Chng II: Cu, Cung

I. Cu: (Demand:D)
1. Mt s khi nim:
1.1. Khi nim cu:
cu ch xut hin khi c hai yu t
l:
+ C kh nng mua: ngha l phi c tin, c
ngn sch.
+ Sn sng mua: mun mua, ph thuc vo s
thch ca ngi tiu dng.
1.2. Lng cu: (Quantity demanded)
Ta cn phn bit cu v lng cu:
C Lng cu l mt s lng hng ho , dch v
c th ti mt mc gi nht nh.
1.3. Biu cu v ng cu:

L- ng cu (Q)
Ga(P)
1000/v
Qa Qb
Tng
cu
14 1 0
1
13 2 0
2
12 3 0
3
11 4 2
6
10 5 4
9
* ng cu: th hin cu di dng th.
P
0
Q
10
11
12
13
14
1 2 3 4 5
DA


1.5. Cu c nhn cu th trng:
2. Lut cu:
4 Khi nim: Qd tng ln P gim v ngc
li
4 Nguyn nhn: 2 nguyn nhn
4 Mt s hng ho khng tun theo lut
cu
Hng ho khng tun theo lut cu, P
tng Qd tng => hng ho Giffen, ng cu
dc ln t tri sang phi.


Hng ho Giffen
Q
0
P


3. Cc yu t nh hng n cu
Qd = F (gi, gi hng ho lin quan, thu
nhp, th hiu, s lng ngi mua, k
vng).
Qd = F (Px, Py, I, T, N, E)
3.1. Thu nhp (Income: I)
* Hng ho thng thng(normal goods)
- I tng => Qd tng cc mc gi => ng
cu dch chuyn sang phi.
- I gim => Qd gim cc mc gi => ng
cu dch chuyn sang tri.


* Hng ho th cp (inferior goods)
3.2. Gi hng ho c lin quan: (Py)
* Hng ho thay th (Substitute goods) l hng
ho c th s dng thay cho hng ho khc.
Py tng => Qdy gim => Qdx tng => ng
cu hng ho X dch chuyn sang phi v
ngc li.
I tng => Qd gim => ng cu d/c sang tri
I gim => Qd tng => ng cu d/c sang
phi.


* Hng ho thay th (complement goods) l
hng ho c s dng ng thi vi hng ho
khc.
Py tng => Qdy gim => Qdx gim => ng
cu hng ho X dch chuyn sang tri, v
ngc li.
3.3. Th hiu (Taste: T ) l s thch hay s u
tin ca ngi tiu dng i vi hng ha hoc
dch v.
- T v hng ho dch v thp => cu thp
- Khng quan st T mt cch trc tip, nn
thng gi nh T thay i chm hoc t
thay i.


3.4. S lng ngi mua (dn s) Number of
population
N tng => Qd tng cc mc gi=> ng cu
dch chuyn sang phi, v ngc li.
VD: Dn s H ni tng => lng tiu dng go
tng => ng cu go dch chuyn sang
phi.
3.5. K vng (Expectation: E)
K vng l d kin s thay i trong tng
lai v gi, thu nhp v th hiu lm nh h-
ng ti lng cu hin ti.


* K vng c th v gi, thu nhp, th hiu,
s lng ngi tiu dng...
* Khi k vng gi trong tng lai gim => cu
hin ti s gim => ng cu dch chuyn
sang tri v ngc li.
=> K vng v cc yu t nh hng n
cu thay i s khin cu hin ti thay
i.
3.6. Gi hng ho, dch v: Price of goods or
services
Gi l nhn t ni sinh khi thay i gy
nn s vn ng trn mt ng cu.


Cc nhn t t 3.1=> 3.5 gy nn s dich
chuyn ca ng cu.
4. S vn ng v dch chuyn ca ng
cu:
(Movement and shift of demand curve)
*S vn ng trn mt ng cu (Movement
along the demand curve) gy nn do nhn
t ni sinh l gi hng ho dch v. Nu P
tng th vn ng ln pha trn A=>A1,ngc
li A=>A2;hnh a
* S dch chuyn ca ng cu (Shift of
demand curve): gy nn bi nhn t ngoi
sinh, lm ng cu dch chuyn song song
ra ngoi D =>D1 hoc vo trong D => D2 ;
hnh b
D
0 Q
P P
0
Q
D1
D2
Movement along demand
curve
Hnh a
Shift of demand curve
Hnh b
D
A1
Pa1
Qa1
A
Pa
Qa
A2
Pa
2
Qa2


5. Co dn ca cu (Elastricity of demand:
E
D
)
5.1. Co dn ca cu theo gi (Price-elastricity of
demand)
a. Khi nim
* Mc ch tnh: so snh thay i lng cu vi
cc mc gi, phn ng ca cu vi cc hng ho
khc nhau c n v vt l khc nhau, so snh
t l % khng phi thay i tuyt i.
+ Nhn xt: Ep
D
< 0 do P, Q quan h t l
nghch
Ep
D
khng ph thuc vo n v
P,Q
* Khi nim: L s thay % ca lng cu
chia cho s thay i % ca cc yu t quyt
nh cu.


