1 dfgfg

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm nhiu bin

1.1. Khng gian

Rn .

1.1.1. Cc php ton.

Cho hai vc t

~x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) Rn , ~y = (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) Rn .

Khi , ta nhc li cc php ton quen thuc trong khng gian

n chiu Rn :

+ Php cng v tr:

~x ~y = (x1 y1 , x2 y2 , ..., xn yn ).
+ Php nhn vc t vi 1 s thc:

~x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) R.
+ Php nhn v hng 2 vc t:

h~x, ~y i = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + ... + xn yn .
Khi , ta c vc t

~x vung gc vi ~y

+ Gc gia 2 vc t

~x 6= 0 v ~y 6= 0 xc

khi v ch khi

x1 y1 + x2 y2 + ... + xn yn = 0.

nh bi cng thc:

x1 y1 + x2 y2 + ... + xn yn
p
cos(~x, ~y) = p 2
.
x1 + x22 + ... + x2n y12 + y22 + ... + yn2

1.1.2. Chun v hm khong cch.

Cho vc t
hiu bi

~x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) Rn .

kxk v c xc

Khi , chun ca vc t

~x

l mt s thc c k

nh bi

kxk =

x21 + x22 + ... + x2n .

Chun c cc tnh cht c bn sau:

+

kxk 0 x Rn

kxk = ||kxk x Rn , R.

kx + yk kxk + kyk x, y Rn .

kxk = 0 khi v

Khi , khong cch gia 2 im

ch khi

x, y Rn

x = 0.

c xc nh bi cng thc

d(x, y) = kx yk.
1.1.3. Tp.
Cho

x Rn ,  > 0. Khi
1

+
+

B(x, ) = {y Rn : ky xk < } gi l hnh cu m c tm ti im x v

bn knh l

.

) = {y Rn : ky xk } gi l hnh cu ng c tm ti im x v bn knh l .
B(x,

+ im

x M Rn gi l im trong, nu tn ti mt hnh cu m B(x, ) sao cho B(x, ) M .

Tp hp cc im trong ca

c gi l phn trong ca

v k hiu bi

intM .

+ Tp

M Rn

+ Cho

M Rn . im x c gi l im bin ca M , nu vi mi  > 0 th B(x, ) cha nhng

im thuc

gi l tp m, nu

intM = M .

v nhng im khng thuc

M.

Tp hp cc im bin ca

c k hiu l

M .
+ Tp

M Rn

gi l mt tp ng, nu

+ Tp

M Rn

gi l b chn bi

+ Tp

M Rn

gi l tp compact, nu

M M .

> 0, nu kxk x M .
M

l tp ng v b chn.

1.2. Hm s nhiu bin.

Cho

=
6 D Rn . Khi , nh x
f :DR

xc nh bi

x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) D 7 y = f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) R

c gi l mt hm s nhiu bin, Tp

x1 , x2 , ..., xn
V d 1.1.

c gi l min xc nh ca hm s

c gi l cc bin s ca hm s

Cho

f.

R > 0, tm min xc nh ca hm s
q
f (x) = R2 x21 x22 ... x2n .

Gii.
Theo nh ngha, min xc nh

c xc nh bi

D ={x Rn : R2 x21 x22 ... x2n 0}

={x Rn : kx 0k2 R2 }
R).
=B(0,
Di y l mt s mt bc 2 thng gp trong khng gian

R3 .

1.2.1. Mt cu.
Phng trnh:

(S) = {(x, y, z) R3 : (x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2 }.

2

f.

Cc s

z
c

x
Hnh 1: Mt cu.

Khi , im

I(a, b, c) gi l tm v R gi l bn knh ca mt cu (S).

1.2.2. Mt Elipxoit.
Phng trnh:

(E) :

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1 (a, b, c > 0).
a2
b
c

Cc mt ct

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1.
a2
b
2
z2
y
(Oyz) x = 0 : 2 + 2 = 1.
b
c
x2 z 2
(Oxz) y = 0 : 2 + 2 = 1.
a
c
(Oxy) z = 0 :

1.2.3. Mt hypeboloit 1 tng.

Phng trnh:

(H1 ) :

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 1 (a, b, c > 0).
a2
b
c

Cc mt ct

(Oxy) z = 0 :

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1.
a2
b

O
a

Hnh 2: Mt elipxoit.

y2 z2
2 = 1.
b2
c
2
x
z2
(Oxz) y = 0 : 2 2 = 1.
a
c
(Oyz) x = 0 :

1.2.4. Mt hypeboloit 2 tng.

Phng trnh:

(H2 ) :

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 1 (a, b, c > 0).
a2
b
c

iu kin

z2
1 0 z (, c] [c, +).
c2
Cc mt ct

y2 z2
2 = 1.
b2
c
2
z2
x
(Oxz) y = 0 : 2 2 = 1.
a
c
2
x
y2
h2
(P ) z = h > c : 2 + 2 = 2 1.
a
b
c
(Oyz) x = 0 :

b
O
a
x

Hnh 3: Mt hypeboloit 1 tng.

O
c

Hnh 4: Mt hypeboloit 2 tng.

1.2.5. Mt paraboloit-eliptic.
Phng trnh:

(P E) :

x2 y 2
+
= 2z (p, q > 0),
p
q

vi iu kin

z 0. Cc

mt ct

(Oyz) x = 0 : y 2 = 2qz.
(Oxz) y = 0 : x2 = 2pz.
(P ) z = h > 0 :

x2 y 2
+
= 2h.
p
q

y
O

x
Hnh 5: Mt hypeboloit-eliptic.

