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IE F AI IA = E JAHIA ? F AN GK= @

@A GK=EIGKAH @ EI =@ I IE F AI

? IA?KJEL I L= E=

F C ? LAN IA = HAJ= @AJAH E =@= F H @ EI L HJE?AI ? IA?KJEL I GK=EIGKAH @AEN= I @A =EI L HJE?AI K AI IA EF = @ I @ EI GKA A = @AJAH E = F C
%  !

GKA

? LAN

?D= =@ @A F C

? ?=L F C IE F AI

2 H @A

GK=@HE JAH

IA FHA K

'

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+ =IIE GKA I F C

I @=@ I

-NA F 

+ IE@AH= @

6 5 ,- 7

F C

A1 A2 An1 An , JA

8 HJE?AI

=@ I CK I E JAH I CK I ANJAH I @A K =@ I + IA?KJEL I CK I + IA?KJEL I

AJH =EI
/ 5

F C

? LAN

2AH ,E=C

,A =? H@ ? AH @A =@ I I F C ? HHAIF @ ?E= IA @ n AH @A =@ I
n = 3 JHE

- , 5 2

I HA?A>A

AI AIFA?E=EI 8A = = IACKEH =

CK CK

K JHE JAH K GK=@HE JAH

n = 4 GK=@H n = 5 FA J C n = 6 DAN C n = 7 DAFJ C n = 8 ?J C n = 9 A A C n = 10 @A? C

!

 n = 11 K @A? C n = 12 @ @A? C n = 15 FA J=@A? C n = 20 E? I C

,-.1 1 %# 7 F C ? LAN HACK =H IA JA JAH  A J @ I I CK I ? CHKA JAI AGKE CK 

-:2 %  $

J @ I I =@ I ? CHKA JAI AGKE

JHE CK HACK =H GK=@H=@ I KI= I = C

JHE CK AGKE JAH J= HACK =H -NA F FA J C HACK =H

GK=@HE JAH HACK =H E? I C HACK =H

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%
24

,E=C =EI
2 51 % 

CK I E JAH I
AH @A @E=C =EI @A K F C

CK I ANJAH I
? LAN @A n =@ I n 3,

n(n 3) @=@ F H d = . 2

24

n 3,

2 51

Si = (n 2) 180 .

)I

= Si @ I

CK I E JAH I @A K

F C

? LAN @A n =@ I

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n 3,

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Se = 360 .

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= Se @ I

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41

ANJAH

A@A

(n 2) 180 360 HAIFA?JEL= A JA ai = A ae = . n n

"

F C

? LAN HACK =H @A n =@ I n 3, ?=@=

CK E JAH

% ! -NAH? ?E I
 = CKH= =>=EN JA , , A . IK DAN C AK FA J C HACK =H ,AJAH E A = A@E@= @A

6H I F C I ? LAN I J AH @A =@ I ANFHAII FA I A n +2. 5=>A @ GKA = I = @ I CK I E JAH I @ I JH I F C AH @A @E=C =EI @A ?=@= K @AIJAI F C I

AH I E JAEH I n, n +1 I 2700 , @AJAH E A

? LAN @A $ =@ I 5=>A @ GKA =I A@E@=I @ I CK I ! + IE@AHA K F C E JAH I @AIIA F C B H = K = FH CHAII =HEJ JE?= A = FH F H A JHA A H 15 , @AJAH E A = A@E@= @A J @ I I CK I E JAH I CK A = H= @AIJ= FH CHAII 2 @AIJA F C +=F JK ' @ ELH JANJ L K A ' '" '# ! '& ! !  ! ! " ! $ ! &

+=F JK +EH?K

& ?E= A ? H?K

BAH

&  ,A

E AI A A A A J I
?E= @A ?D= =@ ?A JH A r
?K = @EIJ

,-.1 1 &   +EH?K BAH ?E= ? K J @A F J I @A K F = K F J O ECK= = K = @EIJ ?E= r > 0 N= @=@= F J O H=E @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= J=
+EH?K BAH ?E= @A ?A JH O A H=E r : (O, r), =IIE
(O, r) = {p /d(P, O) = r}.

&
,=@ K

1 JAHE H A ANJAHE H @A K = ?EH?K BAH ?E=

F J X A K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r) , F @A = d(X, O) < r; = d(Y, O) > r; E JAHE H @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= A ? I JAH

 X E JAH ! Y ANJAH

P FAHJA ?A = d(P, O) = r;

? K J @A J @ I I F J I E JAHE HAI = (O, r) K J @ I F J I ANJAHE HAI IAK ANJAHE H

6 5 ,) +14+7

.-4

+1) (O, r )

+A JH 4=E + H@= ,E

AJH

)H? @A ?EH?K BAH ?E=

 )H?

