ISAT 413 / Options for Energy Efficiency Program of Integrated Science and Technology James Madison University

Homework Assignment #8 Solution Fall 2004

Due: Tuesday, 23 Nov 2004, at beginning of class Reading Assignment: engel & Boles/ pp. 582594 Kreith & West/ Section 2.4 Eastop & Croft/ pp. 165181

1. The jury remains out concerning the time when oil production will slow significantly, but it is apparent that oil prices and demand will continue to increase in years to come. Oil prices peaked recently at over $50 per barrel, and worldwide oil demand is increasing by about 1.5 percent per year globally. Research this issue, and describe and document the sources and locations of demand for oil that are growing at the greatest rate. Explain if, and if so how, increased energy efficiency measures would slow the rate of increase within these sectors. 2. A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with one reheater and two feedwater heaters, one open and one closed (see figure below). Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600 C and the lowpressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500 C. The condenser pressure is 5 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.6 MPa for the closed feedwater heater and at 0.2 MPa for the open feedwater heater. In the closed feedwater heater, the feedwater is heated to the condensation temperature of the extracted steam. The extracted steam leaves the closed feedwater heater as a saturated liquid, which is subsequently throttled to the open feedwater heater. Show the cycle NEATLY on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines. Determine (a) the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine for the open feedwater heater; (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle; and (c) the net power output for a mass flow rate of 35 kg/s through the boiler. Do not use EES to solve, but you may use EES to validate your work.

3. Consider a cogeneration power plant modified with regeneration (see figure below). Steam enters the turbine at 6 MPa and 450 C and expands to a pressure of 0.4 MPa. At this pressure, 60 percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine, and the remainder expands to 10 kPa. Part of the extracted steam is used to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The rest of the extracted steam is used for process heating and leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 0.4 MPa. It is subsequently mixed with the feedwater leaving the feedwater heater, and the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure. Assuming the turbines and the pumps to be isentropic, show the cycle NEATLY on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 15 MW. Do not use EES to solve, but you may use EES to validate your work.

4. Re-visit your analysis of Problem #3 (use EES if you wish) and investigate the effect of the extraction pressure for removing steam from the turbine to be used for the process heater and open feedwater heater on the required mass flow rate. Plot the mass flow rate through the boiler as a function of the extraction pressure and discuss the results. You need only plot a few points to demonstrate the relationship. The mass flow rate increases with extraction pressure. The explanation is that as extraction pressure (P7) is increased, there is a smaller P across the high-pressure turbine section, and therefore less work out per unit mass. Granted there will be more work out across the lowpressure section, but as P7 is increased, the loss of work per unit mass across 67 outweighs the gain across 78, and thus a higher mass flow rate is needed to maintain the same power output.

5. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger similar to the one shown in Figure 5.6 in your reading from Eastop & Croft is used to recover energy from waste water at 30 C to heat fresh water entering at 15 C. the mass flow rate of the waste water is 2 kg/s which is the same as that of the fresh water. Using the data given below, calculate (a) the optimum rate of energy recovery; (b) the required heat transfer area; and (c) the temperature of the fresh water at exit. Data: Specific heat of waste water and fresh water: 4.2 kJ/kgK Overall heat transfer coefficient: 2,500 W/mK For a single shell-pass, two tube-pass heat exchanger assume the following relationship when R = 1: Effectiveness NTU 0 0 0.46 1.0 0.53 1.5 0.56 2.0 0.57 2.5 0.58 3.0 0.58 3.5 0.59 4.0

(a) To have the optimum rate of energy recovery, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger must be at its highest value, which is = 0.58, at the lowest possible heat transfer area and thus lowest possible NTU , which is NTU = 3.0 with R = 1 according to the given data. Thus & & Q Q optimum actual = = 0.58 & c )min (Tmax Tmin ) (m & c )min (Tmax Tmin ) (m & Q = 0.58 (2 4.2 ) (30 15) = 73.08 kW
optimum

(b) the required heat transfer area can be calculated as : kW 2.5 2 ( Ao ) UAo m .K NTU = 3.0 = = A = 10.08 m 2 kg kJ & c )min (m 2 4.2 s kg.K (c) the temperature of the freash water at exit can be computed as : & & c )C (TC1 TC 2 ) TC1 15 (m Q actual = 0.58 = = = TC1 = 23.7 o C & c )min (Tmax Tmin ) (m & c )C (TH 1 TC 2 ) 30 15 (m