hn xt ca gio vin hng dn ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

Thi Nguyn, Ngy Thng Gio Vin hng dn (K ghi r h tn)

Nm 20...

Nhn xt ca gio vin chm ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

Thi Nguyn, Ngy Thng Gio Vin hng dn (K ghi r h tn)

Nm 20...

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Nh/m 0inh vin1 '( V) *nh Th+ng ,( Ng-./n Th0 Th1nh 2( 3 V+n Th4nh 23 : K52678

Gio vin hng dn 1 Th9( Ng-./n T-:n 3inh

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M U................................................................................................................................ 6 Chng 1 : Phn Tch Bi Ton.............................................................................................7 1.5. La chn phn mm :...............................................................................................11 Chng 2: Thit K Tnh Ton Cho ! Thng...............................................................12 2.1. " # $hi ca $h%a &............................................................................................12

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2.2." c T ! Thng " Ca(( )*aph:........................................................1' 2.'.Phn tch + tnh ton phn cng...............................................................................1, 2.'.1. P-C 16./77......................................................................................................... 1, 2.'.2. LC0 !in Th......................................................................................................2, 2.'.'.Bn Phm.............................................................................................................. 27 2.'.,.Mch c1 #i1 $hin #ng c..............................................................................2/ 2.'.5.ng c................................................................................................................ '2 2.'.6.Khi 2g1n.......................................................................................................... '' Chng ': 34 5ng (1 # th1t ton + +it chng t*6nh cho h $h%a &......................'' '.1 (1 # gii th1t:........................................................................................................'' '.2. hot #ng ca &n phm..........................................................................................', '.'. Chng t*6nh 718t phm c 9n:................................................................................'5

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6i m7i gia 89nh: c; <=a: x> nghi?3: t@Ang hBc haC Dt cE n;i 8F=: 8G DHo v? tIi 0Hn t@ong 3hJng. T@n m7i cnh cKa @a vIo 8Lc t@ang DM thm chiNc Oh/a . !i?n naC t@n thM t@Ang c/ @t nhiP= QoRi Oh/a cKa nhng hS= nh 8P= QI Oh/a c; Oh>: cc Oh/a c; Oh> nIC gT3 vn 8P Qn 8/ QI t>nh DHo mt ca cc Oh/a nIC OhUng cao: nn dV dIng DM 3h Oh/a DWi cc ch9a Oh/a 8a nXng. a 0Y Oho OZ th=t 0Y 8ang c/ Dn t@n thM t@Ang QI do !In [=Yc 0Hn x=t: ch CN= QI QoRi Oho taC n\m vI c/ gi Oh cao. $ho 0K d]ng 3h;ng 3h3 cIi 8Tt m^ 0Y _nh Oho 0Y ca cc QoRi va Qi haC cT3 0Y` 8G Oho hoTc mW vI ngAi 0K d]ng c/ thG cIi 8Tt 0Y Dt Oa. !? thYng 0Y ca Oho 8Lc thiNt ON nh cc 3h>m Dm 0Y ca 8i?n thoRi nn Oh ti?n QLi Ohi 0K d]ng. bn cRnh QoRi chc c/ mdt chEc nXng Oho Deng m^ 0Y: cJn c/ QoRi Ofm thgo chEc nXng Oho Deng ch9a. #h9a ca QoRi nIC chng 8Tc Di?t h;n cc QoRi thUng thAng: n/ 8Lc QIm i cRnh: Oh/ QIm giH nh cc QoRi Oho j cRnh. $ho OZ th=t 0Y cJn c/ QoRi mW Deng d= vFn. 2oRi Oho nIC c/ thG 8Xng Ok 8Lc jl hoTc im vFn taC Ohc nha=. Nh vC DRn c/ thG Q= QRi @t nhiP= vFn taC ca mBi ngAi t@ong gia 89nh vIo Dd nh ca Oho. $hi cho 8nng cc vFn taC c/ Q= t@ong Dd nh th9 cKa 0o 8Lc mW. *hSn Qn QoRi nIC OhUng 0K d]ng ch9a npa. 69 vC 8G nFng cao C= cS= vP t>nh DHo mt 8G DHo v? tIi 0Hn: vI dao di?n dV 0K d]ng. Nh/m nghin cE= chnng tUi 8P @a giHi 3h3 dqng Oh/a 0Y dra t@n nPn tHng ca OZ th=t vi 8iP= OhiGn.