1.2.6. Mt tr.
Phng trnh:

trong

(Tz ) : f (x, y) = 0

song song vi trc

Oz,

(Ty ) : g(x, z) = 0

song song vi trc

Oz,

(Tx ) : f (y, z) = 0

song song vi trc

Oz,

f, g, h : D R2 R.

1.2.7. Mt nn bc hai.
Phng trnh:

(N) :

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 0 (a, b, c > 0).
a2
b
c

Cc mt ct

b
(Oyz) x = 0 : y = z.
c
6

x
Hnh 6: Mt tr song song

Oz .

a
(Oxz) y = 0 : x = z.
c
2
2
x
y
h2
(P ) z = h > 0 : 2 + 2 = 2 .
a
b
c

1.3. Gii hn hm 2 bin s.

Mt dy im

{Mn } R2

c gi l dn ti im

M0 R2 ,

n hay lim Mn = M0 , nu vi mi  > 0 tn ti s t nhin n()

n

vit tt l

Mn M0

khi

sao cho

Mn B(M0 , ) n n().
Trong trng hp c bit: Nu
khi

lim xn = x0 v lim yn = y0 th im Mn (xn , yn ) M0 (x0 , y0)

n .
Cho mt hm 2 bin s

im
hiu

M0 .

Khi , s

z = f (x, y)

xc nh trong ln cn ca im

c gi l gii hn ca hm

f (x, y)

khi

lim f (M) = m, nu vi mi dy im bt k {Mn } R2

M M0

(x, y)

dn ti

sao cho

lim f (Mn ) = m.

lim f (M) = m khi v

M M0

ch khi

 > 0, > 0, M B(M0 , ) |f (M) m| < .

7

c th tr

M0 (x0 , y0),

lim Mn = M0

n
Ta c th chng minh c rng:

M0 R2

th

Hnh 7: Mt nn bc hai.

V d 1.2.

Tm gii hn

I1 =

x2 y
.
(x,y)(0,0) 2x2 + y 2
lim

Gii.
Hm s

f (x, y) =

x2 y
xc nh trn
2x2 +y 2

D = R2 \{(0, 0)}. T bt ng thc

|y|
1 (x, y) D,
+ y2

2x2
ta c

Vy

|f (x, y)| x2

I1 = 0.

V d 1.3.

(x, y) D . Do


 x2 y 

 lim x2 = 0.
0 lim  2
(x,y)(0,0) 2x + y 2 
(x,y)(0,0)

vi mi

Tm gii hn

I2 =

xy
.
(x,y)(0,0) 2x2 + y 2
lim

Gii.

xy
xc nh trn
2x2 +y 2

D = R2 \{(0, 0)}. Ta xt

Hm s

f (x, y) =

+ im

(x, y) d : y = x. Khi (x, y) (0, 0) khi v

I2 =

ch khi

2 trng hp c bit sau:

x 0. Khi , ta c

1
xy
x2
=
lim
= .
2
2
2
2
x0 2x + x
(x,y)(0,0) 2x + y
3
lim

+ im

(x, y) d : y = 3x. Khi (x, y) (0, 0) khi v

I2 =

Do vy

I2

ch khi

x 0. Khi , ta c

xy
3
3x2
=
lim
=
.
x0 2x2 + 9x2
(x,y)(0,0) 2x2 + y 2
11
lim

khng tn ti.

1.4. Hm s lin tc.

Cho hm s
+ Hm s

z = f (x, y) xc

lin tc ti im

M0

nh trn min

v im

M0 D . Khi ,

nu tn ti gii hn

lim f (M) = f (M0 ).

M M0
+ Hm s

lin tc trn min

+ Hm s

lin tc u trn min

nu

lin tc ti mi im

nu vi mi

M D.

 > 0, tn ti > 0 sao

cho

(x, y), (x0 , y 0) D : k(x, y) (x0 , y 0 )k < |f (x, y) f (x0 , y 0)| < .
Bng cch dng nh ngha, ta c nhn xt sau.

Nhn xt 1.4.

+ Nu hm

f : D R2 R

lin tc u trn min

D,

th

lin tc trn min

D . iu ngc li khng ng.

+ Nu

lin tc trn min

+ Nu

lin tc trn min compact

l tp compact, th

D , th f

lin tc u trn min

D.

t gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn min

D.

1.5. o hm ring v vi phn ca hm nhiu bin s.

Cho hm s

z = f (x) xc

nh trn min

D Rn

v im

x = (
x1 , x
2 , ..., xn ) D .

1.5.1. o hm ring.
Nu hm mt bin s
o hm ring ca

x1 7 f (
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) c o hm ti x1 , th o hm c gi l

theo n

x1

ti im

x v

fx0 1 (
x)

c k hiu

hay

f
(
x).
x1

Bng cch hiu tng t, ta cng c cc o hm ring o hm ring ca

1, 2, ..., n) ti im x v

c k hiu

fx0 i (
x)
V d 1.5.

hay

f
(
x).
xi

Tm cc o hm ring ca hm s sau:

f (x, y) = x2 tan(x3 + 2y).

9

theo n

xi (i =

Gii.

f
1
3x3
= 2x tan(x3 + 2y) + x2 . 2 3
.3x = 2x tan(x3 + 2y) +
.
x
cos (x + 2y)
cos2 (x3 + 2y)
f
1
2x2
= x2 . 2 3
.2 =
.
y
cos (x + 2y)
cos2 (x3 + 2y)
1.5.2. Hm kh vi.
Cho hm nhiu bin
+ Vi mi

f : D Rn R v

im

x = (
x1 , x
2 , ..., xn ) D .

x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn D), t

xi = xi xi .

