Trng i hc Kin Trc H Ni

Bi ging mn: K thut truyn t tng trong thit k

DESIGN COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

TS. KTS. Nguyn Hnh Nguyn

B mn Kin trc Cng trnh Cng Cng, Khoa Kin trc
Email : hanhnguyen.hau@gmail.com Lp 09 KTT: 09ktt.hau@gmail.com

Bi ging ny c s h tr ca B mn Lch s KT, B Mn L lun v Bo tn KT, Khoa Kin trc, Trng H Kin Trc HN

Gii thiu chung/ General introduction

Mc ch mn hc: Cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v c tnh h thng lin quan ti qu trnh sng tc v thit k kin trc. Nng cao nhn thc ca sinh vin trong vai tr ch th sng to. Yu cu: Sinh vin bc u lnh hi cc vn Sng tc kin trc, Ngn ng hnh thc kin trc v vn dng c hiu qu trong mn hc n. Sinh vin nm c cc k nng trnh by c bn v c kh nng trnh by thit k ca mnh. Mn hc ny lin quan n vic pht trin cc k nng ghi chp thng tin s dng cc cng c kin trc. Nhim v ca sinh vin: D lp. Tho lun v bi tiu lun Tham quan, kho st thc t. nh gi: Kim tra kh nng lnh hi ti lp thng qua cc bi thuyt trnh (Present) Bi tp vn dng kin thc phn tch & nhn thc tc phm kin trc. Thi vn p (hoc thi vit).

Kin thc h tr: Lch s Kin trc th gii, Lch s kin trc Vit Nam, C s kin trc, Phng php th hin

Ni dung

CHNG 1 : NHNG KHI NIM C BN. Basic concepts

1.1. Kin trc v ngn ng biu cm ca Kin trc 1.2. Khi nim v tng v tng trong kin trc 1.3. Truyn t tng trong kin trc

Content

CHNG 2 TIP CN H THNG THNG TIN CHUN B THIT K Information systems Approach and Designing preparation
2.1. Nhng c s xc lp nhu cu s dng 2.2. Phng php xc lp nhim v thit k 2.3. C s d liu xc lp v tnh ton khng gian s dng 2.4. Cc phng php tip cn mi trng xy dng 2.5. Sp xp thng tin v x l thng tin phc v s phc kin trc

CHNG 3 : K THUT TRUYN T TNG TRONG KIN TRC Communication Techniques in Architecture
3.1. B cc mt h s thit k s b 3.2. K thut vit thuyt minh cho mt cng trnh kin trc 3.3. K thut trnh by mt phng n kin trc

CHNG 4 : BI TP B TR (iu tra v ghi v thuyt trnh v 1 CT kin trc) Supplementary exercise. (Site survey, drawing and presentation on specific architecture)
4.1. Cng tc chun b 4.2. Phng php tin hnh ti hin trng. 4.3. Phng php tin hnh phng v. 4.4. Trnh by mt h s theo nhm

Ti liu tham kho/ Reference materials

1. 2. 3. T Trng Xun. Nguyn l thit k kin trc (NXB Xy dng, 1996). ng Thi Hong. Sng tc kin trc (NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1997). Nguyn c Thim. Kin trc dn dng (NXB Xy dng, 1998).

4.

Nguyn Tin Thun. Hiu qu ca cc phng tin ngh thut to hnh trong kin trc (Lun n
PTS Kin trc. H ni, 1997).

5.

Hong Vn Trinh. Xy dng tng trong sng tc kin trc (Lun n PTS Kin trc. H ni, 1997).

6. 7. 8.

Ph.Novicop (bn dch). Tm ti hnh tng kin trc (NXB xy dng, 1981) Kisho Kurokawa. Philosophy of Symbiosis (Academy editions, London, 1994). Joseph De Chiara & John Callender. Time-saver standards for building types(3rd edition), McGraw-Hill, 1990.

9.

Henrri Stierlin. Encyclopedia of World Architecture.

