thuc cua phan tu anh rat nho th tn hieu thi tan lap lai chnh xc
gi tri do chi cua mi diem anh v c dang (t) duoc bieu din nhu tren
hnh 1-17b.

a/

a a




u

b/

0 t

Hnh 1-17
Neu gia su ta dng phuong php qut lan luot, nghia l cc phan tu
anh duoc truyen lan luot t dng th 1, th 2, ... th l ket thc 1 anh.
Neu goi T
K
l thi gian truyen 1 anh (1 mnh) v T

l thi gian truyen mot

dng th so dng l:
=
Tk
Tz
=
fz
fk

O day:

,
K
l tan so qut theo dng v mnh.
T hnh 1-17b ta thay tn hieu thi tan c dac tnh xung. Thi han cc
xung ty le nguoc vi toc do truyen cc phan tu nghia l toc do qut anh (

K
). Tn hieu thi tan l don cuc, nghia l n c cha thnh phan 1 chieu
(thnh phan trung bnh). Gi tri trung bnh cua tn hieu sau mot dng qut



18
ty le vi do chi trung bnh cua dng d. Gi tri trung bnh cua tn hieu sau
mot mnh (thi gian truyen tat ca cc phan tu anh) ty le vi do sng trung
bnh cua ton anh. Nhu vay, gi tri trung bnh cua tn hieu thi tan mang
thong tin ve anh. Thuc te gi tri ny bien thien rat cham, nam trong dai t 0
den 3 Hz.
Viec truyen anh nghia l thay doi t gi tri do chi ny sang gi tri
do chi khc, khong lm thay doi dac tnh xung cua tn hieu thi tan m chi
lm thay doi dang sap xep xung tn hieu thi tan.
Ni chung tn hieu thi tan l phi chu ky v chi trong trung hop rieng
khi truyen anh khong chuyen dong n duoc lap lai theo mnh hoac khi
truyen anh l cc soc dng n duoc lap lai theo dng.
e thuc hien viec qut lan luot th dien p hoac dng dien qut theo
chieu ngang (qut dng) v theo chieu dng (qut mnh) phai c dang hnh
rang cua (hnh 1-18). Trong mot chu ky cua qut dng T

duoc chia lm 2
phan:
Thi gian qut thuan T
1
= (1 - ) T

.
Thi gian qut nguoc T
2
= T

.
O day : he so bang 0,1 - 0,2.
a/ b/
u



t
T
1
T
2

T
Hnh 1-18
a/ ung qut lan luot b/ Dang dien p qut.
oi vi qut mnh cng nhu vay.
Tn hieu thi tan duoc truyen di trong thi gian qut thuan. Cn trong
thi gian qut nguoc khong truyen tin tc. Dang tn hieu thi tan sau mot so
dng qut duoc cho o hnh 1-19.
u

t
Hnh 1-19



19

1-5-2 Pho tan so cua tn hieu thi tan.
O day ta chi xt pho tan so cua cc thnh phan bien thien cua tn
hieu thi tan.
Dai pho cua tn hieu thi tan (hay be rong pho) duoc gii han boi tan
so thap nhat v cao nhat cua n.
D dng thay rang tan so thap nhat cua pho duoc xc dinh boi tan so
lap lai khi truyen anh c kch thuc ln nhat (anh don gian nhat, hnh 1-
20). Chu ky lap lai d khong the vuot qu thi gian truyen mot mnh, do
d:

min
= 1 / T
K
= n
O day n: so mnh (so anh) trong 1 giay. B
1

Nghia l tan so thap nhat cua pho tn B
2

hieu thi tan bang tan so mnh khi qut lan u
luot hoac bang tan so trung khi qut xen dng.
Bay gi ta xc dinh tan so cao nhat cua T
K
/2
pho :
max
. Tan so ny duoc xc dinh khi truyen T
K

anh phc tap nhat. anh phc tap nhat l anh c Hnh 1-20
dang o bn c, trong d kch thuc mi o tuong a/ b
duong bang kch thuc cua mi phan tu anh.
(hnh 1-21a). Dang tn hieu thi tan tuong ng h
vi anh d duoc bieu din tren hnh 1-21b. Do h
truyen cc phan tu anh c kch thuc nho, khc
so vi anh c kch thuc ln, tn hieu thi tan
khoi phuc c the bi mo (dung cham hnh 1-21b). u b/
Thuc te ta truyen do chi trung bnh cua tng
phan tu, v vay de khoi phuc cc chi tiet nho,
dieu kien du l chi can truyen hi bac 1 cua xung Hnh 1-21
tn hieu thi tan. V d cng chnh l tan so cao nhat cua pho tn hieu thi
tan.
e xc dinh tan so hi bac 1 cua tn hieu ta phai biet duoc so luong
cc phan tu truyen trong anh hnh 1-21a, t d xc dinh duoc chu ky cua
xung tn hieu thi tan.



20
Goi l so dng trong 1 mnh (1anh).
k = b/ h: n: so anh truyen trong 1 giay.
Ta c: So phan tu truyen theo phuong thng dng l .
So phan tu truyen theo phuong ngang theo dng l N
1
= k..
So phan tu trong ton bo mnh l:
N
2
= N
1
. = k.
2

So phan tu truyen trong 1 giay:
N
0
= N
2
. n = k .
2
. n
Thi gian de truyen mot phan tu anh l:

a
=
1
No


=
1
k Z n . ..

Hi bac 1 cua xung c do rong
a
, chu ky T = 2
a
chnh l tan so
cuc dai cua pho tn hieu thi tan
max
:
1 k .
2
.n

max
= =
2
a
2
Theo tieu chuan : = 625 dng, n = 50 Hz, k = 4/ 3. Ta c gi tri tan
so cc dai cua pho tn hieu thi tan l:

4.50.625
2


max
= = 13 MHz.
3. 2
Nhu vay dai pho cua tn hieu thi tan l t 50 Hz den 13 MHz. Be
rong pho ny l qu rong, s lm cho cc thiet bi cua he thong truyen hnh
phc tap v km hieu qua. Vay lm the no de giam dai pho ny, cu the l
giam
max.
Trong bieu thc
max
: tham so z bieu thi kha nang phan giai cua
anh (hay do nt cua anh): n l tan so ti han de anh khong bi lap lnh: k l
ty le kch thuc cua anh vi su quan st tot nhat cua mat. Tri so cc tham
so ny nhu o tren deu l cc tri so toi uu, khong the giam duoc.
Tuy nhien viec giam be rong cua pho tn hieu thi tan c the thuc hien
duoc neu dua vo dac diem cua thi gic ve su lap lnh anh khoi phuc. Thuc
te tan so ti han cua su lap lnh khong phu thuoc vo do nt cua anh, nghia
l khong phu thuoc vo so dng trong mot mat. p dung tnh chat ny
ngui ta xay dung phuong php qut mi l qut xen dng.
Vi cng mot so dng z, o qut lan luot mi anh l mot mnh (hnh
1-22a), cn o qut xen dng mi anh duoc chia lm 2 mnh: mnh l v



21
mnh chan. Mnh l qut tat ca cc dng l 1, 3, 5....: mnh chan qut tat
ca cc dng chan 2, 4, 6...hnh 1-22b, c). Nhu vay trong cc mnh l hoac
chan chi cha nua so dng can thiet (/ 2). Hai mnh qut lien tuc s tao
duoc mot anh vi do nt day du. Do tnh chat tan so ti han cua su lap lnh
khong phu thuoc vo so
a/ b/ c/







Hnh 1-22

dng trong mi mnh, nen neu tan so mnh van bang 50 Hz th anh truyen
hnh cua ta van dam bao khoi phuc tot (khong bi lap lnh). Nghia l lc
ny so anh truyen trong mot giay s l n = 25. V do d tan so cuc dai cua
pho tn hieu thi tan giam duoc mot nua:

4.25.625
2


max
= = 6,5 MHz.
3. 2
Cng can phai ni them l trong dien anh, lc chieu phim hoac quay
phim, phim chuyen dong khong lien tuc vi toc do 24 o hnh trong 1 giay.
e khu hien tuong lap lnh ngui ta phai dng ci chan sng de cho mi o
hnh trong phim duoc roi 2 lan, tc l thuc chat anh duoc truyen vi van toc
48 anh trong 1 giay.
Tuy nhien de thuc hien duoc qut xen dng can phai dam bao 2 dieu
kien sau:
- So dng trong anh phai l, nghia l = 2m 1 (m l so nguyen bat
ky).
- Tan so qut dng
z
v tan so qut mnh
k
phai c moi lien he sau:
2.
z
= .
k
= (2m 1).
k

am bao dieu kien ny tc l mi mnh c them 1 nua dng.
Neu khong dong thi dam bao 2 dieu kien tren th dng cua mnh
chan s xep chong len dng cua mnh l, tc so dng cua anh giam mot
nua (hnh 1-23).



22
a/ b/ c/





Hnh 1-23
a- am bao 2 dieu kien qut xen dng.
b- Khong dam bao dieu kien th nhat z = 6 thuc te cn 3 dng.
c- Khong dam bao dieu kien th hai z = 7 thuc te cn 4 dng.
Tren day ta d thuc hien qut xen dng vi so mnh gap doi anh
(anh chia doi 1: 2). Ta cng c the thuc hien qut xen dng vi anh chia
thnh 3 mnh (1: 3): chia 4 mnh (1: 4) tuong ng tan so
max
giam 3, 4
lan so vi qut lan luot, nhung s lm phc tap cc thiet bi qut v do tin
cay cua he thong truyen hnh giam, nen khong duoc su dung trong thuc te.

1-5-3 ac diem cau trc pho cua tn hieu thi tan.
Anh duoc nghien cu c the coi nhu l hm
phan bo do chi tren mat phng. o chi o mi x B
diem l hm so cua 2 bien x v y l toa do cua y
phan tu anh c do chi B (Hnh 1-24) o X
B = (x,y). Hnh 1-24
Khi qut anh cc tham so x, y l hm so cua thi gian, ket hop vi su
bien doi do chi thnh tn hieu dien (tn hieu thi tan), su bieu din ny c
the duoc viet dui dang: u = (t).
O day u l do ln cua tn hieu thi tan o thi diem t, tuong ng truyen
diem c toa do x, y v do chi B.
Phan tch l thuyet pho cua tn hieu thi tan d duoc P. Mersem v .
Grin dua ra nam 1934. Ket qua phan tch cho thay, trong ca trung hop
qut lan luot, ca trung hop qut xen dng, pho cua tn hieu thi tan l pho
vach (ri rac) phan bo thnh tng nhm, mi nhm cch nhau
z
, khoang
cch gia cc vach pho l
k
, bien do cc thnh phan giam theo su tang cua
cc hi (hnh 1-25).




23
u

k


o

z
2
z
n
z

Hnh 1-25
ac diem pho ri rac ny cho php ta dong thi truyen tren mot dai
tan mot vi tn hieu thi tan khc nhau. ieu ny c nghia rat quan trong
v s duoc p dung trong l thuyet truyen hnh mu.





















24
6. CC THAM SO CUA ANH TRUYN HNH.

Trong trung hop chung anh truyen hnh tren mu anh cua my thu
can phai dam bao khoi phuc anh truyen khi quan st truc tiep bang mat.
Cc dac trung co ban khi quan st truc tiep bang mat l: mu, kch thuc
hnh hoc, kch thuc tuong doi, su phan bo do sng, su chuyen dong tuong
doi cua muc tieu.
Truyen hnh mu hoac truyen hnh noi so vi truyen hnh den trang
viec khoi phuc anh hon ton khong giong nhau, tuy nhien tat ca deu c
chung cc tham so co ban sau l: kch thuc, do chi, do tuong phan v so
luong cap chi, do nt, tnh dong dang v ti so tn hieu tren nhiu.

1- 6-1. Kch thuoc anh.
Viec chon kch thuc cua anh truyen hnh cng tuong tu nhu kch
thuc anh trong chieu phim deu dua vo tnh chat cua thi gic (hnh 1-26).


l

h
b

Hnh 1-26
Cc kch thuc v khoang cch quan st anh truyen hnh.

Mat quan st tot nhat khi anh dang hnh ch nhat c chieu rong b,
chieu cao h v ti so:
b/ h = k = 4/ 3
(Trong chieu phim ti le ny l 11/8)
Khoang cch quan st tot nhat l = (5 6)h. Vi khoang cch ny mat
cam thay su lien tuc cua anh khi so dng chi khoang 500 - 600 dng.
V du: khi mn anh cua my thu hnh c chieu cao h = 0,4 m th ta
nen chon vi tr quan st cch mn hnh l = 5.0,4 = 2m.



25
Mot tham so hay dng de chi kch thuc cua anh truyen hnh l
dung cho cua mn anh my thu, c the tnh theo don vi centimet hoac ins
(1 in = 2,54 cm, 1 cm = 0,3937 in)
Trong cc he thong truyen hnh vi muc dch dac biet, hnh dang cua
anh c the chon khc di, phu thuoc vo dang cua muc tieu quan st, vo
muc dch su dung hieu qua ca tot pht quang cua ong pht hnh, vo mn
anh cua my thu...

1-6-2. o chi.
o chi (hoac do sng) cua anh truyen hnh khong the xc dinh don
tri nhu xc dinh kch thuc cua n. o chi tuong ng vi viec khoi phuc
anh tot nhat phu thuoc vo gc quan st, tnh chat cua thi gic v noi dung
cua anh. Dai do chi m mat c the cam nhan duoc, thuc te rat ln, khoang
10
8
. Tuy nhien trong dai ny mat cam nhan khong nhu nhau m theo quy
luat hm m. Thuc te chi ra rang vi do chi trung bnh 30 - 40 nt hon
ton c the quan st cc chi tiet cua anh m mat khong bi met moi. Mn
hnh cc my thu hnh c do chi cuc dai Bmax = 300 - 1000 nt.

1-6-3- o tuong phan v so luong cap chi.
o tuong phan anh duoc xc dinh bang ti so cua do chi cuc dai v
do chi cuc tieu:
K = Bmax / Bmin
ay chnh l bieu din dai do chi. Trong tu nhien, dai do chi dat
duoc rat ln (10
8
lan). Nhung anh trong thuc te chi thay doi khoang vi
tram lan. oi vi anh truyen hnh do tuong phan 30 - 40 coi nhu l tot. o
tuong phan anh khong nhng phu thuoc vo dac tnh cua he thong truyen
hnh m n cn phu thuoc vo dieu kien quan st anh. V du xem truyen
hnh trong phng c do chi ln hon (ng vi gi tri Bo) th do tuong phan
giam hon so vi truc.
Thuc vay: K =
Bmax + Bo
Bmin + Bo

hoac:
K

=
Bmax
Bmin
.
1 + (Bo / Bmax)
1 + (Bo / Bmin)
= K .
1 + (Bo / Bmax)
1 + (Bo / Bmin)

v B
max
B
min
nen (B
0
/ B
max
) (B
0
/ B
min
)



26
v
1 + (Bo / Bmax)
1 + (Bo / Bmin)
1 tc l : K K
Nhu ta d biet o tiet 1-4, theo quy luat Veber, su thay doi cam gic
cua mat phu thuoc vo su thay doi tuong doi cua do chi v trong dai do
chi tuong doi rong do nhay tuong phan cua mat coi nhu khong doi v
nam trong gii han 0,02 - 0,05. Khi cho truc do tuong phan anh K c the
xc dinh duoc so luong bac su thay doi d, nghia l so luong cap chi.
Bac dau tien cua do chi B
1
duoc xc dinh:
B
1
= B
min

0
B
min
= (1
0
) B
min

Bac th hai B
2
:
B
2
= B
1

0
B
1
(1
0
) B
min

0
(1
0
) B
min
= (1
0
)
2
B
min

Bac do sng tiep theo:
B
3
= (1
0
)
3
B
min

V bac cuoi cng cua do sng:
B
max
= (1
0
)
n
B
min

T d ta c so luong bac hay so luong cap chi:
ln
Bmax
Bmin

n =
ln ( 1
0
)
Khai trien bieu thc ln( 1
0
), ta nhan duoc:
ln
Bmax
Bmin

n = =
2 3
0
,

. lg
Bmax
Bmin


0

o tuong phan cuc dai cua mat bang 100 nghia l
Bmax
Bmin
= 100 v

0
= 0,05 thay vo bieu thc tren ta nhan duoc so luong cap chi cuc dai
cua anh truyen hnh m mat ta phan biet duoc:
2,3. lg 100
n = = 92
0,05
Trong phan ln trung hop dac tuyen bien doi quang - dien v dien-
quang l khong tuyen tnh v thuc te chng duoc bieu din theo hm so
m:



27

p
= k
1
B
mt

1
: B
a
= k
2
.
t

2

O day:
p
v
t
l dien p tuong ng o dau ra ong pht v dau vo
cua ong thu hnh.
Bmt, Ba: o chi cua muc tieu v anh khoi phuc
k
1
, k
2
: Cc he so ti le.
Gia su he so truyen dat cua tuyen khuyech dai gia dau ra ong pht
hnh v dau vo ong thu hnh bang 1 th su bieu din tren c the viet:
B
a
= k
0
B
mt
0

O day:
0
=
1
.
2

Neu tuyen khuyech dai cng c phan tu phi tuyen duoc bieu din
theo hm m vi chi so
3
th chi so m tuong duong
0
=
1
.
2
.
3

Khi khong c mo phi tuyen (
0
= 1 ), do chi cua anh khoi phuc
B
a
= k. B
mt
C the khu mo phi tuyen bang cch dua vo tuyen mot phan tu
khong tuyen tnh sao cho
1
= 1/
2

Neu
0
1 do tuong phan anh ln hon muc tieu v khi
0
1 do
tuong phan anh nho hon muc tieu.
Hnh 1-27 bieu din su phu thuoc do chi cua anh khoi phuc v do
chi cua muc tieu vi cc gi tri
0
khc nhau tnh theo logart (a) v ti le
thng (b)
lnB
a
a/ B
a
b/

0
1
0
1
0
= 1


0
= 1

0
1
0
1


0 ln B
mt
0 B
mt


Hnh 1-27




28
1-6-4- o nt.
o nt cua anh truyen hnh duoc xc dinh boi kch thuc tuong doi
cua phan tu anh. o nt dac trung cho su phan biet cc chi tiet nho. o nt
phu thuoc vo mot loat cc tham so: vo kha nang phan giai cua mat, v tat
ca cc khau cua he thong truyen hnh.
Trong cc dieu kien tuong doi cho php, gc nho nhat c the quan
st gia hai diem sng tren mu anh cua my thu hnh khoang bang 1 - 1,5
pht, d chnh l khoang cch gia hai dng. T d ta c the xc dinh duoc
so dng can thiet ( hnh1-28).





h
b l

Hnh 1-28
= /
Xc dinh gc qua l v h, thay gi tri = 1 chng ta nhan duoc:
= 2 arctg ( h/ 2l ) = 2 arctg 1/ 2.5 11
0

V = / = 11. 60/ 1 = 660 dng.
Neu goi A l do nt, r rng su thay doi do nt A phu thuoc tuong
doi vo so dng, nghia l:
A = a. /
T day xc dinh duoc do nt:
A = a. ln C
Cc he so a, c c the tm duoc t cc dieu kien gii han. Khi = 1
(mot dng) th A = 0, suy ra c = 0: Khi do nt cuc dai A = 1 (hay 100%)
ng vi so dng =
max
, ta c:
a = 1/ ln
max

Thay cc gi tri a v c vo bieu thc tren ta c do nt:
A = ln / ln
max




29
Su phu thuoc ny duoc bieu din tren hnh 1-29.
Bang thuc nghiem cng d chi ra rang trong dieu kien quan st bnh
thung (do sng, khoang cch vv...), vi so dng khoang 600 dng, chat
luong truyen hnh dam bao tot. O Viet Nam ta p dung tieu chuan so dng
= 625.
Trong he thong truyen hnh vi cc muc dch dac biet (truyen hnh
cong nghiep), so dng duoc chon khong chi xuat pht t yeu cau chat
luong khoi phuc anh (nhu theo hnh 1-29) m cn t dieu kien giai quyet
cc nhiem vu k thuat cu the.

A
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Hnh 1-29

1-6-5- Mo hnh hoc.
ay l mot trong nhng tham so quan trong de dnh gi chat luong
cua anh truyen hnh. e anh khong bi mo can phai gi ti le xch cc diem
bat k tren anh nhan duoc giong nhu anh truyen.
Trong cc he truyen hnh su dung phuong php qut tuyen tnh (qut
lan luot hoac xen dng) yeu cau cc dien p hoac dng dien qut dng v
mnh phai c dang rang cua (tuyen tnh) o dau pht giong nhu o dau thu.
Viec khong thuc hien cc dieu kien ny s lm cho ti le xch khong deu o
toa do cc diem bat k tren mn anh cua my thu, nghia l c mo hnh
hoc. Tren hnh 1-30a bieu din anh khong c mo hnh hoc (hnh caro deu)
. Anh tren hnh 1-30b c mo do dung qut dng khong c tuyen tnh,
anh tren hnh 1-30c bi mo do dung qut mnh khong tuyen tnh. Anh
tren hnh 1-30d, 1-30e bi mo l do ti le xch khong tuong ng (khong
dong dang) gia anh nhan duoc (tren mn anh cua my thu v anh truyen
(o dau pht).
Mo hnh duoc dnh gi bang:



30

d
max
- d
min
2.(d
max
- d
min
)
= --------------- . 100% = ------------------ . 100%
d
max
d
min
d
max
d
min

-----------
2
a/ b/ c/






d/ e/




Hnh 1-30
Quan st hnh anh bang mat cho php he so mo den 15%.

1-6-6- Nhieu tren anh truyen hnh.
Trong k thuat truyen hnh cc loai nhiu dac trung gom: tap am xo
dong: dien p hnh sin t mang dien lui (nhiu nen): do dao dong cao tan
v nhiu xung.
Tap am v nhiu nen pht sinh truc tiep t viec hnh thnh v truyen
tn hieu truyen hnh. Cn nhiu cao tan , nhiu xung do cc nguyen nhan
ben ngoi v bang nhieu con dung khc nhau tham nhap vo kenh truyen
hnh.
Tap am xo dong (goi tat l tap am) l mot trong nhng nhan to quan
trong lm giam chat luong anh truyen hnh. N pht sinh trong qu trnh
bien doi anh thnh cc xung thi tan, trong qu trnh khuyech dai v truyen
tn hieu di xa. Tap am lm giam do nhay cc ong pht hnh, giam cu li
truyen tn hieu. Tap am khong c the duoc b tr bang cc thiet bi dac biet
o my thu nhu cc dang mo khc. V du cc loai mo tan so, bien do, pha



31
pht sinh trong qu trnh bien doi v truyen tn hieu c the duoc b tr
bang cc bo hieu chinh dac biet.
Su c mat cua tap am trong tn hieu dan den su thay doi do chi cua
cc diem anh. O cc doan toi cua anh su thay doi ny ln hon so vi cc
doan sng cua anh (hnh 1-31a). ieu d dan den giam do tuong phan anh
v giam so luong cap chi khoi phuc (hnh 1-31b). Ket qua l do nt anh
truyen hnh bi giam v chat luong anh bi xau.
a/ b/
1 n
0,8 80
0,6 60
0,4 40
0,2 20

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 B(nt) 0 40 80 120 160 =S/N
Hnh 1-31
nh gi chat luong anh do tc dung cua tap am thung duoc xc
dinh bang ti so =S/N (S - tn hieu, N- tap am).
Bang 1-1 cho ta su dnh gi ny.

Chat luong anh

Rat tot 30 - 40
Tot 15 - 25
uoc 5 - 10
Xau 1 - 2

Bang 1 -1

Do do nhay cua mat doi vi cc chi tiet nho km, nen tap am vng
mien tan so cao thay duoc tren anh khong r bang tap am o mien tan so
thap. ieu ny cho php ta c the phan bo tap am theo dai tan so. O mien
tan so cao bien do tap am duoc nang cao v o mien tan so thap bien do tap
am duoc giam bt. Ket qua l anh truyen hnh nhan duoc s tot hon.



32
Nhiu dao dong tan so cao (nhiu chu ky) duoc dac trung bang ty so
gia bien do dien p tn hieu v dien p nhiu. Dang cua nhiu ny tren anh
l cc dai trang, den ngang doc hay nghieng chuyen dong hoac dng yen.
Anh nhiu khong chuyen dong (dng yen) neu tan so cua n bang boi so
cua tan so qut.
Nhiu xung do tc dung cua cc xung dien t ben ngoi tc dong
den, chu yeu n c the lm mat tn hieu dong bo cho cc mach qut dng
hoac mnh, dan den anh truyen hnh c the bi nhap nhy (khong dong bo)
trong mot thi gian ngan.
ien p lui dien (nhiu nen) tao tren anh dai sng toi rong theo
chieu ngang. Neu tan so qut mnh (
k
) bang tan so dien lui th dai ny
thay doi nho v thuc te khong anh huong den viec xem truyen hnh. Cn
neu tan so qut mnh v tan so dien lui khc nhau th nhiu nen c tc
dung manh v lm cho viec quan st anh truyen hnh s kh chiu. Khi dien
p lui dien khc hnh sin th tc hai cua nhiu nen cng ln hon. Hnh 1-
32 bieu din gi tri cho php cua ti so tn hieu tren nhiu nen khi tan so
qut mnh bang 50 Hz phu thuoc vo tan so nhiu nen.

(dB)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 48 49 50 51 52 (Hz)
Hnh 1-32
Dang nhiu nen hnh sin
Dang nhiu nen hnh ch nhat








33
CHUONG 2
SU BIEN OI ANH THANH TN HIEU IEN
VA SU TAO LAI ANH TRUYN HNH


-1 CC HIEN TUONG VAT LY UOC SU DUNG
TRONG ONG PHT HNH

2-1-1 Hieu ng quang dien - Ka tot quang
Cc thiet bi de bien doi nang luong nh sng cua anh thnh tn hieu
dien l thnh phan co ban cua he thong truyen hnh. Cong tc cua cc thiet
bi ny dua tren co so hieu ng quang dien.
Hieu ng quang dien l hien tuong m cc dien tu cua vat chat duoc
giai phng do tc dung cua tia sng. Cc dien tu ny c the duoc tch ra
khoi vat chat vo khong gian tu do, d l hieu ng quang dien ngoai: hoac
c the tro thnh cc dien tu tu do o trong vat chat lm thay doi do dan dien
cua n, d l hieu ng quang dien noi. Cc dien tu duoc giai phng do tc
dung cua nh sng duoc goi l cc dien tu quang, v qu trnh giai phng
chng goi l bc xa quang (qu trnh quang dien). Qu trnh quang dien l
mot khau cua su bien doi anh thnh tn hieu dien. Tuy nhien qu trnh giai
phng cc dien tu xay ra o hieu ng quang dien ngoai v hieu ng quang
dien noi l khc nhau. oi vi hieu ng quang dien ngoai, de c dng
quang dien tu t dien cuc nhay cam nh sng (Ka tot quang) den dien cuc
thu nhan dien tu (Anot) th gia anot v ka tot quang can duy tr dien p
mot chieu. Su phu thuoc gia dng quang dien tu i

v quang thong theo

quy luat Stoletop:
i

=
O day - he so ty le, dac trung cho do nhay cua phan tu quang.
Quy luat Stoletop chi dng khi dng quang o trang thi bo ho,
nghia l tat ca cc dien tu duoc tch ra khoi Ka tot quang deu den duoc
anot.
Thuc te su thay doi dng quang dien tu l tc thi so vi su thay doi
quang thong cua nh sng den tan so 100 MHz. V vay trong dai pho cua
tn hieu thi tan, hieu ng quang dien ngoai l khong c qun tnh.
e giai phng mot dien tu ra khoi be mat cua kim loai can mot nang
luong W. Nang luong ny gom hai phan: phan de vuot qua luc dien duy tr



34
dien tu trong kim loai (P) v phan nang luong ti han W
t
can thiet de dien
tu tch ra khoi kim loai vi van toc V:
W = P W
t
= e
0

1
2
mV
2

O day: e- dien tch cua dien tu:

0
- dien the dau ra.
m - khoi luong cua dien tu.
V nhu vay nang luong cua nh sng ( h. ) can thiet de giai phng
dien tu thuc hien hieu ng quang dien ngoai l:
h. = e
0

1
2
mV
2

O day: h- hang so lang: - tan so bc xa nh sng.
T phuong trnh tren cho ta thay nang luong dien tu duoc hap thu chi
phu thuoc vo tan so nh sng . Khi tan so nh sng giam th nang luong
hap thu cua dien tu giam. Ket qua l toc do ban dau cua dien tu tch ra
khoi be mat cua kim loai dui tc dung cua nh sng ng vi mot tan so
nh sng xc dinh. Tan so nh sng m toc do ban dau cua dien tu bang
khong (khong cn hieu ng quang dien) ta goi l tan so ti han
t
. Khi cho
V = 0 s tm duoc tan so ti han:
h = e
0
t d:
t
= e
0
/ h
hoac tnh theo buc sng ti han:

t
= C /
t
= C. h / e
0
= 1,235 /
0
(m)
O day: C- van toc nh sng.
Gi tri buc sng ti han
t
khc nhau doi vi cc kim loai khc
nhau. Nhu vay vi mot kim loai d cho de c hieu ng quang dien ngoai th
tan so chieu sng phai ln hon tan so ti han.
Ka tot quang duoc dac trung bang i

dac tnh pho. ac tnh pho cua Ka tot
quang l su phu thuoc cua dng bo ho
vo tan so nh sng chieu ti ka tot quang
vi cong suat nhu nhau. Vi ka tot quang
l kim loai nguyen chat, dac tnh pho nhu hnh 2-1. Hnh 2-1
Vi ka tot quang phc tap, dac tnh pho khong tang don dieu, m c
the tang hoac giam theo tan so. o ln cc diem cuc dai, vi tr v so luong
cua n phu thuoc vo thnh phan cau tao cua ka tot quang.



35
Cs i

Cs
2
Cs Ag
Ag
2

Ag 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 (m)
Hnh 2-2
Tc dac tnh pho cua cc ka tot quang nhu the c tnh chat chon loc theo
tan so nh sng. Hnh 2-2 bieu din cau tao cua 1 ka tot quang v dac tnh
pho cua n. a/ b/
Trong truyen hnh thung su dung
2 loai ka tot quang: ka tot quang dac v
bn trong suot. O ka tot quang dac, cc
dien tu pht ra cng pha vi tia sng i
(hnh 2-3a): cn o ka tot quang bn trong i Cs
suot, cc dien tu ban ra theo pha nguoc
lai vi tia sng (hnh 2-3b). Ag phu Cs Mica Ag
2

Hnh 2-3
Tren hnh 2-4 bieu din dac tnh pho cua cc ka tot quang c cau tao
antimoan-Sezi (dung a): Bac-oxit Bac (dung b): Bimt-Bac-Sezi (dung
c).
oi vi truyen hnh den trang mong muon dac tuyen pho cua ka tot
quang gan giong vi dac tuyen pho cua mat de dam bao phan nh dng do
chi cc mau cua anh. Cn cc ka tot quang su dung trong truyen hnh mau
c dac tnh pho bang phng trong dai nh sng.

/
0

0,8
0,6
0,4 ac tnh pho cua mat
0,2 (m)
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Hnh 2-4
2-1-2 Nguyen l tch luy dien tch- Cuc bia
Trong tiet 3 cua chuong 1 khi trnh by nguyen tac cua truyen hnh
ta c nhan xt rang: neu so phan tu anh l N, quang thong cua anh l th



36
luong quang thong (nh sng) chieu len tng phan tu l / N: N cng ln
th ti so ny cng nho.
O mot thi diem ta truyen mot phan tu anh, nen luong quang thong
c ch m mi te bo quang dien nhan duoc cng l / N , v rat nho. He
thong truyen hnh nhu the ny goi l he thong tc dung tc thi v chi c
the thuc hien duoc khi te bo quang dien c do nhay rat cao.
e c the loi dung duoc ton bo quang thong cua anh (ton bo )
khi truyen tng phan tu anh can phai su dung nguyen tac tch lu dien tch.
Sau day ta s trnh by nguyen tac ny.
Tren hnh 2-5 cc te bo quang dien cc phan tu quang duoc mac noi
tiep vi cc tu C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= ...... C
N
= C
hang so thi gian C
1
R= C
2
R= ......C
N
R
O day l thi gian thanh chay (thanh qut) dng lai o diem tiep
xc: N l so phan tu anh. C
1

i
n

C
2


C
N

anh
ra


E R
- Thanh qut
Hnh 2-5.
Khi chieu anh len panen te bo quang dien, mi te bo quang dien
(tc mi phan tu anh) c dng dien chay qua :
i
n
= .
pt
= E
pt
S
pt

O day:
pt
phan quang thong chieu len phan tu quang c dien tch
Spt v cung do sng Ept.
Dng dien ny s nap cho cc tu dien tuong ng trong khoang thi
gian mot chu k qut T. Luong dien tch duoc nap tren tu C:
q
n
= i
n
. T
T q = C., ta c dien p nap tren tu:

n
= i
n
. T / C =
pt
.T / C = E
pt
S
pt
T / C



37
ien p ny ti le vi quang thong chieu ti phan tu quang hoac ti le
vi cung do nh sng cua n. V vay tuong ng vi do chi cua anh
truyen, cc tu dien s nap vi cc dien p khc nhau. Hay ni cch khc
tren panen cua te bo quang dien d hnh thnh anh noi dien the.
Trong thi gian thanh chay tiep xc o diem tiep xc, tu dien tuong
ng phng hon ton qua R vi dng dien phng i
p
, thi gian . Dng
phng i
p
tao tren R mot sut p
ra
= i
p
. R, n chnh l tn hieu thi tan ra.
Khi thanh chay va ri khoi diem tiep xc tu dien lai duoc tiep tuc nap dien
v tu sau lai phng dien ...v...v...Nhu vay ta d bien doi nang luong nh
sng thnh tn hieu dien (xung thi tan).
Luong dien tch phng trong thi gian :
q
p
= i
p
.
Theo dinh luat bao ton dien tch: q
n
= q
p
ta c:
i
p
/ i
n
= T /
Ch rang T l thi gian 1 vng qut, tc chu ky qut anh T
K
= N.
(N- so phan tu anh bang so phan tu quang)
i
p
/ i
n
= T
K
/ = N / =N
Suy ra i
p
= i
n
.N =
pt
.N
m
pt
.n chnh l luong quang thong ton bo cua anh .
i
p
= = E S
Nhu vay dng dien phng i
p
, t d tao ra cc xung thi tan, ti le vi
quang thong cua anh, d lm viec trong che do tch lu dien tch.
Cuc bia l mot trong nhng dien cuc quan trong cua ong pht. Nh
c n m viec tao cc xung thi tan duoc thuc hien theo nguyen tac tch lu
dien tch.
Trong cc ong pht hnh su dung hieu ng quang dien ngoai, cuc bia
thung c cau tao gom hai lp : lp dien moi c phu hat bac v lp kim
loai (ban tn hieu ). Vi cau tao nhu vay c the coi cuc bia tuong duong
nhu rat nhieu dien dung so cap mac vi nhau, mi dien dung duoc tao boi
ban tn hieu v hat bac (hnh 2-6b). Chieu len cuc bia l dng quang dien tu
t ka tot quang i.