#h=ng ' : >h?n T@Ah B4i Ton

'('( TBng C-Dn EF 6hGD H%: $h/a 0Y n/i ch=ng QI QoRi Oh/a 8G DHo v? thiNt DM: tIi 0Hns.mI Ohi m=Yn mW @a th9 3hHi tc 8dng 8Nn 0Y mI ta cIi 8Tt t@c. c/ j QoRi Oh/a 0Y c; DHn hi?n naC t@n thM t@Ang c/ 8/ QI Oh/a 0Y c; Oh> vI Oh/a 0Y 8i?n tK. t $h/a 0Y c; Oh> 1 Ohi mW Oh/a haC Oh/a QRi th9 ta 3hHi xoaC cc vJng 0Y t@n Oh/a 0ao cho mdt d^C cc 0Y nIo 8/ cqng hL3 vi nha= th9 mW 8Lc Oh/a $h/a 0Y 8i?n tK 1 Ohi mW Oh/a th9 ta 3hHi nh3 8nng mt Ohu= QI mdt d^C cc 0Y Qin tiN3 nha=: nN= nh3 8nng cc d^C 0Y 8/ th9 mW 8Lc Oh/a.

Nh9n ch=ng th9 Oh/a 0Y 8i?n tK 0o c/ nhiP= Ok tr: nhiP= m^ 0Y 8G cIi 8Tt h;n: chng nh 8d dIi ca m^ 0Y 0o dIi h;n. 69 vC t>nh DHo mt ca Oh/a 0Y 8i?n tK chng cao h;n. bn cRnh 8/: thao tc t@n Oh/a 0Y 8i?n tK chng thrc hi?n dV dIng h;n vi cc 3h>m Dm: chE OhUng 3hHi QI cc vJng xoaC W Oh/a 0Y c; Oh>. $hi thao tc 8vi mt Ohu= chng dV dIng h;n v9 thao tc t@n cc 3h>m Dm. $h/a 0Y 8i?n tK ngoIi t>nh nXng vP DHo mt cao: vI thao tc dV dIng cJn c/ t>nh nXng cHnh Do nN= nh3 mt m^ nhiP= 0ai <= 0Y QSn <=C 8Mnh. 6i dao di?n ngAi dqng: hiGn thM cc thUng Do vP nh3 mt Ohu=: cHnh Do: thaC 8vi mt Ohu= OhiNn ngAi dqng dV 0K d]ng h;n. '(,( Ng-.n IJ A= KLn AMD 6hGD H% 7i$n 8N : Nh3 mdt mt m^ 8a ti mdt OhYi giao tiN3: vI hiGn thM nhpng thUng tin ti ngAi dqng _nN= c/`. Rwi OhYi 8iP= OhiGn 0o gKi t>n hi?= ti mdt thiNt DM ch3 hInh 8/ng c\t: hoTc 8iP= OhiGn cho 8/ng hoTc mW cKa nN= nh mt m^ 8nng. 6I 8a @a thYng Do _nN= c/` Ohi nh3 mt m^ 0ai: c/ thG c/ Do 8dng Ohi nh3 mt m^ 0ai <= 0Y QSn <=C 8Mnh.
Kh%i giDo 8i0O E4 hiPn 8h1 8hng 8in Kh%i 7iF- 6hiPn Thi08 K1 Ah:O h4nh

H*nh '(': 0; 8w OhYi Oh/a 0Y c; DHn.

'(2( #A HLn OhQm 6hGD H% 8Rn 8h1 8RSng T@n thM t@Ang hi?n naC c/ Dn @t nhiP= QoRi Oh/a 0Y 8i?n tK. !S= hNt cc QoRi Oh/a 8i?n tK 8/ 8P= c/ t>nh n\ng 8vi mt m^: cHnh Do. Nhng QRi OhUng c/ t>nh nXng giao di?n ngAi dqng Deng mIn h9nh 2#x OhiNn ngAi dqng Oh/ 0K d]ng cc 0Hn 3hum 8/. ThiNt DM mI Dd Oh/a 0Y t@n thM t@Ang 8iP= OhiGn ch CN= QI RoQg@ 8G 8/ng: mW chYt cKa.

H*nh '(,1 Oh/a 0Y t@n thM t@Ang OhUng c/ giao di?n ngAi dqng

+dt 0Y QoRi t@n thM t@Ang 8^ c/ giao di?n ngAi dqng <=a nhpng mIn h9nh 2#x yzxj 8G hiGn thM thUng tin ti ngAi dqng. Nh vC th9 dV 0K d]ng h;n cc QoRi Ohc.