A H !!

 )H?

=E H

5A E?EH?K BAH ?E=

,-.1 1 &  ! + H?K K @EI? ? K J @A F J I @A K F = ?K = @EIJ ?E= @A K F J O A H K ECK= = K = @EIJ ?E= r > 0 N= @=@= F J O ?D= =@ ?A JH A r H=E @ ? H?K J= +EH?K @A ?A JH O A H=E r : c(O, r), =IIE c(O, r) = {p /d(P, O) r}. *5-48) &  " ? H?K c(O, r) = K E @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r) ? IAK E JAHE H - - - 6 5 , + 4+7 c(O, r) 5AJ H ?EH?K =H

5AC A J ?EH?K =H

5A E? H?K

&

2 IE AI HA =JEL=I A JHA @K=I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I

r1 > r2 A d = d(O1 , O2 ). 2 @A

5A = 1 (O1 , r1 ) A 2 (O2 , r2 ) @K=I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I ? JAH  2 1 J= CA JAI A J d < r1 r2 ;

2 1 J= CA JAI A J

d = r1 r2 ;

! 2 A 1 J= CA JAI ANJAH =I A J

d = r1 + r2 ;

" 2 A 1 IA?= JAI A J

r1 r2 < d < r1 + r2 ;

# 2 ANJAH = = 1 , A J

d > r1 + r2 .

!"

& ! 2 IE AI HA =JEL=I A JHA K = HAJ= A K = ?EH?K BAH ?E=

 t J= CA JA = (O, r), A J
d(O, t) = r;

s IA?= JA = (O, r), A J

d(O, s) < r;

! l ANJAHE H = (O, r), A J

d(O, l) > r.

24 241-,),-5 ,) 4-6) 5-+) 6- ) 7 ) +14+7 .-4 +1) 5A = s K = HAJ= IA?= JA ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r), F=II= @ F H O, ? - J JA I
= 5A M F J @E @= ? H@= AB, A J
OM s.

s = {A, B }.

> 5A l K = HAJ= FAHFA @E?K =H @E @A AB.

HAJ= s, F=II= @ F H O A P s l, A J

F J

24

241-,),-5 ,) 4-6) 6)

/-

6- ) 7

) +14+7

.-4

+1)

 6 @= HAJ= FAHFA @E?K =H = K ?EH?K BAH ?E=

H=E

= IK= ANJHA E@=@A @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= J= CA JA

!#

5A = t K = HAJ= J= CA JA

?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r)

F J T. - J

OT t.

24 2 51 & !  5A @A K F J P ? @K EH I I IAC A J I P A A P B J= CA JAI = ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r), ? A, B , A J P A P B.

& " 3K=@HE JAH I ?EH?K I?HEJ LAEI

,-.1 1 &" 7 GK=@HE JAH ? LAN GK=JH =@ I I J= CA JAI ?EH?K BAH ?E=
?EH?K I?HEJ = K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= IA IAKI

IA A I

24

2 51

&" 7 GK=@HE JAH ? LAN ABCD A JA IA |AB | + |CD| = |AD| + |BC |.

?EH?K I?HEJ = K = ?EH?K BAH ?E=

!$

& # -NAH? ?E I
 ,AJAH E A I H=E I @=I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I ?A JH=@=I A m(BC ) = 13 A m(AC ) = 17.
A, B A C, IA @ m(AB ) = 12,

+=F JK  @ ELH JANJ L K A ' !!% !!' !" !"! !#! !#% !#& !$ !$" !% !%

!%

+=F JK CK I

' = ?EH?K BAH ?E=

'  + CHK ?E=

,-.1
1 ' '

,K=I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I I

? CHKA JAI IA F IIKA

AI

H=E AI

,-.1 1 H=E A F IIKA

, EI =H? I I ? CHKA JAI IA I AI CK @A =>AHJKH=

=H? I @A ?EH?K BAH ?E=I @A

'
,-.1 L HJE?A
1

CK
' 

?A JH=
CK GKA JA

CK ?A JH= HA =JEL = ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r) ?A JH @= ?EH?K BAH ?E=

6@ CK ?A JH= @AJAH E = = ?EH?K BAH ?E= K =H? AB ? HHAIF @A JA IA @ A A B I F J I @A CK E JAH?AFJ= = ?EH?K BAH ?E= = CKH= =>=EN = AOB K CK ?A JH= ? =H? AB ? HHAIF @A JA

,-.1 1 ' ) A@E@= @A K = =H? @A ?EH?K BAH ?A JH= ? HHAIF @A JA

?E= ECK= = A@E@= @

CK

'!