10. Alejandro Bahamon Skecth. Plan. Build, Page One 2005 11. Neufert. Architecture.Ebook. 3 edition

Cc trang Web lin quan/ Relevant Websites

1. http://www.kienviet.net/ 2. http://www.ashui.com/ 3. http://www.kientrucvietnam.org.vn/

4. http://www.archdaily.com/
5. http://www.architecture-page.com/ 6. http://www.architypes.net/ 7. http://www.inhabitat.com/architecture 8. http://www.california-architects.com/ 9. http://www.e-architect.co.uk/ 10. http://dev.architecture.com.au/awards_search

11. http://archinect.com/
12. http://dezeen.com/

Top Websites of Architecture Offices

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. REX / New York, USA: http://www.rex-ny.com/ Studio Under Manufacture / Oakland, USA: http://sumarch.com/ Tamizo / d, Poland: http://www.tamizo.pl/ Herreros Arquitectos / Madrid, Spain: http://www.herrerosarquitectos.com/ OSKA Architects / Seattle, USA: http://www.olsonkundigarchitects.com/ Steven Holl Architects / New York, USA: http://www.stevenholl.com/ Claus en Kaan Architecten / Amsterdam, Netherlands: http://www.clausenkaan.com/

8.
9.

C. F. Mller Architects / rhus, Denmark: http://www.cfmoller.com/

UNStudio / Amsterdam, Netherlands: www.unstudio.com/

10. Stephen Alton / New York, USA: http://www.stephenalton.com/ 11. DCPP Arquitectos / Mexico D.F., Mexico: http://www.dcpparquitectos.com/ 12. Delugan Meissl Associated Architects / Vienna, Austria: http://www.deluganmeissl.at/ 13. KONIOR STUDIO / Katowice, Poland: http://www.koniorstudio.pl/ 14. JDS Architects / Copenhagen, Denmark: http://jdsa.eu/ 15. Diller Scofidio + Renfro / New York, USA: http://www.dsrny.com/ 16. BIG / Copenhagen, Denmark: http://www.big.dk/ 17. Snhetta / Oslo, Norway: http://www.snoarc.no/

Lch hc/ learning schedule

Week

Date
Mon, 18th April Mon, 25th April

Location
Class room Class room

Content
Introduction of the course Chapter 1: Basic concepts Chapter 1 (Continue) Student presentation work analysis) (Architecture

Lecturer
PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen

Prepare
A4 sheet laptop PowerPoint files, A4, A3 sheet laptop PowerPoint files, A3 sheet laptop PowerPoint files, A3, A2 sheet, Drawing tools Projector, laptop PowerPoint files, A2 sheet, Drawing tools

35 36

37 38 39

Mon, 2nd May Mon, 9th May Mon, 16th May Wed, 18th May

Class room Class room Class room Class room Class room/ Site

Chapter 2: Information systems Approach and Designing preparation Seminar on "Architecture idea- Vietnam and Developed Country" Chapter 3: Communication Techniques in Architecture Student presentation (Graduate Project analysis) Chapter 4: Supplementary exercise. (Site survey, drawing and presentation of specific architecture) Student presentation Drawing) (Project site

PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen PhD. Nguyen Vu Phuong

40

Mon, 23rd May

Wed, 25th May 41 Mon, 30th May

Class room/ Site Class room

PhD. Nguyen Vu Phuong PhD. Nguyen Vu Phuong PhD. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen

Final presentation of Student

Total: 3 credits,

CHNG 1 : NHNG KHI NIM C BN. Basic concepts

1.1. Kin trc v ngn ng biu cm ca Kin trc: Architecture and Impression language of architecture

I.1.1. nh ngha Kin trc

C nhiu cch nh ngha v Kin trc:

Kin trc l khoa hc v ngh thut ca v cng nh xy Kin dng trc l nh ngh thut v khoatr hc thit k,
xy dng cc cng trnh & t hp cng trnh theo nhng tiu chun thm m v chc nng Kin trc cn c hiu l cng trnh c xy dng ln sau khi nghin cu thit k (sch Nguyn l thit k kin trc ca KTS. T Trng Xun).

Khi nim c tnh tng qut: Kin trc l ngh thut t chc khng gian nhm p ng cc nhu cu vt cht & tinh thn ca con ngi.

Nhng thng tin c bn v kin trc:

Trc ht, v bn cht kin trc l mt ngh thut, do c lin quan mt thit ti phm tr ci p ca m hc v tun th cc quy lut ca trit hc. i tng tc ng ca kin trc l cc khng gian to thnh mi trng hot ng ca con ngi. Phng thc hot ng ca kin trc nh l mt ngh thut t chc (b tr, sp t, dn dng,.. cc i tng t c mt ch ch nht nh). Mc tiu ca kin trc l p ng nhu cu ca con ngi, trong bn cnh nhu cu s dng mang tnh vt cht cn c c cc nhu cu v tinh thn. Tc phm kin trc l nhng khng gian c t chc mt cch ngh thut. Khng phi cng trnh xy dng no cng c th gi l tc phm, m ch nhng cng trnh c c gi tr vt cht v gi tr tinh thn. Cng khng phi tt c cc tc phm kin trc u l cng trnh, v c nhng tc phm l t chc khng gian th v cnh quan. Mt tc phm kin trc cn bao hm c nhng bn v, phc tho v thit k thc hin n.