H*nh '(2: Oh/a 0Y 8^ t@ang DM mIn h9nh 2#x giao di?n ngAi dqng.

'(5( #A .- AT- Ah@nh AMD 6hGD H% E4 8@nh n+ng AMD HLn OhQm: [=a tham OhHo cc 0Hn 3hum Oh/a 0Y t@n thM t@Ang th9 -= cS= ca mdt Dd 0Hn 3hum Oh/a 0Y thUng thAng1 t t t t t t xRo di?n ngAi d=ng dV 0K d]ng. +t Ohu= c/ 8d dIi 8Hm DHo t>nh DHo mt cao. #/ thG thaC 8vi 8Lc mt Ohu=. T>nh nXng cHnh Do Ohi nh3 mt Ohu= 0ai { QSn Qin tiN3. dng c; <=aC 8G 8iP= OhiGn cKa hNt hInh t@9nh th9 d|ng QRi. !? thYng 3hHi QIm vi?c 8Lc ngaC cH Ohi mt 8i?n.

#c @Ing D=dc 1 t ThUng thAng h? thYng giao di?n vi ngAi dqng 8G W Dn ngoIi: nn 3hHi an toIn: t@nh 8Lc nhpng tc 8dng ca ngoRi cHnh. #hi 3h> ca Dd 0Hn 3hum _OhUng c/ 8dng c;` OhUng <= lmm.mmmvn8. #hM= 8Lc <= tHi tHi Ohi gT3 chng ngRi vt t@ong thAi gian dIi.
1;

6i C= cS= vP t>nh nXng nh t@n: chnng tUi chBn cc thiNt DM ch>nh1 6i 8iP= OhiGn yz}~ vi Dd nh gg3@om c/ OhH Q= t@p dp Qi?= ngaC cH Ohi mt 8i?n. +In h9nh 2#x yzxj vi m]c 8>ch hiGn thM thUng tin: giao tiN3 vi 8iP= OhiGn vi ngAi dqng bIn 3h>m yz 3h>m c/ cc 3h>m 0Y vI 3h>m chEc nXng 8a 8S= vIo QI mt Ohu=: cc Q?nh 8/ng m; cKa ti vi 8iP= OhiGn. dng c; 8G Oo cnh cKa 8/ng vI mW. 6i 8P tIi nIC c/ C= cS= 0Hn 3hum mU 3hng thrc tN: chnng tUi chBn 8dng c; mdt chiP= cUng 0=t nh. Ng=wn dr t@p Ohi mt 8i?n. '(U( 3VD AhWn OhTn mFm : ## QI t@9nh Din dMch Q3 t@9nh ngUn ngp # cho 6i 8iP= OhiGn * # ca h^ng +ic@ochi3. #h;ng t@9nh QI 0r t>ch hL3 ca { t@9nh Din dich @ing DiNt cho { dJng * # Ohc nha= 8/ QI1 *#b cho dJng * # yjDit o3codg0 *#+ cho dJng * # yiDit o3codg0 *#! cho dJng * # yz vI y~Dit Tt cH { t@9nh Din dich nIC 8=Lc t>ch hL3 QRi vIo t@ong mdt ch;ng t@9nh Dao gwm cH t@9nh 0oRn thHo vI Din dMch QI ##. * # yz}~a QI 3ic yi. Ta c/ thG dqng 3hSn mPm 8G Q3 t@9nh cho * # vi ngUn ngp # dV 0K d]ng. #= chnc c; DHn ca ch;ng t@9nh Ohi vNt vi #1 incQ=dg: dgvicg: =0g: }=0g0....... cc tiPn xK Qk

dg}ing: int~ .......... 8Mnh ngha cc dp Qi?= Ohai Do heng: DiNn... 6oid tnhIm_` dqng 8G Ohai Do: 8Mnh ngha hIm 6oid main_` ch;ng t@9nh ch>nh.
11

