BNG THNG N MN HC

H v tn: ng Tun Sn
Lp
: 48K-TVT
Tn n: Thit k mch bo chung trng i Hc Vinh
Ln

Ngy

Ni dung

2/11/2009

Nhn ti

9/11/2009

tng thit k

16/11/2009

Chun b phn l thuyt

Kho st s nguyn
10/12/2009 l, nghin cu thit k
mch

28/2/2009

1
2

Nhn xt

Ch k
GVHD

Bo v th n

Nhn xt chung:

Ghi ch:
- iu kin sinh vin c php bo v n: Phi thng qua y v
c ch k GVHD xc nhn.
- Bng ny phi c kp vo u quyn thuyt minh n.
Vinh, ngy 17 thng 3 nm 2010
Gio vin hng dn

Nguyn Th Qunh Hoa

 N THIT K MCH S

Mc lc
I.

Li m u

II. Gii thiu chc nng ca h thng

III. C s l thuyt thc hin ti
IV. S khi
V. Thit k c th cho tng khi
VI. S mch ca h thng
VII. Li kt

Gio vin hng dn:

TS: Nguyn Th Qunh Hoa
Sinh vin thc hin:
ng Tun Sn

I. Li m u
Cc h thng in t ngy nay v ang thay th cc cng vic hng ngy
ca con ngi t nhng cng vic t n gin n phc tp nh iu khin
tn hiu n giao thng, o tc ng c hay to chung bo gi vo hc, ra
chi ti cc trng hc. cc h thng ny c th thit k theo h thng tng
t hoc h thng s. Tuy nhin trong cc h thng in t thng minh hin
nay ngi ta thng s dng h thng s hn l cc h thng tng t bi
mt s cc u im vt tri m h thng s mang li l: tin cy cao,
gi thnh thp, d dng thit k, lp t v vn hnh
Trong n mn hc ny chng em chn ti thit k mch ng h bo
gi cc tit hc ca trng i hc Vinh, vi mc ch l cng c v vn
dng mt s kim thc hc t mn in t s, mch tng tV cui
cng l mong mun ng dng mch vo thc t ti trng khc phc mt
s s c v ang xy ra i vi thit b bo chung hin ti nh: khng
chung, chung khng ng gi
II. Gii thiu chc nng
ng h s bo chung hon ton t ng, c kh nng bo gi vo hc, ra
chi, ra v ca trng, c kh nng hin th thi gian hin ti, c kh nng
chnh gi, hot ng vi tin cy cao s dng ngun Pin, c quy v in
li 220v vi mt ln khi ng h thng v chnh thi gian duy nht.
III. C s l thuyt thc hin ti
lm c tt mn n ny chng ta phi c kin thc v mn in t s,
hiu c cu trc v chc nng ca mt s IC m, mch gii m, cc cng
logic v mt s kin thc v cc linh kin in t nh t in, transistor,
diode
Trong ti ny chng em i su nghin cu mt s loi IC quan trng, c
ng dng nhiu nht trong ti ny:
1, Vi mch m mode 10 74HC192
74HC192 l vi mch m mod 10 thng dng c s dng rt nhiu trong
thc t, bi n c ch to trn cng ngh tit kim in nng, n c th
m tin, m li, m c d liu vo v c chc nng reset

-M t cc chn ca IC 74HC192:
3

Th t chn
3, 2, 6, 7
4
5
8
11
12
13
14
15, 1, 10, 9
16

K hiu
Q0 n Q3
CPD
CPU
GND
PL
TC U
TC D

MR
D0 n D4
VCC

Tn v chc nng
u ra BCD ca b m
Li vo ca xung n li
Li vo ca xung n tin
Ni t (0V)
Ti d liu song song (Active LOW)
Li ra c mang (Active LOW)
Li ra c mun (Active LOW)
Reset (Active HIGH)
D liu vo b m
Ngun cung cp

-Bng chc nng:

-Hnh dng v s chn trong thc t:

S logic:

2, Vi mch gii m 7 on 74LS47

Vi mch gii m 7 on 74LS47 l loi IC c 16 chn dng gii m t m
BCD sang m 7 on hin th c trn led 7 on.
- Chc nng ca cc chn IC 74LS47 nh sau:
+ Chn s 8 l chn ni t (0V)
+ Chn s 16 l chn ngun cung cp
+ Chn 1,2,6,7 l cc chn tn hiu vo BCD
+ Chn 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 l cc chn u ra.
+ Chn 3,4,5 l cc chn kim tra IC

