54 /

lq/k vjksM+k

(lu~ 1948)

varjk

lqkk vjksMk+ dk tUe ykgkSj (ikfdLrku) esa gqvkA mPp f'k{kk

dydkk fo'ofo|ky; ls gqbAZ blh fo'ofo|ky; osQ nks
dkWyt
s ksa esa mUgksua s lu~~ 1969 ls 1971 rd v;kiu dk;Z
fd;kA dFkk lkfgR; esa lq/k vjksMk+ ,d pfpZr uke gSA muosQ
dbZ dgkuh laxgz izdkf'kr gSa cxSj rjk'ks gq,] ;q&fojke]
egkuxj dh HkkSfrdh] dkyk 'kqokj] dkls dk fxykl
rFkk vkSjr dh dgkuh (laikfnr) vkfnA mudh dgkfu;k
yxHkx lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ vfrfjDr dbZ fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa
esa vuwfnr gSAa mUgksua s Hkkjrh; efgyk dykdkjksa osQ vkRedF;kas
osQ nks ladyu ngyhk dks yk?krs gq, vkSj ia[kksa dh mM+ku
rS;kj fd, gSaA
ys[ku osQ Lrj ij i=k&if=kdkvksa esa Hkh cjkcj mudh lf;rk
cuh gqbZ gSA ikf{kd lkfjdk esa vke vkneh knk loky vkSj
jk"Vh; nSfud tulkk esa efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqksa ij mudk
lkIrkfgd LraHk okek cgqpfpZr jgkA efgyk laxBuksa osQ lkekftd
dk;ks osQ izfr mudh lf;rk ,oa leFkZu tkjh gSA efgykvksa ij
gh osaQfnzr vkSjr dh nqfu;k cuke nqfu;k dh vkSjr ys[kksa dk
laxgz 'kh?kz izdk'; gSA ^mkj izn's k gnh laLFkku* }kjk mUgsa fo'sk"k
iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
lq/k vjksMk+ ewyr% dFkkdkj gSaA muosQ ;gk L=kh foe'kZ dk
:i vkked u gksdj lgt vkSj la;r gSA lkekftd vkSj
ekuoh; ljksdkjksa dks os jkspd <ax ls fo'ysf"kr djrh gSAa
ikB~;iqLrd esa ladfyr T;ksfrck iqQys fucak esa ysf[kdk
us T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj mudh iRuh }kjk lekt esa fd, x,
f'k{kk vkSj lekt lqkkj lacakh dk;ks dk ego crk;k gSA
lkekftd vkSj kkfeZd :f<+;ksa dk fojksk dj mUgksaus nfyrksa]

lq/k vjksM+k / 55

'kksf"krksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dh lekurk osQ gd dh yM+kbZ yM+hA blosQ dkj.k lekt dk
O;kid fojksk Hkh mUgsa >syuk iM+kA ml nkSj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ;ku eas j[krs
gq, mudk la?k"kZ fu.kkZ;d ego j[krk gSA

56 /

varjk

T;ksfrck iqQys

;g vizR;kf'kr ugha gS fd Hkkjr osQ lkekftd fodkl vkSj cnyko osQ vkanksyu
esa ftu ikp lekt&lqkkjdksa osQ uke fy, tkrs gSa] muesa egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys osQ
uke dk 'kqekj ugha gSA bl lwph dks cukusokys mPpo.khZ; lekt osQ izfrfufk gSaA
T;ksfrck iqQys czk.k opZLo vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa dks dk;e j[kusokyh f'k{kk vkSj
lqkkj osQ leFkZd ugha FksA mUgksaus iwthoknh vkSj iqjksfgroknh ekufldrk ij gYyk
cksy fn;kA muosQ }kjk LFkkfir ^lR;'kkskd lekt* vkSj mudk kafrdkjh lkfgR;
bldk izek.k gSA tc czk.kksa us dgk ^fo|k 'kwnzksa osQ ?kj pyh xbZ* rks iqQys us
rRdky mkj fn;k ^lp dk lcsjk gksrs gh osn Mwc x,] fo|k 'kwnzksa osQ ?kj pyh
xbZ] Hkw&nso (czk.k) 'kjek x,A*
egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys us o.kZ] tkfr vkSj oxZ&O;oLFkk esa fufgr 'kks"k.k&izf;k
dks ,d&nwljs dk iwjd crk;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd jktlkk vkSj czk.k vkfkiR;
osQ rgr keZoknh lkk vkil esa lkB&xkB dj bl lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj e'khujh
dk mi;ksx djrh gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd bl 'kks"k.k&O;oLFkk osQ f[kykI+kQ nfyrksa
osQ vykok fL=k;ksa dks vkanksyu djuk pkfg,A
egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys osQ ekSfyd fopkj ^xqykefxjh*] ^'ksrdj~;kapk vklwM*
(fdlkuksa dk izfr'kksk) ^lkoZtfud lR;keZ* vkfn iqLrdksa esa lax`ghr gSaA muosQ

