The Penguin a cal a O 3 aa $ = e) ra zThe Penguin HISTORICAL ATLAS of the MEDIEVAL WORLD Andrew Jotischky & Caroline HullTo the memory of Susan K. Hull PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL. 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ISBN 0-141-01449.0 Produced for Penguin Books by Haywood & HallPreface ‘The Middle Ages has an ambivalent place in contemporary culture. Unlike the welllefined periods to either side, it is often seen as a kind of waiting room between the much-admired Romans and the beginning of a recognizably modern society. It can seem alien, gov- erned by religious certainties that we no longer take for granted, by warfare and cruelty, and by a comparatively low level of technolo- gy. But we can also find in the medieval world mystique and beauty, romance and adventure, and a pre-industrial simplicity now lost. Some of the our most enduring cultural icons, from Robin Hood and King Arthur to fairy tales, are medieval in origin. So too are many of the political, economic and cultural institutions of our society - from parliament and law-courts to universities. The intention of this book is to show that the medieval world was dynamic, innovative and creative; that the modern European world is dependent on forms of government and social organization shaped by medieval society, and that contemporary attitudes, beliefs and solutions to problems are not always so different from those of the Middle Ages. To understand Europe, we must understand the medieval world. ‘The format of an atlas imposes restrictions of space on the text that accompanies the maps and images. Inevitably, the choice of topics covered is selective. We have tried to provide a wide-ranging and representative introduction to the changing face of medieval Europe over a thousand-year period. If some regions are treated more fully than others, this reflects the prevailing state of knowl edge and current trends in the historiography of medieval society. It is not possible to give a complete view of medieval Europe in equal detail, because there are still gaps in our knowledge of society in some centuries and some regions, particularly the north and east. We hope readers will forgive the omissions made to keep this book to a manageable length; we hope also that for those approaching the Middle Ages for the first time, this atlas will provide an accessi- ble and lively guide. We would like to thank Simon Hall and John Haywood for their advice and oversight of the project, and Fiona Plowman for her careful and patient editing. Andrew Jotischky & Caroline Hull 2005‘THE PENGUIN HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD Contents Part I: Part Introduction ‘Timeline The Early Middle Ages ‘The Barbarian Kingdoms ‘The Conversion of Europe ‘The Arab Conquests ‘The Carolingian Empire Early Medieval Britain and Ireland ‘The Vikings ‘The Origins of France and Germany The Revival of Europe ‘The Papacy ‘The Holy Roman Empire Feudal France ‘The Normans Norman Sicily ‘The Angevin Empire ‘The Kingdoms of Hungary and Poland ‘The Medieval Church Benedic ‘The New Monastic Orders Pilgrimage Routes Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals Castles Universities and Intellectual Life Heretic Movements and the Friars European Jewry ‘The Medieval Economy ‘The Medieval Countryside ‘The Growth of Towns Flanders and the Cloth Industry ‘ine Monasticism German Settlement in Eastern Europe English Wars in the British Isles 10 14 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 40 42 44 48 50 52 54 56, 58 60 62 Sas 72) 74 76 78 80 82Part Part IV: Latin Europe and its Neighbours ‘The Byzantine Empire Kievan Russia Moorish Spain ‘The Islamic Middle East ‘The Crusades to the Holy Land ‘The Military Orders The Revival of Islamic Power The Latin Empire of Constantinople ‘The Baltic Crusades ‘The Reconquest of Spain Europe and the Mongols The Later Middle Ages ‘The Hundred Years War ‘The Black Death ‘The Hanseatic League Disaffection with the Papacy Italy at the Beginning of the Renaissance ‘The Ottoman Invasion of Europe ‘The Spread of Printing Portuguese Voyages of Discovery ‘The First Voyages to the New World Dynastic Tables Further Reading Index Acknowledgements CONTENTS 84 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 12 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 139 144‘THE PENGUIN HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD Introduction A Persian illustrated ‘manuscript showing Chingls han (¢. 1162-1227) fighting the Tartars. Chingis Khan unified the Mongol tribes and created the largest land empire in human history, by conquering large parts of Asia, ‘The historical atlas has never been more important as an educational tool. Many of us struggle to locate the changing geographical boundaries in today’s world, let alone those of ancient civilizations or of the medieval world Yet it is precisely these shifting borders and the collapse of one society before the might of anoth- er that have determined the confused shape of the modern world. Knowledge of the precise factors contributing to the early medieval division of the Balkan states between the Roman and Orthodox traditions of Christianity, for example, may not fully explain contemporary cultural and ethnic tensions, but without such knowledge a deeper understanding of more recent political and religious problems is impossible. Political and economic globalization, and technological advances in communications, have made a world with fewer geographical unknowns than ever before. understand how this has come about, we need to fill in the gaps on our own individually-constructed maps of the past. Age of Innovation ‘The period covered by this atlas saw a transition in Europe from ancient to mod- em society. The millennium beginning with the fall from power in 476 of Romulus Augustulus, the last ruler of the Western Roman empire, and conclud- ing around 1500 with the first European exploration of the New World, was a period of dynamic innovation. The term ‘medieval’ suggests a cultural cbb between two great waves of change and development, yet this period saw the evolution of most of the major political, religious and social institutions that still dominate today's world. The concept of the nation state and the political philosophies behind it, systems of social organization, and the rights and expec- tations of the individual all achieved recognizable forms before the end of the Middle Ages. To this period the development of Roman and Orthodox Chris- tianity and the rise of Islam can be traced. Alongside these burgeoning religious hierarchies, there evolved positive and, increasingly, suspicious attitudes towards people of other faiths, Regional allegiances, religious, cultural and eth- nic, were codified across Europe, and, although many have disappeared, a great many more continue to exist. These are expressed through political affiliations, social attitudes and prejudices, in adages, proverbs and much-loved fairy tales. Not all of these medieval legacies should be looked upon favourably, but acknowledgement of all of these contributions must be granted. Division of Maps ‘The maps in this atlas are divided into four sections, each with its own introduction. Three sections (Parts I, Il and IV) are chronological, while Part III deals with the relationship between medieval Europe and neighbouring and peripheral peoples. Each map has been designed to stress an important aspect of the Middle Ages, be it a single event, such as the arrival of the Black Death in the middle of the 14th century, or a wider phenome- non that occurred gradually, such as the growth of international trade. Medieval Europe, pethaps inevitably, dominates here, while the various peoples of Western Asia and North Africa, because of their geographical prox- imity to Europe and their frequent direct influence on European culture, also feature prominently. East Asia, the Indian Sub-continent, sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas are mentioned only briefly, fact made necessary by technical and design constraints and logical by (less defensible) historical precedents. Other parts of the world do not appear at all. Obviously medieval Europe did not