Khi

x1 , x
2 , ..., xn )
f = f (
x1 + x1 , x2 + x2 , ..., xn + xn ) f (
c gi l s gia ca hm s ti im

x.

+ Nu s gia ca hm s c dng

f = A1 x1 + A2 x2 + ... + An xn + 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ,
trong

Ai (i = 1, 2, ..., n)

ch ph thuc vo

x,

khng ph thuc vo

x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

lim k = 0 k = 1, 2, ..., n,

x 0
th hm s

c gi l kh vi ti im

x. Khi

df = A1 x1 + A2 x2 + ... + An xn
c gi l vi phn ton phn ca
+ Hm s

nh l 1.6.

im

ti im

c gi l kh vi trn min
Nu hm

x D , th f

D , nu f

f : D Rn R

s kh vi ti im

df =

x.
kh vi ti mi im

x D .

c cc o hm ring lin tc trong mt ln cn ca

x v

f
f
f
(
x)x1 +
(
x)x2 + ... +
(
x)xn .
x1
x2
xn

Chng minh.
Theo nh ngha, ta c

x1 , x2 , ..., xn )
f =f (
x1 + x1 , x2 + x2 , ..., xn + xn ) f (
x1 , x2 + x2 , ..., xn + xn )
=f (
x1 + x1 , x2 + x2 , ..., xn + xn ) f (
+
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ).
+ f (
x1 , x
2 , ...
xn1 , x
n + xn ) f (
10

Theo cng thc s gia gii ni, tn ti cc s

1 , 2 , ..., n (0, 1) sao cho

x1 , ..., xi , xi+1 + xi+1 , ..., x

n + xn )
f (
x1 , ..., x
i1 , xi + xi , ..., xn + xn ) f (
=

f
(
x1 , ..., xi1 , xi + i xi , ..., xn + xn )xi .
xi

Do cc o hm ring lin tc trong ln cn ca im

x nn

f
f
(
x1 , ..., x
i1 , xi + i xi , ..., x
n + xn )xi =
(
x) + i (x ),
xi
xi
trong

lim i (x ) = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., n. Do
x

vy, nh l c chng minh.

f (x, y, z) c cc hm ring lin tc trong ln

Nhn xt 1.7.

Trong trng hp hm 3 bin s

cn ca im

(x0 , y0, z0 ), theo nh l trn, ta c

f =
t

ta c

f
f
f
(x0 , y0 , z0 )x +
(x0 , y0 , z0 )y +
(x0 , y0 , z0 )z + x + y + z .
x
y
z

p 2
x + 2y + 2z v  = 1 (x +y +z ). Khi , theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski,

1
|| = |x + y + z |

Do

(2 + 2 + 2 )(2x + 2y + 2z ) p
p 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 .
x + 2y + 2z
lim

(x ,y ,z )0

=0

x + y + z = o().
Nh vy

f
Khi cc s

f
f
f
(x0 , y0, z0 )x +
(x0 , y0 , z0 )y +
(x0 , y0, z0 )z + o().
x
y
z

x , y , z
f

V d 1.8.

kh nh, ta c

f
f
f
(x0 , y0 , z0 )x +
(x0 , y0 , z0 )y +
(x0 , y0 , z0 )z .
x
y
z

Dng vi phn, tnh xp x gia tr biu thc sau:

S = arctan

1, 02
.
0, 95

Gii. T

S = arctan
11

1 + 0, 02
1 0, 05

(1.1)

ta t

x0 = 1, y0 = 1, x = 0, 02, y = 0, 05 v f (x, y) = arctan xy . Khi

f
y
f
x
= 2
,
= 2
.
2
x
x + y y
x + y2

Theo cng thc (1.1) cho hm s c 2 bin, ta c

f
f
(x0 , y0 )x +
(x0 , y0 )y .
x
y

Do

S = f + f (x0 , y0 )
f
f
(x0 , y0 )x +
(x0 , y0 )y + f (x0 , y0 )
x
y
1.0, 02 + 1.0, 05
= f (1, 1) +
2

= + 0, 035
4

= 0, 82rad.

1.6. o hm theo phng.

Cho vc t

d Rn . Nu tn ti gii hn (hu hn)

f (
x + d) f (
x)
,
0

lim

th gii hn ny c gi l o hm theo phng

ca hm

ti im

v c k hiu bi

Dd f (
x).
V d 1.9.

Tm o hm theo phng

Dd f (
x)

ca hm s

f (x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + z 2 ,

d = (1, 2, 0), x
= (3, 1, 1)
Gii.
Theo nh ngha, o hm

Dd f (
x) c xc

nh bi cng thc

f (
x + d) f (
x)

f (1 + 3, 1 + 2, 1) f (3, 1, 1)
= lim
0

2(1 + 3) + 3(1 + 2) + 12 (2.3 + 3.(1) + 12 )

= lim
0

Dd f (
x) = lim

= 12.
Da vo nh ngha, ta c nhn xt sau:

12

trong

Nhn xt 1.10.

Gi s

cc o hm ring trn

{e1 , e2 , ..., en } l mt h
D

c s trc chun trong

Rn , hm s f (x) tn ti

x D . Khi
Dei f (
x) =

f
(
x) i = 1, 2, ..., n.
xi

1.7. Quan h gia o hm theo phng v o hm ring.

Cho hm

f : D Rn R

d = (d1 , d2, ..., dn ) c xc

kh vi ti im

x D .

