TS.

Trn Vn Hoi

Logic mnh

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Logic l g?
L mt nhnh ca trit hc v ton hc nghin cu v nguyn tc, phng php v tiu chun hnh thc cho s hp l ca suy lun, v kin thc.  L khoa hc c lng cc suy lun  Cc lut ca logic xc nh ngha chnh xc ca mt l lun  Logic dng lm g?
Suy lun ton hc Khoa hc my tnh: vi mch, xy dng chng trnh, kim chng chng trnh, tr tu nhn to, ...
Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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Mnh (proposition) l g ?
Mnh l mt cu hoc ng hoc sai, ch khng th va ng va sai
V d:  Thnh ph H Ch Minh l trung tm kinh t ln nht Vit Nam.  Khng c kt xe thnh ph H Ch Minh.  2 + 3 = 6.  Mt th y c n(n 1)/2 cnh.

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Nhng cu khng l mnh

V d:  Kinh t M khi no phc hi ? Khng l pht biu  x+1=2 Khng ng hoc sai v x cha c gn tr  What a beautiful woman ! Cu cm thn  Hc i. Cu sai khin

Mnh phi l cu trn thut (statement).

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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Xc nh ng/sai
Xc nh ng/sai ca 1 mnh khng phi l nhim v ca logic.
V d: Gi nh ni ting ca Goldbach Mi s chn ln hn 2 l tng ca 2 s nguyn t.

Cu c cha thi gian ch l mnh khi thi gian c xc nh.

V d: Hm nay l th t.

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Nhng cu sau l mnh khng ?

V d:  Anh ta i trn cu Vn Thnh.  Ni ang ln.  Miami l th ca Florida. (Tallahassee)  Tr li cu hi ny.  x + y = y + x vi mi s thc x v y .  Sinh vin bch khoa khng thch mn ton.

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Mt s quy c, nh ngha
 p, q, r, . . . dng k hiu mnh  Gi tr chn l ng ca 1 mnh k hiu l T, sai k hiu F p p  Bng chn l (truth table) biu din mi quan h gia nhng gi tr chn l ca cc mnh T F F T

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Mnh phc hp
 George Boole [1854] - nh ton hc ngi Anh
The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1848) The Law of Thought (1854), by gi gi l i s Boole

Mnh phc hp (compound proposition) c to ra bng cch kt hp cc mnh hin c bng cc ton t logic.

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Cc ton t logic
Gi thit p, q l mnh  p: ph nh (negation)  p q : ton t hi (conjunction)  p q : ton t tuyn (disjunction)  p q : ton t tuyn loi (exclusive-OR)  p q : ton t ko theo (implication)

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Bng chn l ca cc ton t logic

p q p p q p q p q p q p q T T T F F T F F T F T F F F T T T F F T T F T F T T T F F T

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Nhng thut ng khc ca

Php ko theo dng nhiu trong suy lun ton hc  Nu p th q  p ch nu q  p ko theo q  p l iu kin ca q  q l iu kin cn ca p

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Ti sao "ko theo" ch sai vi T F ?

V d: Nu thu nhp t 5 triu ng 1 thng tr ln,

cng dn phi ng thu thu nhp c nhn.  Khng cp n nhng ngi < 5 triu lun ng vi mi h qu q  Ch sai khi ng mnh gi thit p, nhng khng tun theo mnh h qu q sai do vi phm php lut

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Php "ko theo" v quan h "nhn-qu"

 Quan h nhn (hypothesis, antecedent, premise)-qu (conclusion, consequence): c quan h ng ngha trong "nhn" v "qu"
V d: Nu anh A chi V lm truyn k qu nhiu th anh ta b ngi yu b.

 Ko theo trong logic

V d: Nu hm nay lp hc ton ri rc bun ng th 103=6.