38
a/ b/

i i



hat bac Mica ban tn hieu(Ag)
Hnh 2-6.
Vi ong pht hnh su dung hieu ng quang dien noi, cuc bia gom c
ban tn hieu v lp dien tu quang (hnh 2-7a) v so do tuong duong cua n
(hnh 2-7b)
a/ b/






Lp Kim loai ien tro quang
mong trong suot
Hnh 2-7.
Cuc bia c 2 nhiem vu chnh:
- Bien doi anh quang thnh anh noi dien the. Anh noi dien the tren
cuc bia l su phan bo dien the tren be mat cua n c do ln o mi diem ti le
vi do chi diem tuong ng cua anh truyen.
- Bien doi anh noi dien the thnh tn hieu dien.
Chnh nh c cau tao cuc bia nhu tren nen viec tao tn hieu thi tan
c su tch lu dien tch. V nguyen l tch lu dien tch cua cuc bia cng
giong nhu nguyen l tch lu dien tch m ta d mo ta o tren.






39
2-2 THIET BI PHT HNH

Thiet bi pht hnh c nhiem vu bien doi anh quang cua vat thnh tn
hieu dien.
2-2-1 Yeu cau v phan loai :
Thiet bi pht hnh can c yeu cau sau:
- o nhay cao de duy tr duoc tn hieu khi do chi thap.
- Lm viec trong dai do chi rong.
- Tao cap chi dng.
- Kha nang phan giai ln.
- Ti so tn hieu tren tap am ln.
- Qun tnh nho.
eu cau ve khai thc su dung: thi gian phuc vu lau, tin cay khi lm
viec, don gian su dung, kch thuc nho.
Ve phan loai, theo nguyen l lm viec ta c thiet bi pht hnh dng
ong tia dien tu, thiet bi pht hnh dng tinh the, thiet bi pht hnh c su
dung nguyen l tch lu dien tch v khong su dung tch lu dien tch.
Cc ong pht hnh (thiet bi pht hnh su dung ong tia dien tu) thung
dng hien nay l ong Disector, Supeortricon, Vidicon.

2-2-2 ng DISECTOR
ng pht hnh Disector thuoc he thong tc dung tc thi (khong
dng tch lu dien tch) su dung hieu ng quang dien ngoai.
5 4

2 3 8
1 i
6


ra


1

3
Rt

a

-
Hnh 2-8.



40
Disector (hnh 2-8) gom c ka tot quang bn trong suot 1, a not 2 c
l 6 o tam, dung knh cua l bang kch thuc cua mot phan tu anh. Bo
nhan dien tu 3 gom c nhieu dien cuc dinot. Sau bo nhan dien tu l cuc gp
8 duoc mac vi dien tro R4. Gan vo ong c cc cuon day lm lech 4 (lech
dng v lech mnh), cuon hoi tu 5. Gia ka tot quang v anot c dien p
gia toc a. Cc dien p 1, 2, 3 cung cap cho cc dien cuc dinot cua
bo nhan dien tu.
Anh quang chieu len ka tot quang v duoc bien doi thnh anh dien
tu. Dui tc dung cua dien p gia toc, t trung duoc tao boi cc cuon day
hoi tu v lm lech, anh dien tu duoc hoi tu v chuyen dich den phien anot.
So vi l cua anot anh dien tu luon luon chuyen dich, tc doi vi tng thi
diem s c mot diem tuong ng tren ka tot quang di qua l, so cn lai bi
anot chan lai. Nhu vay tng thi diem mot chi su dung mot luong rat nho
cua quang thong. Luong quang thong c ch (quang thong de tao tn hieu
thi tan) l:

pt
= / N = / k
2
= E S / k
2

O day quang thong ton bo cua anh chieu den ka tot quang c
dien tch S tao tren n do sng E.
Thuc te de ong lm viec bnh thung do sng cua ka tot quang E
= 5.000 lcxo, khi d do sng cua anh phai l E
a
= 10
5
lcxo, tc rat ln.
Dng quang dien tu qua l cua anot, duoc dua den bo nhan dien tu
th cap. Bo nhan dien tu ny gom cc dien cuc dinot dam bao khuech dai
dng quang dien tu len c 1.000 lan. Ve cau tao cc dien cuc ny giong
nhu cua chp. Khi c dien tu den th dinot s ban ra cc dien tu th cap c
so luong ln hon ( 1). Sau d dng quang dien tu den cuc gp, tao sut
p tren tai Rt, d chnh l xung thi tan ng vi phan tu anh d cho.
Disector l ong pht hnh lm viec theo nguyen tac tc thi. Nhu tren
d thay n di hoi do chi cua anh truyen phai rat ln, hay ni cch khc
do nhay cua ong rat thap. V vay n duoc su dung de truyen phim trong
truyen hnh theo phuong php tia sng chay, v o d c the tao duoc mnh
c do sng ln: hoac duoc su dung trong cc he thong truyen hnh cong
nghiep.
u diem cua Disector l dac tuyen nh sng tuyen tnh, do phan dai
cao, tn hieu khong bi mo.






41
2-2-3 ng SUPEORTRICON.
ng supeortricon c do nhay cao nhat trong cc ong pht hnh: E
a
= 0,01 lucxo, nghia l dui nh trang ong van c the lm viec duoc.

1 2 4 3 10 9 11 8 14 15
7 6 3 12 5



u2
ra

u1 u3

-300
v
0
v
1
v
0
v
180
v
200
v
280
v
1000
v


Hnh 2-9

Tuy c cau tao phc tap, nhung day l ong c duoc su dung rong ri
trong cc he thong tuyen hnh.
Xem cau tao cua ong tren hnh 2-9 . O phan to cua ong c ka tot
quang bn trong suot 1 , cuc gia toc 2, cuc bia 3, lui 4 v dien cuc hm 10.
O phan hep cua ong c ka tot pht xa dien tu 5, cuc dieu khien 6, a not th
nhat 7, anot th hai 14, a not th ba 9, bo nhan dien tu 13 v cuc gp 12.
Ben ngoi ong c cc cuon day hoi tu 8, lm lech 11 v hieu chinh15.
Nguyen l lm viec: anh truyen qua thau knh duoc chieu len ka tot
quang l ka tot bn trong suot. Tren
be mat cua n hnh thnh anh dien tu
max
i 1v 1v i
e

(dng quang dien tu). Anh dien tu duoc
gia toc boi dien cuc gia toc 2 v hoi
tu boi cuon day hoi tu 8 dich chuyen =0 i 0
v
0
v

den cuc bia v tien hnh nap dien cho
cc tu so cap cua cuc bia. O vng toi bia
nhat cua anh ( = 0) dien the tren Hnh 2-10
cuc bia bang 0, o vng sng nhat cua



42
anh (
max
) dien the tren cuc bia bang 1v (hnh 2-10). Theo nguyen l
Braude, dien the ben tri cuc bia s duoc chuyen sang ben phai cuc bia.
Nhu vay tren cuc bia hnh thnh anh noi dien the, tc dien the cc diem
tren cuc bia ty le tuong ng vi do chi cc diem cua anh truyen.
Xt pha ben phai cuc bia: tia dien tu bc xa t ka tot pht xa dien tu
5 di vo trung giam toc v roi tren bia vi toc do gan bang khong. Nh he
thong lm lech tia dien tu s qut ton bo be mat ben phai cuc bia. ng vi
diem toi nhat cua anh ( = 0) th ton bo tia dien tu quay tro lai v tai
diem d dien the cua cuc bia l 0
v
, ng vi vng sng nhat cua anh (

max
) khong c dien tu no quay tro lai v tai diem d dien the tren cuc bia
l 1
v
(hnh 2-10). Nhu vay l dng tia dien tu quay ve d duoc dieu che
theo dien the cua cuc bia. Dng tia dien tu quay ve qua bo nhan dien tu 13,
tao sut p tren dien tro tai Rt cho dien p ra, d chnh l tn hieu thi tan.
Supeortricon c cc nhuoc diem: phc tap, gi thnh cao, ty so tn
hieu tren tap am khong cao. Tuy nhien vi uu diem chnh l do nhay rat
cao nen n van duoc p dung rong ri trong truyen hnh dan dung cng nhu
trong truyen hnh cong nghiep.
2-2-4 Ong VIDICON
ng Vidicon cng su dung tch lu dien tch, nhung viec bien doi
nang luong nh sng thnh tn hieu dien dng hieu ng quang dien noi.
Ve cau tao duoc chi ra tren hnh 2-11.
10 9
4 5 6 7
8

1 2
k





ra

c



a2

a1


b

Hnh 2-11




43
1- Ban tn hieu cua cuc bia
2- Lp dien tu quang cua cuc bia
3- Thnh ong 4- Lui
5- Anot 6- Anot 1
7- Cuc dieu khien. 8- Katot pht xa dien tu
9- Cuon lm lech. 10-Cuon hoi tu.

ien tro o nhng diem tren cuc bia ty le vi luong nh sng chieu
vo. ng vi vng toi nhat cua anh dien tro cua cuc bia R =10
8
/cm
2
, cn
ng vi vng sng nhat cua anh dien tro cc bia giam 100 lan, tc R=10
6

/cm
2
.
Dng tia dien tu t ka tot pht xa dien tu dui tc dung cua cc
trung dien, trung t roi len bia vi toc do gan bang khong s nap dien
cho cc tu phan bo cua cuc bia (hnh 2-12). Khi tia dien tu va ri khoi vi
tr d, tu tuong ng s phng dien. V dien tro tren cuc bia ng vi cc
vng sng toi cua anh l khc nhau nen su phng dien cua cc tu l khc
nhau. o vng sng nhat cua anh (
max
), tu phng het dien, cn o vng toi
nhat cua anh ( = 0), tu phng khong dng ke. Nhu vay tren be mat cua
cuc bia d hnh thnh anh noi dien the.

-

i
e

Ka tot








ra


Rt


10
v

-

Hnh 2-12. So do tuong duong cua cuc bia. Qu trnh phng dien v nap
dien cua cc tu phan bo cua cuc bia.



44
Do dien the cc diem tren cuc bia khc nhau nen dng nap tiep theo
cho cc tu tuong ng l khc nhau, dng ny gay sut p tren dien tro tai Rt,
ket qua cho ra tn hieu thi tan.
Viec hnh thnh anh noi dien the l do su phng dien trong thi gian
di (suot ca mnh) cua cc dien dung phan bo. Dng nap cho cc tu (t d
tao ra tn hieu thi tan) xay ra trong thi gian rat ngan (bang thi gian truyen
1 phan tu anh), c tri so gap N ( k
2
) lan dng dien phng. chnh l the
hien su tch lu.
ac tnh chieu sng cua Vidicon phu thuoc vo dan nap quang v do
ln dien tch nap cua cuc bia. Su phu thuoc cua dien dan quang vo do sng
duoc bieu din nhu sau:
g = g
T
a E

O day : g
T
- dien dan nhiet: a- he so: = (0,5 - 1) tuy thuoc vo
dang dac tnh chieu sng.
o ln dien tch nap cua cuc bia phu thuoc vo dien dung cua n,
dien p ban tn hieu (
b
) v dng tia. Hnh 2-13 l dac tnh chieu sng cua
Vidicon vi cc gi tri
b
khc nhau. Su phu thuoc do nhay cua Vidicon
vo
b
duoc su dung de tu dong dieu chinh mc tn hieu thi tan khi do chi
cua anh truyen thay doi.

i
th
u
b1
u
b2
u
b3

u
b1
u
b2
u
b3




E
Hnh 2-13
o nhay cua Vidicon thap hon Supeortricon, n c the lm viec bnh
thung khi do sng cua anh truyen E
a
= 1-10 lcxo.
Mot uu diem chnh cua Vidicon l kch thuc nho. V du ong -23
c dung knh 27mm, di 150mm. Cc uu diem khc l thiet bi v so do
mac don gian, khong c cc dien p cao, su dung kinh te.
Cc nhuoc diem cua Vidicon l do nhay khong cao, kha nang phan
giai thap, c qun tnh. Hieu ng qun tnh do su dung hieu ng quang
dien noi cua ong Vidicon l khuyet diem co ban cua ong ny. Tnh qun
tnh cua ong bieu hien tren hai kha canh: qun tnh chuyen mach v qun
tnh quang dien. Qun tnh chuyen mach the hien dien the tren cuc bia



45
khong hon ton tro ve vi tr ban dau sau mot chu ky qut. Qun tnh
quang dien l do dan dien (hoac dien tro) cua cuc bia thay doi cham so vi
su thay doi cua nh sng chieu vo.
Hien tuong qun tnh lm cho do nt v do tuong phan anh giam, dac
biet doi vi muc tieu chuyen dong. C the giam thnh phan qun tnh
quang dien bang cch tang do chieu sng den cuc bia (tc tang do sng cua
anh truyen). Hnh 2-14a l su phu thuoc cua tnh qun tnh vo do sng cuc
bia.
a/ b/
qun tnh qun tnh




0 E 0 i
e

Hnh 2-14
Qun tnh chuyen mach phu thuoc vo dng tia qut. Vi cung do
dng tia cng ln th qun tnh cng nho (hnh 2-14b). Tuy nhien viec tang
dng tia s lm cho mo gc mo tang len do dung knh cua tia dien tu
tang. C the giam thnh phan qun tnh ny nh giam nho tri so dien dung
phan bo cua cuc bia bang cch giam dien tch v be day cc lp cua cuc
bia. Qun tnh chuyen mach khong phu thuoc truc tiep vo do chieu sng.
Tuy nhien do sng tang len s lm cho dien tch nap cho cc cuc bia tang,
c the khong tro ve vi tr ban dau sau mot chu ky qut, tc l lai lm cho
qun tnh chuyen mach tang len.
V vay c the thay rang khi do sng nho, thnh phan qun tnh quang
dien troi hon, cn khi do sng ln thnh phan qun tnh chuyen mach s
dng ke.
Tnh qun tnh cua Vidicon cn phu thuoc vo dien p cung cap cho
ban tn hieu cua cuc bia
b
. S c mien tot nhat gi tri
b
m o d c qun
tnh nho nhat (hnh 2-15).
qun tnh





0
b

Hnh 2-15



46
ieu ny duoc giai thch nhu sau: Khi do sng nho ln de giam do
nhay, can giam dien p
b
v qun tnh tang do thnh phan qun tnh
chuyen mach tang. Khi do sng nho de tang do nhay can tang dien p
b

v qun tnh cng tang do thnh phan qun tnh quang dien tang. V vay
viec chon che do dieu khien do nhay Vidicon bang cch thay doi dien p

b
xuat pht khong chi t dieu kien yeu cau ve dai do sng m cn phai
ch den tnh qun tnh phu thuoc vo
b
.
Vidicon duoc su dung rong ri trong truyen hnh cong nghiep, trong
Camera truyen hnh xch tay.




































47
2-3 BIEN OI NANG LUONG IEN


2-3-1 Cc phuong php bien doi nang luong dien thnh nh sng.
Thiet bi khoi phuc anh truyen hnh l thiet bi bien doi tn hieu dien
thnh anh nhn thay. Qu trnh co ban xay ra trong d l su bien doi nang
luong dien thnh nh sng. C 2 phuong php co ban cua su bien doi ny
l:
- Phuong php th nhat dua tren su dieu che tn hieu thi tan nguon
nh sng ben ngoi. Ta c nguon sng khong doi chieu len mn anh, su
thay doi do sng cua nguon duoc dieu khien boi tn hieu thi tan. V vay he
thong su dung phuong php ny cn goi l he thong van nh sng. Viec
dieu khien nguon sng c the duoc thuc hien bang co - dien hoac thay doi
do trong suot cua vat the duoc chieu sng dui tc dung cua trung dien
hoac tia dien tu.
- Phuong php th hai dua tren su bien doi truc tiep t dang nang
luong ny sang dang nang luong khc. Phuong php ny duoc p dung
rong ri de khoi phuc anh truyen hnh trong cc he thong truyen hnh. Su
bien doi dang nang luong c the dua tren hien tuong pht sng cua ka tot
pht quang khi c tia dien tu duoc dieu che boi tn hieu thi tan chieu vo.
l nguyen l cua ong thu hnh (Kinescop). Vi thiet bi khoi phuc anh
truyen hnh dng tinh the (khong dng ong tia dien tu) th su bien doi nang
luong dien thnh nh sng dua tren hien tuong bc xa dien quang dui tc
dung cua trung dien.

2-3-2 Bc xa quang - Ka tot pht quang.
Nhieu vat chat c kha nang hap thu nang luong (dien, ho, nh sng
vv...) v bien doi thnh dang nang luong khc (bc xa nang luong). Neu
nang luong bc xa ny nam trong dai sng quang hoc th vat chat d duoc
pht sng v su bien doi nang luong nhu the goi l bc xa quang.
Su bc xa quang khi kch thch vat chat c the dui dang ban ph cua
cc tia dien tu hoac dui tc dung cua trung dien hoac dng dien.
Hien tuong bc xa nh sng c the duoc giai thch theo l thuyet cc
mc nang luong khc nhau. Su phan bo cc dien tu theo cc mc ny xc
dinh trang thi nang luong cua nguyen tu. O trang thi khong kch thch



48
cc dien tu nam o mc nang luong thap, cn o trang thi kch thch cc
dien tu nam o mc cao. Khi lien ket cc nguyen tu hoac ion trong mang
tinh the, chng hop nhat cc mc nhu nhau, tao thnh vng nguyen ven
vng chac v tat ca nam trong gii han cua tinh the. Cc dien tu c the di
chuyen tu do trong tinh the theo cc hung c mc nang luong nhu nhau,
do d khong gay ra su phan phoi lai dien tch trong tinh the. Chi khi
chuyen mc nang luong ny sang mc nang luong khc mi xay ra su hap
thu hoac pht ra nang luong.
Chat pht quang duoc su dung trong cc thiet bi khoi phuc anh
truyen hnh l tinh the dien moi (cc sunua hoac oxyt) c pha them mot t
(c vi phan tram) chat nhay cam (thung dng l cc kim loai). Do c
chat nhay cam cau trc tinh the dien moi bi mat doi xng. Khi kch thch
vo he thong tinh the nhu the, o vi tr khong dong nhat s bc xa nh sng.
V vay cc nguyen tu cua cc chat nhay cam duoc goi l tam pht sng.
Su phan bo mc nang luong cua tinh the pht quang duoc chi ra tren
hnh 2-16. Trong d mc B l mc nhay cam, mc C tuong ng vi thnh
phan co ban cua tinh the, mc A ng vi vng dan dien.

A


1 2 3 4 -B

C


Hnh 2-16

Su bc xa nh sng chi c khi cc dien tu di chuyen t mc nang
luong cao xuong mc nang luong thap, nghia l t vng A xuong vng C
v B. Tinh the duoc hap thu nang luong (v du do tc dung cua tia dien tu
chieu den) s lm cho cc dien tu chuyen t mc nang luong co ban (vng
C) hoac t mc nhay cam (vng B) den vng dan dien (the hien cc dung
mi ten 1,2 cua hnh 2-16). Su mat dien tu o vng C s tao o d khoang
trong (l). e trung ho (lap day cc l) cc dien tu t mc nhay cam vng
B s duoc chuyen den C (dung mi ten 4). Ket qua cua qu trnh ny l
tao mc khuyet cua vng B. Do d cc dien tu nam o vng dan A s
chuyen den mc khuyet cua vng nhay cam v bc xa nh sng. Tan so
bc xa: = (E
A
- E
B
) / h
O day : E
A
- nang luong cua dien tu o vng dan.



49
E
B
- nang luong cua dien tu o vng nhay cam.
h - hang so lang.
Ka tot pht quang l tinh the c kha nang bc xa nh sng dui tc
dung ban ph cua cc dien tu. T ka tot pht quang duoc p dung de tao
mn anh cua ong thu hnh. Nhu tren d ni tinh the pht sng hay ka tot
pht quang duoc tao t 2 thnh phan: chat co ban v chat nhay cam. Cc
chat co ban thung dng l sunua, oxyt hay vonram nhu nS, CdS, Si
2
,
n, Mg, Ca vv... Cc chat nhay cam thung dng l cc kim loai: Ag,
Mn, Ca, Cr, Sb.
ac tnh dien quang cua ka tot pht quang phu thuoc vo thnh phan
ho hoc tao nen n, vo cong nghe san xuat v vo dieu kien kch thch.
Sau day ta xt cc dac tnh cu the.
- ac tnh pho bieu thi quan he su phu thuoc cua nang luong bc xa
(do chi) vo buc sng. Hnh 2-17 cho ta cc dac tnh pho vi cc ka tot
quang c thnh phan ho hoc khc nhau.

o chi tuong doi
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 (m)

Hnh 2-17
1- nS-Ag : 2 - nS-CdS: 3- CdS-Ag.
- o sng cua mn anh.
o sng cua mn anh (B) phu thuoc vo thnh phan ho hoc, cong
nghe san xuat ka tot pht quang cng nhu dieu kien kch thch n. Khi
cung do dng tia kch thch nho, su phu thuoc cua do chi vo dng tia l
tuyen tnh. Sau d theo su tang cua dng tia, do chi tang cham v tien den
bo ho. Trong thuc te mn anh cua ong thu hnh lm viec vi dng tia
kch thch nho.



50
Su phu thuoc cua do chi mn anh vo dien p gia toc (dien p dieu
che) cua ong thu hnh theo quy luat hm m. Cuoi cng c quan he su phu
thuoc cua do chi vo dng tia v dien p cuc dieu che (hnh 2-18):
B = A i
e

c
n
= A.
c

O day: A', A - he so: B i
e

i
e
- cung do dng tia,

c
- dien p cuc dieu che,
=1 2,8.


0
c

Hnh 2-18
ac tuyen dieu che cua mn anh ong thu hnh.
Khi lm viec nen giam do chi cua mn anh de giam su lo ho (su
gi) cua n. Su gi ho cua ka tot pht quang do cong suat dng tia qu
ln. Nhung vi cong suat kch thch nhu nhau (i
e

c
) de bao ve mn anh nen
tang dien p dieu che v giam dng tia.
Qu trnh ph hoai su pht sng cua ka tot pht quang do xuat hien
cc ion am, the hien tren mn anh l vet den. Vi mn anh cua my thu
hnh cng gi th vet den cng ln. C the quan st vet den r hon neu giam
dien p cuc dieu che.
- Hieu suat bien doi nang luong cua mn anh. ac tnh ny dng de
dnh gi su bien doi nang luong cua dng tia thnh nang luong nh sng.
Thung trong cc ong thu hnh hieu suat ny dat t 1 10%.
- Tnh qun tnh cua su chieu sng l mot trong nhng dac tnh co
ban cua ka tot pht quang. N the hien su tang cham do sng tren mn anh
sau khi bat dau kch thch v do sng giam dan khi ket thc su kch thch
(hnh 2-19).
Thuc te thi gian thiet lap (thi gian cua do sng tang ) rat nho
khong anh huong den chat luong anh truyen hnh, do d khong can xt
den. Ta ch den thi gian giam do sng, goi l thi gian du quang. Tuy
theo thnh phan ho hoc cua ka tot pht quang m thi gian du quang c
the t vi phan nghn giay den vi pht. Trong truyen hnh chon Tdu = 1/25
giay de anh truc khong trng vi anh sau v 1/25 giay chnh bang thi
gian truyen mot anh.




51
B
1


0,1
0 t
1
t
0
t
2
t
Hnh 2-19

0 t
1
=
1
thi gian thiet lap
t
0
t
2
=
du
thi gian du quang

Viec kch thch tinh the pht quang de n bc xa nh sng khong chi
bang su ban ph cua dng tia dien tu m cn c the bang tc dong cua dien
trung, dng dien. Dui tc dung cua trung dien hoac dng dien cc dien
tu cua nguyen tu chat pht quang duoc hap thu nang luong de chuyen mc
nang luong v do d bc xa nh sng. Su bc xa nh sng theo phuong
php kch thch ny goi l su bc xa dien quang.
Cau trc cua tinh the tao su dien quang giong nhu mot tu dien, m
tren hai m cua tu dien duoc cung cap dien p kch thch ( hnh 2-20).

Hnh 2-20. Tinh the dien quang
1- Thuy tinh 1 2 3 4
2,4- Kim loai
3- Chat pht quang




O ka tot pht quang nang luong kch thch l khong doi, cn o tinh
the dien quang su bc xa nh sng chi xay ra o thi diem thay doi do ln
cua nang luong kch thch. Khi tang dien trung ngoi, cc dien tu duoc
hap thu nang luong v chuyen den mc nang luong cao, gay ra su ion ho
cc nguyen tu chat nhay cam. Qu trnh vat l tiep theo giong nhu d trnh
by o tren (hnh 2-16). Nhung neu trung kch thch ngoi khong thay doi,
trong cc tinh the dien quang hnh thnh cc dien tch phan cuc khong doi.



52
Cc dien tch ny khong the chuyen den cc dien cuc, do d chng s trung
ho tc dung cua trung ngoi, khong tao trung bc xa mi, tc khong c
bc xa nh sng. Nhu vay khi truyen den cc dien cuc cua tinh the dien
quang dien p mot chieu, su bc xa nh sng chi xay ra o thi diem dng
v ngat dien p.
Khi nguon kch thch l dien p hnh sin (hnh 2-20), su bc xa nh
sng xay ra hai lan o thi diem chuyen nua chu k duong sang am v nguoc
lai. Dang sng bc xa ve nguyen tac khong lap lai dang cua dien p dat
vo.
Thuc te, su bc xa dien quang xay ra khi cung do dien trung
khong dui 10
3
10
5
V/ cm. Khi su dung cc lp mong de tao tinh the dien
quang, gi tri dien trung chi tao ra o tren c the duoc thuc hien khi dien
p cung cap c vi chuc von.
o chi cua sng bc xa tang khi tan so v tri so cua dien p kch
thch tang. Cn tan so bc xa phu thuoc vo thnh phan ho hoc cua chat
pht quang v vi mc do no d cng phu thuoc vo tan so cua dien p
kch thch.

2-3-3 ng thu hnh (Kinescop)
Kinescop l dung cu dien tu chan khong, l thiet bi cuoi cua he
thong truyen hnh dng de khoi phuc anh truyen hnh.
Theo cong dung Kinescop c the duoc chia thnh Kinescop nhn truc
tiep v Kinescop chieu hnh. O Kinescop nhn truc tiep, anh duoc quan st
truc tiep tren mn anh cua n. Cn o Kinescop chieu hnh, anh duoc chieu
den mn anh ngoi nh mot he thong quang hoc dac biet, v mn anh ben
ngoi thung c kch thuc ln.
Cau tao mot ong thu hnh den trang duoc chi ra tren hnh 2-21. N
bao gom thnh ong thuy tinh, cc dien cuc, cuon day tao thnh he thong de
hnh thnh tia dien tu v ka tot pht quang. Pha ben trong doc theo thnh
ong c phu mot lp mong dan dien, dng vai tr cuc a not. O d duoc cung
cap dien p gia toc a ln (c 10-20KV). Nh dien p a tia dien tu hoi tu
v gia toc dat duoc toc do ln hung ti mn anh (ka tot pht quang) v
tren mn anh s pht sng dui dang cc diem chi.




53
7 6 8 5 4 1 2 3




th



Hnh 2-21
1- Thnh ong 2- anot 3- Mn anh
4- Cc cuon day lm lech 5- Cuon hoi tu
6 - Cuc dieu khien 7- Katot 8- Tia dien tu
Su hoi tu tia dien tu c the duoc thuc hien bang t trung, dien
trung hoac hn hop ca tu trung v dien trung. Su lech tia dien tu duoc
thuc hien bang t trung, duoc tao ra boi cc cuon day lm lech mac o pha
ngoi ong. Su lech tia dien tu bang dien trung khong duoc p dung v vi
dien p gia toc ln (10-20KV) yeu cau bien do dien p lm lech phai ln.
ieu ny kh thuc hien.
Kch thuc mn anh cua Kinescop xc dinh kch thuc anh nhan
duoc. Hien nay Kinescop l chi tiet cong kenh nhat cua my thu hnh. N
quyet dinh kch thuc, trong luong cua my thu hnh. V vay hung ti l
giam kch thuc cua Kinescop m van gi nguyen kch thuc cua anh nhan
duoc.
Tren hnh 2-22 cho thay khi tang gc lech, do di cua Kinescop
giam dng ke. V du Kinescop gc lech 110 do so vi Kinescop gc lech
40 do s c kch thuc giam 3, 5 lan. Tuy nhien viec tang gc lech tia lm
cho do hoi tu cc bien cua mn anh km. Do d dn hnh c gc lech tia
ln can c cong nghe che tao tot hon .




Hnh 2-22



54
Tn hieu thi tan, tuy theo su phan cuc duoc truyen den cuc dieu khien
hoac ka tot s lm thay doi (dieu che) dng tia cua Kinescop. Tuong ng
vi su thay doi cua dng tia, do sng tren mn anh s thay doi. e nhan
duoc anh duong, tn hieu thi tan c phan cuc am duoc dua den ka tot. o
sng trung bnh cua mn anh duoc dieu chinh bang cch thay doi dien p
tuong doi gia cuc dieu khien v ka tot (thien p)
Vi dng tia khong ln, do sng cua mn anh phu thuoc tuyen tnh
vo cung do dng tia. Cn su phu thuoc cua do sng vo dien p cuc dieu
che l khong tuyen tnh. Su phu thuoc ny goi l dac tnh dieu che cua
Kinescop (hnh 2-23a). Vi do chnh xc cho php ph hop vi thuc te, dac
tuyen dieu che duoc bieu din nhu sau:
B
tb
i
e
= m.E

O day: B
tb
- do chi trung bnh. i
e
- cung do dng tia dien tu. E-
Thien p: m - he so ty le: - he so do tuong phan (he so gamma) thung
bang 1 3.


a/ B B b/





-E 0 0
th











Hnh 2-23

e thuan loi hon, dac tuyen dieu che thung bieu din su phu thuoc
cua do chi vo dien p tn hieu thi tan (hnh 2-23b), khi d diem xuat pht
cua dac tuyen t goc toa do.



55
ac tuyen dieu che l mot tham so quan trong cua Kinescop, n l
thnh phan gay mo phi tuyen chu yeu trong he thong truyen hnh.
Su phu thuoc cua do chi mn anh vo dien p dieu khien duoc bieu
din o tren chi dng vi gi tri dien p gia toc a xc dinh. Nhu d biet
mn anh cua ong thu hnh c cau tao gom nhieu lp cch dien, khi tia dien
tu chieu ti s gay ra su pht xa cc dien tu th cap v so luong cc dien tu
th cap pht xa phu thuoc vo dien p gia toc. Khi gi dieu kien 1, dien
the tren be mat cua mn anh tu dong thiet lap bang dien the a not. Khi tang
a vuot qu gi tri ti han
2th
, qu trnh lm viec s xay ra o mien 1 .
Ket qua l so luong dien tu th cap pht xa s nho hon so luong dien tu t
dng tia chieu ti, dien the tren mn anh khong dat duoc gi tri
2th
(gi tri

2th
ng vi = 1).
V vay do sng mn anh tang tuong ng vi su tang cua dien p a
chi khi
a

2th
(hnh 2-24).

B






a



1th

2th


Hnh 2-24

Viec tang dien p a not de nang cao do sng mn anh khi vuot qu

2th
l khong c nghia. Gi tri
2th
phu thuoc vo cau tao cua ka tot pht
quang. Vi ka tot quang sunamit
2th
= 15KV, ka tot quang Silict

2th
= 8KV, ka tot quang sunua-selen
2th
40KV .
Mot tham so quan trong khc cua Kinescop l do tuong phan anh.
Khi khong c mo do tuong phan anh trong ong th anh duoc khoi phuc
dng vi anh truyen. Tuy nhien dieu ny chi c duoc khi hon ton khong
c su pht sng k sinh tren mn anh. Do c do sng k sinh Bs nen do
tuong phan anh
K =
B
B
max
min




56
bay gi l : K =
B Bs
B Bs
max
min
+
+
K

o tuong phan anh giam manh doi vi doan toi cua anh. C the coi
rang do sng k sinh cua mn anh phu thuoc vo dac tnh cua anh v do
chi trung bnh cua n.
Nguyen nhan gay ra do sng k sinh anh l do pht sinh quang sng
tren mn anh. Hien tuong pht sinh quang sng c the do su phan xa nh
sng cua mn anh (hnh 2- 25a) hoac do su phan xa nh sng o thnh trong
cua ong thu hnh (hnh 2-25b).
a/ b/
khong kh
thuy tinh
chat pht quang

Hnh 2-25.
Giam quang sng do nguyen nhan th nhat duoc thuc hien bang cch
che tao dy ong thu hnh t thuy tinh mau c chiet xuat thch hop de su
phan xa khong xay ra. Tren hnh 2-25b thay r neu thnh cua ong dang
hnh nn (dung cham cham) s c su phan xa nh sng, cn vi dang luon
trn s khong c su phan xa nh sng. Chnh v vay m hau het cc ong thu
hnh hien nay, thnh ong c cau tao luon trn de giam quang sng do
nguyen nhan th hai.