Khi , o hm theo phng

nh bi cng thc:

Dd f (
x) =

f
f
f
(
x)d1 +
(
x)d2 + ... +
(
x)dn .
x1
x2
xn

(1.2)

Chng minh.
Theo nh ngha, hm s

kh vi ti im

x hay

f = A1 x1 + A2 x2 + ... + An xn + 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn ,
trong

f = f (
x + x1 ) f (
x), Ai =

thc trn vi

xi = di , ta c

f
(
x), lim i
xi
0

= 0 vi

mi

i = 1, 2, ..., n.

f (
x + d) f (
x)
x 0

Dd f (
x) = lim

= lim (A1 d1 + ... + An dn + 1 d1 + ... + n dn )

x 0

=
V d 1.11.

f
f
f
(
x)d1 +
(
x)d2 + ... +
(
x)dn .
x1
x2
xn

Tm o hm theo phng

d = (1, 3) ti im x = (e, e2 ) ca hm s

f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y).

Gii.
Tnh cc o hm theo phng

2x
f
= 2
,
x
x +y
f
1
= 2
.
y
x +y
Khi

2x
f
(
x) = 2
(
x) =
x
x +y
1
f
(
x) = 2
(
x) =
y
x +y
13

1
,
e
1
.
2e2

Dng cng

Theo cng thc (1.2), ta c

f
f
(
x)d1 +
(
x)d2
x
y
1
1
= (1) + 2 3
e
2e
3
1
= 2 .
2e
e

Dd f (
x) =

1.8. o hm ring ca hm hp.

Cho hm vc t

D R c xc

f : D Rn Rm

v hm s

g : f (D) R.

c gi l hm hp ca 2 hm s

h = gof :

nh bi

gof (x) = g f (x)

ca

Khi hm s

f.

Nu cc hm s

v cc o hm ring ca chng lin tc ti im

cc o hm ring ca hm hp

h c xc

g,

hm s trong ta thnh phn

x = (x1 , ..., xn )

f (x)

tng ng. Khi

nh bi cng thc

h
g f1 g f2
g fm
=
+
+ ... +
x1
f1 x1
f2 x2
fm x1
...
h
g f1 g f2
g fm
=
+
+ ... +
.
xn
f1 xn
f2 xn
fm xn

(1.3)

Chng minh.
Theo nh ngha, ta c

g g f (x + x ) g f (x)
=
x1
x1




g f (x1 + x1 , ..., xn + xn ) g f (x1 , ..., xn )
=
x1




g f (x1 + x1 , ..., xn + xn ) g f (x1 , x2 + x2 , ..., xn + xn )
=
x1




g f (x1 , ..., xn1 , xn + xn ) g f (x1 , ..., xn )
+ ... +
x1




g f (x1 + x1 , ...) g f (x1 , x2 + x2 , ...)
=
f (x1 + x1 , ..., xn + xn ) f (x1 , x2 + x2 , ..., xn + xn )
f (x1 + x1 , ...) f (x1 , x2 + x2 , ...)

x1




g f (x1 , ..., xn1 , xn + xn ) g f (x1 , ..., xn )
+ ... +
f (x1 , ..., xn1 , xn + xn ) f (x1 , ..., xn )
f (x1 , ..., xn1 , xn + xn ) f (x1 , ..., xn )

.
x1
(1.4)

14

Do gi thit lin tc ca cc hm s v cho

x1 0, ta nhn c

h
g f1 g f2
g fm
=
+
+ ... +
.
x1
f1 x1
f2 x2
fm x1
Bng cch lm tng t, ta nhn c iu phi chng minh.

V d 1.12.

Tm o hm ring

f
ca hm s sau
x

f (x, y) = (u2 + 1) log2 v, u = xy, v = 2x + y.

Gii.
Theo cng thc (1.3), ta c

f
f u f v
=
+
x
u x v x
u2 + 1
= 2u log2 v.y +
.2
v ln 2
2(x2 y 2 + 1)
.
= 2xy 2 log2 (2x + y) +
(2x + y) ln 2
1.9. o hm ring v vi phn cp cao.

Cho hm vc t

f : D Rn R. Cc

o hm ring

f
, i = 1, 2, ..., n
xi
c gi l cc o hm ring cp 1. Cc o hm ring ca cc o hm ring cp 1

f

2f
= f xi xj (x), i, j = 1, 2, ..., n (i 6= j)
=
xj xi
xj xi

hoc

2f
= f x2i (x)
x2j

c gi l cc o hm ring cp 2. Bng cch hiu tng t, ta cng c cc o hm ring

V d 1.13.

Tnh cc o hm ring cp 2 ca hm s

f (x, y) = (x2 + y 3) sin 2y.

Gii.
Cc o hm ring cp 1 l

fx0 = 2x sin 2y,

fy0 = 3y 2 sin 2y + 2(x2 + y 3 ) cos 2y.

15

n.

Cc o hm ring cp 2 l

fx002 = 2 sin 2y,

00
fxy
= 4x cos 2y,

fy002 = 6y sin 2y + 6y 2 cos 2y + 6y 3 cos 2y 4(x2 + y 3 ) sin 2y

= 2(3y 2x2 2y 3 ) sin 2y + y 2(1 + y) cos 2y.
nh l 1.14.

Nu hm s

(Schwarz)

f : D R2 R c

M0 (x0 , y0 ) D , th

cc o hm ring cp 2 lin tc trong mt ln cn ca im

2f
2f
(M0 ) =
(M0 ).
xy
yx

Chng minh.
t

g(x, y) = f (x + x , y) f (x, y),

h(x, y) = f (x, y + y ) f (x, y).
Khi , ta d dng th li rng

g(x, y + y ) g(x, y) = g(x + x , y) h(x, y).