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t $hYi ng=wn1 Nhem nhi?m v] c=ng c3 8i?n 3 l6: yj6 Q=Un vn 8Mnh cho mRch 8i?n vI vi 8iP= OhiGn. t 6i 8iP= OhiGn1 xK Qk cc thUng tin: nhn thUng tin t| DIn 3h>m : 8a 8Nn 8iP= OhiGn 8dng c; vI 8a thUng tin hiGn thM @a 2#x thUng Do cho ngAi dqng. 2= t@p mt Ohu= <=a Dd nh *R+ c/ thG Q= t@p ngaC Ohi mt 8i?n.
12

t bIn 3h>m1 thrc hi?n chEc nXng nh3 cc dp Qi?= 8a 8Nn vi 8iP= OhiGn vI Dao gwm thao tc nh3 mt Ohu=: thaC 8vi mt Ohu=: mW cKa: Oh/a cKa. t !? thYng Do 8dng1 cHnh Do Ohi nh3 0ai mt Ohu= <= { QSn. ThUng <=a h? thYng chUng Do 8dng. t bd Oh=Nch 8Ri t>n hi?= vI mRch cS= ! 1dqng 8G 8a t>n hi?= 8iP= OhiGn 8dng c; t +In h9nh 2#x1 c/ chEc nXng ch>nh 8G giao tiN3 ngAi dqng vi 6i iP= $hiGn . t dng c; 8iP= OhiGn1 xqng 8G 8iP= OhiGn 8/ng mW cKa <=a 8iP= OhiGn t| mRch cS= ! 2.2. S c T H Thng V S Call Graph:
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#ont@oQQg@ 0o}ta@g Giao TiN3 2#x Giao TiN3 *R+ #h;ng T@9nh bo dng Giao TiN3 bIn *h>m

iP= $hiGn dng c;

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a. c im pic 16f877a:
#Ung ngh? #+ c/ 8Tc t>nh 1 cUng 0=t th3: cUng ngh? Dd nh Qa0h*R+ tYc 8d cao. i?n 3 hoRt 8dng t| j6 8Nn l:l6 vI ti= tYn nXng nLng th3. 3hq hL3 vi nhi?t 8d QIm vi?c t@ong cUng nghi?3 vI t@ong th;ng mRi. TYc 8d hoRt 8dng 1 t x# jm+! ng vIo x=ng cQocO t x# jmmn0 ch= Oa Q?nh x=ng QLng ca Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh Qa0h QI ~$ x yio@d0. x=ng QLng ca Dd nh dp Qi?= R+ QI {z~x~bCtg0. x=ng QLng ca Dd nh dp Qi?= *R+ QI jlzx~ bCtg0. o bd nh dp Qi?= *R+ cho 3h3 x/a vI ghi y.mmm.mmm QSn. o bd nh *R+ c/ thG Q= gip dp Qi?= h;n im nXm vI c/ thG tr Q3 t@9nh QRi 8Lc di 0r 8iP= OhiGn ca 3hSn mPm.
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Y chFn 1 im 3in0. l cvng vIo @a 0Y R:Rb:R#:Rx:R.

H*nh ,(5: ; 8w chFn ca 3ic yz~a.

b. Cc cng vo ra ca PIC 16F877a: 6i?c 8iP= OhiGn cc cvng vIo @a ca 3ic dra t@n vi?c 8iP= OhiGn cc iQg thanh ghi. 69 t@ong 8P tIi chc 0K d]ng { cvng vIo @a QI *RTb: *RT#: *RTx nn chnng tUi xin 8a @a 8Tc 8iGm ca cc chFn. PORTB v thanh ghi TRISB: *o@tD _R*b` gwm ~ 3in . thanh ghi 8iP= OhiGn x=t nh3 t;ng Eng QI TR b. bn cRnh 8/ mdt 0Y chFn ca *RTb cJn 8Lc 0K d]ng t@ong <= t@9nh nR3 chAng t@9nh cho vi 8iP= OhiGn vi cc chN 8d nIo Ohc nha=. *RTb cJn Qin <=an dNn ng\t ngoRi vi vI Dd Timg@m. *RTb cJn 8Lc t>ch hL3 chEc nXng 8i?n t@W Oo Qn 8Lc 8iP= OhiGn DWi ch;ng t@9nh. ba chFn ca *RTb 8Lc 8a hL3 vi mRch 8i?n g @Yi Dn t@ong vI chEc nXng Q3 t@9nh 8i?n 3 th3 Rb{*G+: Rbz*G# vI Rb*Gx. +7i chFn ca *RTb c/ 8i?n t@W Oo Qn. bit 8iP= OhiGn Rb*& _*T NRG` m th9 c/ thG mW tt cH cc 8i?n t@W Oo Qn . Ohi 3o@tD 8Lc thiNt Q3 QI ng @a th9 0o tr 8dng ng\t chEc nXng 8i?n t@W Oo Qn : chng t;ng tr Ohi #*& DM @g0gt Qnc mi c3 8i?n. bYn chFn ca 3o@tD Rbi1Rb c/ c= chnc ng\t thaC 8vi: chc c/ nhpng chFn 8Lc thiNt Q3 W c= h9nh QI ng vIo th9 mi c/ chEc nXng ng\t. cc chFn ng vIo QI
15