CK

E I?HEJ
L H CK

,-.1 1 '! CK E I?HEJ = ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r) K CK GKA JA JE?A = ?EH?K BAH ?E= A I =@ I I IA?= JAI = ?EH?K BAH ?E= = CKH= =>=EN ? E I?HEJ ? CK AOB CK ?A JH= ? HHAIF @A JA

!&

24 2 51 ? HHAIF @A JA

'!

A@E@= @A K

CK E I?HEJ

AJ=@A @=

A@E@= @

CK ?A JH=

24 2 51 '!! 6 @ CK HAJ E I?HEJ LA K = IA E?EH?K BAH ?E= 4A?EFH ?= A JA J @ CK E I?HEJ K = IA E?EH?K BAH ?E= ? I =@ I F=II= @ FA =I ANJHA E @=@AI @= IA E?EH?K BAH ?E= K CK HAJ

' " 3K=@HE JAH E I?HEJ LA

,-.1 E I?HEJ
1 ' "  7 GK=@HE JAH GKA JA AIJ= ?EH?K BAH ?E=

I L HJE?AI K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= K GK=@HE JAH

!'

24 2 51 A JA IA I

'" 7 GK=@HE JAH ? LAN CK I F IJ I I IKF A A J=HAI

E I?HEJ LA

K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= IA A I

'#

CK

@A IAC A J

,-.1 1 '# CK @A IAC A J K CK IA E E I?HEJ HA =JEL = K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= K CK GKA JA L HJE?A = ?EH?K BAH ?E= K =@ IA?= JA A KJH =@ J= CA JA ?EH?K BAH ?E= = CKH= =>=EN CK @ IAC A J ?EH?K =H AB.

24 2 51 ? HHAIF @A JA

'#

) A@E@= @

CK @A IAC A J

AJ=@A @= A@E@= @

CK ?A JH=

"

'$

CK

AN? JHE?

,-.1 1 ' $  5A @K=I ? H@=I IA E JAH?AFJ= K F J E JAHE H = K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= @EIJE J @ ?A JH A J GK= GKAH K @ I CK I GKA A =I B H = ?D= =@ CK AN? JHE? E JAHE H = CKH= =>=EN A I CK I AN? JHE? I E JAHE HAI

,-.1 1 '$ 5A ? HECA K F J ANJAHE H = K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= JH= =H I @K=I IA EHHAJ=I = >=I IA?= JAI ?EH?K BAH ?E= K = >=I J= CA JAI K K = IA?= JA A = KJH= J= CA JA AIJ=I IA EHHAJ=I B H = K CK GKA ?D= =@ CK AN? JHE? ANJAHE H =I CKH=I =>=EN IA FHA K CK AN? JHE? ANJAHE H

' % -NAH? ?E I
 ,A IJHA GKA IA @K=I ? H@=I @A K = AI = ?EH?K BAH ?E= I I =H? I ? HHAIF @A JAI I ? H@=I I ? CHKA JAI ? CHKA JAI A J 5A = AB @E AJH @A K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= A C K F J I >HA = ?EH?K BAH ?E= J= GKA A ACB. = A@E@= @ =H? BC IA = ECK= = ! += ?K A = A@E@= @ I CK I ABC ! 2H LA GKA K JH=F E E I?HEJ A CK K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= EI I?A AI AN? JHE? E JAHE H A HA = HA = A@E@= @ I =H? I A@E@= @ I =H? I " ,AJAH E A = A@E@= @A K GKA A A ? FHAA @A # ,AJAH E A = A@E@= @A K GKA A A ? FHAA @A $ ,AJAH E A = A@E@= @ H=E @= ?EH?K BAH ?E=

CK AN? JHE? ANJAHE H A

CK HAFHAIA J=@ =>=EN I=>A @ GKA CD = R, IA @ R

+=F JK !'%

 @

ELH JANJ L K A ' !%& !& "

!&! !&# !&$ !&' !' !'