(1.5)

Theo nh l Lagrange, ta c

g(x, y + y ) g(x, y) = gy0 (x, y + y y ).y vi 0 < y < 1



= y fy0 (x + x , y + y y ) fy0 (x, y + y y )
00
= x y fyx
(x + x x , y + y y )

0 < x < 1.

(1.6)

0 < x , y < 1.

(1.7)

vi

Tng t, ta cng c

00
h(x + x , y) h(x, y) = x y fxy
(x + x x , y + y y )

vi

T cc ng thc (1.5), (1.6) v (1.7), ta c

00
00
fyx
(x + x x , y + y y ) = fxy
(x + x x , y + y y ).
Do cc o hm ring cp 2 lin tc v cho

Cho hm s

(x , y ) 0, ta c nh l c chng minh.

f : D Rn R. Khi vi phn ton phn

df = fx0 1 dx1 + fx0 2 dx2 + ... + fx0 n dxn
16

c gi l vi phn cp 1 ca hm
cp 2 ca hm

v c k hiu

f.

d2 f

Vi phn ton phn ca

df

nu tn ti, c gi l vi phn

hay

d2 f = d(df ) = d(fx0 1 dx1 + fx0 2 dx2 + ... + fx0 n dxn ).

Bng cch hiu tng t, ta c vi phn cp

n ca hm s f .

dn f = d(dn1 f ).
Trong trng hp hm 2 bin

f (x, y) v

cc o hm bc 2 lin tc, theo nh l Schwarz, ta c

cng thc

00
dxdy + fy002 dy 2.
d2 f = fx002 dx2 + fxy

1.10. Cng thc Taylor ca hm 2 bin s.

Cho hm vc t

f : D Rn R.

trong mt ln cn ca im

Nu hm

c cc o hm ring cp

n+1

lin tc

M0 (x0 , y0 ) th

f (x0 + x0 , y0 + y0 ) f (x0 , y0) =

1
1
1
df (x0 , y0 ) + d2 f (x0 , y0 ) + ... + dn f (x0 , y0 )
1!
2!
n!
1
n+1
+
d f (x0 + x , y0 + y ).
(n + 1)!
(1.8)

g(t) = f (x0 + tx0 , y0 + ty0 ).

Khi

g(t) l hm mt bin s v
g(1) g(0) = f (x0 + x0 , y0 + y0 ) f (x0 , y0 ).

Theo cng thc Taylor cho hm mt bin s

g(1) g(0) =

g(t), ta c

1 0
1
1
1
g (0) + g 00 (0) + ... + g (n) (0) + g (n+1) ()
1!
2!
n!
n!

vi

0 < < 1.

Mt khc

g 0 (0) = fx0 (x0 , y0)x + fy0 (x0 , y0 )y = df (x0 , y0 )

00
(x0 , y0 )x y + fy002 (x0 , y0)y2 = df (x0 , y0 )
g 00 (0) = fx002 (x0 , y0 )2x + 2fxy

...
g (n) (0) = dn f (x0 , y0)
g (n+1) () = dn+1 f (x0 + x , y0 + y ).
17

Trong trng hp c bit

n = 1, ta c cng thc

f (x0 + x0 , y0 + y0 ) f (x0 , y0 ) = df (x0 + x , y0 + y )

c gi l cng thc s gia gii ni ca hm
V d 1.15.

vi

0<<1

f (x, y) ti im (x0 , y0 ).

Khai trin hm s

f (x, y) = 2x2 xy y 2 6x 3y + 5
theo cng thc Taylor trong ln cn ca im

M0 (1, 2).

Gii.
Theo cng thc (1.8), ta tnh cc o hm ring cp 1

f (x, y)
= 4x y 6,
x
f (x, y)
= x 2y 3,
y
v cc o hm ring cp 2

2 f (x, y)
= 4,
x2
2 f (x, y)
= 2,
xy
2 f (x, y)
= 2.
y 2
Tnh cc gi tr ca hm s v o hm ti

f (M0 ) = 5,

M0

f
f
(M0 ) = 0,
(M0 ) = 0,
x
y

2f
2f
2f
(M
)
=
4,
(M
)
=
1,
(M0 ) = 2.
0
0
x2
xy
y 2
Khi , cng thc (1.8) c dng

f (M0 )
f (M0 )
f (x, y) =f (M0 ) +
(x 1) +
(y + 2)
x
y


2 f (M0 )
2 f (M0 )
1 2 f (M0 )
2
2
(x 1) + 2
(x 1)(y + 2) +
(y + 2)
+
2
x2
xy
y 2
=5 + 2(x 1)2 (x 1)(y + 2) (y + 2)2 .
1.11. Hm n.

Cho hm vc t

F : D R2 R.

Khi , h thc gia 2 bin

x, y

c dng

F (x, y) = 0.
Hm s

y = f (x) c gi l hm n ca

h thc trn, nu
18

y = f (x) tha mn h thc trn.

V d 1.16.

T h thc

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1,
a2
b
ta xc nh c 2 hm n

y=
trn on

b 2
a x2
a

[a, a].

nh l 1.17.

Cho

(x0 , y0 ) D

(i) F (x0 , y0) = 0. (ii) Fy0

tha mn 3 iu kin sau:

lin tc trn tp m

cha im

(x0 , y0 ).