2-3-4 Kinescop chieu hnh.
Kinescop chieu hnh dng de tao anh tren mn anh ln, dng de
truyen phim trong truyen hnh theo phuong tia sng chay. e thuc hien
duoc cc nhiem vu d yeu cau do chi cua anh truyen hnh ( mn anh cua
Kinescop) phai ln, thung ln hon 10
4
nt. V do d can dng tia cong
suat ln, dien p a not cao c 25- 40 KV (hoac c the den 80-100KV).
Cung do dng tia ln c the lm giam tnh hoi tu. Cc Kinescop chieu
hnh cong tc o trong che do a
2th
v do d bat buoc dng mn anh
kim loai.



57
Do cong suat dng tia ln, khoang 95% nang luong cua n bien
thnh nhiet dan den ph hoai nhanh chat pht quang. Do d thi gian lm
viec cua cc ong chieu hnh ngan, khong vuot qu vi tram gi.
Trong cc ong chieu hnh thung c dung knh mn anh khong ln
(12cm), dieu d cho php ta su dung cc thau knh c tieu cu nho de su
dung toi da quang thong nh sng.
Hnh 2-26 cho he thong chieu hnh su dung thau knh (hnh 2-26a)
v guong- thau knh (hnh 2-26b) .
a/ b/



Hnh 2-26.
1- Kinescop chieu hnh 2-Thau knh 3- Mn anh
4- Guong hoi tu 5- Phan khong phan xa cua guong
6- Thau knh phan ky

He thong chieu hnh thau knh cau tao v dieu chinh don gian nhung
chi su dung 5-8% nang luong nh sng duoc bc xa t Kinescop. He thong
chieu hnh guong-thau knh dam bao su dung tot hon nang luong nh sng
cua Kinescop (20-30%), nhung c cau tao phc tap hon.

2-3-5 Huong pht trien thiet bi khoi phuc anh truuyen hnh.
Su pht trien thiet bi khoi phuc anh truyen hnh theo xu hung l
hon thien cc dac tnh dien v dac tnh nh sng. Cu the l tang do chi,
do tuong phan, giam mo gc mo, giam cc sai so cua su dien quang, giam
cong suat ton hao.....e thuc hien cc yeu cau tren can nghien cu cc chat
pht quang mi tot hon, hon thien cau trc v cong nghe san xuat cuoi
cng de nhan duoc anh truyen hnh c chat luong cao nhat.
Mot trong nhng nhiem vu co ban l giam kch thuc, trong luong
thiet bi khoi phuc nhung van gi nguyen kch thuc mn anh. Pht trien
Kinescop theo hung ny bang cch tang gc lech tia. L tuong l giam do



58
di cua ong de thnh ong phng, khi d gc lech bang 180 do. Tuy nhien
thuc te dieu ny khong the thuc hien duoc vi ong tia den tu chan khong.
Thiet bi khoi phuc anh truyen hnh mn anh phng khong dng ong
tia dien tu chan khong l hung pht trien quan trong cua truyen hnh.
l cc thiet bi dng tinh the (tinh the long hoac tinh the ran). Thuc te hien
nay mn anh tinh the d duoc dng mot phan trong cc my thu hnh,
nhung do gi thnh cn cao v chat luong anh chua that hon hao nen n
chua hon ton thay the cc ong thu hnh . Tuy nhien vi uu diem co ban
l mn hnh phng, kch thuc trong luong nho, cong suat tieu hao nho,
mn hnh tinh the s l thiet bi khoi phuc anh truyen hnh chu yeu trong
tuong lai.
Nguyen l cau tao cua mn anh dng tinh the duoc chi ra tren hnh
2-27a. N duoc thuc hien tren cc ban thuy tinh c lp dien quang duoc
phan bo gia cc dien cuc ngang v doc. Chng tao thnh mot ma tran. e
khong lm suy giam nh sng pht sinh t chat pht quang, cc dien cuc t
pha ngui quan st duoc che tao trong suot. Neu dua den hai dien cuc cua
ma tran mot dien p bien thien, th o vi tr giao nhau cua chng s c bc
xa nh sng (xem muc 2 cua tiet ny)

So luong cc dien cuc ngang xc dinh so dng, cn so luong cc
dien cuc dng xc dinh so luong phan tu anh trong mot dng. Viec qut
anh duoc thuc hien nh hai bo chuyen mach dien tu.
Ta xt cu the viec qut anh (hnh 2-27b,c). Lan luot mi dien cuc
ngang duoc truyen xung dng, thi han cua xung ny bang chu k mot
dng, rang dam bao khoi phuc anh lan luot theo dng. Tn hieu thi tan qua
cc tang phan chia duoc truyen dong thi den tat ca cc dien cuc dng. O
trang thi ban dau cc tang phan chia dng v khong cho tn hieu thi tan
qua. Tang ny mo v cho tn hieu thi tan qua khi c tc dung cua xung dac
biet (xung dng). Cc xung ny duoc truyen den cc tang phan chia qua
dung day gi cham. Thi gian gi cham bang thi gian truyen 1 dng.
ua den dau vo dung day l xung dong bo dng (xung hep) de tao thi
diem bat dau cua mi dng. Doc theo dung day gi cham cc xung ny
lan luot mo cc tang phan chia de cho tn hieu thi tan den cc dien cuc
dng tuong xng, rang dam bao khoi phuc anh theo dng.







59
CHUONG 3
QUT VA NG BO

1 QUT TRONG TRUYN HNH
Ta d biet nguyen tac cua truyen hnh l phan chia anh thnh cc
phan tu v truyen lan luot tng phan tu. de c the truyen lan luot tng phan
tu o dau pht (hoac c the nhan duoc lan luot tng phan tu tren mn anh
cua my thu) th o dau pht v o dau thu phai c cc thiet bi qut. Tuy theo
cc yeu cau cu the m he thong truyen hnh c the p dung cc phuong
php qut khc nhau: qut tuyen tnh, qut hnh sin hoac qut xoan oc.

3-1-1 Cc yeu cau ve qut trong truyen hnh.
a/ Toc do chuyen dong cua tia dien tu khong thay doi trong thi gian
bien doi anh thnh tn hieu thi tan v nguoc lai t tn hieu thi tan thnh anh
o my thu (p dung cho trung hop cc bo bien doi ny deu dng ong tia
dien tu). ieu ny tuong ng be rong pho cua tn hieu nho nhat. e r hon
ta xt v du 2 dang qut sau (hnh 3-1).
- Vi qut tuyen tnh, do lech dng theo qui luat:
x
1
= -
1
2
. X X. t / T
1

O day: X- do di dng
T
1
- thi gian c ch cua chu ky x
qut dng (thi gian qut thuan). X/ 2
- Vi qut hnh sin, do lech dng
theo qui luat: x
2
= -
1
2
. X.cos( / T
1
).t
o doc o diem bat ky cua dng
qut duoc xc dinh boi dao hm cc 0 t
bieu thc tren. T
1

Vi qut tuyen tnh:
dx
1
/ dt = X /T
1
= const
Vi qut hnh sin: -X/ 2
dx
2
/ dt =( /2).X / T
1
. sin( / T
1
).t Hnh 3-1



60
Nhu vay toc do lech tia cua qut tuyen tnh l khong doi, cn doi vi
qut hnh sin, n bang khong (0) o cc bien cua dng (khi t = 0 v t = T
1
)
v dat gi tri cuc dai o gia dng:
dx
2
/ dt
max
=

2
.
X
T1

ln hon toc do qut tuyen tnh / 2 lan, tuong ng giam thi gian truyen
mot phan tu anh v do d lm tang be rong pho cua tn hieu thi tan.
Ngoi ra khi toc do qut khong deu trong dng qut s lm cho viec
truyen cc diem tren cuc bia cua ong pht khong chnh xc, do sng cc
diem theo dng qut cua ong thu khong deu.
b/ Khong c anh huong lan nhau cua tia qut sau thi gian truyen
mot anh.
ieu nguoc lai lm nho anh (do nt giam). Ngoi ra viec su dung
nguyen l tch lu dien tch trong ong pht hnh khong duoc hon ton, do
sng trung bnh cua anh tren mn anh cua ong thu c the s tang len.
c/ Toc do qut tc thi o ong thu v ong pht o vi tr tuong ng phai
bang nhau.
Gia su toc do qut o ong pht khong doi (qut tuyen tnh hon ton),
su khong tuyen tnh cua dung qut ong thu gay nen mo anh. He so mo
phi tuyen duoc xc dinh:
v
max
- v
min
2 (v
max
- v
min
)
= = %
v
max
v
min
v
max
v
min

2

O day: v
max
, v
min
- toc do cuc dai v cuc tieu cua dung qut ong thu.
Trong truyen hnh dai chng, he so mo phi tuyen cho php
15 %. Trong truyen hnh cong nghiep vi muc dch xc dinh kch thuc
cua muc tieu th yeu cau he so mo (2 % den 3%). ieu ny rat kh
thuc hien khi su dung qut tuyen tnh. V vay mot cch c loi ta chon
phuong php qut khc.
d/ Tiet dien tia qut tiep xc tren mn anh ong thu (hoac cuc bia cua
ong pht) phai dong deu o moi diem (hoi tu dong deu). ieu nguoc lai s
lm cho cc diem anh c do nt v do sng khong deu.



61
e/ am bao su dong bo tia qut o dau pht v dau thu. Viec dong bo
ny phai duoc thuc hien bang cc phuong tien k thuat don gian.
/ Kch thuc anh (dang anh) o dau pht v dau thu c ty le xch
bang nhau. eu cau ny duoc dam bao s khong c mo ty le xch.
Tren day l cc yeu cau chu yeu ve qut trong truyen hnh khi bo
phan bien doi quang - dien o dau pht v dien - quang o dau thu dng ong
tia dien tu. Cn trong trung hop bo phan bien doi dng tinh the (ran hoac
long) tat nhien s c cc yeu cau rieng khc. Sau day ta xt cc dang qut
duoc su dung trong truyen hnh.

3-1-2 Cc dang qut trong truyen hnh.
a/ Qut tuyen tnh.
ac diem cua qut tuyen tnh l toc do qut theo dng hoac theo
mnh l khong doi, nh d n c mot loat cc uu diem: pho tn hieu anh o
moi diem dong deu v nho nhat, do nt, do sng dong deu. Su dong bo gia
thu v pht cng don gian. V vay day l phuong php qut chu yeu duoc
dng trong truyen hnh cong nghiep.
Khuyet diem chu yeu cua phuong php qut ny l can phai on dinh
cc bien do dung qut v pha qut mnh khi dng qut xen dng (2 mnh
cho 1 anh). Neu khong do nt s bi giam (do cc dng khong cch deu
hoac chong len nhau) . Khi qut lan luot khuyet diem ny s khong c v
sau mot chu ky qut mnh, anh d duoc khoi phuc hon ton.
e thuc hien qut tuyen tnh (ca qut lan luot v qut xen dng), tc
dich chuyen tia dien tu mot cch deu dan theo chieu ngang (dng), v theo
chieu doc (mnh) can phai cung cap cc dien p hoac dng dien hnh rang
cua (hnh 3-2).
Trong mot chu ky dng rang cua (chu ky qut) c 2 phan: T
1
goi l
thi gian qut thuan, day l thi gian de truyen tin tc (tn hieu thi tan). T
2

l thi gian qut nguoc, l thi gian can thiet de tia dien tu tro ve vi tr ban
dau sau mot chu ky qut. e khong thay dung tia qut nguoc tren mn
anh cua ong thu hnh ta can phai xo tia dien tu trong thi gian T
2
. Cc
xung xo dng (hoac mnh) thuc hien nhiem vu ny.
Ve gi tri: T
1
= (0,8 - 0,9)T
T
2
= (0,1 - 0,2)T.



62
e lm lech tia trong ong tia dien tu can dam bao dien p hoac dng
dien rang cua c gi tri ln. Trong phan ln cc thiet bi truyen hnh su
dung ong tia dien tu lm lech bang t trung. Nhu vay can phai dua vo
cuon lm lech dng dien dang rang cua. Hay ni cch khc, nhiem vu can
thiet l phai tao ra duoc dng lech tan so dng, mnh dang rang cua.
i


t

T
1
T
2

T
Hnh 3-2

e lm nhiem vu d c the bang cch tao ra dang dien p can thiet
(cn goi l dien p dieu khien) de c duoc dng rang cua chay trong cuon
lm lech hoac su dung thiet bi dac biet tao dng rang cua. Thuc te phuong
php th nhat don gian nen duoc p dung rong ri. Bay gi ta hy xt dang
dien p tren cuon lm lech khi c dng rang cua chay trong n.
Hnh 3-3 l so do tuong duong cua cuon lm lech. Trong d L
k
- dien
cam cua cuon lm lech, r
k
- dien tro ton hao v C
k
- dien dung k sinh cua
cuon lm lech. Trong so do qut mnh dien dung C
k
c the bo qua, cn
trong so do qut dng tu C
k
c anh huong dng ke den su hnh thnh dng
dien v dien p rang cua cua cuon lm lech. V vay de giam anh huong
ny, cuon lech dng thung cuon t vng de dien dung C
k
nho.
Bo qua tu C
k
, ta d dng xc dinh duoc dien p tren 2 dau cuon lm
lech:

k
=
L

r
= L
k
. (di
k
/ dt) r
k
. i
k

V dng chay qua cuon lm lech bien thien theo qui luat tuyen tnh:
i
k
= . (t / T)
do d :
k
= L
k
. r
k
. . (t / T)
O day T - chu ky qut dng hoac mnh.



63


i
k
i
k


L
K
a/

K
C
K

r
k
t


Hnh 3-3
k

r
k
L
k

b/

t


k

c/ r
k
L
k

t
0



k
r
k
L
k


d/ t
0

Hnh 3-4
e nhan biet duoc dng rang cua tuyen tnh trong cuon lm lech,
theo bieu thc tren, dien p dua den cuon day c the c dang rang cua,
hoac xung rang cua tuy theo quan he r
k
v L
k
(hnh 3-4 b, c, d).
Cc dang dien p dieu khien dua den cuon lm lech nhu tren c the
d dng tao duoc bang cch bien doi cc xung dong bo dua den. Tuy nhien
mach ny on dinh km khi c nhiu. V vay thuc te trong so do thiet bi
qut ngui ta dua vo bo dao dong dac biet hnh thnh dien p dieu khien
(dang xung hoac xung-rang cua) v duoc dong bo boi cc xung dong bo t
my pht dua den.
So do khoi cc thiet bi qut deu c dang sau:



64

xung Tang tao Tang hnh Tang
dong xung thnh dien ra
bo p dieu
khien

Hnh 3-5
Tang tao xung thung dng l mach dao dong da hi hoac Blocking.
Trong nhieu trung hop, de don gian so do mach tao xung v hnh thnh
dien p dieu khien duoc gop trong mot tang. Tang ra de dam bao cong suat
du ln lm lech tia dien tu.
b/ Qut hnh sin.
Neu nhu ta dua vo cuon lm lech ngang (dng) cua ong tia dien tu
dng dien hnh sin vi tan so
x
v cuon lech doc (mnh) dng dien rang
cua vi tan so
y
, thoa mn dieu kien (
x
/
y
) 1, th ta nhan duoc dung
qut theo dng c dang hnh sin (hnh 3-6).

y y





0 t 0 x

x


0 t Hnh 3-6



Nhu phan 1 d biet, khi qut hnh sin toc do chuyen dong cua tia
dien tu o cc diem khc nhau tren truc honh l khc nhau. ay l khuyet
diem co ban cua qut hnh sin v n lm cho dai tan so cua tn hieu thi tan
tang 25% (tc / 2) so vi qut lan luot: do nt, do chi bien doi theo dng,
tnh chong nhiu km (do dai tan rong).



65
Nhung qut hnh sin c uu diem l viec hnh thnh dien p hay dng
dien hnh sin don gian hon nhieu so vi cc dang khc. Viec dong bo v
dong pha trong qut hnh sin cng duoc thuc hien d dng bang cch dng
cc mach cong huong c pham chat cao (de duoc hnh sin thuan tu) v
dng cc mach dich pha RC thch hop. Thung qut hnh sin duoc dng
trong truyen hnh cong nghiep, bo dao dong cua mach qut dng chung
cho ca Camera pht v my thu nen yeu cau dong bo v dong pha giai
quyet cng don gian.
Ve nguyen tac qut hnh sin khong gay mo hnh hoc theo dng
qut, dieu ny rat thuan loi cho viec do kch thuc tuong doi cua muc tieu
(so vi chuan).
Chng ta hy xt chi tiet hon cc tham so cua he thong qut hnh sin
v cc phuong php han che nhng khuyet diem cua dang qut ny:
- o sng cua mn anh.
Trong thi gian 1 dng qut, toc do chuyen dong cua tia dien tu thay
doi t 0 den V
max
roi lai tro ve 0, do d do sng tren mn anh cua ong thu
hnh cng bi thay doi theo dng, n ln nhat o cc dau dng qut. Ta c
quan he:
B(x) 1
=
B
min
cos (arcsin
x
X max
)

O day: B(x)- do chi tai diem x theo dng
B
min
- do chi cuc tieu
X
max
- gi tri bien cua dng, tc do di cua dng l 2X
max
.

Cam nhan cua mat theo su thay doi do chi ty le vi logarit cua bieu
thc tren. Tren hnh 3-7 v cc dung cong theo l thuyet v thuc nghiem
cc quan he B(x) v log B (x) khi do chi tren mn anh
B
min
B
min


cua ong thu hnh l 15 nt.
O cc bien cua dung qut, dung cong thuc nghiem khc xa l
thuyet. ieu ny duoc giai thch nhu sau: khi toc do tia dien tu gan bang 0
th quy luat su phu thuoc gia do sng mn anh v toc do qut khong cn
ty le tuyen tnh, do d su tang cua dung cong l thuyet den vo cng khi v
= 0 l khong c nghia vat l.



66
%

Thuc nghiem
B(x) 180 Tnh ton
B
min
160
140
120


80
60
log B(x) 40 Tnh ton
B
min
20 Thuc nghiem

-x / X
max 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0,
x/ X
max



Hnh 3-7.
Nhu tren bieu do hnh 3-7, o cu ly 60% dng qut, do sng
mat cam nhan khong vuot qu 10% cn o dau dung qut su thay doi l
20%. Vi su thay doi ny khong anh huong nhieu den viec quan st anh
truyen hnh.
- o nt cua anh.
Vi dang qut hnh sin, qu dao dung qut l hnh sin. Do d o cc
vi tr gan dau v dau dung qut vet qut s bi dnh hoac chong len nhau
(hnh 3-8).
x




y
Hnh 3-8
Neu goi l khoang cch cc dng o gia dng qut v l dung
knh cua vet qut (hnh 3-8) th:



67
Khi

= 0,5 nghia l khoang trong gia cc dng bang be rong cua

dng, phan dnh nhau gia cc dng l 15% do di dng. Khi giam khoang
cch gia cc dng den

= 0,8 th phan dnh nhau tang den 35% v chi

30% phan dng qut tch ri nhau (c kha nang phan biet duoc). ieu ny
r rng anh huong den do nt theo chieu dng (theo mnh).
Viec su dung chi duoc mot phan mn anh m o d cc dng qut
khong bi dnh nhau, lm cho he thong khong hieu qua. e khac phuc
nhuoc diem ny ta thay viec qut tuyen tnh theo mnh bang qut hm m.
Khi d cc dung qut theo dng gan song song vi nhau (hnh 3-9).
x





y
Hnh 3-9
ung qut hnh sin chua hieu chinh
------- ung qut hnh sin d hieu chinh.
Neu dua vo cuon lech doc (mnh) cng vi dng dien dang hnh sin
nhung lech pha 90
0
so vi dng hnh sin o cuon lech dng v cc bien do
bang nhau, tc :

x
= . sin t

y
= . cos t
th ta c qui dao dung qut l hnh trn. Dang qut ny thuan loi cho viec
quan st tiet dien cua cc vat the hnh tru rng. ong thi kieu qut ny
khong c tia qut nguoc.




68
c/ Qut xoan oc.
Khi bien do cc dng dien hnh sin (o ca cuon lech dng v mnh)
tang hoac giam theo quy luat tuyen tnh :

x
= (t). sin t

y
= (t). cos t
th ta nhan duoc qu dao dung qut l hnh xoan oc

Qut xoan oc duoc su dung trong truyen hnh cong nghiep khi can
quan st cc vat the c dang hnh trn hoac khi can do toc do cua muc tieu
chuyen dong.
Tnh cc tham so cua qut xoan oc. Neu coi viec qut xoan oc gom
nhng dung trn dong tam c bn knh nho nhat r
1
, ln nhat l r
2
v khi
biet so dng (so dung trn), so mnh (so anh / giay) th c the xc dinh be
rong cua tn hieu.
o di trung bnh cua mot dng qut (chu vi dung trn gia):
l = 2.
1
2
( r
2
- r
1
)
r
2
- r
1
2(r
2
- r
1
)
Buc xoan oc: = =

1
2

O day - so dng.
So phan tu o dng trung bnh (dng gia) l:
N = l / = 2 .
1
2
(r
2
- r
1
) 2 (r
2
- r
1
) / =
1
2
.
So phan tu mot mnh: N
1
= N. =
1
2
.
2

So phan tu 1 giay : N
2
= N
1
.n =
1
2
.
2
. n
Thi gian truyen 1 phan tu:
x
= 1/ N
2
=
2
. . . Z Z n




69
Tan so cuc dai cua pho (hi bac 1 cua xung c do rong
x
)

max
=
1
2x
=
1
2
.
1
2

2
n =
n
4

2

So vi qut lan luot:
max
=
1
2
.k.
2
.n ta thay pho tn hieu thi tan cua
qut xoan oc nho hon. Tuy nhien viec tnh ton tren lay theo gi tri trung
bnh (dung qut gia). Thuc te d dng thay rang do nt ng vi cc vng
trn ngoi s giam. V vay de dam bao do nt dong deu (t vng trn nho
den vng trn ln) ta phai tang dai tan len gap doi.
Mot diem na can ch l theo phuong php qut xoan oc o tren th
toc do qut cua tia dien tu s tang t tam ra ngoi. Ket qua cua su thay doi
toc do tia dien tu l lm cho do sng cc diem tren mn anh thay doi, mo
bien do tn hieu thi tan khi ong pht su dung nguyen l tch lu dien tch.
e khac phuc nhuoc diem ny ngui ta dieu che tan so cc dao dong hnh
sin v tnh ton d chi ra rang tan so cc dao dong hnh sin thay doi ln
hon hoac bang 5 lan trong mot chu ky qut mnh T
k
.
Hnh 3-11 cho so do khoi he thong qut xoan oc c buc xoan oc,
toc do tia dien tu khong doi.


Tang
Dao dong Mach ra
dieu tan quay
pha Tang
ra


Hnh thnh dien Dao dong
p rang cua Blocking xung dong bo
mnh

Hnh 3-11
Bo dao dong dieu tan tao dien p hnh sin, c bien do thay doi theo
qui luat tuyen tnh, duoc dua den mach quay pha 90
0
de cho ra cc dien p
sin, cos den tang ra (khuech dai cong suat) cung cap cho cc cuon lm
lech.



70
Bang sau day cho php so snh tuong doi gia cc phuong php qut
theo mot so chi tieu co ban:
Bang 1-1

Dang qut Dai pho
(MHz)
ong bo Su on dinh
qut
Su phc tap
cua he thong
Su c mat
cua xung xo
Lan luot
Xen dng
Hnh sin
Xoan oc
13
6,5
16
7,7
on gian
Phc tap
on gian nhat
on gian
on dinh
km
on dinh
km
on gian
Phc tap
on gian nhat
on gian
Dng, mnh
Dng, mnh
Mnh
Mnh
















71


3-2-1 Nhiem vu v yeu cau.
e khoi phuc dng anh can truyen tren mn anh cua ong thu hnh th
vi tr tia dien tu trong ong thu phai tuong ng vi vi tr tia dien tu trong ong
pht. Hay ni cch khc viec qut o dau thu phai dong bo vi viec qut o
dau pht. Muon the cc tham so qut (tan so v pha) o pha thu v pht phai
bang nhau.
Neu tan so qut dng pha thu khong bang tan so qut dng pha
pht th khong nhan duoc anh truyen.
Neu tan so qut dng pha thu v pht bang nhau nhung tan so qut
mnh khong bang nhau th anh tren mn anh s chay t dui len tren hoac
t tren xuong dui tuy thuoc vo tan so qut mnh pha thu cao hon hay
thap hon pha pht.
Neu qut dng, qut mnh o pha thu v pha pht c tan so bang
nhau nhung pha khong bang nhau th s xay ra cc trung hop nhu hnh
3-12.


a/ c/



b/ d/
Hnh 3-12
Anh huong ve pha den anh truyen hnh
a/ dong pha: b/ khong dong pha qut mnh
c/ khong dong pha qut dng:
d/ khong dong pha qut ca dng v mnh.




72
Nhu vay van de dong bo l mot trong nhng nhiem vu quan trong
cua he thong truyen hnh.
e dam bao cho cc thiet bi qut o ben pht v ben thu lm viec
dong bo (cng tan so, cng pha), can cung cap cc tn hieu dong bo (cc
xung dong bo). Thiet bi tao ra cc xung ny duoc goi l bo tao xung dong
bo. oi vi truyen hnh dan dung, bo tao xung dong bo thung dat tai trung
tam truyen hnh.
Cc yeu cau co ban doi vi he thong dong bo l:
- He thong dong bo phai dam bao phan tch v tong hop anh lien tuc
vi do chnh xc cao. am bao su phan giai anh theo dng, mnh.
- Cc tan so qut hoac quan he cua chng phai on dinh. Mc on dinh
duoc xc dinh boi dac tuyen qut.
- Trong cc he thong dong bo cung bc (nhu trong truyen hnh dan
dung) can thiet phai truyen cc thong tin ve tan so v pha cng vi tn hieu
anh o thi diem chnh xc d cho. oi vi trung hop ny hnh dang cc
tn hieu dong bo v phuong php truyen can phai dam bao:
Tch d dng tn hieu dong bo ra khoi tn hieu truyen hnh v
nhiu (khi truyen tn hieu dong bo v tn hieu thi tan trong cng mot kenh).
Tch rieng xung dong bo dng v mnh bang cc phuong php
don gian.
Cc thnh phan cua tn hieu dong bo khong bi anh huong tuong h
lan nhau.
3-2-2 Cc tn hieu dong bo v dang cua chng.
Cc tn hieu dong bo (cc xung dong bo) gom:
- Cc xung dong bo tan so dng.
- Cc xung dong bo tan so mnh.
- Cc xung xo cho ong pht hnh (hn hop cc xung xo dng v
mnh).
- Cc xung dong bo cho my thu.



73
Dang cua cc xung dong bo can phai dam bao cc yeu cau cua viec
dong bo qut. Viec xay dung tn hieu dong bo xc dinh tnh chat cua he
thong dong bo, cng nhu dieu kien cong tc cua he thong truyen hnh.
Trong truyen hnh cong nghiep, Camera pht thung duoc don gian
toi da de dam bao su lm viec tin cay cua he thong. V vay dang v cau tao
cua he thong dong bo cng duoc lm don gian.
Cc xung dong bo neu truyen rieng r th khong c g phc tap.
Nhung khi phoi hop chng lai cng truyen vi tn hieu thi tan tren mot
kenh truyen hnh th can phai c cc dieu kien de phan biet tng loai xung
dong bo, tn hieu thi tan, cc quan he ve tan so, thi gian, bien do, do rong
cua chng can dam bao yeu cau chat ch. Sau day ta xt cu the dang tn
hieu dong bo v he thong dong bo cua truyen hnh dai chng.
Bo tao xung dong bo thung gom 2 khau co ban: dao dong chu v
thiet bi hnh thnh. Tang dao dong chu dam bao hnh thnh cc dang xung
c tan so dng, mnh vi do on dinh d cho v quan he pha tuong ng. Cc
xung ny lm chuan v dieu khien cong tc cua thiet bi hnh thnh v t
day s tao ra tat ca cc xung dong bo can thiet cua he thong truyen hnh.
Viec xay dung so do tang dao dong phu thuoc vo cong dung cua bo tao tn
hieu dong bo: cho he thong truyen hnh mu hay truyen hnh den trang, che
do cong tc dong bo hoac khong dong bo t mang dien lui.
Mot trong nhng so do khoi bo dao dong chu duoc chi ra tren hnh
3-13.
2.z = 31 250 Hz


: 2 en thiet bi

z
= 15625Hz hnh thnh
dang xung

: 625
k
= 50 Hz

31250 Hz Dao dong
2

dien lui
So pha 50Hz


Hnh 3-13



74
Nhu o chuong 1 d chi r, de nhan duoc qut xen dng can c dieu
kien 2
z
= .
k
. Trong so do hnh 3-13, tang dao dong 2
z
= 31.250 Hz
duoc dong bo t mang dien lui. Qua bo chia 2, chia 625 ta duoc cc xung
dong bo tan so dng (15625 Hz), tan so mnh (50Hz) can thiet dua den
thiet bi hnh thnh dang xung de duoc cc xung dong bo yeu cau.
Trong cc dang xung dong bo neu o tren, cc xung dua den my thu
(gom xung dong bo dng, mnh, xung xo dng, mnh) ta goi chung l
hn hop xung dong bo phc tap. Cc xung ny cng vi tn hieu thi tan
duoc truyen tren mot kenh truyen hnh, chng duoc phan biet vi nhau v
vi tn hieu thi tan theo do rong v bien do. Trung hop cc xung dong bo
dng, mnh khc nhau ve bien do (hnh 3-14) th viec tch xung dong bo
mnh duoc thuc hien d dng nh bo han che.
u
Xung dong bo dng xung dong bo mnh

mc han che
------------------------------------------------------------------------
xo dng
xung xo mnh

t

Hnh 3-14. Dang tn hieu truyen hnh.
Xung dong bo mnh c bien do ln hon xung dong bo dng.
Tuy nhien phuong php truyen cc xung dong bo c bien do khc
nhau khong c loi v phai tang cong suat my pht. Cho nen tot nhat nen
truyen cc xung dong bo c do rong khc nhau v dang tn hieu truyen
hnh (gom tn hieu anh v cc xung dong bo) bay gi l (hnh 3-15):
u xung dong bo dng xung dong bo mnh







t


Hnh 3-15. Dang tn hieu truyen hnh. Xung dong bo dng v mnh
khc nhau ve do rong.



75
O my thu de tch rieng cc xung dong bo dng, ngui ta dng
mach vi phan v cc xung dong bo mnh dng mach tch phan. Hnh 3-16
giai thch phuong php ny.
a/ b/
c R


1
R
2

1
c
2




1




0 t


2




0 t

3

Mc han che

t
0
Hnh 3-16. Tch xung dong bo nh mach vi phan (a)
v mach tch phan (b)
Cc xung nhon duong sau khi vi phan s dong bo mach dao
dong qut dng. Chon mc han che thch hop ta lay duoc xung dong bo
mnh sau khi tch phan de dong bo mach qut mnh. Phuong php dng
mach tch phan de tch xung dong bo mnh c nhuoc diem l xung ra c
sun truc khong doc, lm cho viec dong bo mach qut mnh khong chnh
xc. e khac phuc nhuoc diem ny ngui ta dng 2 mat tch phan (hnh 3-
17). 1 2 3

2

3



1


t

Hnh 3-17



76
Cng c the tch xung dong bo mnh bang cc phuong php khc
(phuong php vi phan yeu, phuong php dich thi gian), nhung phuong
php dng mach vi phan v tch phan de tch cc xung dong bo dng,
mnh c uu diem l rat don gian v thuc te n duoc su dung trong tat ca
cc my thu hnh hien nay.
- Dang tn hieu dong bo truyen den my thu khi qut lan luot.
Khi qut lan luot dng trong mot mnh (1anh), gia 2 xung dong
bo mnh can phai c xung dong bo dng. Hnh 3-18a l tn hieu dong bo
cua my thu sau khi d duoc tch ra khoi tn hieu thi tan (tc sau bo han
che). Thung do rong xung dong bo mnh chon bang 4,5H (o day H = Tz =
1 /
z
).

Sau khi vi phan (hnh 3-18b) cc xung nhon duong s dong bo cho
mach qut dng. T day ta thay trong khoang gia xung dong bo mnh
mot so dng qut khong duoc dong bo (v khong c xung vi phan duong).
Bo dao dong qut dng trong thi gian ny s lm viec o che do tu kch,
ket qua l mot so dng o dau cua anh bi chay v bo dao dong qut dng
lm viec khong on dinh. V vay can phai loai tr trung hop ny, nghia l
phai dong bo lien tuc cc dng ke ca khi c xung dong bo mnh. e thuc
hien dieu ny ngui ta ch xung mnh vi chu ky H hay vi tan so
z
(hnh
3-18c). V d chnh l dang tn hieu dong bo khi qut lan luot. Hnh 3-18d,
e l cc xung ra sau mach vi phan v tch phan de dong bo cc mach qut
dng v qut mnh khi xung dong bo mnh d duoc ch vi chu ky H.
- Dang tn hieu dong bo truyen den my thu khi qut xen dng.
Khi qut xen dng, so dng trong mot anh l so l, v vay gia 2
xung dong bo mnh lien nhau cua mnh l v chan c 1 nua chu ky dng.
Neu so dng = 2n 1 (o day n l so nguyen bat ky), th mi mnh s
cha n
1
2
chu ky dng. Hnh 3-19 a, b v quan he thi gian hop l cua
cc xung dong bo mnh l (
1
) v mnh chan (
2
) khi thuc hien qut xen
dng. O day cc xung dong bo mnh duoc ch vi chu ky H (T
z
). Vi cch
bieu din tren th viec dong bo cho mach qut mnh doi vi mnh l v
chan phai o cng mot thi diem. Nhung o hnh 3-19a cho ta thay sau khi
lay tch phan thi diem dong bo cho 2 mnh l v chan lech nhau mot thi
gian l t.