lq/k vjksM+k / 57

fopkj vius le; ls cgqr vkxs FksA vkn'kZ ifjokj osQ ckjs esa mudh vokkj.kk
gS ^ftl ifjokj esa firk ckS] ekrk bZlkbZ] csVh eqlyeku vkSj csVk lR;kehZ
gks] og ifjokj ,d vkn'kZ ifjokj gSA*
vkkqfud f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa iqQys dgrs gSa ^;fn vkkqfud f'k{kk dk ykHk
+
flIkZQ mPp oxZ dks gh feyrk gS] rks mlesa 'kwnzksa dk D;k LFkku jgsxk\ xjhcksa ls dj
tek djuk vkSj mls mPpoxhZ; yksxksa osQ cPpksa dh f'k{kk ij [kpZ djuk fdls
pkfg, ,slh f'k{kk\*
LokHkkfod gS fd fodflr oxZ dk izfrfufkRo djusokys vkSj lokxh.k
lekt&lqkkj u pkgusokys rFkkdfFkr laHkzkUr leh{kdksa us egkRek iqQys dks
lekt&lqkkjdksa dh lwph esa dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k ;g czk.kh ekufldrk dh
vlfy;r dk Hkh inkZI+kQk'k djrk gSA 1883 esa T;ksfrck iqQys vius cgqpfPZkr xzaFk
^'ksrdj~;kapk vklwM* osQ miksn~?kkr esa fy[krs gSa
^fo|k fcuk efr xbZ
efr fcuk uhfr xbZ
uhfr fcuk xfr xbZ
xfr fcuk fok x;k
fok fcuk 'kwnz x,
brus vuFkZ ,d vfo|k us fd,A*
egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys us fy[kk gS ^L=kh&f'k{kk osQ njokks iqjQ"kksa us blfy,
can dj j[ks gSa fd og ekuoh; vfkdkjksa dks le> u ik,] tSlh Lora=krk iqjQ"k
ysrk gS] oSlh gh Lora=krk L=kh ys rks\ iqjQ"kksa osQ fy, vyx fu;e vkSj fL=k;ksa osQ
fy, vyx fu;e ;g i{kikr gSA* T;ksfrck us L=kh&lekurk dks izfrf"Br
djusokyh u;h fookg&fofk dh jpuk dhA iwjh fookg&fofk ls mUgksaus czk.k dk
LFkku gh gVk fn;kA mUgksaus u, eaxyk"Vd (fookg osQ volj ij i<+s tkusokys ea=k)
rS;kj fd,A os pkgrs Fks fd fookg&fofk esa iqjQ"k izkku laLfr osQ leFkZd vkSj
L=kh dh xqykefxjh fl djusokys ftrus ea=k gSa] os lkjs fudky fn, tk,A muosQ