(iii) Fy0 (x0 , y0 ) 6= 0.

y = f (x) xc nh trong ln cn V = (x0 , x0 + ). Hn na,

Khi tn ti hm n
+

f0

lin tc trn min

lin tc trn min

V.
V

v c xc nh bi

fx0 =

Fx0
(x, y).
Fy0

Chng minh.
+ Tn ti hm n
T gi thit

y = f (x).

Fy0 (x0 , y0 ) 6= 0, ta c th gi s rng

Fy0 (x0 , y0 ) > 0.

Do

Fy0 (x, y) lin tc trn tp m U

cha

(x0 , y0 ) nn tn ti > 0 sao cho

Fy0 (x, y) > 0, (x, y) [x0 , x0 + ] [y0 , y0 + ].

Khi

Fy0 (x0 , y) > 0, y [y0 , y0 + ].

Vy hm s

F (x0 , y)

ng bin trn

[y0 , y0 + ].

Nhng gi thit

F (x0 , y0) = 0

v hm s

lin tc, nn ta c

F (x0 , y0 ) < 0
Do

lin tc, nn tn ti

F (x0 , y0 + ) > 0.

> 0 sao cho

F (x, y0 ) < 0
Nh vy, mi

x (x0 , x0 + ),

F (x, y0 + ) > 0, x (x0 , x0 + ).

tn ti

y (y0 , y0 + )

F (x, ) tng ngt theo y , nn tn ti duy nht y = f (x).

19

sao cho

F (x, y) = 0.

Mt khc

+ Hm s

y = f (x) lin tc trn (x0 , x0 + ).

f : (x0 , x0 + ) (y0 , y0 + ).

Ly

x1 (x0 , x0 + ) bt k, tn ti y1 (y0 , y0 + ) sao

y1 = f (x1 )

Theo chng minh trn, vi mi

cho

F (x1 , y1 ) = 0.

1 > 0 nh, tn ti 1 > 0 sao cho phng trinh n F (x, y) = 0

xc nh duy nht hm n

f1 : (x1 1 , x1 + 1 ) (y1 1 , y1 + 1 ).
Chn

1 <  sao cho

(x1 1 , x1 + 1 ) (y1 1 , y1 + 1 ) (x0 , x0 + ) (y0 , y0 + ).

Khi

f1 (x) = f (x), x (x1 1 , x1 + 1 ).

Do vy, vi mi

x tha mn |x x1 | < 1 , ta c
|f1 (x) y1 | = |f (x) f (x1 )| < 1 < .

Hay

lin tc ti

Vi mi

x1 . + Chng minh rng y = f (x) kh vi trn (x0 , x0 + ).

x (x0 , x0 + ) v x + h (x0 , x0 + ), ta c
F (x, f (x)) = 0

F (x + h, f (x + h)) = 0.

Theo cng thc s gia gii ni, ta c

F (x + h, f (x + h)) F (x, f (x)) = 0.

Hay

h.Fx0 (x+h, f (x)+(f (x+h)f (x))+ f (x+h)f (x) .Fy0 x+h, f (x)+(f (x+h)f (x)) .
Do

Cho

f (x + h) f (x)
F 0 (x + h, f (x) + (f (x + h) f (x))

.
= 0x
h
Fy x + h, f (x) + (f (x + h) f (x))

h 0, ta nhn c

fx0 =

Fx0
(x, y).
Fy0

20

V d 1.18.

Cho h thc

ez = x + y + z.
Tm cc o hm ring ca hm

theo cc n

x, y .

Gii.
t

F (x, y, z) = ez x y z.
Khi , ta c

1
1
Fx0
=
= z
,
0
z
Fz
1e
e 1
Fy0
1
zy0 = 0 = z
.
Fz
e 1
zx0 =

1.12. Cc tr ca hm 2 bin.

1.12.1. nh ngha.
Cho hm s
+ im

f : D R2 R v

im

M0 (x0 , y0) D .

M0 c gi l im cc tiu ca hm f

trn min

D , nu tn ti hnh cu B(M0 , ) D

sao cho

f (M0 ) f (M), M B(M0 , ).

+ im

M0

c gi l im cc i ca hm

trn min

D , nu tn ti hnh cu B(M0 , ) D

sao cho

f (M0 ) f (M), M B(M0 , ).

+ im cc i hoc im cc tiu c gi chung l im cc tr.
1.12.2. Cc tr khng iu kin.
Di y l iu kin cn ca cc tr.

nh l 1.19.

Nu hm s

(Fermat)

f : D R2 R t cc tr ti im M0 (x0 , y0 ) v c cc o hm ring trong ln

cn ca im

M0 , th
fx0 (M0 ) = fy0 (M0 ) = 0.

Chng minh.
t

(x) = f (x, y0 ).
21

Theo nh ngha,

x0

l im cc tr ca hm s

Theo nh l Fermat cho hm mt bin

ta

0 (x0 ) = 0.
Hay

fx0 (M0 ) = 0. Bng cch lm tng t, ta cng c fy0 (M0 ) = 0. nh l c chng minh.
im

M0

tha mn h phng trnh

fx0 (x, y) = 0,

f 0 (x, y) = 0
y

c gi l im dng ca hm s

f . Trong trng hp tng qut, nh l Fermat ch ra rng mt

im cc tr l im dng. Xong chiu ngc li, mt im dng cha chc l mt im cc

tr. Nh vy, khi no th im dng s l im cc tr? nh l di y khng nh iu ny.

nh l 1.20.