77
C the thay rang neu do lech t = 0,5 H th cc dng cua hai mnh
trng len nhau, nghia l so dng giam mot nua hoac neu 0 t 0,5H
th khoang cch gia cc dng khong cch deu. Tc l su c mat cua do
lech thi gian lm ph hoai yeu cau cua qut xen dng. V vay phai thay
doi dang cua xung dong bo mnh sao cho do lech thi gian t bang khong,
nghia l dung cong tch phan cho 2 xung dong bo mnh phai trng nhau.
Muon vay ta ch xung mnh vi chu ky 0,5H (hoac vi tan so 2
z
)


Trong so do hnh 3-20d cc xung vi phan c dnh dau () dng de
khoi dong mach qut dng.
Tuy nhien mot diem can luu l dung cong tch phan cho 2 xung
dong bo mnh trng nhau khi diem dau lay tch phan cho chng phai bang
nhau v bang khong. ieu ny c nghia l tu dien trong mach tch phan khi
lay tch phan cho cc xung dng truc d phai phng het dien. Nhung c
the v l do no d hang so thi gian RC cua mach tch phan tang len, lm
cho thi gian phng dien cua tu C tang len, dan den diem khoi dau lay tch
phan cho xung dong bo mnh cua hai mnh khong nhu nhau v ket qua l
dung cong tch phan cho xung dong bo mnh cua 2 mnh khong trng
nhau, s ph hoai dieu kien qut xen dng (hnh 3-21).


1



t

2



t




t

Hnh 3-21
e khac phuc hien tuong ny ngui ta dat truc (v ca sau) xung
dong bo mnh cua 2 mnh mot so xung can bang. Thuc chat cc xung can
bang l cc xung dong bo dng nhung vi chu ky 0,5H.



78
Nhu vay de viec qut xen dng duoc on dinh, dang tn hieu dong bo
s l: (Hnh 3-22). Cc xung dnh dau () sau khi vi phan dng de dong bo
cho mach qut dng.

Tn hieu truyen hnh day du truyen den my thu t my pht cua
trung tam truyen hnh bao gom tn hieu anh (tn hieu thi tan), cc xung xo
v cc xung dong bo. Quan he gia cc laoi xung tren ve bien do, thi gian,
hnh dang duoc xc dinh theo tieu chuan quoc gia v quoc te. Hnh 3-23
bieu din tn hieu truyen hnh day du theo tieu chuan m hien nay nuc ta
p dung. Vi he thong truyen hnh theo tieu chuan: so dng = 625 dng,
tan so dng
z
= 15.625 Hz, tan so mnh
k
= 50Hz, thi han cua cc xung
dong bo c gi tri sau (bang 3-1).

Bang 3-1


Loai xung

Thi han xung

Tnh theo H = Tz =1/
z
Tnh theo micro giay
Xung dong bo dng
Xung dong bo mnh
Xung xo dng
Xung xo mnh
0,07 - o,08
3 - 4
0,16 - 0,18
23 - 25
4,48 - 5,12
192 - 256
10,24 - 11,52
1470 - 1600

Ve bien do nhu tren hnh 3-23 d chi r, cc xung dong bo nam o
tren dinh cua cc xung xo v ln hon 25% bien do tn hieu thi tan. Thung
cc xung dong bo (ca dng v mnh) duoc phan bo gan vi bien tri cua
cc xung xo de dam bao viec xo tia dien tu trong thi gian qut nguoc o
ong thu hnh duoc hon ton. Dai thong cua dung dong bo o my thu
khoang bang 2-3 MHz, thi gian thiet lap (sun truc) cc xung t 0,64
den 1,28 s.





79
CHNG 4

TRUNG TM TRUYN HNH
VA MANG LUI TRUYN HNH


e thuc hien truyen chuong trnh truyen hnh trong mot pham vi
rong, phuc vu dong dao ngui xem can phai thiet lap nhieu trung tam
truyen hnh, gia chng c cc he thong chuyen tiep truyen hnh, hnh
thnh mot mang lui truyen hnh phc tap.
Trung tam truyen hnh c nhiem vu xay dung cc chuong trnh
truyen hnh, truyen cc chuong trnh d den ngui xem bang my pht vo
tuyen truyen hnh, hoac bang cc phuong tien khc, hoac ghi lai cc
chuong trnh d de trao doi vi cc trung tam truyen hnh khc. Cc trung
tam truyen hnh thung lien he vi nhau de c the pht cng mot chuong
trnh truyen hnh hoac su dung mot phan cc chuong trnh truyen hnh cua
cc trung tam truyen hnh khc.
Ngoi cc trung tam truyen hnh c kha nang xay dung chuong trnh
truyen hnh, cn c cc trung tam pht lai, c nhiem vu tiep nhan chuong
trnh cua trung tam khc gui den v pht ra cho mot vng dan cu nhat dinh.
Cc trung tam pht lai khong tu xay dung cho mnh mot chuong trnh
truyen hnh rieng.
Ngy nay, thuc hien chuyen tiep chuong trnh gia cc trung tam
truyen hnh, ngui ta dng pho bien he thong vi ba, cp cao tan, cp quang,
ve tinh nhan tao.V vay mang lui truyen hnh d mo rong ra trong pham
vi ton cau.
Trong chuong ny chng ta khao st cch to chc v nhng trang bi
cua cc trung tam truyen hnh, cc bien php chuyen tiep chuong trnh de
hnh thnh mot mang lui truyen hnh c kha nang phuc vu trong mot
pham vi rong.







80
1 TRUNG TM TRUYN HNH

Tren hnh 4-1 cho thay so do chc nang cua mot trung tam truyen
hnh. C the chia trung tam truyen hnh ra ba bo phan:
a/ Bo phan cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh
C nhiem vu cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh t nhieu nguon khc
nhau nhu t camera trong cc trung quay(studio), t my chieu phim
truyen hnh, my ghi hnh, t cc xe truyen hnh luu dong: t cc tram
truyen hnh ngoi trung tam, t cc tram chuyen tiep...


Tram
truyen hnh
Pht
xe Chuyen Chuyen chuyen tiep
luu dong mach Thiet bi mach
dau vo su dung dau ra
Studio (chon tn chuong
hieu trnh (Phan phoi My pht
Chieu phim truyen truyen chuong VTTH
hnh) hnh trnh
Ghi hnh truyen
hnh ) My
ghi hnh
Thu
chuyen tiep


Bo phan Bo phan xay dung chuong trnh TH Bo phan su
cung cap tn hieu TH dung chuong trnh
truyen hnh
Hnh 4-1

b/ Bo phan xay dung trung tam truyen hnh
C nhiem vu to chc thnh chuong trnh truyen hnh hon chinh de
cung cap cho my pht hoac thu lai. Trong bo phan ny c cc thiet bi
chuyen mach dau vo de chon nguon tn hieu, cc bo tron tn hieu, cc
thiet bi chuyen mach dau ra de phan phoi chuong trnh d su dung cho bo
phan sau.



81
c/ Bo phan su dung chuong trnh truyen hnh
C nhiem vu pht cc chuong trnh truyen hnh den ngui xem, hoac
chuyen tiep cho cc trung tam truyen hnh khc, hoac ghi lai ve sau.
Trong viec phan bo thiet bi, noi lm viec, kho tng cua trung tam can
ch rang trung tam truyen hnh khong chi l mot trung tam ki thuat m
cn l mot trung tam nghe thuat. Do d su bo tr phai hop l nhieu mat.
Bo phan cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh v bo phan xay dung chuong
trnh thung dat gan nhau de trnh viec dan tn hieu hnh di qu xa, lm
phc tap he thong cp dan tn hieu. Thong thung chng duoc dat trong
cng mot to nh. My pht VTTH, neu c the duoc nen dat luon ben canh
to nh trung tam, noi c cc thiet bi ca studio, lm nhu vay don gian viec
truyen tn hieu TH den di pht. Tuy nhien v khong c mat bang du rong
de dat di pht v anten pht, c the dat di pht v anten pht o mot noi
cch xa thiet bi studio t 1km den 10 km, gia chng phai c he thong vi
ba hoac cp de chuyen tiep tn hieu truyen hnh.
Tuy theo so luong studio, so dung camera, cong suat my pht m
trung tam truyen hnh duoc chia thnh nhieu loai: nho, va, ln. oi vi
cc trung tam truyen hnh ln viec xay dung chuong trnh di hoi phai
dng nhieu nguon cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh khc nhau. So luong luu
tr bang, dia, phim anh rat ln, noi dung phong ph. So luong chuong trnh
truyen hnh can xay dung nhieu. Do d viec xay dung nguon tn hieu, phan
phoi chuong trnh truyen hnh phai thuc hien rat hop l khoa hoc.
4-1-1 Cc thiet bi cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh.
a/ Thiet bi studio.
Trong so cc thiet bi cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh nhu d chi r tren
hnh 4-1, thiet bi studio l quan trong hon ca. Studio, d l trung quay,
duoc xay dung nhu mot noi bieu din nghe thuat vi day du tien nghi nhu
phong mn, he thong nh sng, he thong thong kh, cch am... Di nhien
trong studio c rat nhieu thiet bi cho ki thuat truyen hnh nhu camera, cc
my kiem tra hnh, he thong micro, loa, he thong dn hieu... Trong studio
cho php xay dung cc chuong trnh truyen hnh "song" quay tai trung tam
truyen hnh nhu cc chuong trnh nghe thuat, phong van, gio duc...
Tren hnh 4-2 cho thay cc bo phan chnh hay mot he thong thiet bi
studio.
Tn hieu hnh t cc camera duoc dua den cc bo khuech dai trung
gian de khuech dai, sua mo v tron xung xo. Sau khuech dai trung gian,
tn hieu c bien do khoang 1 von duoc dua vo thiet bi chuyen mach v cc



82
my kiem tra hnh cng vi my hien sng. Tn hieu duoc chon sau bo
chuyen mach duoc dua den bo tron de tron vi cc xung dong bo (dng,
mnh t khoi tao xung dong bo). Bo khuech dai on dinh c nhiem vu gi
dien p tn hieu ra khong doi khi dien p tn hieu vo bien doi. Tn hieu ra
duoc dua den my pht de pht luon neu trunng tam truyen hnh chi c mot
nguon cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh duy nhat . Trung hop trung tam cn
c nhieu nguon tn hieu khc, th tn hieu ra duoc dua vo khoi xay dung
chuong trnh cua trung tam. O day s tien hnh phoi hop cc nguon tn hieu
khc nhau de c duoc mot chuong trnh truyen hnh phong ph hon.

Kiem tra hnh Thiet bi kiem tra hnh
Hien sng
Thiet bi
do lung


Camera 1 KTG1






Camera 2 KTG2 Thiet bi Thiet bi K en
chuyen mach tron on dinh TB
pht
hoac bo phan
xay dung chuong
trnh truyen hnh.

Camera KTG 3 Pht anh Tao xung Tn hieu xung
phim thu dong bo den camera


Hnh 4-2
So do khoi thiet bi Studio (phan dung hnh)
Ben canh cc thiet bi chnh ke tren cn c cc thiet bi kiem tra hnh,
thiet bi do lung, thiet bi tao xung dong bo, thiet bi pht anh thu...
Trong he thong studio, camera l thiet bi quan trong nhat. Camera c
nhiem vu bien doi anh quang cua doi tuong can truyen thnh tn hieu dien.
Sau day l so do khoi cua camera pht hnh (hnh 4-3).







83

9 8

2 Cc xung dong bo
4 dng, mnh

3 1 6 Tn hieu thi tan
den bo KTG
7
Mang dien lui

T 4 5 K9

Hnh 4-3 So do khoi cua Camera.
Trong so do khoi cua camera c cc phan tu co ban sau : ong pht 1
vi he thong hoi tu v lm lech 2, thau knh 3, thiet bi qut 4, bo khech dai
xung xo 5, khuech dai so bo 6, khoi nguon 7 v khoi noi camera 8. Thiet
bi kiem tra thi tan 9 cho php ngui dieu khien camera c the kiem tra chat
luong tn hieu ra.
Thiet bi kiem tra thi tan (hnh 4-4 bao gom: ong thu hnh 1 vi he
thong hoi tu v lm lech 2, knh phng dai 3, thiet bi qut 4, khuech dai thi
tan 5, chinh luu cao p 6 v on dinh dng cuon hoi tu 8.


8 3


Tn hieu thi tan 5 2 1

Xung dong bo
dng, mnh 4


6


Hnh 4-4
So do khoi bo kiem tra thi tan
ng thu hnh trong thiet bi kiem tra thi tan thung dng Kinescop c
kch thuc nho vi do phan dai v tuong phan cao (ngy nay duoc thay the
bang mn hnh tinh the). Knh quang hoc 3 de tang kch thuc anh quan st
len nhieu lan.



84
He thong ong knh trong cc camera c vai tr quan trong quyet
dinh gc nhn v kho anh nhan duoc. e c the quay duoc ton canh hoac
can canh m khong phai di chuyen camera ngui ta dng cc ong knh
(thau knh) c tieu cu khc nhau. Tieu cu cua ong knh c the duoc dieu
chinh tng nac hoac lien tuc bang tay hoac tu dong.
Nhu d biet o tren, ngoi cc camera, trong cc studio cn c thiet
bi khc de cung cap tn hieu truyen hnh nhu my chieu phim truyen hnh,
my ghi hnh...
b/ Cc thiet bi chuyen tiep:
Thiet bi chuyen tiep dng de nhan chuong trnh truyen hnh t cc
noi khc chuyen ti bang viba hoac cp. Thuc te day chi l cc thiet bi thu
v sua tn hieu de c duoc tn hieu truyen hnh tieu chuan. Trung hop tn
hieu nhan duoc khc chuan (chng han khc tan so qut...) th trong thiet bi
chuyen tiep cn c ca thiet bi chuyen doi tieu chuan truyen hnh.
c/ Tram truyn hnh v xe truyn hnh luu dong:
L nhng thiet bi quan trong de cung cap cho trung tam truyen hnh
nhng chuong trnh thi su, the thao, van ho nghe thuat...mot cch kip
thi t cc dia diem khc nhau ngoi studio. Cc thiet bi tren xe (di dong)
cng giong nhu trong tram truyen hnh (co dinh)v cng gan nhu trong
studio. Tuy nhien do dac diem lm viec co dong nen cc thiet bi trong xe
truyen hnh c nhng yeu cau rieng.
Tren xe truyen hnh luu dong thung c t 3-4 camera. Cc camera
c the dua cch xa xe den 300-400 mt nh cp camera dac biet c chat
luong tot de khong lm xau chat luong hnh anh v am thanh khi truyen
qua cp di. My pht dat tren xe lm viec vi buc sng t 3 den 15 cm,
dng anten parabon c dac tnh phuong hung rat nhon, dam bao truyen tn
hieu mot cch tin cay ve trung tam truyen hnh o cch xa 25-50 km m
cong suat pht chi can vi tram milioat den vi ot. Phuong php dieu che
thung dng l dieu tan. C the truyen tn hieu hnh v tieng km theo
bang nhieu cch khc nhau.
- Truyen bang hai kenh cao tan dng chung mot anten vi phan cuc
khc nhau (tn hieu hnh dng phan cuc ngang, tn hieu tieng dng phan
cuc dng). Cch ny trnh duoc nhiu lan nhau gia cc tn hieu m khong
can dng den cc bo loc ngan cch dac biet.
- Truyen bang mot kenh cao tan. Trong trung hop ny, truc tien tn
hieu tieng duoc dem den dieu tan mot sng mang phu, sau d cong tn hieu



85
ny vi tn hieu hnh roi dieu tan mot lan na sng mang chnh c tan so
cao hon.
- Truyen bang hai kenh doc lap vi hai anten rieng.
O trung tam truyen hnh, de tiep nhan tn hieu t cc xe luu dong
hoac cc tram truyen hnh co dinh pht ve, cc anten thu dat tren thp cao.
V de c the thu duoc tn hieu t tat ca cc hung, can 3 anten parabon dat
cch nhau 120 do trong mat phng ngang. Cc anten d c the duoc dieu
chinh hung t xa de nhan duoc tn hieu tot nhat.
i km vi xe truyen hnh luu dong cn c thiet bi truyen hnh xch
tay gan camera v my pht nho. Thiet bi ny duoc bn dan ho de c kch
thuc, trong luong nho mot ngui mang di duoc. Nh c thiet bi ny, c
the thuc hien cc phng su truyen hnh kip thi v linh hoat tai cc dia
diem m xe truyen hnh khong vo duoc. Thiet bi thu dat tren xe luu dong
s nhan tn hieu cua thiet bi truyen hnh xch tay, sau d tn hieu ny lai
duoc truyen ve trung tam truyen hnh nh he thong viba dat tren xe. My
pht xch tay c cong suat khoang 50-100 m chay pin hoac cquy, dng
anten can, cu ly tc dung khoang 200-300 m.
4-1-2 Cc thiet bi xay dung chuong trnh truyen hnh.
oi vi trung tam truyen hnh ln, noi c nhieu nguon cung cap tn
hieu truyen hnh v can xay dung dong thi nhieu chuong trnh truyen hnh
cho cc my pht khc nhau, bo phan xay dung chuong trnh truyen hnh
c vai tr het sc quan trong n dam bao cho viec su dung hop l cc nguon
tn hieu truyen hnh, chon loc chng de xay dung thnh nhng chuong
trnh truyen hnh theo nhng yeu cau khc nhau.
Hnh 4-5 cho ta so do khoi cua bo phan xay dung chuong trnh
truyen hnh. Chng gom c cc thiet bi chnh sau:
- Thiet bi chuyen mach loi vo de chon tn hieu can thiet cho khoi
xay dung chuong trnh truyen hnh.
- Bo tron tn hieu: de xay dung cc chuong trnh truyen hnh t cc
tn hieu cua dung camera studio, camera phim, camera pht thanh vien,
tn hieu cua cc my pht anh thu, tn hieu t ngoi studio dua ve ...
-Thiet bi tao xung dong bo trung tam dng de cung cap xung dong
bo cho nhieu thiet bi khc nhau trong trung tam truyen hnh hoac de dieu
khien cc khoi dong bo nam trong cc he thong thiet bi studio (cc khoi
dong bo ny lm viec o che do dong bo ngoi)



86
- Cc my pht anh thu.
- Cc bo khech dai on dinh de khech dai tn hieu truyen hnh truc
khi dua den my pht.
- Thiet bi chuyen mach loi ra de phan phoi cc chuong trnh truyen
hnh cho cc my pht.
- Cc thiet bi chuyen mach phu de thuc hien chon tn hieu truyen
hnh cho khoi kiem tra ki thuat, cho cc my ghi hnh.
- He thong dieu khien, hien thi. He thong ny c the dat trong hoac
ngoi trung tam dng de dieu khien su lm viec cua cc thiet bi tren, n
bo cho biet tn hieu duoc chon de lm chuong trnh, hnh thc tron tn
hieu (t t hay tc khac) v.v...































87
2 MANG LUI TRUYN HNH

Mang lui truyen hnh dan dung (quang b) bao gom cc trung tam
truyen hnh, cc he thong chuyen tiep chuong trnh truyen hnh gia cc
trung tam truyen hnh v cc my pht lai.
Ngy nay tat ca cc nuc tren the gii dng pho bien hnh thc thu
pht bang sng vo tuyen dien. Cc my thu gia dnh nhan truc tiep tn hieu
t my pht vo tuyen truyen hnh. My pht vo tuyen truyen hnh dng vai
tr quan trong trong mang lui vo tuyen truyen hnh. V vay trong tiet ny
ta di sau vo phuong thc thu pht bang sng vo tuyen dien trong mang
lui truyen hnh.

4-2-1 Dai tan so cong tc, pham vi hoat dong cua di pht vo tuyen
truyen hnh.
Tan so lm viec cua my pht vo tuyen truyen hnh duoc chon trong
dai sng mt v deximt, cu the buc sng = 7,5 m 3 dm (hay = 40
MHz 1000 MHz). Tan so thap hon khong dng duoc cho my pht hnh
v khong dam bao tan so mang ln hon nhieu lan tn hieu dieu che (tn hieu
thi tan), d l dieu kien can thiet de c the dieu che duoc. Neu dng tan so
cao hon, sng s bi ton hao rat ln trong kh quyen .
Do dac diem truyen sng o doan sng cuc ngan, pham vi phuc vu
cua mot di pht chi gii han trong vng nhn thay ( hnh 4-6). Vng nhn
thay cua mot di pht vo tuyen truyen hnh l mot chom cau c bn knh r
0

, c gi tri phu thuoc vo do cao cua anten pht v anten thu.



h1 h2



Hnh 4-6.

Pham vi hoat dong cua di pht trong thuc te ln hon vng thay v o
doan sng mt c su khc xa cua sng khi di qua lp kh quyen c nhiet
do, p suat, do am v cc thong so khc phan bo khong dong deu theo
chieu cao. Trong dieu kien kh hau bnh thung pham vi hoat dong cua di
pht c the tang them 15-20 % so vi vng nhn thay. Khi ay bn knh hoat
dong cua di pht tnh gan dng l:




88
r km = 4,12 ( h1 h2 )
O day: h1, h2 l chieu cao cua anten pht v thu tnh bang mt.
Vi so lieu cu the : h1=180m
h2=10m.
Ta c bn knh hoat dong cua di pht r = 70 km.
Bn knh hoat dong cua di pht tnh theo bieu thc tren chi dng
khi cong suat cua di pht kh ln, dam bao cung do dien trung tuong
doi ln trong vng nhn thay. Neu my pht c cong suat khong du ln th
pham vi thu c chat luong tot s nho hon nhieu so vi vng nhn thay.
Gi tri cung do dien trung trung bnh c the tnh theo bieu thc
sau:
E
tb
=
2 18 1 2 , . Pr . . .
. .
a D h h
r r
mV/m
O day: Pra- cong suat ra cua my pht hnh tnh bang k
D- do khuech dai cong suat cua angten pht.
Pra.D = P
bx
- Cong suat bc xa cua di pht.
h1,h2- chieu cao cua angten pht, thu, tnh bang mt
- buc sng, tnh bang mt
r- khoang cch tnh t di pht, tnh bang km.
Theo tieu chuan RT cung do dien trung toi thieu dam bao thu
c chat luong tot o cc kenh sng mt (t kenh 1 den kenh 12) l 500 V/
m doi vi vng dong bang v 5 mV/m doi vi vng thnh pho.
Tuy thuoc vo dieu kien truyen sng, cung do dien trung c the
bien doi rat nhieu theo thi gian trong ngy v theo ma. Cung do dien
trung o nhng khoang cch nhu nhau tnh t di pht, c the c nhng gi
tri rat khc nhau tuy thuoc dia hnh, chat dat, phuong hung so vi di
pht...
e c the xc dinh duoc bn knh hoat dong cua di pht, khong
nhng can do dac cung do dien trung cua tn hieu can thu, m cn phai
xc dinh duoc cung do nhiu (nhiu cong nghiep, nhiu di pht trng
kenh....). Do d viec thiet ke mot mang lui gom nhieu di pht vo tuyen
truyen hnh phuc vu khap cc vng cho mot nuc l mot nhiem vu kh
khan.
Viec chon tan so, cong xuat, dac tnh phuong hung cua anten, dia
diem dat di pht... phai thoa mn cc dieu kien sau:



89
- Nhiu lan nhau gia cc di pht t nhat.
- Nhiu cua moi trung (nhiu cong nghiep, di pht thanh, nhiu
kh quyen...) phai t nhat doi vi kenh lua chon.
- Pham vi hoat dong cua cc di pht khong goi len nhau nhieu v
bao kn duoc cc vng c dan cu dong dc.
- Viec chuyen tiep chuong trnh gia cc di pht l thuan loi nhat.
- ieu kien kh hau, xay dung nh cua, bao quan thiet bi l thuan loi
nhat.
4-2-2 Phuong thc dieu che, pho tn hieu truyen hnh v cc kenh
truyen hnh.
Cc my pht hnh dat o trung tam truyen hnh deu dng phuong
thc dieu che bien do. Khong dng dieu che tan so v khi chi so dieu che
thap n khong uu viet hon so vi dieu che bien do m lai lm phc tap
them thiet bi pht v thu. Tang chi so dieu tan s tang kha nang chong
nhiu cua he thong truyen hnh nhung lai lm tang dai thong tan cua thiet
bi. Phuong thc dieu che tan so dai rong chi duoc dng trong my pht
chuyen tiep, lm viec o doan sng centimt.
Nhu d biet tn hieu hnh (tn hieu thi tan ) l don cuc tnh. Khi doi
cuc tnh tn hieu th hnh anh s t duong ban doi thnh am ban v nguoc
lai. Do d khi dieu che v tch sng can quan tam den cuc tnh cua tn hieu
hnh. C the dieu che bien do cuc tnh am v duong. ieu che cuc tnh am
(hnh4-7b) nghia l khi pht, mc tn hieu mang cuc dai tuong ng vi mc
tn hieu xung dong bo. Cn dieu che cuc tnh duong (hnh 4-7c) l mc tn
hieu mang cuc dai tuong ng vi mc trang. Gia dieu che cuc tnh am v
duong c cc uu nhuoc diem sau:
- O dieu che cuc tnh am viec dieu chinh tu dong do khech dai
(TK) trong my thu don gian hon, v c the lay mc cao tan lc truyen
xung dong bo lm can c de xc dinh mc tn hieu vo.
- Khi su dung cng loai dn o tang ra th cong suat my pht doi vi
dieu che am c the duoc nang cao hon, do xung dong bo c the nam trong
vng khong dung thng cua dac tuyen dieu che.
oi vi dieu che am, nhiu xung kh nhan thay tren mn anh hon v
nhiu xung c bien do ln s gay ra diem toi tren mn anh.



90
- Khi dieu che cuc tnh duong su dong bo trong my thu on dinh
hon do tc hai cua nhiu xung doi vi viec dong bo km hon.
Tren the gii c mot so t nuc su dung dieu che cuc tnh duong, cn
phan ln cc nuc deu su dung dieu che cuc tnh am.

Mc den Mc trang Mc trang Mc den


en Trang


t t





a/ b/ c/
Anh muc tieu ieu che am ieu che duong

Hnh 4-7


Khi thuc hien dieu che bien do, pho tn hieu d dieu che gap doi pho
tn hieu hnh (tn hieu thi tan) nghia l khoang 13 MHz (hnh 4-8b). Boi v
cc thnh phan cua mot bien tan cng vi thnh phan tan so mang d cha
dung tin tc can thiet cho viec khoi phuc lai anh o dau pht, cho nen de
giam nho dai thong tan cc thiet bi truyen hnh dnh cho mi kenh, can cat
bt mot phan bien tan, thung l bien tan dui (hnh 4-8c). Viec giam pho
ny cn c loi l tang duoc so kenh truyen hnh trong dai tan dnh cho
truyen hnh.

Ngui ta khong suy giam ton bo mot bien tan v viec thuc hien ki
thuat phc tap. Ngoi ra, chi pht hon ton mot bien tan (tn hieu don bien
), viec tch sng tn hieu o my thu s rat phc tap (v phai su dung nguyen
l tch sng tn hieu don bien).

Hnh 4-8 dui day bieu din su bien doi pho cua tn hieu thi tan khi
truyen bang sng vo tuyen.







91
a/
1


0 6,5 (MHz)
b/
1



(MHz)

0
- 6,5
0

0
6,5
c/
1

(MHz)

0
-1,25
0

0
6,5


d/


(MHz)

tg
-0,75
tg

tg
0,75
tg
6,5
e/ 1


0 6,5 (MHz)

Hnh 4-8 Su bien doi pho cua tn hieu thi tan khi truyen bang sng vo
tuyen.
Cc pho: a/ o dau vo bo dieu che, b/ o dieu ra bo dieu che
c/ dau ra my pht, d/ dau vo bo tnh sng my thu,
e/dau ra bo tnh sng.

Pho tn hieu dieu bien duoc cat mot phan bien tan (cn goi l dieu
bien cut) truyen den my thu. Neu dac tuyen tan so truc tch sng cua
my thu c dang nhu hnh 4-8d th hon ton c the dng bo tch sng
bien do thong thung de tch lay tn hieu thi tan (hnh 4-8 e). ieu ny c
the duoc giai thch nhu sau:
Nhu chi r tren hnh 4-8 d, thnh phan pho sng mang (
tg
- tan so
trung gian vi my thu doi tan ) giam hai lan, cn cc thnh phan pho t
tan so
tg
0,75 MHz den
tg
- 0,75 NHz suy giam theo qui luat tuyen tnh.
Vi su suy giam nang luong nhu the, tuong ng mi thnh phan tan so cua
tn hieu thi tan l mot nua nang luong khi truyen ca hai bien v dat duoc su



92
dieu che 100%. Thuc vay, ta d biet dao dong dieu bien gom tong cua ba
thnh phan:

1
2
sin (
tg
- )t sin
tg
.t
1
2
sin (
tg
).t
Tong ny c the viet theo cch khc:

1
2
sin (
tg
- )t
1
2
sin
tg
.t
1
2
sin (
tg
).t
1
2
sin
tg
.t
Hai so hang trong mot tong phch vi nhau duoc mot nua nang
luong dao dong dieu che , ket hop ca 2 tong duoc dao dong dieu che
100%. Mot cch tong qut , o dau ra bo tch sng, bien do cua nhng
thnh phan doi xng cua pho qua sng mang (
tg
) s duoc cong vo nhau v
dam bao khoi phuc tin tc (tn hieu thi tan ) nhu hnh 4-8e.
My pht am thanh km theo (goi tat l pht tieng) thung dng
phuong thc dieu che tan so. Nh kha nang chong nhiu tot cua phuong
thc dieu che tan so m am thanh thu duoc c chat luong cao. Dng cc
phuong thc dieu che khc nhau gia hnh v tieng cn cho php giam nho
anh huong lan nhau gia dung hnh v dung tieng.
Tm lai, pho cua mot kenh truyen hnh (ca hnh v tieng) duoc pht
ra khong gian theo tieu chuan RT nhu tren hnh 4-9. Theo d dai tan cua
mi kenh l 8MHz, khoang cch gia tan so mang anh (
a
) v tan so mang
am(
a
) l 6,5MHz.

a

a







(MHz)
0,75 0,25

1,25 6,5
8,0

Hnh 4-9
Theo tieu chuan RT o doan sng mt c 12 kenh, gi tri cc tham
so cua mi kenh duoc cho trong bang 4-1.




93
Bang 4-1

Tan so

Kenh

Dai tan (MHz)

Tan so mang anh
(MHz)

Tan so mang am (MHz)
1 48,5 - 56,5 49,75 56,25
2 58,0 - 66,0 59,25 65,75
3 76,0 - 84,0 77,25 83,75
4 84,0 - 92,0 85,25 91,75
5 92,0 - 100 93,25 99,75
6 174 - 182 175,25 182,75
7 182 - 190 183,25 189,75
8 190 - 198 191,25 197,75
9 198 - 206 199,25 205,75
10 206 - 214 207,25 213,75
11 214 - 222 215,25 221,75
12 222 - 230 223,25 229,75

O doan sng deximt, bat dau t kenh 21 cho den kenh 68, cc kenh
sng khc nhau dng bang 8 MHz t tan so 470 MHz den 850 MHz.

Hien nay tren the gii dng pho bien 3 he thong tieu chuan truyen
hnh RT, CCR v CC. Bang 4-2 cho cc tham so co ban cua 3 he thong
tieu chuan ny.
Bang 4-2

H THNG TIU CHUN TRUYN HNH

THAM S

RT

CCR

CC
So dng / giay 625 625 525
So anh / giay 25 25 30
Tan so mnh (Hz) 50 50 60
Tan so dng (Hz) 15.625 15.625 15.725
Dai tan 1 kenh (MHz) 8 7 6
Hieu
a
-
a
(MHz) 6,5 5,5 4,5




94
4-2-3 Mo rong pham vi thu chuong trnh truyen hnh.
Nhu d thay o tren, do mat dat cong nen pham vi hoat dong cua mot
di pht vo tuyen truyen hnh chi gii han trong vng nhn thay.
Khi tang cong suat di pht, cung do dien trung trong vng nhn
thay tang len, cn ngoi vng nhn thay th ni chung van khong the thu
duoc chuong trnh truyen hnh vi chat luong tot. Do d, neu tang cong
suat di pht s khong the no mo rong pham vi hoat dong cua di pht ra
ngoi vng nhn thay duoc.
T bieu thc tnh cung do trung o tren, c the rt ra moi quan he
sau gia cong suat di pht v khoang cch den di pht:
P
ra
=
1
D
. (
E
h h
.
, . .