!'! !'" !'#

+=F JK 6A HA JHE CK

 = @A 6= AI A 5A I A D= = @A

  .AENA @A HAJ=I F=H= A =I

,-.1 1 A JHA IE
  

.AENA @A HAJ=I F=H= A =I K

K J @A HAJ=I ? F = =HAI F=H= A =I

,-.1 1   4AJ= JH= ILAHI= = K BAENA @A HAJ=I F=H= A =I K = HAJ= ? ? HHA JA ? =I HAJ=I @ BAENA ,-.1 1   ! 2 J I ? HHAIF @A JAI @A @K=I HAJ=I JH= ILAHI=EI = K BAENA @A HAJ=I F=H= A =I I I F J I @AIJ=I JH= ILAHI=EI GKA AIJ K = AI = HAJ= @ BAENA ,-.1 1   " 5AC A J I ? HHAIF @A JAI @A @K=I HAJ=I JH= ILAHI=EI I I IAC A J I ?K =I ANJHA E@=@AI I I HAIFA?JEL I F J I ? HHAIF @A JAI = CKH= =>=EN I IAC A J I ? HHAIF @A JAI AB A EF ; BC A F G; CD A GH A =E @= AC A EG A JHA KJH I

6- 4- )   # 6A HA = @A 6= AI 5A @K=I HAJ=I I JH= ILAHI=EI @A K BAENA @A F=H= A =I A J = H= A JHA @ EI IAC A J I GK=EIGKAH @A K = @A =I ECK= H= A JHA I HAIFA?JEL I IAC A J I ? HHAIF @A JAI @= KJH= = CKH= =?E = JA I
|EF | |AB | = ; |BC | |F G| |BC | |F G| = ; |CD| |GH | |AB | |EF | = ; |CD| |GH |

A JHA KJH I.

"

-:-

  $

,AJAH E A

L= H @=I E ? C EJ=I =I CKH=I =>=EN

-:-

m(AD) m(AB )

= CKH= =>=EN @A r//s//t, JA I GKA m(AC ) + m(AE ) = 20 ? ; = A =I A@E@=I @ I IAC A J I AB A BC I FH F H?E =EI =  A ! HAIFA?JEL= A JA += ?K A =I A@E@=I @A AB, BC, AD, A DE.
2   %

5 3

"!


64-

6A HA = @=I >EIIAJHE AI
)   6A HA = @= >EIIAJHE E JAH =

>EIIAJHE E JAH = @

CK

A. - J

|CD| |BD| = ,? |AB | |AC |

+ IE@AHA JHE CK ABC A IA = AD = CKH=

6-

4-

) 

6A HA

= @= >EIIAJHE ANJAH =

+ IE@AHA JHE CK ABC A IA = AD F J D, A J

|BD| |CD| = ,? |AB | |AC |

>EIIAJHE ANJAH = @ = CKH=

CK A. 5A AD E JAH?AFJ= BC

""

 A + IE@AHA JHE CK ABC = CKH= =>=EN 5A @ AS >EIIAJHE @A A AD >EIIAJHE ANJAH = @A A. ,AJAH E A |CD|, @=@ I |BS | = 8K ? A |SC | = 6K ?
-:2  !

 ! 5A A D= = @A JHE CK I
IA A D= JAI IA F IIKA I JH I CK I H@A =@= ,-.1 1  !  , EI JHE CK I I A JA ? CHKA JAI A I =@ I D C I FH F H?E =EI @ EI =@ I I D C I IA ?=@= K @A AI AIJ A K @ I JHE CK I A = > I I F IJ I = CK I ? CHKA JAI
= CKH= =>=EN
k= |BC | |AC | |AB | = = . |EF | |F G| |EG|

IA ABC

IA A D= JA = EF G, A J

E ; B F ; C G A A

J= ABC EF G, 5A = ? IJ= JA @A FH F H k B H ECK= =  JA

I GKA I JHE CK I I

? CHKA JAI

6-

JHE CK E JAH?AFJ= I KJH I @ EI =@ I A JAH E = IA A D= JA = FHE AEH

4-

)  !

6A HA

= BK @=

A J= 

5A K = HAJ= F=H= A = = K @ I =@ I @A K F J I @EIJE J I A J JHE CK GKA A = @A

"#

 " +=I I @A IA A D= = @A JHE CK I

 2HE AEH ?=I  CK A JA ? CHKA JAI A J

CK  5A @ EI JHE CK I F IIKA A AI I IA A D= JAI

@ EI

CK I H@A =@=

5ACK @ ?=I  =@ CK =@  5A @ EI =@ I @A K JHE CK I FH F H?E =EI = ID C I @A KJH JHE CK A I CK I ? FHAA @E@ I I ? CHKA JAI A J I JHE CK I I IA A D= JAI

! 6AH?AEH ?=I  =@ =@ =@  5A @ EI JHE CK I JA ?E =EI A J I JHE CK I I IA A D= JAI

I =@ I D

C I FH F H

 # -NAH? ?E I
 + IE@AHA JHE CK ABC HAFHAIA J=@ = CKH= =>=EN += ?K A FAH AJH @ GK=@HE JAH EF CG I=>A @ GKA = ?EH?K BAH ?E= E I?HEJ= J= CA JA = =@ AB F J E ; |AB | = 12K ? |AC | = 8K ? |BC | = 16K ? A I =@ I EG A EF I F=H= A I = BC A AC, HAIFA?JEL= A JA

"$

5=>A @ GKA = H= = = H= > = H= ? = H= !