58 /

varjk

LFkku ij ,sls ea=k gksa] ftUgsa oj&okw vklkuh ls le> losaQA T;ksfrck us ftu
eaxyk"Vdksa dh jpuk dh] muesa okw oj ls dgrh gS ^Lora=krk dk vuqHko ge
fL=k;ksa dks gS gh ughaA bl ckr dh vkt 'kiFk yks fd L=kh dks mldk vfkdkj
nksxs vkSj mls viuh Lora=krk dk vuqHko djus nksxsA* ;g vkdka{kk flI+kZQ okw dh
gh ugha] xqykeh ls eqfDr pkgusokyh gj L=kh dh FkhA L=kh osQ vfkdkjksa vkSj
Lora=krk osQ fy, T;ksfrck iqQys us gj laHko iz;Ru fd,A
1888 esa tc T;ksfrck iqQys dks ^egkRek* dh mikfk ls lEekfur fd;k x;k rks
mUgksua s dgk eq>s ^egkRek* dgdj esjs la?k"kZ dks iw.kZfojke er nhft,A tc O;fDr
eBkkh'k cu tkrk gS rc og la?k"kZ ugha dj ldrkA blfy, vki lc lkkkj.k tu gh
jgus ns]a eq>s vius chp ls vyx u djsAa egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk
;g Fkh fd os tks dgrs Fks] mls vius vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj esa mrkjdj fn[kkrs FksA bl
fn'kk esa vxzlj mudk igyk dne Fkk viuh iRuh lkfo=kh ckbZ dks f'kf{kr djukA
T;ksfrck us mUgsa ejkBh Hkk"kk gh ugha] vaxsz kh fy[kuk&i<+uk vkSj cksyuk Hkh fl[kk;kA
lkfo=kh ckbZ dh Hkh cpiu ls f'k{kk esa #fp Fkh vkSj mudh xzk&'kfDr rsk FkhA muosQ
cpiu dh ,d ?kVuk cgqr izfl gS] Ng&lkr lky dh mez esa og gkV&ckkkj vosQyh
gh pyh tkrh FkhA ,d ckj lkfo=kh f'k[ky xko osQ gkV esa xbZA ogk oqQN [kjhndj
[kkrs&[kkrs mlus ns[kk fd ,d isM+ osQ uhps oqQN fe'kujh fL=k;k vkSj iqjQ"k xk jgs gSAa
,d ykV lkgc us mls [kkrs gq, vkSj jQddj xkuk lqurs ns[kk rks dgk] bl rjg jkLrs
esa [kkrs&[kkrs ?kweuk vPNh ckr ugha gSA lqurs gh lkfo=kh us gkFk dk [kkuk isaQd fn;kA
ykV lkgc us dgk cM+h vPNh yM+dh gks rqeA ;g iqLrd ys tkvksA rqEgsa i<+uk
u vk, rks Hkh blosQ fp=k rqEgsa vPNs yxsxa As ?kj vkdj lkfo=kh us og iqLrd vius
firk dks fn[kkbZA vkxccwyk gksdj firk us mls owQM+s esa isaQd fn;k] bZlkb;ksa ls ,slh phksa
ysdj rw Hkz"V gks tk,xh vkSj lkjs oqQy dks Hkz"V djsxhA rsjh 'kknh dj nsuh pkfg,A
lkfo=kh us og iqLrd mBkdj ,d dksus esa Nqik nhA lu~~ 1840 esa T;ksfrck iqQys ls fookg
gksus ij og vius lkeku osQ lkFk ml fdrkc dks lgstdj llqjky ys vkbZ vkSj f'kf{kr
gksus osQ ckn og iqLrd i<+hA

lq/k vjksM+k / 59

14 tuojh 1848 dks iq.ks osQ cqkokj isB fuoklh fHkM+s osQ ckM+s esa igyh
dU;k'kkyk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA iwjs Hkkjr esa yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dh ;g igyh
ikB'kkyk FkhA Hkkjr esa 3000 lkyksa osQ bfrgkl esa bl rjg dk dke ugha gqvk FkkA
'kwnz vkSj 'kwnzkfr'kwnz yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, ,d osQ ckn ,d ikB'kkyk, [kksyus esa
T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ dks yxkrkj O;okkuksa] vM+puksa] ykaNuksa vkSj
cfg"dkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA T;ksfrck osQ keZHkh: firk us iqjksfgrksa vkSj
fj'rsnkjksa osQ ncko esa vius csVs vkSj cgw dks ?kj NksM+ nsus ij etcwj fd;kA lkfo=kh
tc i<+kus osQ fy, ?kj ls ikB'kkyk rd tkrh rks jkLrs esa [kM+s yksx mls xkfy;k
nsrs] Fkwdrs] iRFkj ekjrs vkSj xkscj mNkyrsA nksuksa ifr&iRuh lkjh ckkkvksa ls tw>rs
gq, vius dke esa MVs jgsA 1840&1890 rd ipkl o"kks rd] T;ksfrck vkSj lkfo=kh
ckbZ us ,d izk.k gksdj vius fe'ku dks iwjk fd;kA dgrs gSa ,d vkSj ,d
feydj X;kjg gksrs gSa] T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ iqQys us gj eqdke ij
oaQks&ls&oaQkk feykdj dke fd;k fe'kujh efgykvksa dh rjg fdlkuksa vkSj
vNwrksa dh >qXxh&>ksiM+h esa tkdj yM+fd;ksa dks ikB'kkyk Hkstus dk vkxzg djuk
;k ckygR;k izfrcakd x`g esa vukFk cPpksa vkSj fokokvksa osQ fy, njokks [kksy
nsuk vkSj muosQ uotkr cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djuk ;k egkj] pekj vkSj ekax tkfr
osQ yksxksa dh ,d ?kwV ikuh ihdj I;kl cq>kus dh rdyhI+kQ ns[kdj vius ?kj osQ
ikuh dk gkSn lHkh tkfr;ksa osQ fy, [kksy nsuk gj dke ifr&iRuh us MaosQ dh
pksV ij fd;k vkSj oqQjhfr;ksa] vak&Jk vkSj ikjaifjd vuhfriw.kZ :f<+;ksa dks oLr
dj nfyrksa&'kksf"krksa osQ gd eas [kM+s gq,A vkt osQ izfrLikZRed le; esa] tc
izcq oxZ osQ izfrf"Br tkus&ekus nairh lkFk jgus osQ dbZ cjlksa osQ ckn vyx gksrs
gh ,d&nwljs dks laiw.kZr% u"V&Hkz"V djus vkSj ,d&nwljs dh tM+sa [kksnus ij
vkeknk gks tkrs gSa] egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ iqQys dk ,d&nwljs osQ
izfr vkSj ,d y{; osQ izfr lefiZRk thou ,d vkn'kZ nkaiR; dh felky cudj
pedrk gSA