2 18 1 2
)
2
. r
4

T cong thc ny thay rang, trong vng nhn thay khi tang khoang
cch r de gi cho gi tri cung do dien trung khong doi, th cong suat ra
cua di pht phai tang ti le bac 4 cua khoang cch (v du muon r tang 10
lan th Pra phai tang 10
4
lan). Nhu vay ngay trong vng nhn thay neu chi
tang cong suat di pht th pham vi hoat dong cua di pht cng tang
khong dng ke.
e mo rong pham vi hoat dong cua di pht c the tang chieu cao
cua anten pht v thu. Tuy nhien bien php ny ton km m hieu qua cng
khong ln.
V vay de mo rong pham vi thu chuong trnh truyen hnh can tien
hnh chuyen tiep chuong trnh truyen hnh, thiet lap mang lui truyen hnh
gom nhieu di pht c cong suat ln.
Chuyen tiep c the thuc hien theo 2 cch:
- Thu truc tiep sng cua di pht vo tuyen truyen hnh, sau khi gia
cong v sua mo, tn hieu truyen hnh lai duoc pht tiep bang mot my pht
lai.
- Truyen cc tn hieu truyen hnh di bang he thong vi ba tiep sc,
cp, ve tinh v.v... sau d n duoc pht lai nh cc trung tam truyen hnh
khc.
Cch th nhat don gian, kinh te nhung chat luong khong cao. Cch
th hai cho chat luong tn hieu cao hon nhieu. Ngy nay vi khoa hoc cong
nghe pht trien manh, van de k thuat v kinh te trong phuong php chuyen



95
tiep bang cp v ve tinh d duoc giai quyet. O nuc ta hien nay, viec phu
sng ton quoc cua i truyen hnh Viet Nam duoc thuc hien bang ve tinh.
Pht lai tn hieu truyen hnh c the cng kenh hoac khc kenh cua
trung tam truyen hnh. Pht lai tren cng mot kenh vi trung tam truyen
hnh can c cc bien php trnh my pht lai bi tu kch, do tn hieu dau vo
v dau ra cng mot tan so. Giai php hieu qua l cch ly tot gia anten pht
v anten thu cua tram pht lai (ln hon 120 dB), nhung dieu ny rat kh
thuc hien. Cho nen tot nhat nen pht lai tren kenh khc. Trong trung hop
ny, my pht lai c bo doi tan, cn do cch ly gia angten pht v thu chi
can khoang 30-40 dB.

Tren hnh 4-10 cho so do khoi cua thiet bi pht lai kieu doi tan mot
lan.


T Anten thu Khuech dai
T
oi tan
P
Khuech dai den anten pht

T
cao tan cong suat
P


n.
d d


Nhan tan
P
=
T
n
d d



d d


Tao dao dong



Hnh 4-10

e mo rong dng ke pham vi thu chuong trnh truyen hnh v dam
dao cho viec pht lai c chat luong cao, tot nhat l dng cc he thong
chuyen tiep vi ba lm viec tren cc tan so dnh rieng cho chuyen tiep ( =
5 60 cm). Cc tram thu pht chuyen tiep vi ba dat thnh tuyen di, cch
nhau 40-60 km. Cc tram trung gian c kha nang thu v pht lai tn hieu
tren hai hung (xuoi v nguoc), anten cua cc my thu pht c tnh phuong
hung rat hep v do khuech dai rat cao. Nh vay ti so tn hieu/ nhiu c the
rat ln.
e tang kha nang chuyen tiep, ngui ta ghp song song nhieu thiet
bi chuyen tiep, c tnh nang giong nhau, cau tao doc lap nhau, lm viec
tren cc kenh sng khc nhau, c tan so gan bang nhau de c the dng
chung duoc mot he thong anten (hnh 4-11). e cho my pht khong gay



96
nhiu cho my thu, tan so pht v thu phai khc nhau v anten pht cch ly
tot doi vi anten thu.


P -pht P
1
L L T
1
P
1
L L T
1



T- thu P
2
L L T
2
P
2
L L T
2



L- loc P
3
L L T
3
P
3
L L T
3



Tram cuoi Tram trung gian Tram cuoi

Hnh 4-11 He thong chuyen tiep vi ba ( c 3 kenh )

Phuong thc chuyen tiep truyen hnh bang cp c the dng cho
nhng vng khong the chuyen tiep vi ba nhu qua ho ln, bien... v khi can
c ti so S/N cao hon. Khi dng cp dong truc, de b lai cc loai mo tn
hieu v suy giam tn hieu do cp gay ra, thung c khoang 6-7 km tren
dung cp lai dat mot bo khuech dai tu dong v khoang 100-120 km dat
mot tram khuech dai c ngui phuc vu.
Ngy nay, truyen tn hieu bang cp quang d duoc dng pho bien v
giai quyet duoc nhieu han che khi truyen tn hieu bang sng vi ba v cp
dong truc. Chuyen tiep bang cp quang cho php nang dai tan len rat nhieu
lan, nen c the truyen di dong thi vi chuc ngn dung dien thoai v vi
chuc chuong trnh truyen hnh tren mot dung cp quang. Ton hao tn hieu
tren dung truyen cp quang rat nho nen so tram b t di v cu li dung
truyen tang len nhieu lan.
Tuy nhien viec chuyen tiep tn hieu truyen hnh bang vi ba, cp
dong truc hay cp quang gap rat nhieu kh khan khi di qua dia hnh hiem
tro (rng, ni, song, bien...), khi tuyen chuyen tiep qu di, v lc ny so
lan thu pht lai nhieu nen nhiu bi tch lu, mo tang len, do tin cay cua
ton bo he thong giam.
e khac phuc cc nhuoc diem cua cc loai chuyen tiep ke tren,
ngui ta dng he thong chuyen tiep bang ve tinh nhan tao.



97
Ngui ta d tnh duoc rang: neu ve tinh quay tren qu dao trn cch
mat dat 35.800 km, th chu ky quay cua ve tinh l 24 gi. Neu ve tinh quay
tren mat phng xch dao cua qua dat v chieu quay cua ve tinh trng vi
chieu quay cua qua dat quanh truc cua n, th ve tinh dng yen tuong doi
so vi mat dat. Trung hop ny ta c ve tinh dong bo (hay cn goi l ve
tinh dia tinh). Neu dng ve tinh dong bo lm tram thu v pht lai th pham
vi thu chuong trnh truyen hnh s l chom cau gan 160
0
. Dng 3 ve tinh
dong bo c lien he vi nhau de cng pht mot chuong trnh truyen hnh, th
o bat c noi no tren qua dat (tr cc cuc cua qua dat) deu c kha nang thu
chuong trnh truyen hnh do ve tinh pht di (hnh 4-12).
Do cu ly xa nen viec dua ve tinh dong bo len qu dao rat kh khan,
ton km. Trong luong ve tinh, cong suat pht khong the ln duoc. Do d
yeu cau do nhay cua cc thiet bi thu tren mat dat phai rat cao. e khac
phuc nhuoc diem tren ngui ta dng ve tinh khong dong bo de chuyen tiep
truyen hnh.
Ve tinh1
Qu dao ve tinh
24gi/vng
25800km
Qua dat 24gi/vng
Ve tinh 3 Ve tinh 2
Hnh 4-12 Chuyen tiep dong bo bang ve tinh
Ve tinh khong dong bo bay tren qu dao hnh elp, trong mat phng
nghieng 65
0
so vi mat phng xch dao qua dat. iem xa nhat cch mat dat
40.000 km, diem gan nhat l 500 km. Chu ky quay 12 gi. e c the luon
hung den ve tinh, anten cua tram thu o mat dat c bo phan quay dieu
chinh tu dong de luon bm st theo ve tinh.
Dai tan dng truyen thong (thong tin, truyen hnh) bang ve tinh
thung t 1,5 GHz den 37 GHz. Tuong lai de tang dung luong thong tin,
tang so luong kenh truyen, ngui ta dang nghien cu su dung doan tan so
cao hon (sng milimt).
e c the thu duoc tn hieu t ve tinh, my thu o tren mat dat phai c
do nhay cao, ty so S / N ln. V vay my thu tuong doi phc tap (trong my
thu thung dng khuech dai tham so, hoac tranzixto trung, tranzixto c do
linh dong cao).



98
4. 3 MY THU VO TUYEN TRUYN HNH
Nhiem vu cua my thu vo tuyen truyen hnh (goi tat l my thu hnh)
l tiep nhan tn hieu cao tan cam ng tren an ten thu, khuech dai v bien
doi tn hieu d thnh tn hieu hnh anh v tn hieu am thanh. My thu hnh
c nhng dac tnh chung cua my thu thanh sng cuc ngan. Tuy nhien v
tn hieu hnh c dai tan kh rong, viec khoi phuc hnh anh tren ong thu
hnh di hoi kh nhieu mach phu, ben canh viec thu hnh lai cn c ca viec
thu am thanh v.v... cho nen my thu hnh phc tap hon v c mot so dac
diem m my thu thanh khong c.
Trong phan ny chng ta chi xt mot so dac diem xay dung my thu
hnh.
e dam bao do nhay v do chon loc cao, my thu hnh thung su
dung kieu my thu doi tan. Tren quan diem phan chia cc tn hieu (tn hieu
anh, tn hieu am) cua tuyen khuech dai my thu c loai my thu 2 dung
(hnh 4-13a) v my thu 1 dung (hnh 4-13b).
O so do my thu 2 dung cc tn hieu anh (
a
) v am (
a
) nhan duoc
t an ten qua bo khuech dai cao tan (KCT) duoc dua den bo tron tan. Tan so
ngoai sai duoc chon thung cao hon tan so cao tan v nhu vay ta c o dau
ra bo tron tan cc tan so trung gian anh v am:

tga
=
NS
-
a
= 38 MHz.

tga
=
NS
-
a
= 31,5 MHz.
T day cc tn hieu tan so trung gian duoc di theo cc dung rieng:
dung am thanh gom cc khoi khuech dai trung gian am, tch sng tan so,
khuech dai am tan v loa: dung anh gom khuech dai trung gian anh, tch
sng bien do, khuech dai thi tan, Kinescop. oi vi dung anh khong c g
dac biet, ta ch den dung am. Do tuyen tan so trung gian am c dai hep
nen yeu cau tan so ngoai sai phai c do on dinh cao. Tan so ngoai sai
NS

chi can thay doi vi chuc kHz c the gay nen mo hoac mat tn hieu am. V
vay can phai dieu chinh tan so ngoai sai my thu trong qu trnh lm viec
hoac p dung tu dong dieu chinh tan so ( TT ).
O so do my thu hnh 1 dung, bo khuech dai trung gian dam bao
cho qua pho tan so t 38 den 31,5 MHz, nghia l dam bao khuech dai ca tn
hieu tan so trung gian anh v tn hieu tan so trung gian am. Bo tch sng
thi tan, ngoi viec thuc hien chc nang cua n (tch sng tn hieu dieu che
bien do), cn c chc nang tron tan. O dau ra bo tch sng thi tan, ngoi
tn hieu thi tan cn c tn hieu tan so hieu:




99
a/
NS
-
a
=
tga
KTG 31,5 MHz en tch sng
31,5MHz am tan so

a
,
a
KCT Tron tan


NS
-
a =

tga
KTG 38 MHz en tch sng
38MHz anh bien do
Ngoai
sai


b/



KCT Tron tan KTG Tch sng K en
thi tan thi tan Kinescop


NS

Ngoai sai E
NS
- ( E
A
, E

) KTG en TS

tga

tga
am tan so
38 31,5MHz

tg a
= 38-31,5 = 6,5MHz


Hnh 4-13.
a/ So do khoi my thu 2 dung.
b/ So do khoi my thu 1 dung.


tga
-
tga
= (
NS
-
a
) - (
NS
-
a
) =
a
-
a
= 6,5 MHz
Tan so ny (
tga
) mang tin tc cua tn hieu am. ieu ny duoc giai
thch nhu sau: Nhu ta d biet, trong bo bien tan thong thung duoc truyen
den 2 tn hieu c bien do khc nhau (khoang 10 lan). Ket qua cho ra tn
hieu c tan so bang hieu 2 tan so vo v mang tin tc cua tn hieu nho. Nhu
vay, de tn hieu
TGa
= 6,5 MHz mang tin tc am (dieu che tan so) th bien
do cua tn hieu
tga
= 31,5 MHz dua vo bo tch sng thi tan phai nho hon
nhieu
tga
= 38 MHz. Hay ni cch khc dac tuyen tan so cua bo khuech dai
tan so trung gian cua my thu hnh 1 dung phai c dang sau (hnh 4-14).







100





6,5MHz



tga
=31,5MHz
tga
=38MHz

Hnh 4-14

Neu dai cua dac tuyen tan so trong mien 31,5 MHz (
tga
) c bien do
khong du nho, th tn hieu tan so hieu (
TGa
= 6,5 MHz) s phu thuoc nhieu
vo dien p tan so trung gian anh (
tga
), dien p ny s gay ra dieu bien k
sinh dien p tan so hieu. Su dieu bien k sinh khong ln cua dien p
TGa
s
duoc loai bo boi bo han che truc khi den tch sng tan so.
e so do my thu cong tc on dinh, do sau dieu che bien do cua tn
hieu thi tan vo sng mang anh khong qu ln. Neu do sau dieu che ln,
dan den ph hoai quan he bien do gia cc tn hieu, gay ra tieng trong
dung am. Ngoi ra cn xuat hien dieu tan k sinh vo tn hieu tan so
mang anh (
tga
). ieu tan k sinh sng mang anh gay ra trong my thu su
dich tan k sinh 6,5 MHz, dan den tang tap am trong dung am.
Nhu vay, vi viec p dung so do my thu hnh 1 dung, tan so trung
gian am (
TGa
= 6,5 MHz) khong phu thuoc vo do on dinh cua tan so ngoai
sai my thu. Tan so 6,5 MHz chi phu thuoc vo tan so mang anh (
a
) v tan
so mang am (
a
) cua my pht, m cc tan so ny d dng c do on dinh tan
so rat cao v chng duoc tao ra o trung tam truyen hnh. T d m my thu
hnh 1 dung c cau tao don gian hon v do on dinh cong tc cao hon. Loai
my ny duoc su dung pho bien hien nay. Tren hnh 4-15 l so do khoi day
du cua mot my thu hnh den - trang. My thu hnh mu chi khc l c
them khoi mu v Kinescop den trang duoc thay bng Kinescop mu.
Tn hieu nhan duoc t an ten thu duoc dua den khoi kenh (khoi
chuyen mach chuong trnh). O day thuc hien su khuech dai, bien doi tn
hieu nhan duoc thnh tn hieu tan so trung gian v chuyen mach kenh sng.
Sau d tn hieu duoc dua den bo khuech dai tan so trung gian, tch sng thi
tan, khuech dai thi tan v cuc dieu khien cua Kinescop.
Tn hieu tan so trung gian am (6,5 MHz) duoc lay t dau ra bo
khuech dai thi tan hoac dau ra bo tch sng thi tan. Tn hieu ny qua bo



101
khuech dai tan so trung gian am (6,5 MHz), han che, tch sng tan so,
khuech dai am tan v ra loa. Cc khoi KCT v KTG thung duoc tu dong
dieu chinh do khuech dai (TK) de on dinh mc tn hieu thi tan ra.

ung am thanh

Ngoai KTG Han TS K
sai am che tan so am tan Loa


KCT Tron KTG TS K
tan thi tan thi tan

Khoi kenh
TS
TK





ung dong bo Khoi Qut mnh

Tch xung Phan chia Dao dong Tang ra
dong bo xung mnh qut mnh
dong bo



TS Dao dong Tang ra Chinh luu
pha dng q.dng cao p


Khoi Qut dng



Hnh 4-15
So do khoi my thu hnh den trang







102
CHNG 5
TRUYN HNH MAU
1 NHUNG VAN CO BAN CUA TRUYN HNH MAU
5-1-1 nh sng v mu sac.
a/ Ban chat vat l.
Nhu ta d biet nh sng l mot phan cua dai sng dien t, c tan so
t 3,8.10
14
Hz den 7,8.10
14
Hz (tuong ng vi buc sng t 0,78 m den
0,38 m). nh sng c the duoc bieu din dui dang pho tan so. Trong d
hnh dang v be rong pho lien quan den van de mu sac, cn thnh phan
trung bnh cua pho bieu thi cung do chieu sng (hnh 5-1).
a/



(m)
0,38 0,78

b/


| | (m)
0,38 0,78

c/
Thnh phan trung bnh

| | (m)
0,38 0,78

Hnh 5-1

Neu pho c bien do dong deu t = 0,38 m den 0,78 m ta c
nguon sng trang (hnh 5-1a). Neu pho chi c mot buc sng duy nhat
hoac be rong pho rat hep ta c nguon sng don sac (hnh5-1b). Neu pho c
dang bat k ta c nguon sng bat k (hnh5-1c).

b/ Cam nhan mat ngui ve mau sac.
Mu sac hon ton l cam nhan chu quan cua mat ngui. Nguon
sng c pho deu t = 0,38 m den 0,78 m cho cam gic o mat ngui l



103
nguon sng trang. Neu chi c mot khoang ngan cua pho ni tren th mat
ngui ghi nhan duoc tong cong 7 mu khc nhau m ngui ta goi l 7 mu
pho. Khoang buc sng cua 7 mu pho nhu sau:

Tm Chm Lam Luc Vng Cam o
(m)
0,38 0,43 0,47 0,50 0,56 0,59 0,65 0,78

Cc gii han tren chi c gi tri tuong doi v cam gic ve mu l ghi
nhan chu quan cua tng ngui. Tuy nhien de thong nhat trong viec nghien
cu v tnh ton ngui ta quy dinh cc mu ng vi mot buc sng nhat
dinh, v du mu do (R) c = 0,7 m, mu luc (G) c = 0,546 m, mu
chm (B) c = 0,436 m.
Cam nhan cua mat ve cung do sng doi vi cc mu l khc nhau.
chnh l dac tnh pho hoac do nhay cua mat theo cc buc sng mu
khc nhau. V du : 3 nguon sng do, luc , chm c cung do kch thch nhu
nhau (100%) th mat ngui nhay cam nhat vi mu luc (59%) sau d den
mu do (30%), mu chm (11%) (hnh 5-2).
o nhay cua mat









(m)

Hnh 5-2

c/ Mu cua vat khong phai l nguon sng.
Su kien vat chat khong phai l nguon sng c mu duoc giai thch
nhu sau: khi nh sng trang chieu vo mot vat no d, th s c mot so
buc sng bi vat ay hap thu hon ton hoac mot phan. Cc buc sng
khong bi hap thu s phan chieu den mat cho ta cam gic ve mot mu no
d.
Mu den ve phuong dien nh sng duoc xem l mu trang c cung
do nh sng thap dui kha nang kch thch cua mat. T nay ta quy uc
rang, mi khi ni mot mu c nghia l ni den nguon sng mu ch khong
phai l mu cua vat chat. Chng han, khong phai mu do cua son, mu



104
xanh cua l cay m l nguon sng do phan chieu t son do, nguon sng
xanh l cay phan chieu t l cay.
d/ Cc dac tnh xc dinh mot mu.
Mot pho bat k s cho mat cam gic mot mu bat k. L thuyet m
ni c the c vo so pho bat k nhung cc ket qua nghien cu cho thay mat
chi c the phan biet duoc khoang 10 trieu loai mu khc nhau. So di nhu
vay l v mat khong the nhan ra cc chi tiet qu tinh te cua pho, m chi
phan biet mot mu qua 3 dac tnh:

o chi hay cam gic ve sng nhieu, sng t l cam nhan cua mat vi
cung do nguon sng, hay ni khc di l dp ng cua mat vi bien do trung
bnh cua ton pho. Ta d biet do chi duoc k hieu l ch B v don vi do l
nt.
Do bao ho.
o bo ho cua mot mu (cn goi l do sach mu) l su tinh khiet
cua mu ay so vi mu trang. Hoac ni khc di l mu ay bi pha long boi
nh sng trang nhieu hay t. Cc nguon don sac c do bo ho tuyet doi v
khong bi nh sng trang lan vo. Nguon sng trang c do bo ho bang 0 v
xem nhu d bi nh sng trang lan vo hon ton.
Xt mot nguon sng bat k trong thien nhien. V dai sng nh sng l
mot khoang vo cng hep trong ton bo dai sng dien t, nen thung nguon
sng bat k ni tren c day du tat ca cc buc sng t 0,38 m den 0,78 m
vi bien do o mi buc sng l bat k (hnh5-3a). C the xem pho ny gom
hai thnh phan: mot thnh phan pho deu t = 0,38 m 0,78 m, chnh
l luong nh sng trang lan vo (hnh 5-3b) v thnh phan cn lai l luong
sng mu sau khi d loai di nh sng trang (hnh 5-3c). Thnh phan trung
bnh cua pho hay do chi tuong ng tren cc hnh 5-3a, b, c l B

, B
W
, B

.
o bo ho mu duoc xc dinh nhu sau:
P =
B
B
=
B
Bw B

+











105

a/ b/ c/
B

B
W
B

=

0,38 0,78 0,38 0,78 0,38 0,78


Hnh 5-3
p = 1 tc B = 0, nghia l khong c luong nh sng trang lan vo, ta
ni mu ny c do bo ho tuyet doi.
p 1 tc B rat ln ( B

rat nho) nghia l luong nh sng trang lan

vo nhieu, ta ni mu ny c do bo ho km.
v khi p = 0 : chi c nh sng trang.
Hau het cc mu trong tu nhien deu c do bo ho rat km (p1).
Cc mu c do bo ho cao, cc nguon sng don sac chi c the tao duoc
trong phng th nghiem. V du tia lade c do bo ho tuyet doi v chi c
mot buc sng duy nhat.
Tong mu.
Tong mu (cn goi l sac thi mu) dac trung cho ban than tng mu
tuong ng vi buc sng bc xa . V du mu do c = 0,7 m, mu luc c
= 0,546 m, mu chm c = 0,436 m. Sac thi mu hon ton chi l
cam gic chu quan cua con ngui nen cc gi tri buc sng tren chi l quy
uc tuong doi v c ngui nhan thay mu do c 0,7 m, cn ngui khc
th cho rang mu do c 0,7 m.
Hnh 5-4 mo ta tuong doi tnh chat khc nhau cua hai mu. O hnh
5-4a hai mu giong nhau ve tong mu v do bo ho nhung khc nhau ve
do chi. O hnh 5-4b chi khc nhau ve tong mu, hnh 5-4c chi khc nhau
ve do bo ho v sau cng o hnh 5-4d khc nhau ca 3 dac tnh.
a/ b/ c/ d/
2
1 1 2 2 1
1

Hnh 5-4 Phan biet 3 dac tnh cua mu



106
V vay trong truyen hnh mu can phai dam bao truyen 3 thong tin
(ng vi 3 dac tnh cua mu) o mi diem anh, khc vi truyen hnh den
trang chi can truyen mot thong tin l do chi.


5-1-2 L thuyet mu 3 thnh phan.
Nam 1756 nh bc hoc Nga Lomonop lan dau tien dat co so cho l
thuyet mu 3 thnh phan. 100 nam sau l thuyet ny duoc nh bc hoc c
pht trien. N ni rang c 3 mu doc lap vi nhau, khong the thay the duoc
l mu do (R) mu luc (G) v mu chm (B). Cn tat ca cc mu khc deu
c the nhan duoc t 3 mu ny theo cc ti le nhat dinh. Ni mot cch khc
ta luon c phuong trnh cho mot mu bat k:
= = R G B
O day: - lieu luong cua mu : - do mu cua thong luong :
, , luong cua cc mu co ban R, G, B.
Phuong trnh tren bieu thi ca ve so luong v chat luong cua mot mu
bat k do 3 mu R, G, B tao nen. ieu d c nghia l luong (chnh l do
chi) cua tong cong bang tong cc do chi mu thnh phan:
=
e xc dinh chat luong cua thong luong (do mu ), chi can gi
tri tuong doi cua cc mu co ban, duoc goi l he so 3 mu , , :
=

'
' ' ' + +
=
'
f
: =
'
f
: =
'
f

O day: =
T d chng ta c : = 1
V mu bay gi duoc bieu din boi:
=
'
f
= R G B
Phuong trnh ny cho biet mot mu bat k c do chi bang 1() duoc
tao boi 3 mu R ,G, B vi cc do chi tuong ng , , m tong cua chng
bang 1.



107
V du : chieu 3 nguon sng mu R, G, B c cng do chi bang mot
don vi len mn anh bang vai trang (de c do phan chieu hon ton o mn
anh, hnh 5-5). Mat ngui ghi nhan phan giao nhau gia nguon sng do vi
nguon sng luc l mu vng(), do v chm l mu ta (M) v luc vi chm
l mu lam (C). Tai vng chnh gia, noi ca 3 vng giao nhau l mu trang
(). Cc mu mi cho ket qua cc su tron mu tren deu c do chi bang 1.
Ket qua tron mu c the ghi lai nhu sau:
R G =
R B = M
B G = C
R G B = W


R y G


M C
B


Hnh 5-5 Su tron mu

Hien tuong tron mu ny duoc giai thch nhu sau: thuc te khong he
c su pha tron gia cc buc sng. Tai vng mat ngui nhn thay mu
trang chng han van c du 3 buc sng cua 3 mu R,G,B rieng r den mat
cng mot luot v ca 3 nhm te bo nn R, G, B cng bi kch thch giong y
nhu trung hop d chieu nh sng trang vo mat. Hai hien tuong vat l
khch quan khc nhau d gay ra cng mot cam gic cho mat ngui.
Cc dinh ngha:
- Mu chnh (hay mu co ban): l nhng mu khong the c duoc
bang su pha tron hai hay nhieu mu khc. Ba mu chnh l mu do (R), luc
(G), chm (B).
- Mu phu: l tat ca cc mu ngoi mu chnh.
- Mu ban dau mu bo tc thnh mu trang.
V du : neu xem do l mu ban dau th mu lam l mu bo tc cua
mu do, v: R C = W.
tuong tu: B = W
M G = W.



108
5-1-3 Bieu dien hnh hoc cua mot mu.
Nhu d biet mot mu duoc xc dinh bang 3 dac tnh: do chi (B), do
bo ho (P) v tong mu. Neu bieu din 3 dac tnh ny bang so do cua 3
vc to, th mot mu duoc xc dinh bang toa do cua mot diem trong khong
gian 3 chieu. Neu chon mot trong ba so do l hang so, chng han chon do
chi l khong doi v bang 1 doi vi tat ca cc mu, th mot mu bat k s
duoc bieu din boi mot diem tren mat phng p, (hnh 5-6). Su bieu din
nhu vay d quan st hon.
Mot van de khc thuc te hon l can tm tren do thi cc gi tri , ,
cua cc mu R, G, B de duoc mot mu mi .

p 1 G


m
m


R
0 1

Hnh 5-6a Hnh 5-6b
a/ Hnh thnh tam gic mu.
Xt su pha tron hai mu R v G bang hai vecto don vi thng gc vi
nhau (hnh 5-6b). Thay rang mot diem m no d tren dung cho RG c
toa do :
m

m: ( ) luon bang 1.

Nhu vay c the dng dung thng RG de bieu din viec pha tron
mu do v mu luc theo moi ti le de duoc mu mi c do chi cng deu
bang 1. O chnh gia dung RG l mu vng c = =
1
2
. Cng gan ve
pha R cc mu c v cng gan ve pha G l cc mu c .
Bay gi ta lai bieu din ba mu R,G, B bang 3 vcto don vi
thng gc vi nhau (Hnh 5-7a). Tuong tu nhu tren, dung thng RG bieu
din cc mu pha tron cua mu do v luc c do chi bang 1. ung RB
bieu din cc mu pha tron cua do v chm c do chi bang 1, v dung



109
GB bieu din cc mu pha tron cua luc v chm c do chi bang 1. Gia
tam cua cc dung RG, GB, BR l cc mu vng (), lam (C) v ta (M).
D thay rang mot diem bat k nam tren mat phng RGB deu c toa do chieu
tren 3 truc R, G, B lan luot l , , m = 1 (hnh 5-7).
G G
a/ b/
S

0 C

B R B M R
P

Hnh 5-7 Hnh thnh tam gic mu.

Nhu vay cc diem trong tam gic deu RGB (hnh 5- 7b) bieu din
cc mu c duoc bang cch pha tron 3 mu R, G, B theo ti le , , m
( ) luon bang 1. Tai tam cua tam gic ny = = =
1
3
chnh l
bieu thi cua mu trang (W) c do bo ho bang 0. Cc diem mu cng gan
tam cng c do bo ho km. Cc diem mu cng xa tam cng c do bo
ho cao v tai gii han o 3 canh cua tam gic, viec pha tron thieu hn mot
thnh phan mu v nhu vay bieu thi cua cc mu d bo ho (khong cn
nh sng trang lan vo).
Cuoi cng dung thng xuyen tam v t G qua W cat canh BR o
diem M chnh l mu ta. Ta v luc l hai mu bo tc (M G = W). Tuong
tu neu v mot dung thng bat k xuyen tam W cat tam gic mu o hai
diem S v P th S v P l hai mu bo tc.
phang trong tam gic mu .
Tam gic mu RGB nam trong he truc khong gian R, G, B nhu
va v o tren tuong doi kh xc dinh, nhat l viec tm ra cc toa do , , .
Bay gi ta v lai tam gic RGB ni tren trong mat phng (hnh 5-8). iem
m bat k nam trong tam gic ny bieu din mot mu bat k c do chi bang
1 v ti le pha tron l , , . Chieu diem m xuong 3 canh lan luot l mr,
mg, mb.
ac tnh cua tam gic deu cho ta : mr mg mb = GM = h
neu chon h = 1 th mr = , mg = , mb = v = h = 1.



110

G

r
b
m
h

B M g R


Hnh 5-8
Nhu vay ti le pha tron , , c the thay ngay duoc bang cch do
khoang cch t diem m xuong 3 canh.
c/ Toa do vuong gc
Cc toa do , , bieu din trong muc b o tren d tuong doi d nhn
nhung cn kh do dac v tnh ton. Ngui ta muon tm cch xc dinh toa
do mot diem mu bang he thong 2 truc vuong gc ox v oy tuong tu nhu
toa do diem trong hnh hoc.
Trong tam gic mu tren, dat truc x trng vi BR v truc y thng
gc vi truc x tai B (hnh 5-9).
Toa do diem mu m bay gi duoc xc dinh boi:

x = B n n g =
2
3

3

m
y = mg =



y y

G

b
r =y m
y m


B n g M R x B =x M x

Hnh 5-9a Hnh 5-9b



111
Nhu vay c the goi ten mot diem mu l m(x, y). Biet xy tc l biet
duoc v . Thnh phan cn lai = 1 - - .

d/ Bien doi tam gic mu.
D sao trong toa do m(x,y), th x van cn cha ca 2 thnh phan
v , nen ti le pha tron , , chua the hien ra lap tc. Neu dat:
x = x
3
2
-

2
=
m
y = y =
s bien doi trong tam gic deu RGB thnh tam gic vuong can v diem mu
m duoc xc dinh boi (x,y) vi x chnh l thnh phan do (), y l thnh
phan mau luc ( ) (xem hnh 5-9b). Muon c ngui ta lay 1 - - . e
tai tam tam gic ny l mau trang:
=
1
3

=
1
3



















112
2 NGUYEN TAC TRUYN HNH MAU

Dua tren cc van de d neu o tren, nguyen l truyen hnh mu c the
duoc bieu din theo so do sau (hnh 5-10).


R


1 G 3
anh mu

B

Hnh 5-10

Khoi 1 c chc nang bien doi anh cua vat nhieu mu thnh 3 mu
R,G,B. l khoi phan tch mu. Sau d 3 anh don sac R,G,B truyen theo
3 kenh rieng. Tng kenh truyen giong nhau nhu he thong truyen hnh den
trang. Khoi 3 thuc hien su bien doi nguoc lai : phoi hop 3 anh don sac
R,G,B thnh anh nhieu mu (tron mu).
5-2-1 Cc phuong php phan tch mu.
- Dng dia loc mu. ia loc mu c the cau tao bang chat do hoac
bang thuy tinh mu duoc chia lm 3 vng, mi vng c dac tnh pho rat
hep chi cho qua cc mau do hoac luc hoac chm (hnh 5-11).


B

B








Hnh 5-11
Nhuoc diem cua dia loc mu l hieu xuat thap:

=
B
B

% = (10 20) %



113
-Guong loc mu .
Guong loc mu (guong xicroit) c cau tao dua tren su giao thoa nh
sng tren cc lp mng mong. Khi cho tia nh sng trang B chieu ti
guong s c sng hon ton phan xa hoac di qua (hnh 5-12).
Guong loc mau c uu diem l hieu suat loc mau cao

= (80 - 90) %.

R

W B

G



Hnh 5-12
5-2-2 Cc phuong php tron mu.
Pho bien c hai phuong php tron mu thung dng l tron mu cuc
bo v tron mu khong gian.
- Tron mu cuc bo: nhan duoc do su xep chong dong thi hoac lan
luot cc anh mot mu vi nhau.
Neu chieu dong thi len mn 3 anh don sac cua cng mot doi tuong
truyen th ta duoc anh da mu (Hnh 5-13a). Mot hien tuong tuong tu cng
cho ta nhan duoc anh da mu bang cch lan luot theo thi gian chieu tng
mu don sac len mn anh (hnh 5-13b). Khi d tren vng mac cua mat xay
ra su "cong " 3 mu. V mat c qun tnh (gan bang 0,1 giay) nen vi toc
do cua dia loc mu quay du nhanh, ta c cam gic l anh da mu.
a/ b/

R, G, B
1 R

2 G

3 B

Mn ia loc mu Mn

Hnh 5-13



114
- Tron mu khong gian: Neu mn anh duoc cau tao bang cc diem
mu (hoac cc soc hep) R, G, B xep xen k v neu vi tr quan st o khoang
cch du ln de khong phan biet duoc tng diem mu (hoac soc mu) th lc
d s nhan duoc mu tong cong (hnh 5-14).


R G B R G B R R G B R G
G B RG B R G B
R G B R G B R G
B R G B R G B



Hnh 5-14
V du: neu can nhan mu vng th tren mn anh s chieu sng mu
do v luc, cn mu chm khong duoc chieu sng. e nhan duoc mu trang
ta phai chieu ca ba mu len.
Tron mu khong gian duoc p dung cho tat ca cc mn anh cua my
thu hnh mu.


