b. Cch tnh h s co dn:
* Co dn khong (on) (Arc Elasticity of
demand) l co dn trn mt khong hu hn
ca ng cu hoc cung.
Cng thc E
D
p = %Q
%P
P
0
Q
A2
A1
P2
P1
Q2 Q1
D


V d: Tnh E
D
p (A1A2) khi P2=75,
P1=50, Q2=25, Q1=50
p dng cng thc c: E
D
p (A1A2=
*Co dn im: (Point Elastricity of
demand): l s co dn ti 1 im trn ng
cu.
Cng thc: E
D
p =%Q/%P=dQ/Q:dP/P
= dQ/dP x P/Q = Q(p).P/Q


V d: Tnh h s co dn ca cu ti im P =
10, Q =5
Hm cu: Q = 10 4P
= Ep = (10 4P).P/Q = -4. 10/5 = -8
=> Khi P tng 1% th lng cu gim 8%.
Nhn xt:
- H s co dn im ch xt ti mt mc
gi duy nht.
CMi im trn ng cu tuyn tnh c
co dn khc nhau
- H s co dn khong lin quan n 2
mc gi hai u khong


c. Phn loi h s co dn:
Nghin cu s co dn cu theo gi ta chia ra
cc trng hp (E
D
p y ly tr tuyt i)
E
d
p >1, cu co dn tng i theo gi, -
ng cu thoi th hin mt s thay i
nh ca gi khin lng cu thay i ln
P
0
Q
Q1 Q2
P2
P1
D
E
d
p <1: lc ny ng cu dc, khi gi
thay i nhiu th lng cu thay i t.
D
Q 0
P
Q1 Q2
P
2
P1


E
D
p = 1, cu co dn n v, ng cu to vi
trc honh gc 45, gi v lng thay i nh
nhau
0
Q
P
Q1 Q2
P1
P2
D
0
Q
P
E
D
p = 0, cu khng co dn, ng cu l
ng thng ng song song vi trc gi, khi
gi thay i th lng cu khng thay i.
Q1
P
1
P2
D


0
Q
P
E
D
p = +O, cu co dn hon ton, ng
cu nm ngang song song vi trc lng
cu (Q), lc ny khi gi tng th lng cu
bng khng.
D
Q1 Q2
P1


d. Cc nhn t nh hng n co dn ca cu theo
gi
* Lng thu nhp chi cho hng ho (t trng
gi trn thu nhp)
* S sn c ca hng ho thay th:
* Thi gian
V d: thi gian di c th b c thi quen tiu
dng v chuyn sang dng loi hng ho khc ,
nn cu co dn theo gi nhiu hn.
V d: gi v my bay v gi thuc nh rng
V d: c rt nhiu loi bia c th thay th
cho nhau nn cu co dn theo gi nhiu hn
khi khng c loi bia no c kh nng thay
th.
e. Vn dng co dn cu theo ga:
* c tnh s thay i ca tng doanh thu (TR total
revenues)
Lo i co d n
P t ng P gim
Ep > 1 TR gim TR t ng
Ep < 1 TR t ng TR gim
Ep = 1 TR khng i TR khng i
* c tnh s thay i ca gi c loi b
s d tha hay thiu ht ca th trng
Tnh t r ng
t ht r - ng
Ep > 1 Ep < 1
D- t ha
P gim t P gim nhiu
Thi u ht
P t ng t P t ng nhiu


5.2. Co dn ca cu theo thu nhp
( Income elastricity of demand: E
D
I)
* Khi nim: l s thay i % ca cu chia
cho s thay % ca thu nhp.
Cng thc: E
D
I =%Q/%I=dQ/Q:dI/I
= dQ/dI x P/Q = Q(I).I/Q
g E
D
I < 0: hng ho th cp nh ng, khoai
sn,..
g 0 < E
D
I < 1: hng ho thit yu, hng ho
bnh thng: go,
g E
D
I > 1: hng ho xa x hng ho cao cp,
t lnh, in thoi di ng...


5.3. Co dn cho ca cu i vi gi hng ho
khc (Cross price elastricity of demand)
* Khi nim: L s thay i tnh theo % ca lng
cu chia cho s thay % ca gi hng ho c
lin quan.
* Cng thc: E
D
Py
=%Qx/%Py=dQ/Q:dPy/Py
= dQ/dPy. Py/Qx =
Q(Py).Py/Q
E
D
Py > 0 khi X, Y l cc hng ho thay th
E
D
Py < 0 khi X, Y l cc hng ho b sung
E
D
Py = 0 khi X, Y l hai hng ho c lp.