Cho im

M0 (x0 , y0)

l im dng ca hm s

o hm ring cp 2 lin tc trong mt ln cn ca im

f (x, y)

v hm s

f (x, y)

c cc

M0 . t

A = f x2 (M0 ), B = f xy (M0 ), C = f y2 (M0 ), = B 2 AC.

Khi ,

(i) Nu > 0, th hm s khng t cc tr ti im M0 .

(ii) Nu = 0, th hm s f (x, y) c th t cc tr ti M0

hoc khng t cc tr ti im

(iii) Nu < 0 v
+

A > 0, th M0

l im cc tiu.

A < 0, th M0

l im cc i.

Chng minh.

(i) Gi s > 0. Theo cng thc Taylor cho hm hai bin s, ta c

1
f (x0 + x , y0 + y ) f (x0 , y0) = df (x0, y0 ) + d2 f (x0 + x , y0 + y ),
2
trong

0 < < 1. Do M0

df (x0 , y0) = 0. Khi


1
A0 2x + 2B0 x y + C0 2y ,
f (x0 + x , y0 + y ) f (x0 , y0 ) =
2
l im dng, nn

trong

A0 = f x2 (x0 + x , y0 + y ),

B0 = f xy (x0 + x , y0 + y ),

C0 = f y2 (x0 + x , y0 + y ).
22

M0 .

Do vy, tam thc bc hai

g(x) = A0 x2 + 2B0 x + C0
i du qua 2 nghim ca phng trnh

g(x) = 0. Tn ti ,

sao cho

g() > 0, g() < 0

v

lim

(A0 2 + 2B0 + C0 ) = g() > 0,

(x ,y )0

Khi , tn ti

(x ,y )0

A0 2 + 2B0 + C0 < 0, (x , y ) B(O, 0 ).

0 <  < 0 , ta chn > 0 sao

Xt 2 im

(A0 2 + 2B0 + C0 ) = g() < 0.

0 > 0 sao cho

A0 2 + 2B0 + C0 > 0
Vi mi

lim

cho

< 2 ,

|| < 2 ,

|| <  .
2

(, ) v (, ). Khi , ta d th li rng
(, ) B(O, 0),
(, ) B(O, 0),

1
f (x0 + , y0 + ) f (x0 , y0 ) = 2 (A0 2 + 2B0 + C0 ) > 0,
2
1 2
f (x0 + , y0 + ) f (x0 , y0 ) = (A0 2 + 2B0 + C0 ) < 0.
2

Theo nh ngha, im

M0

khng l im cc tr.

(ii) Gi s = 0. Vi hm s
f (x, y) = x4 + y 4
cho ta

= 0 ti im O(0, 0) v

im

l im cc tiu.

Vi hm s

f (x, y) = x3 + y 3
cho ta

= 0 ti im O(0, 0) v

(iii) Gi

im

< 0 v A > 0. Theo

lim

(x ,y )0

l khng l im cc tr.

gi thit lin tc ca cc o hm ring cp 2, ta c

0 = < 0

23

lim

(x ,y )0

A0 = A > 0.

 > 0 sao cho

Hay tn ti

0 < 0, A0 > 0 (x , y ) B(O, ).

Khi

f (x0 + x , y0 + y ) f (x0 , y0 ) =
vi mi

(x , y ) B(O, ). Vy im M0

cng c trng hp

V d 1.21.


1
A0 2x + 2B0 x y + C0 2y 0,
2

l im cc tiu. Bng cch chng minh tng t, ta

< 0 v A < 0. Nh vy, nh l c chng minh.

Tm cc tr ca hm s

f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 x2 2xy y 2 .
Gii.
Tm cc im dng hay gii h phng trnh

fx0 = 4x3 2x 2y = 0, fy0 = 4y 3 2x 2y = 0,

ta nhn c cc nghim

(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1). tm iu kin ca

cc tr, ta tnh cc o

hm ring cp 2

f x2 = 12x2 2, f xy = 2, f y2 = 12y 2 2.
+ Xt ti im

(1, 1).

Ta c

A = 10, B = 2, C = 10, = B 2 AC < 0.

Do hm s t cc tiu ti im
+ Xt ti im

(1, 1) v gi tr cc tiu f (1, 1) = 2.

(1, 1).

Ta c

A = 10, B = 2, C = 10, = B 2 AC < 0.

Do hm s t cc tiu ti im
+ Xt ti im

(1, 1) v gi tr cc tiu f (1, 1) = 2.

(0, 0).

Ta c

A = 2, B = 2, C = 2, = B 2 AC = 0.
tm hiu s tn ti cc tr, ta xt s gia ca hm s ti im

(0, 0):

f = f (x , y ) f (0, 0) = 4x + 4y 2x 2y 2x y .
24

Nu

0 < x = y <

3
, th
2

3
f = 24x 42x < 24x 32x = 22x (2x ) < 0.
2
Nu

0 < x = y , th
f = 4x + 4x 2x 2x + 22x = 24x > 0.

Theo nh ngha, im
im

(0, 0) khng l im cc tr. Vy hm s t cc tiu ti 2 im (1, 1),

(1, 1) v fmin = 2.

1.12.3. Cc tr c iu kin.
Cho hm s

f (x, y) xc nh trn tp m D R2 . mt ng cong c phng trnh (x, y) = 0.

Ngi ta gi cc tr ca hm s

f (x, y) trong cc bin x, y b rng buc bi h thc (x, y) = 0

l cc tr c iu kin.

nh l 1.22.