115
3 CC HE THONG TRUYN HNH MAU
Dua tren viec truyen lan luot hoac dong thi cc mu co ban R,G,B
ta c he thong truyen hnh mu lan luot hoac dong thi. Cc mau th
nghiem dau tien cua cc he thong truyen hnh ny duoc nghien cu vo
nam 1925-1930. Cuoi nhng nam 1940 v dau nhng nam 1950 cc he
thong truyen hnh ny duoc p dung thuc te tai M v Lien xo.
5-3-1 He thong truyen hnh mu lan luot.
So do khoi cua he thong truyen hnh ny duoc chi ra tren hnh 5-15.



ong K Bo tron K ieu K
pht thi tan mu tuyen tnh che CS

MT
Thiet Dao dong Dao dong
biqut dong bo sng mang
ia loc mu


Khuech dai My pht
Micro am thanh


ung Loa
am


KCT Bien tan KTG Tch K
sng thi tan



Dao dong Chon loc Thiet bi
noi xung d.bo qut

Hnh 5-15

O dau pht viec phan chia mu duoc thuc hien nh quay dia loc mu.
Hnh dang cc bo loc mu R,G,B cua dia chon sao cho mi bo loc cho qua
tat ca cc dng cua mot mnh (qut xen dng). Nhu vay qua 6




116
mnh ( 3 mnh l, 3 mnh chan) mi truyen day du mot anh mu. V cc
tn hieu mu do, luc, chm duoc dua lan luot den bo khuech dai thi tan. e
dieu khien rieng biet cc tn hieu anh duoc chi ra o tren v vi muc dch
thiet lap moi quan he can thiet gia chng can c bo khuech dai 3 dung
(cn goi l bo tron mu (hnh 5-16). Mi mot trong 3 bo khuech dai chi
thong trong thi gian truyen trong truyen mot mnh cua mu tuong ng.
Sau d cc tn hieu thi tan duoc lan luot dua den bo dieu che my pht.

R
G

B
3t
1

R
1
R
2


Khuech dai Ra
Vo G
1
G
2
chung


B
1
B
2



Hnh 5-16 So do khoi bo tron mu.

O my thu truc mn anh cua ong thu hnh dat dia loc mu (hnh 5-
17) duoc quay dong bo vi dia loc mu o dau pht. V tan so mnh kh
cao, mat s cam nhan duoc anh da mu nhu anh truyen.










Hnh 5-17 ia loc mu c 6 bo loc mu

Xt trung hop qut xen dng, neu trong mot giay truyen 25 anh th
n=75Hz v tan so mnh
k
=150Hz v tan so cuc dai cua pho tn hieu thi tan:

max
=
2

k n .
2
= 6,5 x 3 = 19,5 MHz
Tan so dng:
z
= .n = 625 x 75 = 46.887 Hz.



117
Can nh rang dn hnh trong my thu mu cua he thong ny can c
do chi ln. l do, th nhat mat ta cam nhan cc chi tiet mu can c do
chi ln hon khi cam nhan cc chi tiet den trang. Th hai, do dau thu phai
su dung dia loc mu, m bo loc cua n hap thu den 90% nang luong nh
sng. V vay m mn anh cua ong thu hnh can c do chi khong nho hon
300 nt (trong khi d vi he thong truyen hnh den-trang l 30 nt).
He thong truyen hnh mu lan luot c mot loat cc khuyet diem: dai
tan cua kenh truyen hnh, cc tham so qut (tan so qut mnh k, qut dng
z) deu ln gap 3 lan he thong truyen hnh den trang.V do d khong cho
php my thu hnh den trang thu duoc chuong trnh mu cua he thong ny.
Vi muc tieu chuyen dong nhanh anh mu quan st khong r rng do
phuong php phan tch mu v tron mu khong hon chinh (lan luot).
Ngoi ra viec su dung dia loc mu o dau thu lm han che kch thuc mn
anh cua ong thu hnh.
5-3-2 He thong truyen hnh mu dong thi.
He thong truyen hnh mu dong thi l he thong ba dung (hnh 5-
18). Anh mu A1 qua thau knh 1 duoc truyen den cc guong loc mu
M, N v duoc chia thnh 3 mu co ban R,G,B. Cc mu ny duoc truyen
den cc katot quang cua cc ong pht tuong ng, o d xay ra qu trnh bien
doi anh quang thnh tn hieu dien. e truyen dong thi 3 tn hieu ny, can
phai phan chia tan so cho cc tn hieu thi tan bang cch dua vo kenh R, B
cc dao dong mang k,b. Sau d, cc tn hieu cua 3 kenh duoc tron vo v
duoc dua den bo dieu che my pht.

K ieu Loc
R che


Sng mang

k


N
1
K Tron ieu Loc
M
1
G che

Sng mang Sng mang

B

a



K ieu Loc
B che
Hnh 5-18 Phan pht he thong truyen hnh mu dong thi.



118
O my thu (hnh 5-19) tn hieu sau khi dai dieu che (tch sng)
duoc phan chia thnh 3 dung R,G,B. Cc tn hieu thi tan R, B sau giai dieu
che lan th hai v tn hieu thi tan truc tiep R duoc dua den cc ong thu
hnh. Qua he thong guong loc mu M2, N2 ta duoc anh da mu o tren mn
anh.





K Tch K
R sng R

Tch K N
2

sng G
M
2


K Tch K
B sng B Mn anh



Hnh 5-19. Phan thu he thong truyen hnh mu dong thi.

C the thay rang mi dung trong he thong truyen hnh mu dong
thi cc tham so cua n (dai tan, tham so qut) giong nhu truyen hnh den
trang. Dai tan cua ca he thong bang 3 lan so vi dai tan cua he thong truyen
hnh den trang.



















119
4 SU PHOI HOP TRUYN HNH MAU VI HE THONG
TRUYN HNH EN TRANG

Tren phuong dien truyen hnh dai chng, truyen hnh mu ra di khi
truyen hnh den trang d truong thnh. Hng trieu cc my thu den trang d
duoc san xuat v dang duoc pht trien. V the viec pht trien truyen hnh
mu phai lm sao khong gay anh huong cho truyen hnh den trang dang
hoat dong m chi lm cho cong tc truyen hnh ni chung them sinh dong,
phong ph m thoi. Hay ni cch khc viec pht trien cc he thong truyen
hnh mi can phai phoi hop duoc vi he thong tryen hnh den- trang trong
truyen hnh dai chng.

5-4-1 inh nghia:
Su phoi hop truyen hnh mu vi truyen hnh den trang l o kha nang
thu chuong trnh mu cua my thu den trang o dang den trang v o kha
nang thu chuong trnh den trang cua my thu mu o dang den trang.
Nhu vay theo dinh nghia tren, de he thong truyen hnh mu phoi hop
duoc vi den trang th phai thoa mn cc dieu kien sau:
- Cc tham so qut (tan so dng, tan so mnh, cc xung dong bo...)
phai giong nhu truyen hnh den trang.
- Cc tn hieu (tin tc) can truyen cua he thong truyen hnh mu phai
thch hop vi my thu den trang, cng nhu doi vi my thu mu.
- Dai tan cua he thong truyen hnh mu phai nam trong kenh qui uc
cua he thong truyen hnh den trang.
Cc he thong truyen hnh mu lan luot v dong thi m ta d trnh
by o tiet truc r rng khong phoi hop duoc vi he thong truyen hnh den
trang. Chng chi duoc su dung trong truyen hnh cong nghiep.
ieu kien th nhat khong c g phai xt them. Ta s xt nhng van
de cu the cua he thong truyen hnh mu de thoa mn hai dieu kien sau.
5-4-2 Cc tin tc can truyen trong he thong truyen hnh mu.
inh nghia ve su phoi hop truyen hnh mu vo truyen hnh den
trang c the duoc mo ta theo so do hnh 5-20. Theo so do ny thay rang:
- ung (1) trong hnh 5-20 l ci d c san. Ta d biet l di pht
hnh den trang chi truyen di tn hieu chi (y) v dn hnh den trang s tao
hnh den trang bang cch dua -y vo catot dn hnh (hnh 5-21a)



120
Tao hnh den trang
i pht 1 My thu Tao hnh den trang
den trang den trang

3 2



i pht My thu Tao nnh mu
mu 4 mu Tao hnh en trang


Hnh 5-20


a/ b/

c/


R

-

G


B



B
-

G
-

R
-

Hnh 5-21
- e thoa mn dung (2) di pht mu bi p dat phai truyen di tn
hieu y nhu di den trang. ieu ny l de my thu den trang c the tao
hnh den trang khi nhan tn hieu cua di pht mu.
- e thoa mn dung (3) dn hnh mau phai duoc ket noi gan giong
nhu dn hnh den trang. Nghia l 3 katot phai duoc noi chung vi nhau v




121
dua vo tin tc -y (hnh5-21 b). Cung do ba tia ban ra s bang nhau, lm
ba diem R, G, B tren mn anh sng deu v cho ta cam gic den trang o mi
diem tam.
- e thoa mn dung (4) dn hnh mu phai noi sao cho khi m 3
catot (d noi chung) c san -y. e tao mu, cung do cua ba tia ban ra
phai ti le vi 3 tin tc
R
,
G
,
B
. Muon the dien p dua den ba lui 1 s
phai tuong ng l
R -


,
G -
,
B -
.
Nhu vay do yeu cau phai phoi hop vi truyen hnh den trang , ngui
ta khong the truc tiep truyen di 3 tin tc dau tien cua canh mu (
R
,
G
,

B
) m phai truyen di 4 tin tc gom 1 tn hieu chi

v 3 tn hieu hieu so
mu
R -
,
G -
,
B -
. Thuc te trong 4 tin tc tren chi can truyen 3, cn
tin tc th 4 c the suy ra t 3 tin tc d c. Cu the ngui ta truyen

,
R -

,
B -
.
Sau day ta xt cc dac diem cua tn hieu do chi v tn hieu hieu so
mu.
Tn hieu do chi Uy.
Vi nh sng chuan dang C (nhiet do = 6.500 do C) tn hieu do chi
hay tn hieu den trang duoc dinh nghia l:

= 0,3
R
0,59
G
0,11
B

Gia su muc tieu l canh trang c cung do sng chuan (tuong ng
vi do chi =100%), camera den trang thu canh ny cho ra tn hieu thi tan
vi mc cao nhat l 100% (tuong ng bien do dinh- dinh =1V) (hnh 22a).
a/

-T

W
30%
b/

Mu
59%

W


11%


Hnh 1-22



122
O camera mu, pho duoc chia lm ba qung v v bien do cua ba
qung pho van nhu c, ba ong vidicon van do duoc
R
= 1v,
G
= 1v,
B

= 1v. e tao lai tn hieu chi giong nhu camera den trang ngui ta lay 30%
cua r, 0,59% cua g v 11% cua b (hnh 5-22b).
So di c cc ty le ny l vid do chi 100% m mat ngui cam nhan
duoc l c su tham gia 30% cua nh sng do, 59% cua nh sng luc, 11%
cua nh sng chm. o nhay cua ong vidicon cng duoc che tao san giong
nhu do nhay cua mat de c duoc tin tc ve do chi cua canh duoc tao hnh
den trang. e thay r hon, hy de trung hop thu canh l cay xanh (mu
luc) v mi ngi do gia trua nang. o chi cua hai noi l bang nhau. Neu
nhu do nhay cua ong vidicon lai dong deu vi cc buc sng th ket qua
dien p ra (tn hieu thi tan) ng vi l cay xanh v mi ngi do s bang
nhau v nhu vay chng the no tao hnh den trang duoc.
Chnh v do nhay khong deu, chi c 30% o buc sng mu do v
59% o buc sng mu xanh l cay (so vi 100% cua nh sng trang c
cng cung do) nen 2 dien p ra s khc nhau v tren mn den trang hnh
s l xm dam o mi ngi do v xm nhat o l cay.
Tn hieu chi vi bang chuan soc mu:
Bang chuan soc mu l tam cac tong c son 7 soc mu: chm (B), do
(R), ta (M), luc (G), lam (C), vng () v trang (W) vi cung do sng cua
cc soc mu l chuan v bang nhau.
O camera den trang, v do nhay cua ong vidicon l khong deu vi
cc buc sng nen dien p ra do duoc (tn hieu chi y) o cc soc c dang
nac thang nhu hnh 5-23c. Tren mn hnh den trang s l cc giai xm khc
nhau. Bat dau t soc chm xm dam nhat, nhat dan den soc vng v cuoi
cng soc trang sng nhat o mc chuan 100%.
a/ b/


B R M G C W
ng Ma

pht tran



Hnh 5-23 a, b.







123
1V (100%)

0,89 W

0,7

0,59 C

0,41 G

0,30 M

0,11 R

0 B

( - ) ---

Hnh 5-23c Tn hieu chi .

O camera mu, ta hy khao st rieng cho tng soc mot:
- O soc mu chm (B) chi c nh sng chm di vo v ong vidicon
cho dien p ra
B
=1V, cc nh sng do v luc khong c nen ket qua
R
=

G
= 0
V
. Nhu vay :

= 0,3
R
0,59
G
0,11
B

= 0,3. 0 0,59. 0 0,11. 1 = 0,11
V
(11%)
-Tuong tu o soc mu do:
R
=1
V
,
G
=
B
= 0
V
v

= 0,3.1 0,59.
0 0,11. 0 = 0,3
V
(30%).
- O soc mu ta (mu ta l ket qua cua su pha tron cua mu do v
mu chm) ta c:
R
= 1,
B
= 1,
G
= 0 v

= 0,3.1 0,59. 0 0,11. 0 =
0,41 (41%)
Bang cch phan tch tuong tu ta c duoc ket qua sau:
- Soc mu luc:
G
= 1,
R
=
B
= 0

= 0,59.
- Soc mu lam:
R
= 0,
G
=
B
= 1

= 0,70.
- Soc mu vng:
B
= 0,
R
=
G
= 1

= 0,89.
- Soc trang :
G
=
R
=
B
= 1

= 0,59.

Tn hieu hieu so mu.
a/ Dinh ngha :
Tn hieu hieu so mu
R -
c duoc bang cch lay thng tn hieu
R

tr di phan chi cua n nghia l:


R -
=
R
-

=
R
- (0,3
R
0,59
G
0,11
B
)



124
= 0,70
R
- 0,59
G
- 0,11
B

tuong tu:


R -
=
G
-

= - 0,30
R
0,41
G
- 0,11
B


B -
=
B
-

= - 0,30
R
- 0,59
G
0,89
B


ngha vat l cua tn hieu hieu so mu.
Ban than cc tn hieu
R
,
G
,
B
deu c ba thnh phan do chi, bo
ho mu v tong mu. Trong truyen hnh mu de phoi hop vi truyen hnh
den trang ta phai truyen tn hieu do chi y. V vay viec truyen thnh phan
chi trong cc tn hieu tren l tha, khong can thiet. e khu n ngui ta chi
can truyen
R
-

,
G
-

,
B
-

. Nghia l khi truyen tn hieu den

trang cc tn hieu hieu so mu ny bang 0. ieu ny rat c loi v phan ln
cc doan anh mu l tn hieu den trang. Do d viec p dung cc tn hieu
hieu so mu cho php don gian thiet bi v giam can nhiu t thong tin mu
khi thu tn hieu mu bang my thu den trang.
c/ Khoang bien thien cua tn hieu hieu so mu.
Theo cc cong thc d biet cua cc tn hieu
R
-

,
G
-

,
B
-

ta d dng tnh duoc cc gi tri cua cc tn hieu ny theo bang chuan 7

soc mu (hnh5-24). T day thay r rang khoang bien thien cua cc tn hieu
hieu so mu l:

R -
= 0,70

G -
= 0,41

B -
= 0,89
d/ Lua chon tn hieu hieu so mu de truyn.
Trong 3 tn hieu
R
-

,
G
-

,
B
-

ta chi can truyen 2 tn

hieu, tn hieu th 3 c the suy ra t 2 tn hieu tren. Vay loai bo tn hieu
no Theo tren ta thay vi cung do sng chuan nhu nhau
G -
c khoang
bien thien b nhat ( 0,41), dieu ny tuong duong su thong tin khong r
rng. L do th hai de loai bo
G -
l v mat ta kh nhay cam vi mu luc,
do d di hoi dai tan cua
G -
cao hon nen kh truyen hon so vi dai tan
chi vo khoang 1,5MHz.







125
Soc mu B R M G C W

R

1
0 0 t

G

1
0 0 t

B

1
0 t

R-


0 t

G-

0 t

B-


0 t



Hnh 5-24
Tai my thu,
G-
duoc suy ra t
R-
v
B-
, thuc vay:

= 0,3
R
0,59
G
0,11
B

= 0,3 (
R
-

) 0,59 (
G
-

) 0,11(
B
-

Suy ra

G
-

= -
0,3 (U - U ) - 0,11(U - U )
0 59 ,


G

-
= - 0,518
R-
- 0,186
B-


e/ Toa do mu.
Cc muc tren d ni mot mu hon ton duoc xc dinh bang tn hieu
chi

v hai tn hieu hieu so mu

R-
v
B-
. Neu khong quan tam den
dac tnh ve so luong cua mu (y) th tnh chat mot mu (chat luong mu)



126
c the duoc bieu din bang he truc vuong gc m truc tung l
R-
v truc
honh l
B-
(hnh 5-25).
V du: Mu trang (W):
R -
=
B -
= 0, tc nam tai tam cua he toa do.
Mu do:
B -
= - 0,3
R

R -
= 0,7
Mu luc:
B -
= - 0,59
G

R -
= - 0,59
Mu chm:
B -
= 0,89
B

R -
= - 0,11


R-

1
R 0,7



-1| -0,59 |1
-0,3 B

G -0,59

-1
Hnh 5-25 Toa do mu

f/ Viec tao cc tn hieu U

Theo cc bieu thc cua tn hieu chi, tn hieu hieu so mu, ta c the
tao duoc n t
R,
,
G
,
B
nh ma tran (hnh 5-26a). Thuc te ma tran l bo
dien tro tao thnh cc mach phan p theo dng ti le m cc bieu thc
,
,

R-
,
B-
d chi ra (hnh 5-26b).

a/

R
R

G
G

R-


B
B

B-




Hnh 5-26a




127

b/
R
1


R
2

R
3
R
10



R
R
4



G
R
5

R -



B
R
6
R
11


R
7


R
8

B -


R
9
R
12




Hnh 5-26b

V du tnh

: Vi cung do nh sng chuan, ta c:

R
=
G
=
B
=
1
V
v bieu thc do chi:

=0,3
R
0,59
G
0,11
B
.
T d chon:
R
R R
10
1 10 +
= 0,3 :
R
R R
10
2 10 +
= 0,59:
R
R R
10
3 10 +
= 0,11

Cho R
10
gi tri no d, t 3 phuong trnh tren s xc dinh duoc cc
gi tri cua dien tro R
1
, R
2
, R
3
.
Nguoc lai o dau thu nh ma tran giai m ta s tm lai duoc
R
,
G
,

B
(hnh 5-26c).
c/

R



R-

G



B-

B




Hnh 5-26c



128
5-4-3. Dai tan cua he thong truyen hnh mu phai nam trong kenh qui
uoc cua he thong truyen hnh den trang.
Ta d biet di pht mu s pht di cc tn hieu

,
R-
,
B-
. e
thuc hien dieu kien dai tan cua he thong truyen hnh mu phai nam trong
kenh qui uc cua truyen hnh den trang th cc tn hieu hieu so mu duoc
truyen (
R-
,
B-
) phai c pho nam trong

. e giai quyet dieu ny ngui

ta dua vo hai tnh chat:
- Iinh chat cua thi giac.
Ve l thuyet, pho cua tn hieu hieu so mu cng nhu tn hieu do chi,
tc bang 6,5MHz. Mat chng ta c dac diem l nhn cc chi tiet nho chi
phan biet duoc do sng, cn khong phan biet duoc mu cua n. Nhu vay
doi vi cc chi tiet nho chi can truyen

, doi vi cc chi tiet ln mi can

truyen them cc tn hieu hieu so mu
R-
,
B-
. Cc chi tiet ln tuong
ng doan tan so thap, cc chi tiet nho tuong ng doan tan so cao nen pho
tn hieu hieu so mu chi can 1,5MHz.
- Cau truc pho cua tin hieu thi tan.
Nhu ta d biet o chuong 1, pho cua tn hieu thi tan (tn hieu do chi)
l pho vach duoc phan bo thnh tng nhm. Khoang cch gia cc vach l
khoang trong, t dieu ny cho ta kha nang phan bo cc hi cua pho tn hieu
hieu so mu (v cng l pho vach) o gia cc thnh phan hi cua tn hieu do
chi (hnh 5-27).







n
z

S
(n1)
z


Hnh 5-27 Phan bo pho cua tn hieu hieu so mu
trong pho cua tn hieu do chi.
O day
S
l tan so cua sng mang mu c mang tin tc
R-
,
B-
.
Vay pho cua tn hieu truyen hnh mu truc khi dieu che bien do dao
dong cao tan cua my pht l (hnh 5-28a) v sau khi dieu che pht ra
khong gian ( hnh 5-28b).




129

a/ b/


S

a

a

S

S




0 6,5 MHz
6,5

Hnh 5-28

Nhu vay pho cua tn hieu truyen hnh mu hon ton nam trong kenh
qui uc cua he thong truyen hnh den trang neu ta chon cc tan so mang
anh (
a
), mang am (
a
) giong nhu den trang .
Viec phan bo pho cua tn hieu mu
S
(c cha tin tc
R-
,
B-
)
nam trong pho cua tn hieu do chi

s c anh huong lan nhau. Vi muc

dch de giam anh huong c hai cua thnh phan tan so cao cua tn hieu do
chi den tn hieu hieu so mu th bien do cua sng mang mu can phai ln
hon cc thnh phan d. ong thi bien do cua sng mang mu phai nho
hon bien do cua sng mang tn hieu do chi de giam anh huong den tn
hieu do chi. Thung
S
= 23%

.
C nhieu phuong php dieu che cc tn hieu hieu so mu vo tn hieu
tan so mang mu
S
, hay ni mot cch tong qut hon, c nhieu phuong
php truyen tn hieu
R-
,
B-
. ng vi mi phuong php ta c mot he
mu. Hien nay tren the gii su dung 3 he mu :
- NTSC (hoi he thong truyen hnh quoc gia). He mu ny ra di tai
M, chnh thc pht sng vo nam 1954.
- PAL (Pha thay doi theo tng dng), ra di tai Tay c, pht sng
nam 1966.
- SECAM (mu lan luot c nh), ra di tai Php, chnh thc pht
sng vo nam 1965.






130
5 HE MAU NTSC
5-5-1. Ma ho NTSC.
Trong he mu ny 2 tn hieu hieu so mu duoc truyen dong thi o
mot tan so mang theo phuong php dieu che bnh phuong. ieu che bnh
phuong duoc thuc hien nh 2 bo dieu che can bang duoc cung cap 1 dao
dong tan so mang vi dich pha 90
o
. Nguyen l cua n ( m ho NTSC) nhu
hnh 5-29a.



r
=
R-

ieu che can
r
cos
s
t

0
cos
s
t bang 1

Dao dong Tron Tron

tan so
s
1 2

0
Sin
s
t
90
0
ieu che can
bang 2
b
Sin
s
t


b
=
B-


Hnh 5-29a M ho NTSC


r


S





b


Hnh 5-29b

Mot mach dao dong tao ra sng hnh sin c tan so
s
= 3,58 MHz,
duoc dua den bo dieu che can bang 1 v qua dich a 90
o
dua den bo dieu
che can bang 2. Cng dua den bo dieu che can bang l cc tn hieu hieu so
mau
r
,
b
. O dau ra cc bo dieu che l dien p tan so
s
duoc dieu che theo
bien do boi cc tn hieu hieu so mu: (gia thiet bien do sng mang mu

o
=1).

=
r
.cos
s
t

=
b
.sin
s
t




131
Cc tn hieu ny duoc dua den bo tron 1, ket qua cua viec cong tuyen
tnh cho dien p ra:


S
=
r
.cos
s
t
b
.sin
s
t


r
.cos
s
t v
b
.sin
s
t c the bieu din bang cc vc to
r
v
b
(hnh 5-
29b). Vc to tong
S
=
r

b
vi mo dun:

Us = Ur Ub + v vi gc pha = arctg
Ur
Ub

Tc
S
=
r
.cos
s
t
b
.sin
s
t = Us . sin(
s
t )

T day thay rang o dau ra cua bo dieu che bnh phuong (sau tron 1)
chi c mot tn hieu mu
s
duoc dieu che theo ca bien do v pha boi cc tn
hieu hieu so mu
r
=
R-
:
b
=
B-
.
Sau d tn hieu
s
duoc cong vi tn hieu do chi

(qua bo tron 2)
ta duoc tn hieu mu he NTSC:

S
=

Us sin(
s
t )
Ket hop vi cc xung dong bo, tn hieu ny duoc dua den dieu che
dao dong cao tan my pht.
Can nh rang bien do cua tn hieu mu ( Us = Ur Ub + ) cng vi
tn hieu do chi

phan nh do bo ho cua phan tu truyen, cn gc pha

bieu thi tong mu cua phan tu d. Gi tri gc pha khong chi phu thuoc
vo gi tri tuyet doi cua cc tn hieu hieu so mu
R-
,
B-
m cn phu
thuoc vo cc gi tri tuong doi cua chng.
Vi anh mu( hnh 5-30a) ta c pho v dang tn hieu Video he NTSC
(hnh 5-30b, c), pho tn hieu pht sng (hnh 5-30d).
Ch tren hnh 5-30b, ng vi mu trang, den tn hieu mu
s
=0,
vi mu do Us = Ur Ub + = ( , ) ( , ) 0 7 0 3 + = 0,76.
Xung bat sng mu (lo mu) mang tin tc ve pha goc cua sng
mang phu
s
can thiet de c the tch sng tn hieu dieu che bnh phuong
(phan giai m NTSC s giai thch r).
Nhu vay tn hieu mu he NTSC cha tong cong 7 tin tc. T hnh 5-
30b,d ta c the phan biet duoc su khc nhau cua 7 tin tc ny:



132
- Bon tin tc dau l cua truyen hnh den trang gom tin tc ve sng toi
(tn hieu do chi

), am (tieng ni), dong bo dng, dong bo mnh. Tin tc

ve anh v am nam tren mc 0 (mc xung xo dng) c bien do toi da l
100%, chng duoc phan biet bang tan so. Hai tin tc dong bo nam dui
mc 0 v chng duoc phan biet vi nhau bang do rong xung.
- Hai tin tc ve mu
R-
,
B-
nam trong tn hieu
S
(c bien do v
pha thay doi tuy theo diem mu, tan so
s
= 3, 58 MHz). Khi nhap chng vi
tn hieu chi, bien do cua n c the len toi da 133%. Cch phan biet vi tn
hieu do chi van l tan so, hai tin tc ve mu nam xung quanh 3, 58 MHz.

a/ b/
1
v

Trang o en
W R
0
v





c/ d/


S

a

a

S

S




0 4,2 (MHz) (MHz)
3,58 3,58
4,5



Hnh 5-30 a- anh mu. b- tn hieu video he NTSC.
c- pho tn hieu video. d- pho tn hieu pht sng.

- Tin tc cuoi cng, lo mu l tin tc can thiet de tch sng tn
hieu dieu che bnh phuong (
S
) c tan so
S
nam gon trong them
sau cua xung xo dng.





133
5-5-2. Giai ma NTSC.
Tn hieu mu NTSC nhu d ni o tren c dai tan hon ton nam trong
kenh sng CC v nhu vay n cng duoc truyen ra khong gian giong nhu
truyen hnh den trang. Phan dau cua my thu hnh mu gom anten, khoi
kenh, khuech dai trung gian, tch sng thi tan hon ton giong nhu my
thu hnh den trang. O dau ra cua tang tch sng hnh (tch sng thi tan) ta
lai duoc tn hieu video NTSC (

S
). Khoi giai m NTSC thuc
hien nhiem vu tch rieng lay cc tin tc lo mu, tn hieu hieu so mu
R-
,

B-
t tn hieu

. So do khoi bo giai m NTSC duoc chi ra tren hnh

5-31. Trong so do ny de tch cc tn hieu hieu so mu ngui ta dng bo
tch sng dong bo. Sau tch sng thi tan ton bo giai thong

qua day tr
0,7 s de doi hai tn hieu sac
R-
,
B-
. Qua bo loc dai (tan so t 2,38 den
4,2 MHz) ta duoc tn hieu
S
dua den cc bo tch sng dong bo. ua den
cc bo tch sng dong bo cn c dao dong hnh sin lech pha 90
0
, tan so
bang tan so sng mang mu
S
( 3,58 MHz) v duoc chuan pha boi xung bat
sng mu.

Tch sng 0,7 s

thi tan Gi cham


Loc dai Tch sng
1
Loc
R-

2,384,2 dong bo 1





Tch xung Dao dong Tch sng
2
Loc
B-


z
lo mu 3,58 90
0
dong bo 2



Hnh 5-31 Giai m NTSC

Xt su lm viec cua bo tch sng dong bo 2:
ien p dau ra bo tch sng dong bo bang tch 2 dien p dau vo

S
=
r
.cos
s
t
b
.sin
s
t v 2sin
S
t l
2
:

2
= 2(
r
.cos
s
t
b
.sin
s
t ). sin
S
t
= 2(
r
.cos
s
t.sin
S
t
b
.sin
2

s
t )
= 2 [
1
2

r
.sin2
S
t
1
2

b
.(1 - cos2
s
t ) ]
= [
r
.sin2
S
t -
b
.cos2
s
t
b
]



134
Tn hieu
b
=
B-
c pho tan so t 0-1,5 MHz nen d dng lay ra t
bo loc tan so thap.
Tuong tu, sau tch sng dong bo 1 ta lay duoc tn hieu hieu so mu

r
=
R-
.
Ch rang, cc din giai o tren ve su lm viec cua bo tch sng
dong bo chi c the lay ra duoc tn hieu hieu so mu khi pha cua dao dong
tai ch bang pha cua sng mang mu. ieu ny duoc thuc hien nh xung
bat sng mu t tang tch xung bat sng mu (xung xo mu).

5-5-3. Nhung van de khc cua he NTSC
a/ He toa do v, u v I, Q.
Ta d biet qung bien thien cua
R -
v
B -
( 0,7 v 0,89) l
qu ln de c the nhap chung vo tn hieu chi

chi c 1 von bien do hay

0,5. Chnh v the, truc tien NTSC phai nn tn hieu sac
R -
xuong vi
0,877 v
B -
xuong vi 0,493. Tn hieu sac mi bay gi theo toa do v, u
nhu sau:

103
0
5 v = 0,877
R-

R 0,614




0,291 u= 0,493
B-

0,148
0,097 B 348
0




G 0,517
240
0
7

Hnh 5-32
Mot mu bat ky:
v = 0,877
R -

m
u = 0,493
B -


Toa do mu (hnh 5-22) bay gi bi thay doi mot t nhu o hnh 5-32.
Cc mu co ban:





135
v = 0,877 . 0,7 = 0,614
R
u = 0,493 .(- 0,3) = - 0,148

v = 0,877. (-0,59) = - 0,517
G
u = 0,493. (-0,59) = - 0,291

v = 0,877. (-0,11) = - 0,097
B
u = 0,493. 0,89 = 0,434
Gc pha cc mu xc dinh theo cong thc = arctg
v
u

Qung bien thien cua v, u l:
v = 0,877.
R -
= 0,877. ( 0,7) = 0,614
u = 0,493.
B -
= 0,493. ( 0,89) = 0,434
r rng xap xi vi tn hieu chi

= 0,5 nen d dng nhap chung.

Tn hieu mu NTSC (

s
) duoc truyen di tren kenh sng
CC. O kenh sng ny pho

chi c 4,2 MHz, do d de c the giam toi da

su ph roi cua tn hieu sac vo tn hieu chi th phai tm cch thu hep pho
cua tn hieu sac cng nhieu cng tot. Ket qua nghien cu cho thay chi c
mu nam theo hung
Q
(hnh 5-33) lech pha 33
0
so vi truc u (truc B-)
(mu ta thien ve lo) th mat ngui phan tch l km nhat v dai tan tuong
ng chi can 0,5 MHz. Cn lai tat ca cc hung khc dai tan tuong ng deu
xap xi 1,5 MHz. Chnh v vay NTSC d xoay ca he truc v, u ni tren di 33
0

v xc dinh toa do cc mu bang he truc

,
Q
.
Mu m theo truc toa do

,
Q
:

m

Q

Php xoay truc toa do cho ta (hnh 5-33)

= v. cos 33
0
- u. sin 33
0
(1)
m

Q
= v. sin 33
0
u . cos 33
0
(2)
Thay v = 0,877.
R -
: u = 0,493
B -
: cos 33
0
= 0,8367:
sin 33
0
= 0,5446 vo cc phuong trnh (1) v (2) ta c:

= 0,877 x 0,8367
R -
- 0,493 x 0,5446
B -


Q
= 0,877 x 0,5446
R -
0,493 x 0,8367
B -




136
Ket qua:

= 0,74
R -
- 0,27
B -

m

Q
= 0,48
R -
0,41
B -


l cc tn hieu sac thuc te cua he NTSC. Ch rang cc tn hieu

,
Q
c duoc l do php xoay he truc v, u di 33
0
nen khong lm thay doi
vi tr cc diem mu (cc mu R, G, B, ... van nguyen vi tr nhu hnh 5-32)
m chi thay toa do m(v,u) bang toa do m(

,
Q
).

v
v m

Q

33
0

Q

33
0
u
u






Hnh 5-33

b/ Lua chon tan so sng mang mu f
S
.
Sng mang mu
S
nam trong dai tan cua

s ph roi

dui dang
mot tap. Cu the dinh duong cua sng mang s tao tren mn anh mot cham
sng v dinh am s tao ra mot cham toi. Neu tan so
S
l bat ky, t dng ben
tren xuong dng ben dui cc cham den trang s bi dich di mot cht theo
chieu ngang, v tren ton mn anh dang tap s l cc soc den trang xen k
v nam cho nhau dan lai nhu mat lui hoac mang nhen. (hnh 5-34a).

b/

a/

1 1
2 2

3 3
4 4


Hnh 5-34



137

Neu chon
S
= n

(boi so cua tan so qut dng hay thi gian cua

mot dng qut bang n chu ky cua dao dong sng mang mu) th cc soc
den trang ni tren s duoc xep thng dng (hnh 5-34b).
Neu bay gi chon
S
= (2n 1).
fz
2
tc bang boi so l lan cua nua tan
so qut dng (hay thi gian cua mot qut dng bang (2n 1) / 2 chu ky
qut cua
S
) th phan tch cho thay dang tap xuat hien tren mn anh s l
cc cham xen k den trang 2 o mot. C trong 2 hnh mot lan cc diem den
lai doi thnh diem trang v trang doi thnh den. Ni khc di cc cham den
trang xen k ay s chp tat 15 lan trong 1 giay v mat ngui chng the no
nhan ra chng duoc m chi thay ton mn anh nhu hoi sng deu len mot
cht. ieu ny c the khu di d dng bang cch dieu chinh do sng thap
hon mot cht.
Nhu vay de vo hieu ho dang tap do sng mang phu xuat hien tren
mn anh, phai chon tan so sng mang mu bang :

S
= (2n 1).
fz
2

Mot van de na can de l sng mang phu v sng mang tieng (M)
nam chung trong tn hieu mu deu l hnh sin v khi di chung trong cng
mot dung nhu the s gay ra hien tuong giao thoa (xuat hien cc tn hieu c
tan so cong v tr). Thnh phan (
S
M) khong gay tc hai v d nam
ngoi dai tan cua kenh sng. Thnh phan (M -
S
) nam trong dai tan cua

lai ph roi

dui dang mot tap. Muon vo hieu ho dang tap ny, lai
phai chon (M -
S
) bang boi so l lan cua nua tan so dng. Ket hop ca hai
dieu kien tren:

S
= (2n 1).
fz
2
(1)

M -
S
= (2n 1).
fz
2
(2)

M
tieng
= (2n n) 2
fz
2
= (n n).