-Bng chn l ca IC 74LS47:

-Hnh dng v s chn trong thc t:

-S logic:
6

3, Vi mch gii BCD sang m 10 74HC4028

Vi mch 74HC4028 l loi vi mch gii m thng dng 16 chn chuyn dng
gii m tn hiu BCD sang m 10, loi IC ny s dng cng ngh CMOS
ch to nn tc hot ng rt cao tit kim in nng.
-Chc nng ca cc chn vi mch 74HC4028 nh sau:
+ Chn s 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,14,15 l cc chn u ra d liu thp phn tng
ng vi cc chn Y4,Y2,Y0,Y7,Y9,Y5,Y6,Y8,Y1,Y3.
+ Chn s 10,11,12,13 l cc chn d liu u vo BCD tng ng vi cc
chn A, D, C, B
+ Chn s 8 l chn ni t (0v)
+ Chn s 16 l chn cp ngun.

-Bng chn l ca IC 74HC4028

7

S logic:

-S chn trong thc t:

8

4, Led 7 on
Led 7 on l mt linh kin hin th m 7 on chuyn dng, n hin th 16
gi tr tng ng vi m BCD
Led 7 on c 2 loi: loi chung anot v loi chung catot.
Led 7 on cng c rt nhiu mu sc khc nhau.
Trong ti ny c s dng 6 led 7 on chung anot hin th thi gian.
Hnh dng v s ca led 7 on trong thc t:

Khi ngun
5v
IV. S khi
Khi to
xung 1Hz

Khi hin th

Khi ng h

Khi chnh9
thi gian

Khi gii m
chung

Khi
chung

V. Thit k c th cho tng khi

1. Khi ngun
Trong hu ht cc mch logic s ngui nui thng duy tr n nh mc
+5V. Do yu cu cao ca h thng cc ngun nui thng c ch to mt
cch c bit nhm em li hiu qu, v tnh n nh cao.
Thng thng c 2 kiu ngun chnh:
+Dng pin hoc c quy cho in p tng i n nh, mc d trn th trng
khng c loi pin hoc c quy 5v cho nn nu dng n th phi qua mt b n
p a in p v dng chun hn na trong qu trnh s dng, nng
lng trong pin, c quy ht i h thng s b gin on.
Trn thc t c ngun in ng tin cy ngi ta hay dng phng php
n p dng in mt chiu t cun s cp ca bin p sau khi chnh lu
bng cch s dng mt IC loi 7805

10

2. Khi ti xung chun 1Hz

C nhiu cch to ra xung chun 1Hz nh dng dao ng a hi, dng
mch khuych i c hi tip dng, dng thch anh, v IC to dao ng
chuyn dng 555. Trong cc cch nu dng thch anh l chnh xc hn c
bi sai s ca n rt nh, tuy nhin khi dng thch anh ta li phi to ra mt
mch tng i phc tp l khuych i dao ng ni t thch anh sau
li phi tin hnh chia tn nhiu ln rt phc tp. c mt mch dao ng
to xung chun tng i chnh xc ngi ta hay dng IC555 bi gi thnh
r, lp rp v vn hnh tng i n gin. trong n ny chng em s
dng loi IC ny to dao ng.
S ca chn ca IC ny nh sau:

11

Cch mc IC to ra xung chun:

Trong tn s ca xung ra c tnh theo cng thc:

Hay t=ln2.C.(R1+2R2)
Trong qua trnh thit k mch ta chn C=100uf, R1=10K, R2=2,2K.
vy ta c xung ra l: t=ln2.100.10-6(10.10-3+2,2.2.10-3) 1s
S mch nh sau:

12

3. Khi ng h
Trong khi thit k ng h chng ta thy:
ng h s dng 6 b m trong c 3 b m mod 10, 2 b m mod 6 v
1 b m mod 3. Cc b m ny c thit k da trn cc triger nh JK,
RS, Dv c hit k theo kiu m ng b hay khng ng b.
thit k b m 24 cho khi m gi ta ghp ni 2 b m mod 3 v b
m mod 10 sau s dng mch logic kh trng thi tha. thit k b
m 60 ta nghp 2 b m 6 v b m 10.
-Thit k b m mod 3:
B m mod 3 c 3 trng thi l: (0, 1, 2) do cn s triger N>Log 23 hay
N=2, dng 2 triger ta li c th m ho n 2 2 trng thi do ta thit k b
m mod 4 sau loi b i mt trng thi tha.
-S b m mod 3:
Kiu khng ng b:
Clock