(iu kin cn)

Gi s im

(x0 , y0 )

Cc hm s

f (x, y) v (x, y) tha mn cc iu kin:

l im cc tr c iu kin ca hm s

(i) Cc o hm ring ca cc hm s
(ii)

f (x, y) vi

rng buc

(x, y) = 0.

f, lin tc trn mt ln cn ca im (x0 , y0 ).

0x (x0 , y0) 6= 0, 0y (x0 , y0 ) 6= 0.

Khi , tn ti

(gi l nhn t Lagrange) sao cho

fx0 (x0 , y0 ) + 0x (x0 , y0) = 0,

fy0 (x0 , y0 ) + 0y (x0 , y0) = 0,

(x0 , y0 ) = 0.

Chng minh.
Hm s

f (x, y) vi rng buc (x, y) = 0 t cc tr ti im (x0 , y0 ), nn (x0 , y0 ) = 0. Gi s

0x (x0 , y0 ) 6= 0,
, hm s

theo nh l hm n, tn ti hm n

z = f (x, y(x)) t cc

tr ti im

y = y(x)

x0 . Theo

t phng trnh

nh l Fermat, ta c

(x, y) = 0.

z 0 (x0 ) = 0. Hay

fx0 (x0 , y0 ) + fy0 (x0 , y0 ).y 0 (x0 ) = 0.

Mt khc, t phng trnh

(x, y(x)) = 0 ti im (x0 , y0), ta c

0x (x0 , y0 ) + 0y (x0 , y0 ).y 0(x0 ) = 0.

Kt hp 2 h thc trn, ta c

fx0 (x0 , y0)

0x (x0 , y0 )

fy0 (x0 , y0 )
25

0y (x0 , y0 )

Khi


.y 0 (x0 ) = 0.

0y (x0 , y0) 6= 0 nn tn ti R sao cho

f 0 (x0 , y0) + 0 (x0 , y0 ) = 0,

x
x

f 0 (x0 , y0 ) + 0 (x0 , y0 ) = 0.
y

nh l c chng minh.

Hm s

F (x, y, ) = f (x, y) + (x, y)

c gi l hm Lagrange. By gi ta xt iu kin cho cc tr c iu kin. Vi mi
nh, ta cn xt xem im dng c iu kin
buc

(x0 , y0 ) c l im cc tr ca hm f (x, y) vi rng

(x, y) khng? T h thc



F (x0 , y0 , 0 ) =f (x, y) f (x0 , y0 ) + 0 (x, y) (x0 , y0)
=f (x, y) f (x0 , y0 )
=f (x0 , y0 ).

Nh vy, vi mi

c nh, nu im

cng l im cc tr ca hm
vy im

(x0 , y0) l im cc

d2 F (x0 , y0 , 0 ) =
Do

(x0 , y0)dx
x

f (x, y).

(x0 , y0)

l im cc tr ca hm

Cc tr ca hm

L(x, y, 0)

L(x, y, 0 )

tr hay khng, hon ton ph thuc vo du ca

2F
2F
2F
2
(x
,
y
,

)dx
+
2
(x
,
y
,

)dxdy
+
(x0 , y0 , 0 )dy 2.
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
x
xy
y

(x0 , y0)dy
y

=0

v ta ch xt cc im

x
dy =

(x0 , y0 )

(x0 , y0 )
y

(x, y)

sao cho

(x, y) = 0.

dx

d2 f (x0 , y0 , 0 ), ta nhn c
d2 F (x0 , y0, 0 ) = G(x0 , y0 , 0 )dx2 .

Do ,
+ Nu

G(x0 , y0 , 0 ) > 0 th im (x0 , y0 ) l im cc tiu c iu kin.

+ Nu

G(x0 , y0 , 0 ) < 0 th im (x0 , y0 ) l im cc i c iu kin.

V d 1.23.

(x0 , y0)

l cc tr khng iu kin, do

thay

vo biu thc

th

Tm cc tr ca hm s

f (x, y) = xy

vi rng buc

x2 + y 2 = 1.

Gii.
Hm Lagrange c dng

F (x, y, ) = xy + (x2 + y 2 1).

26

Khi ,

+ Tm im dng c iu kin: Gii h phng trnh

Fx0 = y + 2x = 0,

Fy0 = x + 2y = 0,

x2 + y 2 = 1.

Ta nhn c 4 nghim

2
2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
2
2 1
A1 (
,
, ), A2 (
,
, ), A3 (
,
, ), A4 (
,
, ).
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
Vi mi im

(x, y) thuc min rng buc hay (x, y) = x2 + y 2 1 = 0, ta c

2xdx + 2ydy = 0

F x2 = 2, F xy = 1, F y2 = 2.

Ta xt ti cc im:

2
2 1
+ im A1 (
,

, ).
2
2 2

d2 F (A1 ) =dx2 + 2dxdy + dy 2

=(dx + dy)2
=4dx2 .
Vy hm s t cc tiu ti im

A1

v gi tr cc tiu

+ Bng cch lm tng t, hm s t cc tiu ti im

s t cc i ti cc im

A3 , A4

v gi tr cc i

f (A1 ) = 12 .
A2

v gi tr cc tiu

f (A3 ) = f (A4 ) =

1
.
2

1.13. Gi tr ln nht v nh nht.

1.13.1. nh ngha.
Cho hm s
+ Hm s

f : D R2 R v

im

M0 (x0 , y0) D .

c gi l t gi tr ln nht ti im

M0

trn min

D , nu

f (M0 ) f (M), M D.
+ Hm s

c gi l t gi tr nh nht ti im

M0

trn min

f (M0 ) f (M), M D.
1.13.2. Phng php tm.

27

D , nu

f (A2 ) = 21 . Hm