= N.

(3)

Tong hop 2 dieu kien tren ta thay M phai bang boi so tan so qut
dng (N

). ieu kien mi ny khong the tu thoa mn nen ta de o tieu

chuan CC:
M
tieng
= 4,5 MHz



138

= 525 x 30 = 15.750 Hz
Neu lay N = 286 th N.

= 4,5045 MHz khc M tieng.

Vay phai lm sao de dieu kien (3) duoc thoa mn. C 2 cch, hoac l
thay doi M tieng t 4,5 MHz thnh 4,5045 MHz. ieu ny khong duoc
php lm v cc my thu den trang hien dang thu tieng o 4,5 MHz. Nhu the
chi cn cch thay doi tan so qut dng. Tan so qut dng cua he mu
NTSC duoc doi l :

=
4 5
286
, MHz
= 15.734,265 Hz
V
K
cng thay doi:

K
=
fz.2
525
= 59,940056 Hz
Viec thay doi tan so qut dng v mnh ny thuc te khong gay tro
ngai g cho cc my thu den trang v d c san cc nm hieu chinh tan so
dng v mnh.
Sau khi d thay doi tan so qut, he NTSC lua chon tan so sng mang
phu l:

S
= 455.
fz.
2
=
455 15 734 265
2
x . ,
= 3,579545 MHz

S
3,58 MHz.
Ch : He mu NTSC khi truyen b sang chau u pht hnh tren
kenh sng RT (M
tieng
= 6,5 MHz) hoac CCR (M
tieng
= 5,5 MHz) th
dieu kien M
tieng
bang boi so

d san duoc thoa mn.

Thuc vay: 416 x 15.625 = 6,5 MHz
352 x 15.625 = 5,5 MHz
v chon:
S
=
567
2
x 15.625 4,43 MHz.
c/ u nhuoc diem:
T bieu thc bien do sng mang mu (
S
= Ur Ub + ) ta thay
khi khong c tn hieu hieu so mu (
r
=
b
= 0 ) th sng mang mu khong
c (
s
= 0) v nhu vay tn hieu mu s khong anh huong den tn hieu chi.
ay l uu diem co ban cua he NTSC.
Nhung do dac diem cua phuong php dieu che bnh phuong l dieu
che ca bien do v pha sng mang mu (boi cc tn hieu
r
,
b
) nen xuat
hien 2 loai mo:
- Mo khuech dai do su khong tuyen tnh cua dac tuyen bien do cua
truyen hnh. ieu ny c the xay ra do dac tuyen cua phan tu khuech dai
(tranzistor) khong tuyen tnh, do tn hieu qa ln, tang khuech dai lm viec



139
o che do bo ho... Khac phuc loai mo ny bang cch chon che do lm
viec cc tang thch hop, su dung mach tu dong dieu chinh he so khuech dai
(TK). Thuc te mo bien do anh huong den do bo ho mu cua phan tu
truyen do d t gay anh huong den cam gic cua thi gic.
- Mo pha: Su lech pha cua dao dong sng mang mu o dau thu so
vi dao dong sng mang mu o dau pht hoac su thay doi pha trong qu
trnh truyen tn hieu mu
s
s dan den mo pha. Mo pha lm thay doi
tong mu (sai mu), anh huong nghiem trong den chat luong anh truyen
hnh. ay l khuyet diem co ban cua he mu NTSC.
Gia su sai pha cua sng mang mu dua den tch sng dong bo l .
Bieu thc cua tch sng dong bo l:
(
R -
.cos
s
t
B -
.sin
s
t). cos (
s
t )
Ket qua tnh ton cho tn hieu o dau ra sau bo loc tan so thap:

R -
.cos -
B -
sin
Mo pha duoc dnh gi boi he so:
K

=
Ub - y sin
Ur y . cos
=
Ub - y
Ur y
. tg
Khi cc tn hieu hieu so mu bang nhau (
B-
=
R-
) th K

= tg
Nghia l he so mo K

5% khi 3
0

K

10% khi 6
0

Thuc te trong he NTSC sai so pha do ton tuyen (t pht den thu) t
10
0
den 12
0
, nghia l K

= 17 20%.

















140
6 HE MAU PAL
5-6-1. ac diem:
Trong he mu ny su dung phuong php dieu che cc tn hieu mu
cng nhu trong he NTSC, diem khc cua he thong ny l tn hieu tan so
mang mu t dng ny den dng kia thay doi pha 180
0
. Khi d tn hieu
mu cua he thong PAL c dang:

S
=
B -
sin
s
t
R -
cos
s
t
Neu thay bang toa do u, v :

S
= u. sin
s
t v cos
s
t

a/
r

0
b


0
b

-
b/ -

-


-

t
-r


r

c/


-



0
b

Hnh 5-35
Su dao pha sng mang phu doi vi mot tn hieu hieu so mu no d
(
R -
) theo dng dam bao tu dong sua sai pha o my thu v nhu the l
khac phuc duoc nhuoc diem cua he NTSC. Ta hy giai thch dieu ny:



141
Gia su vc to phan nh dng mu cua dng d cho (dng 1, hnh
5-35a). Do su sai pha trong qu trnh truyen tn hieu nen den my thu l

. Khi truyen dng tiep theo (dng 3, hnh 5-35b) tn hieu sng mang

R -
dao pha 180
0
nen vi tr cc vc to nhu o hnh v.
O my thu tn hieu dng th nhat qua dung day tr vi thi gian
bang 1 dng ( 1H = 64 S ) duoc cong vi tn hieu dng tiep theo (dng 3).
Ket qua cua su cong vc to (hnh 5-35c) cho ta vc to tong
t
theo hung
. Nhu vay d loai tr duoc mo pha (gi duoc tong mu).

5-6-2 Ma ho, giai ma:
Hnh 5-37 mo ta phuong php m ho PAL. e l ve can ban he
PAL van su dung dieu che bnh phuong nhu o NTSC, chi thay doi mot cht
ve gc pha cua sng mang mu:
- Goc pha 0
0
dng de dieu che tn hieu sac u.
- Pha -90
0
v 90
0
lan luot tng dng mot de dieu che tn hieu sac v.
- Pha cua xung bat sng mu (lo mu) l -135
0
v 135
0
lan luot
tng dng mot tuy theo dng dang truyen di c pha cua v l -90
0
hay 90
0
.
Hnh 5-36 l gian do reshnelt cua sng dieu che bnh phuong
s
vi pha
cua cc lo mu.

v
lo mu
135
0

v m


u u


lo mu -v m
-135
0


Hnh 5-36
C the ni l o he PAL c mot dng truyen di mu that m(u,v) lai
truyen di mot mu gia m(u,-v), roi lai m(u,v) v.v...





142

tr
0,7 s

R

v ieu che Video PAL

G
Ma 0-1,5 can bang
tran

B
Lo mu
u ieu che
0-1,5 can bang

Dao dong

s
=4,43 90
0
-90
0
135
0
-135
0



Hnh 5-37 M ho PAL

Pha cua lo mu lan luot l 135
0
v -135
0
va can thiet cho tch sng
dong bo, va c tc dung nhan dang mu (s ni o phan sau). He mu PAL
cng truyen di cc tn hieu nhu o he NTSC. Dang tn hieu vpho cng
giong nhu NTSC. Hnh 5-38 l pho tn hieu mu he PAL (theo tieu chuan
CCR).

S

s
M
tieng








0 4,43 5,5 (MHz)
5,2
Hnh 5-38

Hnh 5-39 dui day mo ta ton bo cong tc cua giai m PAL.
au tien ton bo dai tan cua tn hieu chi (sau tch sng thi tan) di
thng den ma tran ngang qua mot day tr 0,7 s de cho tn hieu chi

.
Cc tn hieu sac nam trong sng mang phu 4,43 MHz d duoc dieu che
bnh phuong duoc lay ra nh bo loc dai 2,93 5,2 MHz. Ti day tn hieu

S
duoc chia lm 3 dung: dung 1 dao pha 180
0
ra o diem a, dung 2 qua



143
dung day tr 1H = 64 s ra o diem b, dung 3 di thng truc tiep den
diem c.


Tch sng Tr

-

thi tan 0,7 s

R -

180
0
a Ma
Tch sng 2
r
tran
G -

Loc dai
r

2,93-5,2 Tr 1H b
B -


Tch sng 2
b

c
b


135
0


DTA
Tch -135
0

z
lo mu
4,43 Tao xung
So pha chuyen mach


-135
0



Hnh 5-39 Giai m PAL
em tn hieu dau a cong vi tn hieu dau b, dau b cong vi dau c ta
c ket qua o bang sau:

Dng n

b
,
r

Dng n 1

b
, -
r

Dng n 2

b
,
r

Dng n3

b
, -
r

a -
b
, -
r
-
b
,
r
-
b
, -
r
-
b
,
r

+ = +2U
r
+ = -2U
r
+ =+2U
r

b
b
,
r

b
, -
r

b
,
r

+ = +2U
b
+ =+2 U
b
+ =+2 U
b

c
b
,
r

b
, -
r

b
,
r

b
, -
r


O dau ra mach cong tren (ab) c mot dng l 2
r
, dng tiep theo l
-2
r
. O dau ra mach cong dui (bc) luon l 2
b
. Hai mach tch sng
dong bo vi cc pha cua dao dong hnh sin 4,43 MHz thch hop s cho ra
cc tin tc 2
r
, 2
b
.
e tch sng dong bo lm viec bnh thung, ta can nh l pha cua
sng mang phu v pha cua tn hieu dua vo bo tch sng phai cng pha.



144
Neu ch den so do m ho o hnh 5-37 th vi so do ny pha dua vo bo
tch sng
r
lan luot l 90
0
, -90
0
tuy theo sng dieu che c bien do l
2
r
, hay -2
r
. Pha cua sng mang phu dua vo tch sng
b
luon l 0
0
.
Muon dat duoc dieu ny so do giai m c cc khoi tch lo mu, dao dong
thach anh, dao pha 135
0
, -135
0
, chuyen mach dien tu vi tan so
z
/ 2 (theo
dng).
Gia su dng dang truyen di l
b
,
r
, pha cua lo mu (hay pha cua
sng ra t thach anh) l 135
0
. au vo cua tch sng
r
l sng dieu che
bnh phuong vi pha -90
0
(-2
r
), dau vo cua tch sng
b
l sng dieu che
bnh phuong vi pha 0
0
. Ca hai ve cua chuyen mach dien tu s phai dng
len tren v pha cua dung tch sng
b
l 135
0
- 135
0
= 0
0
v pha cua tch
sng
r
l 135
0
135
0
= 270
0
= - 90
0
.
Tuong tu nhu the dng ke tiep truyen di l
b
-
r
, chuyen mach
dng xuong dui v pha cua tch sng
r
l -135
0
- 135
0
= -270
0
= 90
0
.
Nhu vay van de l lm the no de chuyen mach luon luon dng mo
dng vi tr nhu va trnh by o tren (van de nhan dang mu). Neu chuyen
mach d dng mo dng, pha cham lai -135
0
cua dung tch sng
r
s
trng vi pha cua lo mu ( -90
0
- 135
0
= - 225
0
= 135
0
), dien p ra cua
mach so pha s l 0 v khong c g say ra. Nguoc lai, neu c su sai lech pha
gia hai dau vo cua mach so pha s xuat hien mot dien p, gip sua sai
pha cua mach tao xung chuyen mach.

















145

7. HE MAU SECAM
Trong he mu ny, cc tn hieu hieu so mu
R -
,
B -
khong duoc
truyen cng mot lc m truyen lan luot theo dng v dieu che sng mang
phu l dieu tan (M). Nh vay he thong ny khong c mo pha, v o mot
thi diem chi c mot tn hieu sac duoc truyen di.
5-7-1 SECAM co ban.
Hnh 5-140, hnh 5-41 l so do m ho v giai m cua he mu
SECAM dau tien (SECAM co ban).
O so do m ho, chuyen mach S dng mo theo nhip
z
/ 2, tc dng
ny dng len th dng kia lai dng xuong, cho php truyen qua cc tn hieu

R -
,
B -
lan luot theo dng. Cc tn hieu hieu so mu ny dieu che tan
so dao dong sng mang phu (bo dieu tan M). Tan so sng mang phu cng
a/ b/

R

0,7 s

Ma
mR hoac

G

r

mB
M am
tran S

B

b
M

CMT
Dao dong

z
/2
s

H 0 4,43 6,5 MHz
H

Hnh 5-40 M ho SECAM co ban

Video Tr

SECAM 0,7 s
CMT

Loc dai TSTS
R -

3,96,2
mR



Tr 1H

TSTS
B -


mB



/ 2



146
Hnh 5-41 Giai m SECAM co ban
duoc chon bang boi so l lan cua nua tan so dng (
S
= 4,43 MHz) de c hy
vong tap tu khu. Tn hieu ra cua bo dieu che tan so
mR
(dieu tan cua
R -
)
hoac
mB
(dieu tan cua
B -
) duoc nhap chung vi tn hieu chi

de c
duoc tn hieu hnh mu SECAM

A .cos2 (
S
.
S
)t
O day : A - Bien do dao dong sng mang mu.

S
= 4,43 MHz.
- tn hieu hieu so mu
r
hoac
b
.

S
- do di tan.
Ve phuong dien dai tan (hnh 5-40b), tn hieu ny nam trong kenh
sng RT gom t 0 6,2 MHz l dai tan cua

, tai tan so 6,5 MHz l tin

tc am thanh d dieu tan. O mot thi diem chi c
mR
hoac
mB
nam o
chung quanh tan so trung tam 4,43 MHz vi bien do bang 25% so vi
100% bien do cua tn hieu chi.
Trong so do giai m (hnh 5-41) bo loc dai de lay sng mang phu d
dieu tan (
mR
hoac
mB
). Sau d sng mang phu chia lm 2 dung: 1
dung di thng den chuyen mach dien tu, 1 dung di qua day tr 1H den
chuyen mach. Chuyen mach s dng mo theo nhip

/ 2 sao cho
mR
,
mB

di dng dung cua n (vo cc bo tch sng tan so tuong ng). Bo tr 1H
cho php nhan duoc cc tin tc
R -
,
B -
dong thi.
Phuong php m ho SECAM co ban gap phai mot so kh khan can
phai giai quyet l:
- Tap ln, anh huong lan nhau gia

v
mR
,
mB
ln. Thuc te
chng the no chon duoc
S
= (2n 1) .

/ 2 de tap tu khu v tan so sng

mang phu bay gi luon bi thay doi do dieu tan.
Mat khc ta biet rang canh trong thien nhien hau het c do bo ho
rat km, nghia l bien do tn hieu sac nho (
r
,
b
nho) dan den bien do
sng mang phu cua dieu che bnh phuong he NTSC hay PAL cng nho v
do d anh huong den tn hieu do chi

t. O he NTSC (hay PAL) neu

truyen di canh trang den th khong cn sng mang phu na. He SECAM
khong c thuan loi ny v trong dieu tan, bien do M luon khong doi bat
chap tn hieu sac l bao nhieu. Neu de bien do ny cao qu th

s bi
mR
,

mB
ph roi, nguoc lai neu de bien do sng mang M nho qu th
mR
,
mB

lai bi

ph roi (hien tuong xuyen lan khi tren mot kenh sng c nhieu tn
hieu). e chap nhan su xuyen lan nhau cho php ngui ta chon bien do dao
dong cao tan (
mR
,
mB
) bang 15% bien do tn hieu chi.



147
- Ty so tn hieu tren nhiu: Nhiu o cc mu bay gi khong dong
deu, v trong dieu tan nhiu ty le nghich vi do di tan, tc ty le nghich vi
bien do tn hieu sac von d khong dong deu. Mot bc anh c nhieu mu m
do nhiu o mi mu khc nhau s gay kh chiu nhieu cho mat hon l nhiu
dong deu tat ca.
- Nhan dang mu: Viec giai m o my thu mu chi dat ket qua khi
no chuyen mach dng mo dng vi tr de
mR
,
mB
di vo dng dung tch
sng cua n. ieu ny c nghia l he SECAM phai truyen di tn hieu ve
nhan dang de gip chuyen mach dien tu dng mo dng.

5-7-2 He SECAM IIIB ( he SECAM toi uu ho).
Vi su hop tc tch cuc cua Lien Xo (c), tat ca cc kh khan rieng
trong phuong php m ho SECAM ni tren deu duoc khac phuc v he
SECAM toi uu ho (SECAM B) d duoc chnh thc pht sng dong thi
tai Paris v Mascova vo nam 1965.
a/ Dinh ngha tn hieu sac:
D
R
= -1,9
R -
= -1,9 . ( 0,7) = 1,33
D
B
= 1,5
B -
= 1,5 . ( 0,89) = 1,33
Bang cch ny ta c tn hieu sac D
R
, D
B
c qung bien thien bang
nhau de chuan bi thuc hien qung di tan thch hop.
e l D
R
c pha nguoc vi pha ban dau (D
R
= -1,9
R -
), trong
lc D
B
cng pha vi pha ban dau (D
B
= 1,5
B -
). Vi quy uc tn hieu c
pha ban dau l tn hieu c cc dang xung dong bo am (v du :

,
R -

,
B -
...). L do lay dau (-) v () trong D
R
v D
B
c muc dch trong viec
nhan dang s ni o sau.
b/ Tin nhan tan so cao cho D

ac diem rieng cua k thuat dieu tan l cng vi bien do tn hieu
dieu che, nhiu o cc tan so cao s ln hon nhiu o cc tan so thap. e b
lai su thieu st ny, o tat ca cc mach dieu tan (pht thanh cng nhu truyen
hnh...) ngui ta luon nang bien do tan so cao cua tn hieu len truc khi dua
vo dieu tan bang mot mach goi l tien nhan. Sau khi tch sng, tn hieu d
duoc tien nhan tan so cao lai duoc giai nhan de lay lai cc bien do ban dau.
Bang cch ny gip cho nhiu duoc dong deu o moi tan so cua tn hieu
(Hnh 5-42).







148





0 1,5 0 1,5 (MHz) 0 1,5 0 1,5

Tien nhan M ... Tch sng Giai nhan
D
R
,D
B
tan so


Hnh 5-42 Tien nhan v giai nhan D
R
, D
B
.

c/ Loc chuong ngua:
Sau khi d dieu tan, sng mang phu
m
c bien do deu, bat chap tn
hieu sac l bao nhieu, nhu vay n s ph roi tn hieu chi vi mc do khong
doi bat chap canh mu duoc truyen di l nhu the no. e dat duoc su giam
thieu cua su ph roi ny, ngui ta cho sng mang phu d dieu tan (
mR
,

mB
) di qua mach c dang chuong ngua de d cc tan so o gia dai xuong
chi cn 10% so vi bien do tn hieu chi o cng tan so d (hnh 5-43).

100%

Loc chuong ngua

10%
Loc chuong xap

4,286 (MHz)

Hnh 5-43. Loc chuong ngua o di pht
v b chuong xap o my thu.
Nhu vay vi canh thien nhien hau het l bo ho km (D
R
, D
B
nho),
do di tan hep dan den bien do sng mang phu dieu tan cng nho v t ph
roi hon. Bien do ny s chi ln doi vi cc mu bo ho cao m thoi (D
R
,
D
B
ln).
Tai my thu de lay lai bien do deu cua sng mang phu dieu tan, ta
cho n qua mach nguoc lai (mach loc chuong xap).
d/ Lua chon tan so sng mang phu v do di tan:
Vi muc dch de trnh nhiu xuyen dung, ngui ta chon tan so sng
mang phu cho D
R
v D
B
khc nhau:



149

oB
= n.

= 272 x 15.625 Hz = 4,25 MHz

oR
= n.

= 282 x 15.625 Hz = 4,406 MHz

e l ta khong chon
oB
hay
oR
l boi so l cua

/ 2 v tap khong
the tu khu do tan so tn hieu dieu tan luon luon thay doi.
Trong dieu tan, nhiu ty le nghich vi do di tan tc ty le nghich vi
bien do tn hieu sac. Mat khc, ta d biet vi cung do sng, bien do tn
hieu sac cc mu khc nhau dan den qung di tan cc mu khc nhau,
nhiu cc mu s khc nhau, gay kh chiu khi xem truyen hnh. Thuc te
thay rang mu do tc dung cua nhiu ln hon mu chm, v vay de b lai,
ngui ta chon do di tan vi
0R
ln hon doi vi
oB
, cu the:

mR
=
0R
=
0R
280 KHz vi 1v tn hieu

mB
=
0B
=
0B
230 KHz vi 1v tn hieu
Tan so sng dieu tan cua D
R
(
mR
) v cua D
B
(
mB
) deu tang khi tn hieu
duong v giam khi tn hieu am. Vi he toa do D
R
v D
B
ta c toa do cc
mu nhu sau (hnh 5-44):

D
R
= - 1,9
R -


G 1,12


0,21 B
-0,45 D
B
= 1,5
B -

- 0,88 0 1,33



R -1,33

Hnh 5-44

D
R
= -1,9.
R -
= - 1,9 x 0,7 = -1,33
R
D
B
= 1,5.
B -
= 1,5 x (-0,3) = - 0,45

D
R
= -1,9.
R -
= - 1,9 x (-0,59) = 1,12
G
D
B
= 1,5.
B -
= 1,5 x (-0,59) = - 0,88

D
R
= -1,9.
R -
= - 1,9 x (-0,11) = 0,21
B
D
B
= 1,5.
B -
= 1,5 x 0,89 = 1,33



150

Tuong tu ta c toa do D
R
, D
B
cua cc mu khc trong bang chuan 7
soc mu.
Trong thuc te, khi dua vo mach dieu tan (M) ngui ta chi su dung
75% bien do cua D
R
v D
B
. V du khi truyen mu chm th:

D
R
= 0,21 0,16
R
= 280.0,16 = 45KHz
B 75%B
D
B
= 1,33 1,0
B
= 230.1,0 = 230KHz

Nhu vay sng dieu tan cua mu chm c tan so l:

mR
=
0R

R
= 4,406 0,045 = 4,45 MHz

mB
=
0B

B
= 4,25 0,230 = 4,48 MHz
Vi bang chuan soc mu (hnh 5-45):
Dai tan cua
mR
t 4,126 4,68 MHz
Dai tan cua
mB
t 4,02 4,48 MHz



Nhan dang doc B Nhan dang doc R






(MHz)
3,9 4,02 4,126 4,25 4,286 4,406 4,48 4,68 4,756

0B

0R


mB


mR



Hnh 5-45. Pho cua
mR
v
mB


e/ Dao pha sng mang phu:
O he SECAM khong the chon tan so sng mang phu l boi so l lan
cua nua tan so dng de khu tap xuat hien tren mn anh den trang duoc na



151
v cc cham sng toi khong chiu dng yen do tan so dieu tan thay doi. e
tap lai tu khu, he SECAM phai dao pha sng mang phu: cch mot so dng

mR
v
mB
duoc dao pha 180
0
.

5-7-3. Ma ho SECAM IIIB.
Tren co so cc van de d trnh by o tren ta c so do ton bo cua m
ho SECAM B nhu hnh 5-46.
Cc tn hieu mu
R
,
G
,
B
qua ma tran ta duoc

, -D
R
, D
B
. Qua
bo cong () cc xung nhan dang mu hnh thang am (s ni sau) s duoc
nhap chung vo -D
R
v D
B
. Tn hieu -D
R
qua 180
0
thnh D
R
v do d cc
xung nhan dang thnh xung duong. Trong khi d D
B
di thng vo mach
tien nhan nen cc xung nhan dang van l xung am.
Ch l theo dinh nghia D
B
= 1,5
B -
chng to pha D
B
chnh l pha
ban dau (xung dong bo nam dui mc 0) v xung nhan dang doc cua D
B
l
xung am. Trong lc d D
R
= -1,9
R -
, chng to D
R
nguoc pha ban dau v
xung nhan dang doc cua D
R
l xung duong. Tai my thu dua vo lui 1
cua dn hnh phai l
R -
,
B -
deu c pha ban dau, do d cc xung nhan
dang trong
R -
,
B -
deu phai l cc xung am. Tai sao nhu the, sau ny
khi ni ve cc xung nhan dang ta s r.

Tr
Loc 0,7 s

So
0 - 6,2 snh

R
ALC
Ma -D
R

G
0-1,5 180
0

tran S
1
aopha

B
D
B
Loc Han sng
0- 1,5 1,5 che mang
Chuong ngua

Tien nhan M

S
2


oR

oB




Xung nhan dang doc (xung am hnh thang)


Hnh 5-46 M ho SECAM B



152

Sau khi qua mach tien nhan tan so cao, D
R
v D
B
duoc dua vo
chuyen mach dien tu S
1
dng mo theo nhip

/ 2 de chon lua D
R
hoac D
B

lan luot theo dng. Bo han che bien do de gii han bien do D
R
, D
B
khong
vuot qu 1v nham gii han qung di tan cua mach dieu tan M nam trong
qung tan so d dinh san. Tan so sng mang phu dua vo mach dieu tan l

0R
= 4,406 MHz hoac
0B
= 4,25 MHz tuy theo tn hieu sac dua vo mach
dieu tan l D
R
hay D
B
. Chuyen mach S
2
phai an khp vi S
1
.
Ra khoi mach dieu tan
mR
(sng dieu tan cua D
R
) v
mB
(sng dieu
tan cua D
B
) duoc dua vo mach dao pha sng mang phu de khu tap. Tiep
tuc den loc chuong de d tan so o gia dai (4,286 MHz) xuong. Cuoi cng
mach tu chinh mc (ALC) de tu dong gi mc cua
mR
,
mB
l 10% o tan
so 4,286 MHz neu so vi 100% l mc

cng o tan so 4,286 MHz. e

thuc hien dieu ny, ngui ta dng bo loc dai hep de loc lay bien do chi

o tan so 4,286 MHz v dua vo so snh vi bien do
mR
,
mB
sau bo loc
chuong. Ket qua so snh l dien p mot chieu dua vo dieu khien ALC.
Tn hieu chi

d ch san o mach cong (), sau mach cong ta duoc

tn hieu mu SECAM B. Pho v dang pho cua n nhu hnh 5-47 (vi anh
cua muc tieu nhu hnh 5-30a).

115%
100% 100%
mc trang

lo mu
10%
0R

0B


0
0 3,9 4,286 4,76 6,2 (MHz)
4,25 4,406

0R

0B


Hnh 5-47 Pho v dang tn hieu video SECAM.

Trong dang tn hieu SECAM cc xung am hnh thang (9 xung)
khong duoc v v chng chi xuat hien trong thi gian xung xo mnh.
Sau cng ngui ta chi cn dua tn hieu lo mu vo them sau cua
xung dong bo dng vi tan so
0R
khi truyen dng R v vi tan so
0B
khi
truyen dng B de lm nhiem vu nhan dang (nhan dang ngang hay nhan
dang tng dng).



153
Tm lai trong tn hieu mu SECAM c cha tong cong 8 tin tc: 4
tin tc cua den trang gom:

, M tieng, dong bo dng, dong bo mnh: 4

tin tc tiep theo l
mR
,
mB
, nhan dang doc (c 9 xung hnh thang), nhan
dang ngang ( xung lo mu).

5-7- 4. Van de nhan dang hay dong bo mu.
Viec nhan dang hay dong bo mu SECAM l de dam bao chuyen
mach dien tu o giai m mu (dau thu) dng mo dng, tc
mR
di vo tch
sng
mR
,
mB
di vo tch sng
mB
. e lm duoc dieu d truyen hnh mu
SECAM pht di cc tin tc th 7 (nhan dang doc) v th 8 (nhan dang
dng). Thuc te o my thu chi can thu 1 trong 2 tin tc ny l duoc.
a/ Nhan dang doc hay nhan dang tng bn anh (tng mnh).
e l trong thi gian truyen xung xo mnh khong c tn hieu anh,
tren d chi c cc xung can bang, xung dong bo mnh, xung dong bo dng
(hnh 5-48). Khoang thi gian cc xung can bang, xung dong bo mnh
chiem l 7H, so cn lai 20H - 7H = 13H l cn trong. Ngui ta loi dung
thi gian ny chn 9 xung am hnh thang c bien do ln, chu ky l H de
lm nhiem vu nhan dang doc.
Cc tn hieu
R -
,
B -
hay -D
R
, D
B
ng vi pha ban dau, do d
cc xung nhan dang doc luon am cng vi cc xung dong bo doc, dong bo
ngang. Tn hieu - D
R
qua dao pha 180
0
tro thnh D
R
do d xung nhan
dang


dng 614 616 618 620 622 624 1 3 23




0


-40%

2H 3H 2H 9H
xung canbang xung dong bo mnh xungcanbang 9 xung
hnh thang
dng dng
th 614 xo mnh (20H) th 23

Hnh 5-48 Phan bo cc xung



154
can bang, dong bo mnh, nhan dang doc.
doc tro thnh duong, trong lc d D
B
van gi nguyen pha ban dau vi xung
nhan dang doc am. Tat ca duoc dua vo mach dieu tan lan luot tng dng
mot de c
mR
,
mB
. Trong
mR
tin tc nhan dang doc bi lech ve pha phai
so vi
mR
v trong
mB
tin tc nhan dang doc bi lech ve pha tri so vi
mB

(xem hnh 5-45).
Tai my thu neu moi su deu dng ca th tai lui 1 cua dn hnh s
phai l
R -
,
B -
, tc l cc xung nhan dang doc phai l xung am.
b/ Nhan dang ngang hay nhan dang tng dng.
ien p tan so mang
0R
v
0B
duoc dua vo them sau cua xung dong
bo dng ng vi dng R hay dng B (hnh 5-49)


lo mu lo mu

0R

0B





dng R dng B

Hnh 5-49
Tai my thu, mot tang cong lo chi mo cong trong thi gian them
sau cua xung dong bo dng de trch ra tin tc lo mu. Sau d mot tang
tch sng M hoat dong o tan so
0R
(hoac
0B
) s tch lo mu de lay ra
xung c tan so z / 2 vi pha cua chnh dng dang truyen R (hoac B). Xung
z / 2 duoc sua dang v truc tiep dua vo dieu khien chuyen mach dien tu,
gip
mR
,
mB
di dng dung tch sng cua chng (hnh 5-50).


| H | H | | 2H | | 2H |

Tn hieu Tang Tch M Tao xung en chuyen
mu cong lo
0R
chuyen mach
SECAM mach dien tu

Xung mo cong
Hnh 5-50







155

5-7-5 Giai ma SECAM IIIB.


Video 0,7 s Kh.ai
SECAM tr

CMT
chuong Giai nhan
sap 4,286 HC TS M

0R
-D
R

R -


Loc dai Ma
G -

3,9-4,76 tran
HC TS M

0B
D
B
U
B - Y


Gi cham
1H



Nhan Tao xung Nhan dang
dang chuyen doc
dng mach


Hnh 5-51
So do giai m SECAM B

Tn hieu video SECAM qua bo loc chuong sap (b viec nn tn hieu
o bo loc chuong ngua phan m ho) den loc dai, chuyen mach dien tu, han
che, tch sng tan so giong nhu SECAM co ban. Ch l hai bo tch sng
M hoat dong nguoc pha nhau (duoc bieu din tuong trung bang 2 di ot
nguoc chieu nhau) de dau ra ta duoc - D
R
v D
B
giong pha ban dau. Thay
doi he so v qua bo giai nhan ta duoc
R -
v
B -
.
Cc my thu di co (lap rp bang Tranzistor ri) luon su dung tin tc
nhan dang doc (nhan dang mnh). Khi va bat my, neu gia su may man l
xung chuyen mach c pha dng, su viec xay ra nhu d ni o tren. Tai dau
ra cuoi cng
R -
,
B -
s c dang xung nhan dang doc l xung am, do
d mach nhan dang doc khong lm viec, khong c tc dong den mach tao
xung chuyen mach (nghia l chuyen mach dien tu d lm viec dng). Bay
gi neu chuyen mach bi sai pha, lm cho
mR
di vo tch sng B, cn
mB
di
vo tch sng R, khi d dau ra tch sng R l - D
B
v tch sng B l D
R
,
cuoi cng l -
R -
, -
B -
, tc cc xung nhan dang doc l duong v s



156
tc dong vo mach nhan dang doc de tao ra tin tc gip sua sai pha o mach
tao xung chuyen mach, dan den viec dieu khien cua chuyen mach dien tu
bi thay doi, lm cho
mR
,
mB
di dng dung.
Cc my thu di mi (dng C) luon su dung nhan dang tng dng.
V nguyen l nhan dang dng nhu d trnh by o tren.
Hnh 5-52 bieu din dac tuyen tch sng dieu tan tn hieu
mR
,
mB
.