Kin trc phi ph hp vi mt khung cnh nht nh bao gm cc yu t mi trng kh hu (mt tri, gi, nhit ), a hnh, a l, cy ci v cc yu t cm xc (cnh quan, tm nhn, m thanh).
Cui cng, kin trc c tnh nhn vn rt cao, bi kin trc l sn phm ca con ngi, do con ngi to ra v v con ngi m phc v. Cng chnh v

Khi nim v Khng gian Kin trc

Bn hiu th no v Hnh khi v Khng gian trong Kin trc? Ngi KTS lm vic trn khng gian hay trn hnh khi?
- i tng tc ng ca kin trc l cc khng gian kin trc. - Khi nim: khng gian kin trc l b phn ca khng gian vt cht 3 chiu, c xc nh hoc gii hn bi cc yu t kin trc. - Mt cch tng qut, cc yu t trong kin trc gm: im, tuyn, din, khi

I.1.2. Cc c im ca kin trc

1. Kin trc l kt qu ca s tng hp gia khoa hc - k thut v ngh thut. Mt cng trnh kin trc trc ht phi p ng c yu cu s dng ca con ngi, phi ng dng c tt cc tin b ca khoa hc-k thut tho mn yu cu kinh t, sau cng phi t c yu cu thm m ca s ng ngi. Qu trnh kin to kin trc phi tri qua cc bc: thit k kin trc, thi 2. Kin trc phn nh x trang hi, thit b k thut v hon thin cng cng xy dng, lp t mang trnh. tnh t tng:
Kin trc to nn mt hnh tng khi qut, sc tch v x hi trong mt giai on lch s nht nh. Nn kin trc ca mi nc phn nh i sng vt cht, vn ho, tinh thn ca x hi, l mt trong nhiu phng din nhn bit: Mc kinh t - khoa hc ca x hi; Trnh vn minh, vn ho ca x hi; C cu t chc, lut php ca t

Cng trnh Nh cao tng. KTS Frank-O- Gehry

3. Kin trc chu nh hng r rt ca iu kin thin nhin v kh hu: Mt trong nhng mc ch quan trng ca kin trc l tho mn yu cu s dng ca con ngi-nhu cu s dng tu th loi hot ng, tu theo a phng, thi quen, phong tc, tp qun dn tc. Kin trc phi c b cc mt bng, t chc khng gian ph hp vi cc nhu cu hot ng, mt khc phi tho mn v vt l mi trng, mi trng a l t nhin, kh hu, thi tit. iu kin thin nhin, kh hu c nhng yu t tch cc phi tn dng: nh sng, gi, m, khng kh v cng c nhng yu t bt li m kin trc trnh hay loi tr bng gii php t nhin hoc bngKin cc trang b k trc Truyn thit thng Nht Bn thut.

4. Kin trc mang tnh dn tc.

Tnh cch dn tc thng c phn nh r nt qua cng trnh kin trc v ni dung v hnh thc: V ni dung: b cc mt bng phi ph hp vi phong tc tp qun, tm l dn tc, dng trang thit b sinh hot hng ngy cho con ngi n, , lm vic trong nh phi t l vi con ngi, phi tn dng c cc yu t thin nhin, kh hu, a hnh, vt liu, v.v. V hnh thc: t hp hnh khi, mt ng, t l, chi tit trang tr, mu sc, vt liu c phi hp tho mn yu cu thm m ca dn tc

Cha Mt Ct- Cha Din Hu

Cha Du- Bc Ninh. Ngi cha c nht Vit Nam

I.1.3. Cc Yu cu c bn ca kin trc

Thch dng; Bn vng; M quan; Kinh t. 1. Yu cu thch dng: m bo c yu cu thch dng, khi thit k kin trc phi ch : B cc mt bng phi m bo dy chuyn hot ng hp l nht, ng i li hp l, ngn gn, khng chng cho nhau. Kch thc cc phng ph hp vi yu cu hot ng, thun tin cho vic b tr c, trang thit b bn trong gn gng, p mt. Tu theo mc s dng ca tng loi phng, cn m bo iu kin v sinh: nh sng, thng hi, thong gi, chng n, chng nng tt, cp nhit v ma ng to mi trng tt trnh nhng bt li ca iu kin kh hu. m bo mi quan h v s hi ho ca cng trnh vi mi trng xung quanh.