II. Cung:
1.Mt s khi nim:
1.1. Cung
(Supply:S)
- Ngi bn c kh nng bn
- Sn sng bn
Trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh, vi iu kin cc nhn t khc
khng i.
1.2. Lng cung (Quantity supplied)
1.3. Biu cung, ng cung:
* Biu cung
L- ng cung
(100 b ng hoa)
Gi (P)
(1000)
QSa QSb
Tng cung
(100 b ng hoa)
5 1 0 1
10 2 1 3
15 3 2 5
20 4 3 7
25 5 4 9
* ng cung; Phng trnh ng cung
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10

25

20

15

10
5
Sb
Sa
Stt
0
Q
P
Ps = a + b Qs hoc Qs = c + d Ps
(b,d > 0)


1.4. Cung th trng v cung c nhn
* Cung c nhn
* Cung th trng
2. Lut cung:
Qs tng khi P tng v ngc li P gim th Qs
gim (gi nh cc nhn t khc khng
thay i)
V sao cung li c qui lut nh vy ?
4 P tng => TR tng, TC khng i => LN
tng=> Qs tng.
4 P gim => TR gim, TC khng i => LN
gim => Qs gim.
3. Cc nhn t nh hng n cung:
Qsx = Fx (Px, T, Pi, G, N, E).
3.1. Cng ngh (Technology:
T)
T tng => NSL tng => TR tng, TC khng i
=> LN tng => Qs tng => ng cung dch
chuyn sang phi, ngc li khi T gim ng
cung d/c sang tri.
3.2. Gi cc yu t u vo: (P input: Pi)
Pi tng => TC tng, TR khng i => LN
gim => Qs gim => ng cung dch
chuyn sang tri, v ngc li Pi gim ng
cung d/c sang phi.


3.3. S lng ngi sn xut (Number of producer)
N tng => Qs tng => ng cung d/c sang
phi
N gim=> Qs gim => ng cung d/c sang
tri
3.4. S iu tit ca Chnh ph:Policy of
Government
G thun li => Qs tng => ng cung d/c sang
phi
V d: gim thu hay tng tr cp cho ngi sn
xut G kh khn => Qs gim => ng cung d/c sang
tri
V d: tng thu hay gim tr cp cho ngi sn
xut


3.5. K vng ca ngi sn xut:
(Expectation: E)
L nhng d kin s thay i v gi, gi cc
yu t u vo, s iu tit ca Chnh ph
trong tng lai.. lm thay i lng cung hin ti.
V d: D kin Pi tng, Qs hin ti tng
gim chi ph hay d kin thu tng, Qs hin
ti tng...
3.6 Gi hng ho dch v: Price of goods or
services
Gi l nhn t ni sinh, khi gi thay i gy
nn s vn ng dc trn mt ng cung
(Ha), cc nhn t ngoi sinh t 3.1 n 3.5
gy nn s dch chuyn ca ng cung
sang phi hoc sang tri (Hb)
S
S
S1
S2
0
Q
P
0 Q
P
Hnh a
Movement along supply
curve
Hnh b
Shift of supply
curve
A
A1
A2
Qa2 Qa Qa1
Pa1
Pa
Pa2
III. Cn bng th trng: Equilibrium point of market
1. im cn bng trn th trng: Equilibrium
point
* Khi nim: L mt trng thi (tnh hung) trong
khng c sc p lm cho gi v sn lng thay
.
} 3 cch xc nh im cn bng E (Pe,
Qe):
Cn c vo biu cung, biu cu.
Cn c vo ng, ung cu

Cn c vo phng trnh ng cung,
cu
2. Tnh trng d tha v thiu ht ca th tr-
ng (Surplus and shortage of market)
Khi P1 > Pe => Qs1 > Qd1 => cung vt (excess
supply) => gy ra sc p lm gim gi => lng d
tha l: MN = Qs1- Qd1
Khi P2 < Pe => Qd2 > Qs2 => hin tng thiu
ht trn th trng, cu vt (excess demand) =>
gy ra sc p lm tng ga v lng thiu ht l
:
IJ = Qd2 Qs2
R Qui m ca s d tha hay thiu ht ph thuc
vo
` S khc bit gia P v Pe
` dc ca ung cung v ng cu
S
D
Q
0
P
E
Qe
Pe
M N
P
1
Qd1 Qs1
I J
P2
Qs2 Qd2
3. Kim sot gi c: (Price control)
Khi nim:
3.1. Gi trn (Ceiling price) (Pmax)
+ Mc
ch
+ Hu qu
+ Bin php
S
D
P
0
Q
E
Qe
Pe
Ptr
n
Qs1 Qd2
I J
3.2. Gi sn (Floor price) Pmin
+ Mc ch
+ Hu qu
+ Bin
php
S
D
Q
0
P
P
sn
Qd Qs
E
Qe
P
e
C nh hng thay th v thu nhp
nh hng thay th ca mt s thay i
trong gi l s Iu chnh cn tng ng vi
ring s thay i gi tng ng.
Khi thu nhp thay i th c nh hng ti
lng hng ho tiu dng tuy nhin n cn
ph thuc va hng ho m chng ta xt.
A
B