60 /

varjk

iz'u&vH;kl
12345678910-

T;ksfrck iqQys us fdl izdkj dhs ekufldrk ij izgkj fd;k\

vkn'kZ ifjokj osQ ckjs esa T;ksfrck iqQys osQ fopkj crkb,\
vLi`'; tkfr;ksa osQ mRFkku osQ ckjs esa T;ksfrck us D;k mik; fd,\
lkfo=kh ckbZ osQ izeq[k dk;Z D;k Fks\
T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ osQ thou ls vkt osQ lekt dks D;k izsj.kk feyrh gS\
T;ksfrck iqQys uss fdl izdkj osQ lokxh.k lekt dh dYiuk dh gS\
T;ksfrck iqQys L=kh&iqjQ"k osQ chp fdl izdkj osQ lacak pkgrs Fks\
L=kh&f'k{kk dk O;kogkfjd mnkgj.k T;ksfrck us fdl izdkj izLrqr fd;k\
T;ksfrck vkSj lkfo=kh oSQls ,d&,d feydj X;kjg gks x,\
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,
(d) lp dk losjk gksrs gh osn Mwc x,] fo|k 'kwnzksa osQ ?kj pyh xbZ] Hkw&nso
(czk.k) 'kjek x,A
([k) bl 'kks"k.k&O;oLFkk osQ f[kykI+kQ nfyrksa osQ vykok fL=k;ksa dks Hkh vkanksyu djuk
pkfg,A
11- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dhft,
(d) Lora=krk dk vuqHko ------------- gj L=kh dh FkhA
([k) eq>s ^egkRek* dgdj ------------- vyx u djsaA

;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- vius vkl&ikl osQ oqQN lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa ls ckrphr dj mlosQ vk/kj ij ,d
fjiksVZ rS;kj dhft,A
2- D;k vkt Hkh lkekt esa L=kh&iqjQ"k osQ chp HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gS\ d{kk esa ppkZ
dhft,A

lq/k vjksM+k / 61

3- ikB esa vk, egkRek iqQys osQ lwfDrc fopkjksa dks ladfyr djosQ mUgsa d{kk esa nhokjksa
ij fpidkb,A
4- lkfo=kh ckbZ vkSj egkRek iqQys us lektfgr osQ tks dke fd, mudh lwph cukb,A

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIi.kh

'kqekj
mPpoxhZ;
opZLo
dk;e j[kuk
iwthoknh
inkZI+kQk'k
xqykefxjh

iw.kZfojke
eBkkh'k

vkeknk gksuk
felky

fxurh] 'kkfey
mQph tkfr osQ
ncnck] izkkurk
cuk, j[kuk] fLFkj j[kuk
tks iwth dks lokZf/d ego iznku djrk gS
HkaMkiQksM+] rF; mtkxj djuk
yksxksa ls xqykeh djkuk] yksxksa osQ lkFk nklksa
tSlk O;ogkj djuk
fdlh ckr dks [kRe djuk
tks keZ rFkk oxZ osQ uke ij lewg cukrs gSa
vkSj viuk fu.kZ; nwljksa ij Fkksirs gSa
fdlh dk;Z dks djus osQ fy, n`<+ gksuk
mnkgj.k] vkn'kZ