@A IA A D= = A JHA @ EI JHE CK I IA A D= JA k, ,AJAH E A

@A IA A D= = A JHA I FAH AJH I @AIJAI JHE CK I @A IA A D= = A JHA =I = JKH=I D C=I @AIJAI JHE CK I @A IA A D= = A JHA I H=E I @ I ? H?K I E I?HEJ I AIJAI JHE CK I I= C

= CKH= =>=EN ? IE@AHA |AB | = 8 u.c., |BC | = 12 u.c. A BF DE K E I?HEJ JHE CK ABC. ,AJAH E A = A@E@= @ =@ @AIJA I= C

"

= CKH= =>=EN JHE CK ABC AGKE JAH =I JH I HAJ=I EC= @ I =@ I AB = AC I F=H= A =I = BC A @ELE@A =@ AB A GK=JH IAC A J I ? CHKA JAI 5A |DG| + |EH | + |F I | = 18 K ? @AJAH E A H=E @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= ?EH?K I?HEJ= = JHE CK ABC.

# + IE@AHA = ?EH?K BAH ?E= ?EH?K I?HEJ= = K JHE CK ABC, ? B H A = CKH= =>=EN 5A = AE K @E AJH @AII= ?EH?K BAH ?E= A BD = = JKH= @ JHE CK ABC HA =JEL= = L HJE?A B.

= IJHA GKA I JHE CK I ABE A BCD I IA A D= JAI > 5A @ |AE | = 15 K ? |AB | = 5 K ? A |BC | = 7 K ? ?= ?K A = = JKH= BD. +=F JK  @ ELH JANJ L K A ' "$ "& "  " " " "! "!# "" ""! """ +=F JK ! @ ELH JANJ L K A ' "# "## "#& "$ "% "% "%& "&!

"%

+=F JK 4A = AI

 JHE?=I I JHE CK I

  6HE CK I HAJ CK I
5A = ABC K JHE CK HAJ CK ? CK HA =JEL= = =@ BC, ? B H A = CKH= =>=EN HAJ A
A A AD = JKH= @AIJA JHE

CK

-A A J I
BC AB AC AD BD CD

24

2 51

  

= CKH= =?E = JA

I GKA DBA ABC DAC.

"&

GK=@H=@ @= DEF JA KI=

6-

4-

)  

6A HA

= @A 2EJ C H=I

)I

= @ I GK=@H=@ I @ I ?=JAJ I ECK= =

6-

@A K

4-

=@

)   ! 4A? FH ?= @

ECK=

JA HA = @A 2EJ C H=I 5A K = @ I GK=@H=@ I @ I KJH I @ EI =@ I A J

JHE CK JHE CK

GK=@H=@ HAJ CK




)F E?= AI @ JA HA = @A 2EJ C H=I

A@E@= @= @E=C = @A K GK=@H=@ @A =@ a :

A@E@= @= = JKH= @A K

JHE CK

AGKE JAH @A =@ a :

! 5A = =
IA

A@E@= @A K

@ I

CK I =CK@ I @A K

JHE CK HAJ CK

,A

?=JAJ F IJ DEF JA KI= ?=JAJ =@ =?A JA ? IIA @A F H cos = DEF JA KI= ?=JAJ F IJ J= CA JA @A F H tan = ?=JAJ =@ =?A JA @A F H sin = + EIJ JA I "'

 @ GK=@H=@

 sin(45 ) =  cos(45 ) =  tan(45 ) =

@ JHE

CK

AGKE JAH

 sin(30 ) =  cos(30 ) =  tan(30 ) =  sin(60 ) =  cos(60 ) =  tan(60 ) =

-:-



JHE CK

ABC @= CKH= =>=EN JA |AB | = 5K ?

IA GKA AH

) = 30 ; |AC | = 6K ? DF //AC ; m(C FAH AJH @ JHE CK DEF.