-Kiu ng b:

Clock

13

-Bng trng thi ca b m:

m
TP
0
1
2
3
0

0
0
1
1
0

0
1
0
1
0

Trng thi
trong b m
00
01
10
11
00

-Nguyn l hot ng:

C th biu din thng qua gin sng sau:
Ck
Qa
Qb
-Thit k b m mod 6:
Tng t nh b m mod 3, thit k b m mod 6(m t 0 m 5) ta phi
dng n triger sao cho n tho mn n>=log 26, do chon n=3, v s trng thi c
th c l: 23 = 8 nh vy l tha 2 trng thi.
-Bng m:
m
TP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0

m nh phn
A
B
C
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0

Trng thi trong ca

b m
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0

14

-T bng trng thi ta c s nguyn l:

Clock

B m hot ng bnh thng cho n xung th 6(m t 0 n 5). V triger

JK ny hot ng tch cc xn m ca xung nhp nn n sn sau xung th
su c hai u B, C u c mc tch cc cao qua cng AND a vo kch
hot reset lm tr li trng thi ban u.
-Nguyn l hot ng c th m t bng gin sng:

1
Ck

A
B
C

-Thit k b m mod 10:

m t 0 n 9 tc l c 10 trng thi ta phi dng s triger n>=log 210, do
ta chon n=4. 4 triger c th m ho c 2 4=16 trng thi trong khi ta ch
dng 10 trng thi u tin.

15

-Ta c bng m:

m
TP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0

A
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0

m nh phn
B
C
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0

Trng thi trong ca b

m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

-S nguyn l ca b m thp phn:

-Nguyn l hot ng:

y l b m khng ng b, b m hot ong bnh thng cho m xung
th 10, ti sn m ca xung th 10 thng qua cng AND h thng b reset v
trng thi ban u.
-Gin sng:
16

Clock
A
B
C
D
Trn thc t ta khng thi k tng b m bng cc triger m dng cc IC m
mod 10 thit k b m mod 3, mod 6, mod 10
c th l khi thit k b m 60 cho khi giy v khi m pht ta dng
IC74HC192 vi s sau:

thit k b m 24 gi ta ghp ni nh sau:

17

-Nguyn tc hot ng:

Khi c xung clock t vo li vo xung m thun ca IC m hng n v
ca khi m giy, IC ny s m t 0 m 9 cho ra m BCD u ra ca
n. Khi IC ny m ln n 9 th chn tn hiu TC U s chuyn v mc thp,
ta dng chn ny ni vi li vo xung clock ca IC m hng chc giy.
Khi 2 IC m giy m n 60 th lp tc to ra 1 xung thng qua cng AND
a vo chn reset ca 2 IC m giy, 2 IC ny b reset v 0 ng thi to
xung kch vo li vo xung clock ca IC m hng n v pht. Cc IC m
pht vo m gi hot ng tng t nh IC m giy.
4. Khi gii m hin th
hin th c kt qu ca b m ta dng 6 con led 7 on c chung anot
v 6 IC gii m 7 on 74LS47
Cc chn u ra ca b gii m 7 on c ni vi cc chn ca led 7 on
vi th t tng ng.
Cc chn u vo ca b gii m c ni vi cc u ra ca b m thi
gian tng ng.

5. Khi iu chnh thi gian

Khi iu chnh thi gian n gin l cc phm bm chnh pht v chnh gi.
Cc phm bn ny kt hp vi cng OR to xung a vo cc li vo
clock ca khi m pht v khi m gi. Trong mch khng dng n nt
chnh giy bi n v thi gian ca n nh. Cn nu mun chnh chnh xc
m n v giy ta ch cn khi ng mch vo thi im c s giy l 00.
S b chnh thi gian:

18

Vi mach AND 74LS08:

Vi mch NOT 74LS04:

Vi mach OR 74LS32:

19

6. Khi gii m chung

Khi gii m chung l khi tng i phc tp trong ti ny, bi d
liu cn gii m l 24bit l tng s bit u ra ca cc IC m, vi s bit ln
nh vy trong thc t ngi ta hay dng Vi iu khin h 8051, hoc PIC
gii m tuy nhin do yu cu ca mn hc l n mch s nn yu cu
c t ra l thit k mch dng cc phn t logic v cc IC s c bn. Do
mch khng trnh khi s cng knh.
Qua tm hiu chng em thy trng i Hc Vinh t chc 3 bui hc l: bui
sng, bui chiu v bui ti, mi bui hc c 5 tit hc, gia cc tit hc c
5 pht ra chi, ring gi ra chi sau tit th 3 l 10 pht.
Do cc ca hc l ging nhau v cng do mc phc tp ca ti nn
chng em ch thit k mch gii m chung cho mt bui hc. Gi s ta
thit k b gii m chung cho ca hc bui sng:
Thi gian chung ca ca hc ny nh sau:
Tit hc
1
2
3
4
5