2. Yu cu bn vng:
Cng trnh kin trc t nh n ln, t n gin n phc tp c xy dng ln u i hi nhiu sc ngi v ca ci vt cht, hot ng ca con ngi trong cng trnh kin trc phi thun tin, hiu qu, mt khc phi an ton lu bn vi mi iu kin tc ng ca con ngi v gii t nhin. Cc tc ng n ngi nh c phn thnh hai loi: Tc ng ca lc v tc ng khng phi bng lc. bn vng ca cng trnh bao gm: vng chc ca cu kin chu lc. n nh ca kt cu, nn mng.

bn lu ca cng trnh.

3. Yu cu m quan:
Yu cu m quan i vi tc phm kin trc th hin 2 mt sau: M quan tng th: kin trc c to ra phi hi ho vi mi trng xung quanh n... khi t mt cng trnh kin trc vo mi trng cnh quan phi cng nhau to nn mt tng th khng gian p. M quan ca cng trnh kin trc: vi tc phm kin trc th cm quan thm m l yu t u tin tc ng vo mi ngi, thm m kin trc phi tho mn yu cu tinh thn ca mt s ng qun chng trong thi i .

t c yu cu thm m khi lp n kin trc phi biu t c t tng ca tc phm thng qua c im tnh cht ca tng th loi cng trnh. V d: Nh : Phi gy c cm gic gn gi, m cng, vn minh; Trng hc, bnh vin: Phi to c v sch s, ngn np, n gin; Tr s c quan: Phi biu t c tnh trang nghim, trn trng;

4. Yu cu kinh t.
Cng trnh kin trc c xy dng v a vo s dng phi tri qua mt qu trnh lao ng nghim tc v s phi hp ca nhiu b mn t khu thit k n thi cng xy dng, phi huy ng kh nhiu loi vt liu v trang thit b. Yu cu kinh t i hi phi qun xuyn trong sut qu trnh sng to ra cng trnh, c biu hin trong khu thit k n kin trc, thi cng xy dng v s dng cng trnh... Vic bo m yu cu kinh t cho kin trc cn c quan tm cc kha cnh sau: Tnh hiu qu kinh t - k thut - x hi ch trng u t, vic xc nh quy m cng trnh, cp nh, k hoch xy dng hp l. Thit k quy hoch tng mt bng, sp xp b tr cng trnh trn khu t trong mi quan h vi h thng kin trc cnh quan thin nhin xung quanh, vi h thng h tng th (ng s, ng ng k thut ...) Kt cu v vt liu xy dng cn ph hp vi iu kin a phng, p dng c nhiu tin b k thut trong iu kin c th. Cng trnh khng i hi nhiu kinh ph trong khai thc s dng (thng gi, nh sng nhn to) v trong duy tr, bo dng sau ny.

I.1.4. Ngn ng biu cm trong kin trc

Ngn ng Kin trc l g?

Hnh thc kin trc l g? Biu cm trong kin trc l g?

Caramel Arch- Bit th M, Austria

Hnh thc kin trc

Hnh thc kin trc c nhng tnh cht c bn l tnh khi qut v tnh biu cm.
Trong mi cng trnh kin trc, cc yu t hnh thc tuy rt khc bit nhau v thuc nhiu cp , nhng v ton th vn c lin h vi nhau trong mt h thng, to nn tnh thng nht trong s a dng. Cc yu t hnh thc u tham gia phn nh ni dung ca tc phm kin trc. Nhng c im chung to thnh nt c th (hay nt khi qut) v hnh th cng trnh, l biu hin c ng nht cho tinh thn ca kin trc. Biu cm l mt tnh cht c hu, v biu t cm xc l chc nng c bn ca hnh thc. Nhng hnh khi n gin nht (nh khi cu, khi hp, lp phng, chp,..) t bn thn cng gi c nhng cm xc c tnh c trng t nt khi qut ca hnh hc, nn vn c ly lm biu tng cho nhng gi tr tinh thn nht nh. V d: khi cu - tnh nng ng, linh hot, vin mn; khi lp phng - tnh trn vn, n nh, sc mnh ni ti; khi chp tnh hi t, hng ti l tng;.. Tuy nhin, l nhng cm nhn chung, nu ch thun tu da vo chng to hnh quy m ln th kin trc rt d tr thnh th thin v nng n. Cng ging nh mt bi vn vit tuy ng chnh t v ng php nhng kh khan. S tham gia ca nh sng, mu sc v cht liu chnh l nhm to nn nhng sc thi tnh cm tinh t, gip tng cng hiu qu biu cm thm m ca hnh thc kin trc.