3 A |DH | = K ? 2

= JKH= DE//AB ; ,AJAH E A

#

 ! 6HE CK I GK=EIGKAH
- GK= GKAH JHE CK ECK= I = @ I GK=@H=@ I @ I KJH I @ EI A I @K=I LA AI FA ? IIA @ CK F H A AI B H =@
4)  !   AE @ I ? IIA I

6-

GK=@H=@ @A K =@ FH @KJ I @AIJAI @ EI =@ I

6-

I =@ I @A K JHE CK I FH F H?E =EI = I IA I @ I CK I F IJ I A = ? IJ= JA @A FH F H?E = E@=@A @E AJH @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= ?EH ?K I?HEJ= = JHE CK
4)  !  AE @ I IA I

#

 " -NAH? ?E I
 = .ECKH=   @AJAH E A = A@E@= @
CK C.

= .ECKH=  JHE CK ABC AGKE JAH @A =@ " K ? M =@ AC A |P B | = 1 K ? += ?K A FAH AJH @ JHE CK AP M. ! "
= 45 A |BC | = 4 2 K ? @AJAH E A = .ECKH=  ! A ?EH?K BAH ?E= ?EH?K I?HEJ= = JHE CK ABC.

F J

@E @ H=E @=

@AJAH E A

= .ECKH=  " AB ECK= = H=E @ ? H?K FAHFA @E?K =H = AC. += ?K A |HC |.

@A ?A JH O, |BC | = 26K ? A BH

.ECKH=   -N

.ECKH= 

-N !

.ECKH=  ! -N "

.ECKH=  " -N #

+=F JK " @ ELH JANJ L K A ' #' # #$ # ! # % #! #!" #!& ##$ #%$ #'& $% $& +=F JK # @ ELH JANJ L K A ' $ $ $ % $ ' $! $!% $" $" $#! $## $#$ $$'

+=F JK 2 C

 I HACK =HAI

  + ?AEJ I A FH FHEA@=@AI
,-.1 1 J @ I I IAKI AGKE CK


7 F C ? LAN HACK =H IA JA J @ I I =@ I ? CHKA JAI A CK I E JAH I ? CHKA JAI K IA = K F C HACK =H IA AGKE JAH A


24 241-,),-  ,ELE@E @ IA K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= (O, r) A A JAI JA I

n n 3 =H? I ?

CHK

= J @=I =I ? H@=I @AJAH E =@=I F H @ EI F J I @A @ELEI ? IA?KJEL I HAK E@=I B H = K F C HACK =H @A n =@ I E I?HEJ A (O, r); > =I J= CA JAI = (O, r) JH= =@=I FA I F J I @A @ELEI @A n =@ I ?EH?K I?HEJ = AIJ= ?EH?K BAH ?E= @AJAH E = K F C HACK =H

24

241-,),-

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= CKH= =?E = JA
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# + IE@AHA K FHEI = JHE= CK =H HAJ A K JAJH=A@H @A AI = >=IA = GK= K JHE CK HAJ CK EI I?A AI @A DEF JA KI= A@E @ 3 2? 5=>A @ GKA = = JKH= @ JAJH=A@H ECK= = K JAH @= = JKH= @ FHEI = A GKA = @EBAHA = A JHA L K A @ JAJH=A@H A L K A @ FHEI = ECK= = & ? 3 , @AJAH E A = = JKH= @ FHEI = $ + IE@AHA K = FEH ECK= = &? 2 A ,AJAH E A E@A HACK =H ?K = >=IA K DAN C = HA= =JAH= @AII= FEH E@A ? FHE A J @= A H @E=C = @ F C @= >=IA 2 3?

= L K A @AII= FEH E@A > = = JKH= @ FHEI = ? AI = >=IA A

AI

L K A GKA = FEH

E@A B H =@ @A !? 2

% ,AJAH E A L K A @A K = FEH E@A @A &? @A = JKH= I=>A @ GKA F = FA I F J I @E I @A IK=I =HAIJ=I =JAH=EI @AJAH E = = FEH E@A K = IA @A HA= & ,AJAH E A L K A @A K HA=I !$? 2 A ""? 2 . JH ? @A FEH E@A @A "?

@A = JKH= A ?K =I >=IAI JA

' + IE@AHA K JH ? @A >=IAI F=H= A =I @A K = FEH E@A DAN=C = HACK =H 5=>A @ GKA = = JKH= @ JH ? !? A =I =HAIJ=I @=I >=IAI A@A &? A $? @AJAH E A = L K A @ JH ? > = HA= =JAH= @ JH ?  ,AJAH E A = A@E@= @ =F JA = @A K JH ? @A FEH E@A HACK =H ?K =I >=IAI I JHE CK I AGKE JAH I @A =@ I &? A  ? A = HA= =JAH= @ JH ? &? 2 .  ,K=I FEH E@AI JA = JKH=I ECK=EI = " ?=@= K = ) FHE AEH= JA F H >=IA K GK=@H=@ @A =@ ' A = IACK @= K DAN C @A % @A =@ 7 F = IA??E = =I @K=I FEH E@AI = $ @ L HJE?A >JA D= = HA= @=I IA AI @AJAH E =@=I = FHE AEH= A = IACK @= FEH E@A  ) CKH= E @E?= K F=H= A AF FA@ HAJ HAJ CK A, B, C A D GK=JH @A IAKI L HJE?AI @A @E A I AI
2 2 7, IA @

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F=

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A, D A C.