Ko theo trong logic tng qut hn nhn-qu trong ngn ng t nhin

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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Mnh o, phn o, khi v ch khi

Cho mnh p q  q p c gi l mnh o (converse)  q p c gi l mnh phn o (contrapositive)
V d: Nu anh A chi V lm truyn k qu nhiu th anh ta b ngi yu b. Mnh o:........? Mnh phn o:........?

 p q l T khi c 2 p q v q p l T.
Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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Din gii ngn ng t nhin (1)

V d: Nu ngi i b bng qua ng th hoc l n iu khin ang xanh hoc l sc khe ngi i b khng tt. V d: p: Ngi i b bng qua ng. q : n iu khin ang xanh. r: sc khe ngi i b tt. p ( q r )

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Din gii ngn ng t nhin (2)

V d: Ngi i xe my khng th vt n nu anh ta thy cng an tr khi anh ta qu liu.

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2008-2009

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Din gii ngn ng t nhin (2)

V d: Ngi i xe my khng th vt n nu anh ta thy cng an tr khi anh ta qu liu. V d: p: Ngi i xe my c th vt n . q : Anh ta thy cng an. r: Anh ta qu liu. ( q r ) p

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Tm kim dng ton t logic

V d: Dng Google: logic proposition OR predicate -philosophy

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Mnh tng ng
Hai mnh phc hp p, q c gi l tng ng nu chng c cng bng chn l Hai mnh phc hp p, q c gi l tng ng nu p q l hng ng (tautology).  Tautology = mnh lun ng  Mu thun (contradiction): mnh lun sai

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2008-2009

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Chng minh s tng ng (1)

Mt cch chng minh s tng ng l dng bng chn l p q p q (p q ) p q p q T T T F F T F F T T T F F F F T F F T T F T F T F F F T

(p q ) p q
Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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Mt s tng ng quan trng (1)

pTp pFp pTT pFF ppp ppp Lut ng nht Identity laws Lut nut Domination laws Lut ly ng Idempotent laws Double negation law pq qp pq qp (p q ) r p (q r ) (p q ) r p (q r ) Lut giao hon Commutative laws Lut kt hp Associative laws

p (q r) (p q ) (p r) Lut phn phi p (q r) (p q ) (p r) Distribute laws ( p q ) p q ( p q ) p q Lut De Morgan De Morgans laws

(p) p Lut ph nh kp

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Mt s tng ng quan trng (2)

p p T p p F p q p q

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Chng minh s tng ng (2)

V d: (p (p q )) p q

(p (p q )) p (p q ) p (p q ) (p p) (p q ) F (p q ) p q

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Dng chun hi (conjunctive normal form - CNF)

 L hi ca cc mnh , trong mnh l tuyn ca cc cng thc nguyn t (atomic formula = A hoc A) (Tch cc tng - product of sums) V d: AB A (B C ) (A B ) (B C D) (D E )

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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V nhng mnh sau l khng phi (B C ) (A B ) C A (B (D E )) Nhng c th bin i sang tng sang dng chun hi A B (A C ) (B C ) A (B D) (V E )  Mi cng thc mnh u c th bin i tng ng sang dng CNF da vo nhng php bin i tng ng logic (nh trnh by trc)
Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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Dng chun tuyn (disjunctive normal form - DNF)

 L tuyn ca cc mnh , trong mnh l hi ca cc cng thc nguyn t (atomic formula = A hoc A) (Tng cc tch - sum of products) V d: AB A (A B ) C (A B C ) (D E F )
Propositional Logic (Logic mnh ) 2008-2009

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V nhng mnh sau l khng phi (B C ) A (B (C D))  Mi cng thc mnh u c th bin i tng ng sang dng DNF da vo nhng php bin i tng ng logic (nh trnh by trc)

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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CNF v DNF tng qut

CNF = C1 . . . Cn

Trong Ci = A1 . . . Am, v Ai = cng thc nguyn t

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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DNF = C1 . . . Cn

Trong Ci = A1 . . . Am, v Ai = cng thc nguyn t

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009

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Chng minh
p q p q p (q r) (p q ) (q r) Tham kho v chng minh nhng s tng ng logic trong sch tham kho, trang 17-18. Nhng thng tin lin quan v logic c th tm thy trong http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic

Propositional Logic (Logic mnh )

2008-2009