Tnh biu cm:

Khi c thm yu t cht liu lm r tnh cht vt l (c/ rng, nng / nh, th / tinh,.., thm ch ch cn c din t bng ng nt) th hnh khi cng gi c nhiu sc cm xc phong ph hn. Vi tnh cht ch ng & linh hot, nh sng c vai tr lm r cc ranh gii ca khng gian v tng cng hiu qu cm nhn hnh khi. c bit, nh sng lun i cng vi trng thi i lp l bng , nn phn nh rt r cc tng quan trc / sau, xa / gn, trn / di, trong / ngoi,.. gia cc b phn kin trc v nhn mnh cht cm b mt ca vt liu. Mu sc c tc dng to s lin h gia cc yu t, cc b phn kin trc, tc ng ti tm l s dng (m i, nh nhng, hay kch thch).

The Ontario Pavilion for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games Khi c thm yu t cht liu lm r tnh cht vt l (c/ rng, nng / nh, th / tinh) th hnh khi cng gi c nhiu sc cm xc phong ph hn.

Student learning center for Ryerson University, Canada nh sng c vai tr lm r cc ranh gii ca khng gian v tng cng hiu qu cm nhn hnh khi

Mu sc c tc dng to s lin h gia cc yu t, cc b phn kin trc, tc ng ti tm l s dng (m i, nh nhng, hay kch thch).

Khi nim hnh tng kin trc.

Hnh tng: hnh nh tng trng cho mt tinh thn nht nh. Do , hnh tng kin trc l hnh nh tng trng cho ni dung tinh thn ca cng trnh kin trc. Hnh tng kin trc l mt yu t hnh thc c bit: va c tnh c th (hnh nh) li va c tnh khi qut (tng trng); va tht (cha ng trong hnh hi cng trnh c tnh vt cht) li va o (trong cm nhn ca con ngi), va khch quan li va ch quan, va vt cht li va tinh thn. Vi tnh cht tng ho cc mt i lp nh vy, hnh tng kin trc l mt biu hin ca gi tr ngh thut.

- Phn bit gia hnh tng v biu tng: biu tng l du hiu nhn bit s vt c tnh quy c, bt buc (tc l c tnh cht ng). Biu tng thng l hnh nh c cch iu t nhng yu t c trng. Ngc li, hnh tng c tnh gi m, phong ph, nh lm cho kin trc c trng tn (gi c gi tr tinh thn lun mi m v vn gi c cm xc). V vy, hnh tng kin trc khng phi l mt hnh nh c th c phng to ln khoc ra ngoi cng trnh (va phi t l mt cch th thin, va khng c tnh tng trng).

Cm nhn hnh tng kin trc.

Hnh tng kin trc c hnh thnh qua 3 trng thi: - Hnh tng ch quan ban u trong tng & t duy ca KTS. - Hnh tng khch quan trong hnh khi kin trc ca cng trnh c xy dng trong thc t. - Hnh tng ch quan trong cm nhn ca ngi xem. Hnh tng kin trc l thng ip tinh thn ca ngi KTS, c m ho trong cng trnh bng ngn ng kin trc ri li c ngi xem gii m cm nhn. Kh nng gii m v mc cm nhn ca mi ngi mi khc, do hnh tng kin trc ban u khi n vi ngi xem s tr nn a dng, phong ph. Hnh tng cn c tnh gi m (cho php lin h rng), c tnh khi qut cao ( gi c nhiu hnh nh lin h), gn gi vi con ngi ( d cm nhn). Hnh tng kin trc c xy dng t tinh thn ca tng, gn lin vi bn sc dn tc, vi tinh thn ca a im, vi cc c trng vn ho th s bn vng vi thi gian. - c thm 1: Gi tr ngh thut ca Cha Mt ct (th hin tinh thn ca hoa sen, biu tng cho Pht gio). - c thm 2: S phong ph v hnh nh ca nh th Ronchamp. Cng trnh khng c hnh tng c th, m mi ngi u c th lin h vi mt hnh nh gn gi vi mnh nht.