Bt u
7h00
7h50
8h40
9h35
10h25

kt thc
7h45
8h35
9h25
10h20
11h10

Ngh
5'
5'
10'
5'
5'

thit k mch gii m ny ta cn phi lp mt hm y = f(x0, x2,x23)

Khi ti cc thi im c chung y s c gi tr 1.
Chng ta xy dng mch gii m da trn cc phn t logic nhn bit cc
mc thi gian tc l nhn bit cc s thp phn t 0 n 9.
gii s ti thi im l 07 gi 00 pht 00 giy ta dng hm AND nhn bit
cc s 0 v 7 nh sau:
i vi s 0 ta c mch:
U2B
U2C

U1A

U2A
U2D

20

i vi s 7 ta c mch:

Sau khi nhn bit c cc gi tr thp phn ca b m thi gian ta tin hnh
kt hp cc gi tr u ra cc mch AND c mch gii m ti thi
im 7 gi, cc thi im khc cng tin hnh tng t nh trn.
Sau khi gii m ht cc thi im chung ta tin hnh xy dng
mch phn bit u l thi im chung ra chi, u l thi im
chung vo hc bng mch OR nh sau:

Ta thy thc hin mch ny ta phi s dng rt nhiu mch AND c 4, 6

cng vo, bn cnh phi phi hp vi cc cng NOT rt cng knh v kh
thc hin.
Trn thc t thit k mch ny ta dng phng php n gin hn l:
Ta tin hnh gii m t m BCD ca b m sang m thp phn s dng IC
74HC4028 sau tin hnh chn cc thi im chung bng mch AND
6 cng vo. Do thi gian bo chung vo hc l 5s, bo chung ra chi l 10s
cho nn ta s dng mch OR 5 cng tng hp cc tn hiu ra ca cc mch
AND thnh 2 tn hiu chung ng vi chung vo hc v chung ra chi.

21

B gii m khi thit k:

7. Khi chung
Khi chung bao gn h thng kch chung v chung.
-H thng kch chung bao gm 1 transistor trng lm vic nh mt kho
in t ng m dng in iu khin chung. Khi c xung dng kch
thch t b gii m n u vo ca b kch chung, mt t in c ni
song song vi cc Source v Gate ca Transistor trng c np in
duy tr in p gia cc S v D ca FET. Thi gian m ca FET ph thuc
vo gi tr ca t in v in tr mc song song vi n.
-Thi gian m ca FET c tnh gn bng: t = 0.8xCxR
-i vi mch tr 5s ta c t=0,8x47x106x120x103
-i vi mch tr 10s ta c t=0,8x100x106x120x103
Do thi gian chung lc ra chi v vo hc l khc nhau nn ta s dng 2
mch kho kiu ny v ni vo cc u ra ca b gii m chung.
-Chung c th l chung in t hoc chung c hc, nu l chung in t
ch cn ni trc tip vi u ra ca FET.

22

Nu dng cc loi chung c hc c cng sut ln, khi u ra ca FET s

c ni vi mt rle iu khin loi chung nh hnh sau:

VI. S mch ca h thng

Dng phn mm v mch v chy m phng Protues trn my tnh s c
trnh by c th trn giy kh A1.
VII. Li kt
Qua qu trnh lm n em thy ti ny rt l th v tuy y cng khng
phi l ti mi m xong ti l s kt hp kho lo cc kin thc v mn
in t s, in t tng tMun lm c ti ny sinh vin phi c
kin thc tng i rng v vn dng mt cch sng to vo thc tin c
kt qu cao. Trong n ny em nghin cu, tnh ton v thit k cc khi
ca ng h bo chung trng hc sao cho c th xy dng c trn thc
t. tuy nhin trong qu trnh su tm linh kin s xy dng mch tht
chng em thiu mt s linh kin nn n ch dng li khu thit k ng
h s, cn khi gii m chung cha th thc hin c mong thy c
thng cm. Li cui cng em xin cm n chn thnh ti cc thy, cc c v
nht l c Hoa ngi trc tip hng dn em hon thnh n ny.
Vinh, ngy mng 2 thng 3 nm 2010
23