+=F JK ' @ ELH JANJ L K A  !%% !&! !&" !&# !' !'# " "# " ""% "$' +=F JK ! @ ELH JANJ L K A  %"# %"% %"' %#" %$ %$" %% %'! & & &"" &##

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,-.1 1 F=II= F H K @EHAJHE ?

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V / d.

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5KFAHB ?EA ? E?= K = IKFAHB ?EA CAH=@= F H K = HAJ= CAH=JHE g GKA F J N V L HJE?A A FAH? HHA I F J I @A K = ?KHL= d @=@= ?D= =@=

-:-

IA = @EHAJHE

?EH?K =HAI E

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= K E

@A @ EI IAJ HAI =

IA = @EHAJHE

K E

K F C ?K F = ? J V = IKFAHB ?EA ? E?= CAH=@= @A @K=I IKFAHB ?EAI @A FEH E@AI E E EJ=@=I F IJ=I FA L HJE?A K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= JA

IA = @EHAJHE IA = @EHAJHE

I K = IKFAHB ?EA ? E?= ?EH?K =H @A @K=I B D=I

K = ?EH?K BAH ?E= @A ?A JH O, A = HAJ= GKA F=II= F H OV FAHFA @E?K =H = F = GKA ? J = ?EH?K BAH ?E= A J = IKFAHB ?EA ? E?= ?D= =@= ?EH?K =H HAJ= @A @K=I B D=I

AJ?

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*5-48) '  ) IKFAHB ?EA ? E?= ?EH?K =H HAJ= J= > ? DA?E@= ? IKFAHB ?EA ? E?= @A HAL K A F @A IAH >JE@= FA = H J= @A K = HAJ= g CAH=JHE  A JH @A K = HAJ= N= e AEN  IA @ g > GK= = AEN e. L HJE?A F J @A E JAHIA @=I @K=I HAJ=I

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5A = CAH=JHE B H K = IA EHHAJ= > GK= = AEN e >JA

I K = IKFAHB ?EA

,-.1 1 '  " + A ?EH?K =H  E EJ=@ @A K = B D= I E@ @A J @ I IAC A J I @A HAJ= GKA JA K = ANJHA E@=@A A V A = KJH K K F = GKA ? J L HJE?A V.

>JE@ FA = K E ? H?K GKA AIJ

6 5

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JA

K ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ = CAH=JHE J= > I = HA =

?D= =@= =F JA = @ ? A - AIJA ? A

g 2 = r2 + h2 .

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-41,1)

,-.1 1 '  # ) IA AHE@E= = @A K ? A = E JAHIA @A K F = GKA ? J IAC A J V O ? ? A 5A ? A B H HAJ = IA AHE@E= = K JHE CK EI I?A AI ? >=IA 2r A =@ I ? CHKA JAI A@E @ g.

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HA=I =JAH= A J J=
K IAJ H ?EH?K =H ? H=E g A ? FHE A J 2r.
Al = rg.

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At = Al + Ab = rg + r2 .

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L K A @A K ? A >JE@ KI= @ FHE ? FE @A +=L= EAHE ? F=H= @ FEH E@A ? >=IA AGKEL= A JA A AI = = JKH= C IAK L K A
r2 h . V = 3

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JH

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A @A >=IAI F=H= A =I

+ IE@AHA K JH ? @A ? A ? = JKH= hT A H=E I @=I >=IAI R A r, IAK L K A >JE@ ? IA @ L K A @ ? A HECE = A I L K A @ ? A L  A >HA GKA AIJAI ? AI I IA A D= JAI
VT = V2 V1 = =
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,- +

Al = (R + r)gT

At = (R + r)gT + r2 + R2 .

' # -NAH? ?E I
 2H LA = B H K = F=H= ! L K A@ ? A JH ? @A ? A @A H=E I R A r A = JKH= hT . A ?K = IKFAHB ?EA =JAH= ? F=HJE 2H LA = B H K = @ L K A @ JH ? @A ? A >JA D= = B H K = F=H= HA= =JAH= @A K " ,AJAH E A = HA= J J= A L K A @A K K IAJ H ?EH?K =H @A # . ? A HAJ @A H=E $?