Ngn ng hnh thc kin trc.

Khi nim Ngn ng kin trc. Ngn ng kin trc l ngn ng biu t bng nhng phng tin c trng ca ngh thut kin trc, nh ng nt, hnh khi, khng gian, b cc, mu sc, nh sng,... Lin h so snh vi cc ngn ng ngh thut khc: ngn ng m nhc (s dng phng tin l nt nhc, giai iu, tit tu,..), ngn ng vn hc (dng t ng, cu c, ng php, tu t,..), ngn ng hi ho (dng mu sc, b cc, hnh nh,..),.. Ngn ng hnh thc kin trc l nhng phng thc biu hin mt cch nht qun v hiu qu ni dung tinh thn ca tc phm kin trc thng qua cc kha cnh hnh thc ca cng trnh. Tnh nht qun l c s hnh thnh phong cch trong ngn ng kin trc.

Cc phng thc biu t ca ngn ng hnh thc.

S dng cc th php b cc to hnh ng ch (ph hp vi quy m & tnh cht cng trnh) v ng mc.
S dng nh sng, mu sc v cht liu biu t sc thi tinh thn & tnh cm ca tc phm.

Tnh thng nht trong ngn ng hnh thc

Tinh thn ca tc phm chi phi v thng nht cc phng thc biu t. Tinh thn ca tc phm li l biu hin cho tnh t tng, th hin quan im sng tc ca tc gi KTS. S nht qun trong ngn ng hnh thc ca 1 tc phm phn nh phong cch c nhn ca tc gi, cn tnh thng nht trong ngn ng hnh thc ca mt lot tc phm phn nh phong cch ca c mt trng phi kin trc. Lc kho c im ca cc phong cch kin trc trong lch s (kin trc C i, Roman, Gotic, Baroc, ch ngha C in): tnh thng nht tuyt i tr thnh quy tc bt buc. Lc kho c im ca cc trng phi kin trc ln th k XX (kin trc Hin i, kin trc Hu c, ch ngha Kt cu, ch ngha Th mc, phong cch Hi-Tech) v cc tro lu Hu Hin i (gii to kt cu, Neo-Brutalism, Super Hi-tech, ch ngha cu trc, Chuyn ho lun,..): thng nht v tinh thn trong s a dng v hnh thc.

Bi tp v nh: Phn tch gi tr hnh tng ca mt s tc

phm kin trc ni ting
Kim t thp (Ai cp): hnh tng ca s bt t (bn vng v bt bin, tng phn vi khung cnh t nhin). Th vin Alexandria mi (Ai cp): hnh tng cng trnh th vin mi nh mt tri tri thc mc ln thay cho th vin c b hu hoi. Bo tng Louvre m rng (Paris, KTS.Io.M.Pei): hnh tng mm sng mi ny ln t lng t th hin s hi sinh. Kim t thp bng knh biu hin cho gi tr ngh thut, tuy vnh hng (kim t thp = bt t) nhng cng rt mong manh (knh = d v). La Cite dela Musique (Paris, KTS. Christian de Portzampac): hnh tng nhp iu ca m nhc. Sydney Opera House (Australia, KTS. J.Utzon): hnh tng ca kht vng vn ti t do. Cc Bo tng ngh thut hin i ca KTS. Oscar Nimeyer: biu hin s pht trin trong nhn thc v quan h gia ci hin i v ci truyn thng. Bo tng Caracas (1954) hnh kim t thp ln ngc th hin quan im xung t: ci hin i i chi v thot ly khi truyn thng. Bo tng Nitteroi, Rio de Janeiro (1980) hnh cy nm th hin quan im n ho: ci hin i pht trin (c ngun gc) t ci truyn thng. Trung tm thng tin Fukuoka (Nht bn, KTS.Kendzo Tange): hnh tng ca s pht trin cn dang d, ang tip tc. Sn bay Kansai (Nht bn, KTS. Renzo Piano): hnh tng con sng ang ni ln trn mt bin. Cung vn ho Phn lan (Helsinki, KTS. A.Aalto): hnh tng a ngha, gi nh hnh nh nhng tng bng - h nc - b bin b ct x rt c th ca Phn lan (Finland: t nc ca m ly, vi 187.888 h nc). Gi tr ngh thut ca Cha Mt ct (th hin tinh thn ca hoa sen, biu tng cho Pht gio).