D
B
- D
R






0B

0R




ac tuyen tch sng ac tuyen tch sng
dieu tan tn hieu
mB
dieu tan tn hieu
mR


Hnh 5-52


























157

8 N HNH MAU

5-8-1 n hnh tam gic (hay den ta ).
a/ Cau tao:
n hnh tam gic l ong tia dien tu c 3 tia (hnh 5-53b). Ba ca tot
xep thnh hnh tam gic (hnh 5-53a), tam cua tam gic chnh l tam cua
dn hnh. Cc cham pht quang (phot pho) R, G, B xep xen k nhau (hnh
5-53c). C 3 diem RGB xep thnh hnh tam gic deu goi l mot diem tam
hay mot diem mu. So diem tam (so phan tu truyen) l 500.000 th c 1,5
trieu cham pht quang. Ba tia dien tu pht ra t ca tot phai dap chnh xc
vo cc cham pht quang tuong ng. e dam bao cc tia khong bi dap
chech ra ngoi ngui ta dat pha truc lp phot pho mot mn chan v o tam
cua mot diem tam khot mot l c dung knh dng bang dung knh cua
mot diem phot pho. Nhu vay c khoang nua trieu l tren mn chan.


Mn chan duc l
Cuc gia toc Cao p Phot pho iem tam
Ca tot Lui 1 Hoi tu

R G B R G B R
G B R G B R G B
R G B R G B R G



a/ b/ c/

Hnh 5-53 Cau tao dn hnh tam gic.

b/ Cc khuyet diem v phuong php khac phuc:
+ Mo goi: Do yeu cau ve tham m v ph hop vi sinh l cua thi
gic, mat dn hnh khong phai hnh cau m gan phng, do d cc tia den
cc gc cua dn hnh vi chieu di ln hon den tam, ket qua l khung sng
bi mo, ta goi l mo goi (hnh 5-54).
e b mo goi, trong dn hnh den trang ngui ta dat 4 nam cham co
dinh: 2 theo chieu doc, 2 theo chieu ngang dn deu tren cc cuon lm lech.
Nhu vay s ko duoc be lm cua 4 canh ra.



158
O dn hnh mu viec b mo goi khong the lm don gian nhu tren
duoc v kch thuc cua cc cham pht quang qu nho v chi can sai so nho
cng du lm dng tia dap lech ra ngoi cham pht quang.







l
0


l
1


l
1
l
0
Khung sng Khung sng
yeu cau bi mo

Hnh 5-54

e l ca theo chieu doc v chieu ngang mo goi giam dan khi vo
trung tam dn hnh. e b mo goi theo chieu ngang, ngui ta tang cung
(o cc dng qut nua tren cua hnh) hay giam bt (o cc dng qut nua
dui) t trung qut doc o tng dng mot.


H


ac tuyen b mo goi
a/ b/ l tuong


Hnh 5-55 a/ Mo goi giam dan khi vo tam mn hnh
b/ Nguyen tac b mo goi

Muon the ta them vo cuon lech doc mot t t trung tan so qut
dng vi lieu luong v pha thch hop cho tng dng (hnh 5-55b). Tuong
tu, de b mo goi o hai canh ben tri v phai ngui ta cng them vo cuon
lech ngang mot t t trung tan so qut doc vi lieu luong va pha thch hop
cho tng dng.
O cc my di co viec ny duoc thuc hien bang bien p b mo goi
de truc tiep dua mot t dng trong cuon lech ngang sang cuon lech doc v
nguoc lai. O cc my di mi (dng C) viec b mo goi duoc chuan bi
ngay t C tao sng qut doc v ngang (dung b l tuong).



159
+ Ba ong phng bi lech tam:
Gia su viec b mo goi d hon tat. Neu ong phng tia dat gia tam
dn hnh (nhu doi vi dn hnh den - trang) th khung sng tren mn anh s
l hnh ch nhat doi xng vi truc ngang v truc dng (dung lien hnh 5-56).


Truc dng


Khung sng dng

Khung sng R

Khung sng G
Truc ngang

Khung sng B




Hnh 5-56
Nhung doi vi dn hnh mu tam gic ca ba ong phng deu bi lech
tam, do d dung di tia sng (tia dien tu) den mn anh s khc nhau. Ket
qua cc khung sng s khc hnh ch nhat (khung sng tia B l hnh thang:
cn tia R, G l cc hnh mo m). Khac phuc sai st ny can phai tang
hoac giam luc qut doc, qut ngang thch hop cho tng vi tr. e lm duoc
dieu ny ngui ta dat vo co dn hnh, sau cuon lech, mot cuon day (cuon
hoi tu -convergence) trong d c cc dng dien thch hop de tao luc dien
t. Sau d tien hnh chinh convergence cho khung sng dat yeu cau doi vi
ca ba tia R, G, B.
c/ Ket luan v dn hnh tam gic:
u diem:
Viec tron mu hon hao v 3 diem R, G, B xep thnh hnh tam gic
deu den vi mat vi cc gc do nhu nhau.
o tinh mu cao v c khoang ho tham quang (khong pht quang)
gia cc diem phot pho R, G, B.
Vi hai uu diem ny dn hnh mu tam gic neu hieu chinh dng s
cho chat luong mu cao nhat trong tat ca cc loai dn hnh mu c t truc
ti nay.



160
Khuyet diem:
C them mach convergence v su dieu chinh qu phc tap. Ket qua
thuc su khong the dng tuyet doi, nhat l o cc gc mn hnh.
Hieu suat l thuyet cua dn hnh mu l 33% (v mi tia qut chi
tao nh sng o 1/ 3 dien tch mn anh). Nhung v de hieu chinh duoc d
dng, dien tch cc l o mn chan thung nho gap doi tiet dien tia qut.
Vay c khoang 1/ 2 cung do tia bi bo ph v vung vo mn chan. Mat
khc, cc cham pht quang c dang hnh trn nam cch nhau de dam bao
do tinh mu, tc dn hnh mu d khong tan dung duoc het dien tch mn
anh de tao sng. Do cc nguyen nhan tren m hieu suat thuc su cua dn
hnh mu tam gic chi dat t (10 den 15) %.

5-8-2 n hnh Trinitron
n hnh mu tam gic c chat luong cao nhung viec hieu chinh
convergence gap nhieu kh khan. Nam 1968 hng SN (Nhat Ban) tung
ra tren thi ttrung dn hnh mu Trinitron vi cc cai tien sau:
a/ Mn pht quang soc (hnh 5


R G B R G B
B R
G G
R B R G B
B R
G G iem
R B tam



Mn chan

Hnh 5-57

Mn anh (mn phot pho) bay gi gom cc soc R, G, B xep xen k
nhau. L cua mn chan l cc khe ho nam song song vi soc G. iem tam
l 3 diem R, G, B xep theo chieu ngang.








161

b/ Ba ong phng tia R, G, B nam ngang (hnh 558):


B

G


B G R B G R R


a/ b/

Hnh 5-58

Ba ong phng tia duoc xep theo chieu ngang, ong phng G nam o
gia tam dn hnh, 2 ong phng R, B nam o 2 ben v doi xng nhau (hnh
5-58a). T d cho khung sng G tren mat dn hnh c vi tr chuan, tc loai
bo tat ca cc hieu chinh cua tia G: Khung sng 2 tia R v B doi xng nhau
(hnh 5-58b), nhu the c the thuc hien chung mot mach hieu chinh, c tang
B bao nhieu th giam R bay nhieu sao cho R, B trng nhau v trng vi G.
c/ Ban lech Convergence:
Viec hieu chinh convergence theo chieu ngang bay gi thay v dng
cuon day dat ngoi ong th dng cc ban lech song song dat trong ong.
ieu ny thuc hien duoc nh cau tao mot ong phng vi 3 tia nam ngang.
Ni tm lai nh c cai tien ve mat cau tao, viec hieu chinh
convergence o dn hnh trinitron don gian hon nhieu so vi dn hnh tam
gic. Tren thuc te, hien nay do cong nghe k thuat cao viec chinh
convergence d duoc thuc hien ngay trong viec che tao dn hnh v san
xuat my thu, ta khong phai hieu chinh na.
d/ Uu nhuoc diem.
n hnh mu Trinitron c cc uu diem sau:
Loai bo gan nhu hon ton viec hieu chinh convergence.
Hieu suat cao, dat t 25% den 30%.
Nhuoc diem:
o tinh mu theo chieu doc km. L do l khong c khe ho tham
quang gia 2 dng qut lien nhau (gia cc diem tam tren v dui), nghia
l dung qut dng tren c the bi nho vo dung qut dng dui.



162
Su tron mu khong hon hao v diem tam xep thng hng, gc den
mat cua 3 mu R, G, B khong dong deu.
5-8-3 n hnh mu IN LINE.
Ve co ban dn hnh n Line van giong nhu dn hnh Trinitron, nhung
de tang them do tinh mu theo chieu doc, cc soc pht quang duoc ngat ra
tng qung tuong ng tng dng mot (hnh 5-59).

R G B R G B

R G B R G B

R G B R G B

R G B R G B



Hnh 5-59
Khe ho cua mn chan cng phai thay doi tuong ng. ieu ny c
nghia l dn hnh n line phai hy sinh hieu suat so vi dn hnh Trinitron.
Hieu suat cua dn hnh ny chi t 20% den 25%.

Do cc uu diem co ban cua dn hnh Trinitron v n line (khong phai
hieu chinh convergence) so vi dn tam gic nen tren thi trung hien nay
hau nhu chi c 2 loai dn hnh mu tren.












163
CHUONG 6
TRUYN HNH CONG NGHIEP

1 NHIEM VU, PHN LOAI VA AC IEM CUA
TRUYN HNH CONG NGHIEP
Truyen hnh dai chng (dan dung, quang b) l phuong tien gio
duc, tuyen truyen, giai tr phuc vu rong ri trong mot vng lnh tho, mot
quoc gia hay nhieu quoc gia. Cn truyen hnh cong nghiep cng l mot
phuong tien giai quyet mot van de no d, phuc vu cho hoat dong nghien
cu, san xuat, gio duc trong nen kinh te quoc dan, cho an ninh quoc
phng.
Nhu vay neu xt ve doi tuong phuc vu, muc dch phuc vu, pham vi
phuc vu gia truyen hnh dai chng v truyen hnh cong nghiep c khc
nhau. Tuy nhien ca hai loai deu lay truyen hnh l phuong tien nen chng
van c co so l l thuyet chung ve truyen hnh, su khc nhau chng qua o
cau trc so do khoi (pht, thu, dung truyen, dieu khien v.v...) m ta s xt
cu the sau.
Theo phuong php su dung, truyen hnh cong nghiep c the duoc
phan chia lm 2 nhm:
Nhm 1: mang ban chat cua truyen hnh, nghia l he thong thuc hien
viec quan st duoc anh cua muc tieu. Cc he thong thuoc nhm ny duoc
p dung rong ri v n gip quan st duoc muc tieu, qu trnh din bien cua
n m ban than con ngui khong the truc tiep nhn thay duoc (do nhieu
nguyen nhan nhu nhiet do cao, moi trung doc hai, khong gian, thi gian
khong cho php v.v...).
Nhm 2: l cc he thong thuc hien viec phan tch tn hieu thi tan,
phan nh thong tin ve tnh chat cua muc tieu quan st. Cc muc tieu quan
st qua he thong ny c the nhn thay hoac khong nhn thay. Nhu vay diem
khc co ban cua cc he thong truyen hnh thuoc nhm ny so vi nhm 1 l
o thiet bi cuoi, o day thiet bi cuoi thuc hien viec xu l thong tin cc tn hieu
thi tan. Ni cch khc, he thong truyen hnh thuoc nhm th 2 l phuong
tien cua tu dong ho qu trnh san xuat, nghien cu.



164
Can nh rang de giai quyet mot nhiem vu no d c the su dung he
thong thuoc nhm 1 hoac nhm 2, tc l c the giai quyet nh su tham gia
cua con ngui hoac mot cch tu dong.
Hoac c the phan loai he thong truyen hnh cong nghiep theo cc dac
tnh k thuat co ban cua chng. Theo d ta c he thong truyen hnh m
camera pht dng Vidicon hay Supeortricon hoac dng tinh the (CCD): he
thong truyen hnh dng qut tuyen tnh (lan luot hoac xen dng), qut xoan
oc, qut hnh sin v.v...
Tat nhien viec phan loai cc he thong truyen hnh cong nghiep theo
cong dung hoac theo cc tham so k thuat chi mang tnh chat tuong doi.
Khong the c su phan biet rach ri gia nhm ny, nhm kia m thuc chat
chng c quan he tuong h lan nhau.
Viec chon he thong ny hay he thong kia hon ton dua vo su phan
tch cc chi tieu kinh te k thuat cu the, so snh hieu qua gia cc loai roi
mi di den ket luan cuoi cng.
He thong truyen hnh hien dai c the chia lm 2 dang: dang ho v
dang kn. Truyen hnh dai chng thuoc nhm ho. O day c mot trung tam
pht v c rat nhieu my thu (hnh 6-1) nam trong vng thu.



My thu Vng thu

Trung
tam pht







Hnh 6-1
e dam bao cc my thu o trong pham vi can thiet c the thu duoc
tn hieu th my pht cua trung tam truyen hnh phai c cong suat du ln.



165
Cng nhu de dong bo cho viec qut o my thu, o trung tam truyen hnh
ngoi viec truyen tn hieu anh cn phai truyen cc xung dong bo phc tap.
Vay trong he thong ho (truyen hnh dai chng) trung tam truyen hnh dieu
khien su lm viec cua tat ca cc my thu v my thu l phan tu bi dieu
khien. Tc l ve cau tao my thu c the lm don gian, cn su phc tap l o
pha pht.
He thong m moi lien he gia thiet bi pht v thu c lien he chat ch
(bang vo tuyen hay cp) goi l he thong truyen hnh kn hay he thong
truyen hnh han che, cuc bo. ac trung cua he thong ny l mot my pht
lm viec vi mot vi my thu hoac nguoc lai ( hnh 6-2 ).


My thu


Camera My thu
pht

My thu

Camera
pht

Camera My thu
pht

Camera
pht

Hnh 6-2
He thong truyen hnh cong nghiep phc tap l tong hop cc he thong
don gian tren.
Trong he thong truyen hnh dai chng, chuong trnh truyen hnh
muon hnh muon v rat phc tap, di hoi o trung tam truyen hnh (hay
camera pht) cc he thong quay thay doi canh, cc studio, cc thiet bi phu
khc vv...
Camera pht cua truyen hnh cong nghiep dng de quan st mot muc
tieu xc dinh, dieu kien quan st don gian, do d n c the don gian hon.
Mat khc truyen hnh cong nghiep l he thong kn, su dieu khien di
hoi trong luong, kch thuc cua camra pht phai gon nhe. Nhu vay l
nhiem vu cua my thu s phc tap hon.



166
-2 CHON THAM SO TRONG VIEC XY DUNG HE THONG
TRUYN HNH CONG NGHIEP
Ve mat chi tieu chat luong, truyen hnh cong nghiep c diem khc so
vi truyen hnh dai chng. N khong can theo cc tieu chuan nh nuc
quy dinh. N c the cao hon hoac thap hon tuy theo muc dch su dung m
truyen hnh cong nghiep thuc hien.
He thong don gian c the dng qut lan luot, so dng qut c the
nho hon nhieu so vi truyen hnh dai chng. Viec don gian cc chi tieu c
the cho php truyen hnh cong nghiep lm viec duoc trong nhng dieu kien
( moi trung ) phc tap.
Ta c the lay cc v du sau: khi quan st muc tieu chuyen dong cham
hay khong chuyen dong ( nhu can xc dinh so luong khi thot ra cua su
chy, xc dinh muc nuc, trang thi dap ngan nuc cua nh my thuy
dien...) th c the xay dung he thong vi so mnh t. Viec giam so mnh
khong nhng khong lm giam gi tri luong thong tin o dau ra m cn lm
don gian he thong, tang do tin cay lm viec.
Khi quan st nhng muc tieu ln ( su lm viec cua tua bin, phan loai
cc toa xe lua v.v...) c the chon so dng t. Khi quan st nhng chi tiet
nho , thnh phan tan so trung bnh v mien tan so thap trong pho tn hieu
thi tan khong quan trong, nhung nguoc lai phai ch den cc thnh phan
tan so cao.
C trung hop yeu cau do chnh xc cao nhu truyen hnh dng trong
y te, khi d can truyen anh c mu r rng v kha nang phan dai cao de xc
dinh cc chi tiet trong co the. He thong truyen hnh ny phai chon so dng
ln, tn hieu mu tot, dieu khien he thong lm viec o nhieu vi tr de c anh
khoi o dau ra.
Trong he thong truyen hnh tu dong, thong tin nhan duoc o dau ra
khong phai l thong tin thi gic (anh nhn thay), v vay viec chon cc tham
so trong he thong ny phai ph hop vi thiet bi cuoi. V du: he thong de
xc dinh so snh lo hng san pham ra so vi mau th can yeu cau qut
tuyen tnh, dung nt muc tieu ( bien ) phai r rng. Hoac o he thong
truyen hnh c su dung my tnh th can phai luong tu ho hay m ho tn
hieu anh.





167
3 SO CHC NANG CUA CC HE THONG
TRUYN HNH CONG NGHIEP
Theo so do chc nang, cc he thong truyen hnh cong nghiep c the
duoc chia lm 4 nhm co ban:
- He thong vi dau pht phc tap l he thong m phan ln cc khau
co ban tap trung o pha pht.
- He thong vi dau thu phc tap l he thong m phan ln cc khau
co ban tap trung o pha thu.
- He thong m cc khau co ban phan bo ti le gia dau pht v thu.
- He thong m phan ln cc khau co ban duoc tap trung thnh khoi
rieng( khoi trung gian ): he thong nhieu khau.
So do chc nang cua he thong truyen hnh dau pht phc tap duoc
cho tren hnh 6-3.


K Dao dong Tch K
so bo CT,d/che sng thi tan


D Tch xung
dong bo dong bo


Qut Qut



Camera Nguon Thu Nguon


Hnh 6-3
He thong bao gom camera pht v thiet bi thu. Trong camera pht c
ong pht hnh, khuech dai so bo tn hieu thi tan , bo tao xung dong bo, khoi
qut cho ong ong pht, nguon cung cap. Thiet bi thu gom khuech dai thi
tan, mach tnh xung dong bo, khoi qut cho ong thu, nguon cung cap.



168
ac diem co ban cua he thong ny l cc xung dong bo v xung xo
duoc truyen den pha thu cng vi tn hieu thi tan. V vay dung day noi
gia camera pht v my thu chi can mot cap day dan ( cp dong truc ) v
khong c do dich thi gian gia tn hieu v cc xung dong bo.
eu to quan trong han che cu ly tc dung cua he thong ny l mo
pha. Tuy nhien trong mot so trung hop, mo pha ln o doan tan so thap c
the bo qua (v du nhu truyen anh c kch thuc nho). Trong trung hop
ny, cu ly tc dung cua he thong duoc xc dinh boi ton hao tn hieu thi tan
trong cp v tap am nhiet.
Thuc te chi ra rang khi dng cp PK-50, cu ly lien lac khoang t 1-
1,5 km. e tang cu ly truyen ta c the chuyen pho tn hieu thi tan len mien
tan so cao (dieu che tn hieu chi tan vo dao dong tan so mang - khoi cham
trong so do hnh 6-3).
He thong ny c cc khuyet diem sau:
- Su dung v dieu khien phc tap
- Ton hao nang luong dien o camera pht ln
- Kch thuc v trong luong camera ln
- Gi thnh he thong cao.
He thong ny duoc p dung c loi khi chi dng mot camera pht ket
hop vi nhieu my thu.
He thong vi dau thu phc tap( hnh 6-4 ) khc he thong truc o khoi
qut v nguon deu tap trung o phan thu. e don gian doi da thiet bi pht c
the dng ong vidicon hoac dang tinh the (CCD).
Trong so do hnh 6-4 khong c khoi tao sng dong bo, dng qut
cho ong pht duoc cung cap t thiet bi thu. ieu ny hon ton c the duoc
do cong suat lm lech tia cua ong vidicon nho.
e xo tia qut nguoc cua ong pht cc xung xo can c bien do 10-
20V do d viec truyen dan chng theo cp gap kh khan. V vay o camera
pht can c khoi hnh thnh xung xo.
e truyen dng qut tan so dng dng cc dong truc. Trong trung
hop ny s pht sinh mo tn hieu qut do dac tnh dien cam cua cp, v vay
cn phai c so do hieu chinh.




169


K K
so bo thi tan



Hnh thnh Khoi qut Khoi qut
xung xo cho o.pht ong thu



Nguon
dieu khien
Camera pht Thu

Hnh 6-4
Cu li truyen cua he thong ny bi han che boi do mo dng qut v su
gi cham tn hieu thi tan khi truyen theo cp. Cu ly lien lac thuc te cua he
thong ny khoang 300-500m.
He thong truyen hnh duoc xay dung theo so do chc nang loai ny
duoc p dung rong ri, v du nhu thiet bi T-26 : T -27.



K K
so bo thi tan



Khoi qut Dao dong Khoi qut
dong bo

K
Nguon xung xo
Nguon 50 Hz




Hnh 6-5
He thong truyen hnh theo so do hnh 6-5 l su phan bo ti le gia cc
khoi o dau pht v dau thu. Khoi qut cho ong pht nam trong camera pht,



170
cn khoi qut cho ong thu duoc dat trong bo kiem tra thi tan (monito).
Kch thch mach qut duoc thuc hien boi cc xung dong bo do bo tao sng
dong bo tao nen v duoc dat trong thiet bi thu. Cc xung dong bo ny theo
cp duoc dua den camera pht.
Cu li lien lac cua he thong bi han che boi do lech thi gian gia cc
xung xo cho ong thu v ong pht. Theo so do hnh 6-5 de dng thay rang
do lech thi gian ny chnh bang thi gan tn hieu di v ve (tuong ng 2
lan chieu di cua cp).
Gia su do rong xung xo cua ong thu bang 0,14 H (H l chu k qut
dng), cua ong pht bang 0,12 H t do lech thi gian cho php :
()
cp
= 0,02H
Vi he thong chuan : 625 dng, 25 anh/giay th tan so dng

=
15.625 Hz v H = 1/
z
= 64 s, ta c:
()
cp
= 1,28. 10
-6
s
o di cuc dai cua cp (cu ly lien lac) duoc tm theo cong thc:
l =
C cp (

)
2
= 180 m
o day: c = 3.10
8
m/s
= 1,1 l hang so dien moi cua cp PK-50.
T day r rng thay rang cu li lien lac gia camera pht v thiet bi
thu cua he thong truyen hnh ny c the duoc tang len neu giam do rong
xung xo ong pht hoac tang xung xo ong thu (hay giam thi gian qut
nguoc cua ong thu). V du giam thi gian qut nguoc cua ong pht t 0,12
H xuong cn 0,1H th cu li lien lac s l l = 360 m. V dong thi de tang cu
li lien lac nen chon cp c he so dien moi nho.
Phuong php co ban de loai tr su lech thi gian den su lm viec cua
cc thiet bi l gi cham xung dieu khien mach qut ong thu. Phuong php
ny duoc p dung rong ri trong he thong su dung cc bo dao dong qut
rieng biet cho ong thu v ong pht. Tuy nhien phuong php ny lm he
thong phc tap hon.
He thong truyen hnh phc tap lm viec vi nhieu camera pht v
nhieu my thu. Ve nguyen tac cc khoi chc nang chung (tao xung dong



171
bo, nhan v phan chia tn hieu v.v.) tao thnh bo phan rieng v c su dieu
khien chat ch ( trung tam dieu khien). Hnh 6-6 l so do chc nang
cuamot he thong truyen hnh nhu the.
Cc camera c the dat co dinh hoac quay theo mat phng ngang, mat
phng dng nh thiet bi quay camera. Khoi chuyen mach v dieu khien
dam bao chon loc dung camera thch hop dua den khoi kenh. Trong khoi
kenh tn hieu thi tan duoc ket hop vi cc xung dong bo v xung xo de
cho dau ra ta duoc tn hieu truyen hnh hon chinh. Khoi ny cn cung cap
cc xung dong bo den cc camera pht de dong bo cc mach qut cua ong
pht hnh.


Camera 1000
m
Thiet bi 1500
m
My thu
kiem tra
thi tan


Camera 1000
m
CM 5
m
Khoi 5
m
ieu che 1500
m
My thu
dieu khien Kenh cao tan
ch. mach


xung dong bo
Camera 1000
m
Bang K My thu
ngoi 1500
m


Thiet bi Nguon Kiem tra
quay thi tan
Camera

Hnh 6-6
Tn hieu truyen hnh phan cuc duong t khoi kenh duoc dua den dau
vo bo kiem tra thi tan, dat cch d 200 m. ong thi tn hieu truyen hnh
phan cuc am dua vo dieu che dao dong cao tan (mot trong cc kenh cua
dai VH nhu truyen hnh dai chng) de truyen den cc my thu o cu ly xa
hon (1500m). Khoi nguon thuc hien viec cung cap nguon cho ton he
thong. N dam bao c 2 che do cong tc ch v lm viec. Che do ch cung
cap dien p bang 60% gi tri dinh mc.
So do he thong truyen hnh tren cho php ta quan st cc muc tieu
vi khoang cch 2000- 2500 m, n l so do co ban cua cc he thong truyen
hnh cong nghiep hien c (T-101- T-103).



172
4 NHUNG NG DUNG CU THE CUA
TRUYN HNH CONG NGHIEP
6-4-1 Truyen hnh phuc vu san xuat.
Mot trong nhng van de quan trong trong su pht trien nen kinh te
quoc dan l to chc v dieu phoi cc qu trnh san xuat. e giai quyet van
de ny ngui ta su dung cc thiet bi thong tin khc nhau nhu: thong tin
thoai, so lieu, my tnh...Trong d thong tin hnh anh l mot phuong tien
c vai tr quan trong doi vi cong tc to chc, quan l san xuat. Truyen
hnh cong nghiep d duoc ng dung rong ri trong nhieu linh vuc khc
nhau cua nen kinh te quoc dan. e hieu r hon van de ny chng ta s xem
xt v du ve he thong truyen hnh cong nghiep cua nh my luyen cn thp
( MMK) tai Nga (hnh 6-7). Trong he thong gom c ATC-6 l he thong
truyen hnh dieu phoi, kiem tra qu trnh san xuat cua nh my. ATC-6
lien ket vi su T- 3, cho php phng dieu phoi theo di tc thi
hnh anh ve trang thi san xuat o nhng khau chnh cua qu trnh san xuat.
Ngoi ra ATC-6 (he thong truyen hnh tu dong dieu phoi) trong nh my
cn su dung mot so he thong truyen hnh cong nghiep rieng r (dang kn v
ho) o mot so phan xuong san xuat, chng c cong noi vi ATC-6 .
ATC-6 cho php cc nhan vien dieu phoi cua phan xuong cn phoi
v phan xuong chuan bi nguyen lieu ( Px2 v Px3 ), nhan vien dieu phoi
khu dung sat (cng de van chuyen trong noi bo nh my) c the quan st
chuyen dong cua cc tam thp cn t l Mactin ti dia diem tho d. ong
thi cn c the quan st theo di hoat dong cua can truc vo nhng gieng
nung cua 2 phan xuong cn tho. Su quan st tren cho php dieu chinh nhip
do lm viec v giam toi da su hoat dong khong tai cua thiet bi.
Cc camera quan st viec tho d c the quay theo chieu ngang 270
0

cho php kiem tra su van chuyen cua cc tam thp t chi nhnh tho d ti
tng gieng nung. Ngui quan st c the theo di bat ky khu vuc no trong
pham vi d neu o tren, ngoi ra cng cho php nhieu diem quan st cng
theo di 1 khu vuc cua qu trnh san xuat.
Khoang cch t ATC-6 ti cc diem quan st (cc camera) khoang
t 1,5 den 2 km nen c the truyen truc tiep qua cp o tan so Video. Neu
khoang cch ln hon, ngui ta thung dieu che tn hieu o kenh 1 dai sng
mt (VH).
Ngoi BK cua ATC -6 viec dieu trong phan xuong cn phoi, phan
xuong chuan bi nguyen lieu cn su dung them mot so thiet bi truyen hnh
cong nghiep dang T- 4. ieu phoi vien phan xuong cn phoi su dung



173
thiet bi ny de quan st vi tr cc thoi dc tren dung lan khi di vo l,
dong thi cn de quan st qu trnh tiep nhan v nn p cc thoi dc d,
quan st su phan bo cua phoi v kiem tra thong so k thuat cua quy trnh
cn thp. e quan st mot trong cc quy trnh tren c the lua chon camera
tuong ng nh cc nt bam tren bn dieu khien.
Qua camera, dieu phoi vien phan xuong chuan bi nguyen lieu c
nhiem vu theo di, bao qut ch de khuon dc, hoat dong cua dung sat v
qu trnh lm nguoi cc thoi dc.
Ngoi he thong truyen hnh chnh ni o tren ( ATC-6) trong nh
my cn su dung mot so thiet bi truyen hnh cong nghiep dang kn (khong
c cong noi vi ATC-6), d l:
- He htong quan st qu trnh van chuyen cua cc toa tren dung ray.
He ny dng T-4 v c nhieu camera dat theo cc hung khc nhau de
dam bao yeu cau quan st (hnh 6-7a).
- He thong dieu phoi cua phan xuong luyen than coc (hnh 6-7b)
dng T-3.
- He thong quan st khu cha khuon dc so 1 dng T-3
(hnh 6-7c).
- He thong dieu phoi cua phan xuong l cao dng T-M
(hnh 6-7d).
6-4-2. Truyen hnh phuc vu nghien cu khoa hoc.
eu cau nghien cu can c thong tin dang hnh anh. Tuy nhien nhieu
khi khong quan st truc tiep bang mat duoc do doi tuong can quan st qu
xa, dieu kien moi trung quan st khong cho phpv.v... V vay can c cc
dung cu quang hoc de quan st gin tiep anh cua muc tieu nhu knh thien
van, ong nhm, chup anh, truyen hnh.
Su dung truyen hnh de quan st muc tieu cn c mot loat uu diem
nhu c the luu tr de phan tch, nghien cu (ghi hnh), phng to, thu nho,
quay nhanh cham v.v.. Cc linh vuc nghien cu khoa hoc su dung truyen
hnh rat rong ri nhu knh hien vi truyen hnh, truyen hnh thien van hoc,
truyen hnh v tru... Sau day ta xt mot trong cc he thong truyen hnh tren,
d l knh hien vi truyen hnh.
Knh hien vi truyen hnh duoc pht minh t nhng nam 50 cua the
ky 20, c the lm viec o dai sng tu ngoai, hong ngoai hoac nh sng bnh



174
thung. N duoc ng dung trong sinh hoc, y hoc, vat l... N cho php
quan st vat the vi nh sng yeu, rat thch hop trong nghien cu sinh hoc,
y hoc. Khi lm viec o dai sng tu ngoai (c buc sng ngan hon nh sng
bnh thung) knh hien vi truyen hnh c do phan giai ln. V vay c the
dng dng knh hien vi truyen hnh de quan st nghien cu cau trc kim
loai v cc chat khong trong suot (khong cho nh sng thung di qua).
Hnh 6-8a l so do knh hien vi truyen hnh duoc thiet ke theo
phuong php tia sng chay v hnh 6-8b l so do knh hien vi truyen hnh
vi camera pht.

a/



8 9 2

11
10


1 5 7

4


2 3 6

b/




13 4 12



3

7 11

Hnh 6-8 Knh hien vi truyen hnh.
a/ Vi phuong php tia sng chay: b/ Vi camera pht
1- ong chieu hnh. 2- Nguon cao p.
3- He thau knh. 4- Vat the quan st.



175
5-Bo nhan quang dien. 6- Nguon cho bo nhan quang dien.
7- K tn hieu thi tan. 8- Tao xung xo.
9- Tao dao dong. 10- Tao qut.
11- ong thu hnh. 12- Camera pht.
13- Nguon sng.

O so do th nhat (hnh 6-8a), ong chieu hnh tao tia sng di qua he
thau knh chieu len vat the quan st. Tia sng di qua vat the (neu vat the
trong suot) hoac tia sng phan xa t vat the di qua he thau knh ti photo ca
tot cua bo nhan quang dien. Nhu vay so do ny c cc uu diem sau:
- Tia sng qut lan luot len vat the can quan st, do d vat the bi
chieu ssng t hon. u diem ny dac biet quan trong khi nghien cu cc vat
the khong chiu duoc nh sng manh nhu mo te bo sinh hoc.
- Neu dng ong qut vi nh sng mu hoac dng bo loc mu ta c
the nghien cu vat the theo tnh chat pho cua nh sng.
- o phan dai cao, tuyen tnh (tn hieu video gan nhu ty le hon ton
vi do trong suot hay do phan xa cua vat the do tia sng tao ra c cung do
on dinh.
O so do th hai (hnh 6-8b) don gian hon. Vi phuong n ny, vat
the phai duoc chieu sng ton bo, do sng can tang hon so vi phuong n 1
c 2 den 3 lan. ay chnh l yeu diem cua knh hien vi truyen hnh loai
ny. Tuy nhien, thiet bi kieu ny don gian, gi thnh r, dac biet l doi vi
cc thiet bi lm viec o dai sng tu ngoai.