# ) CKH= HAFHAIA J= K C= DAJAEH F=H= = ? ?= A J I @EBAHA JAI IA @ K ? A E JAHE H @A K

@A = AEJA A LE =CHA A ?E E @H AGKE JAH

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+ IE@AH= @ h ? = = JKH= NE = @A GKE@ GKA C= DAJAEH ? F HJ= A = H= A JHA = ?=F=?E@=@A J J= @A = AEJA A LE =CHA ECK= = H=E @ ? A @AJAH E A L= H @A
h.

$ + IE@AHA K ? A HAJ ?K = IKFAHB ?EA =JAH= A CK @A =>AHJKH= ECK= = $ ,AJAH E A CAH=JHE @AIJA ? A

K IAJ H ?EH?K =H ? ? FHE A J @ H=E

HA= !$ ? 2 @= = JKH= A @=

% ) GKA @EIJ ?E= @ L HJE?A @ALA I JH= =H K F = F=H= A >=IA @A K ? A ?EH?K =H ?K H=E %? A = = JKH= "? @A @ GKA ? A GKA @ELE@E@ A @ EI I E@ I AGKEL= A JAI & 7 ? A AGKE JAH IA??E =@ F H K F = F=H= A >=IA = K = @EIJ ?E= h @ L HJE?A @A J= B H = GKA @ELE@E@ A @ EI I E@ I IA @ GKA I E@ GKA ? J = >=IA JA L K A % LA AI =E H GKA KJH I E@ 5=>A @ GKA H=E @ ? A $ ? @AJAH E A = > ? L K A @ ? A HECE = L= H @A h; ? FHE A J @= CAH=JHE @ JH ? @A ? A >JE@ FA = IA >=IA @A H=E " K ? A IA AHE@E= = @A FAH AJH & K ? F = F=H= A >=IA =  K ? @ L HJE?A ,AJAH E A

' 7 ? A HAJ ? IA??E =@ F H K

= L K A @ JH ? @A ? A >JE@ FA = IA > = HA= J J= @= IKFAHB ?EA ? A >JE@ FA = IA ? CK @A =>AHJKH= @ IAJ H ?EH?K =H GKA >JE@ @= F = E ?= @= IKFAHB ?EA =JAH= @ ? A HECE = @ =I @E A I AI @A K ?E E @H ?EH?K =H HAJ GKA JA AI L K A @ ? A HECE = A = JKH= @ ? A IA??E =@  7 = = F == F = = JKH= @ == F = = @A LE@H JA B H =J @A K ? A ?K = = JKH= A@A # K ? 3K= @ F IJ= I >HA K = IKFAHB ?EA D HE J= ? = >=IA I >HA = IKFAHB ?EA = GKE@ A IAK E JAHE H @A K ? ,AJAH E A = = JKH= h @ GKE@ GK= @ LEH=@= @A ?=>A = F=H= >=EN ? B H A = CKH= =>=EN

+=F JK ! @ ELH JANJ L K A  &! &"# '!

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  ,A

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6 @= IA F = = @A K = AIBAH= AIBAH= JA I ? IA K ? H?K K ? H?K 5A F = NE @= AIBAH= IA?= JA F=II= FA ?A JH @=

IA

5A @ r H=E @= AIBAH= d = @EIJ ?E= @ F = FA JA HA = @A 2EJ C H=I JA I GKA

IA?= JA = ?A JH @= AIBAH= A s

H=E= @=

r2 = d2 + s2 .

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+ IE@AH= @ = IKFAHB ?EA @A K = AIBAH= @A AEN e, JA I

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I @A

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) HA= @= IKFAHB ?EA @= AIBAH= @A H=E r 4r2 . 2=H= >JAH AIJ= B H K = FHA?EI= ? ?AEJ I GKA I => H@=@ I AIJA A J ?KHI

8 K A @= AIBAH=
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 >JA D= L K A @= AIBAH= @A H=E r. 7 F = IA??E = K = AIBAH= @A H=E # K ? = K = @EIJ ?E= @A " K ? @ ?A JH @= AIBAH= @ELE@E @ AIJ= AIBAH= A @ EI I E@ I 7IA 2HE ? FE @A +=L= EAHE F=H= @AJAH E =H L K A @ =E H I E@ @A E@ F H AIJ= IA +=F JK  @ ELH JANJ L K A  $% $%" $%' $' $'% $'' % ! %"

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