_Rbi1Rb` 8Lc 0o 0nh vi gi t@M ch 8^ 8Lc chYt t@ong QSn 8Bc t@c ca 3o@tD. #c ng @a OhUng t@qng nha= ca cc chFn Rbi1Rb 8Lc R QRi vi nha= 8G tao @a ng\t W *RTb vi D>t cA Do ng\t Rb NT#Nm. Ng\t nIC c/ thG O>ch hoRt vi 8iP= OhiGn t@W QRi t@Rng thi hoRt 8dng Ohi n/ 8ang W chN 8d 2*. T@ong ch;ng t@9nh 3h]c v] ng\t th9 ngAi dqng c/ thG x/a ng\t Deng cc cch Ohc nha=1 bt Oa Q?nh 8Bc haC ghi *RTb 0o ONt th>ch 8iP= Oi?n OhUng th>ch Eng. /a D>t cA Rb . iP= Oi?n OhUng t;ng th>ch 0o tiN3 t]c QIm cA Do ng\t Rb Deng y. $hi 8Bc *RTb 0o chm dEt 8iP= Oi?n OhUng t;ng th>ch vI cho 3h3 x/a D>t cA Do ng\t Rb . #= t@nc ng\t thaC 8vi dqng 8G thot Ohi chN 8d nghc Ohi c/ nhn 3h>m vI cc hoRt 8dng mI *RTb chc 8Lc dqng cho c= t@nc thaC 8vi ng\t. PORTC v thanh ghi TRISC: *RT# QI 3o@t j chiP= ~ D>t. Thanh ghi 8Mnh hng QI TR #. $hi Dit TR #y th9 3o@tc QI nh3: Ohi TR #m th9 3o@tc QI x=t. *o@tc 8Lc 8a hL3 vi vIi chEc nXng ngoRi vi. #c chFn ca 3o@tc c/ mRch 8?m chmit T@iggg@ W ng vIo. $hi OhYi j# 8Lc cho 3h3 th9 cc chFn *RT# _{:i` c/ thG 8Lc 8Mnh c= h9nh W cc mEc j# hoTc mEc +b& Deng cch 0K d]ng D>t #$ _*TTz`. $hi cho 3h3 chEc nXng ngoRi vi: nn chn k 8Nn cc D>t TR cho m7i chFn ca *RT#. +dt vIi thiNt DM ngoRi vi ghi Qn D>t TR 8G QIm mdt chFn nh QI y ng @a: t@ong Ohi 8/ cc thiNt DM ngoRi vi ghi Qn D>t TR 8G QIm nh mdt chFn ng vIo. $hi ghi 8f D>t TR th9 OhUng Hnh hWng 8Nn cc thigt0 DM 8^ cho 3h3: cc O?nh 8Bc hi?= chcnh ghi _b:b#:R` vi TR # QI 8>ch 8Nn 3hHi t@nh dqng. NgAi 0K d]ng tham chiN= ti 3hSn thiNt DM ngoRi vi tng Eng 8G thiN3 Q3 cho 8nng D>t TR PORTD v thanh ghi TRISD: *RTx QI 3o@t ~ D>t vi ng vIo c/ mRch chmitt T@iggg@. +7i chFn c/ thG 8Lc c= h9nh 8dc Q3 QI ng vIo hoTc ng @a. *RTx c/ thG 8Mnh c= h9nh nh QI 3o@t ca vi 0K Qh ~ D>t Deng cch thiNt Q3 D>t 8iP= OhiGn **+x_TR i`. T@ong modg nIC th9 cc Dd 8Nn ng vIo dRng TT2. *RTx vI TR x OhUng 8Lc xFC drng cho cc Dd 8Nm ng vIo TT2
16

 Cc B !" thanh ghi: bd nh dp Qi?= t@n 8Lc chia QIm nhiP= banO vI chEa nhpng chEc nXng 8Tc Di?t. hai Dit R*m: R*y nem t@ong thanh ghi TT& th=dc Dit thE l vI thE z dqng 8G chBn bN$ thanh ghi. !ai bN$ thanh ghi 1 bN$ m vI bN$ y th=dc 8Ma chc t| mxl 8Nn mxm QI 8Ma chc ca *RT 8Nn *RT dqng 8G x=t nh3 dp Qi?=. 8Ma chc t| mx~l 8Nn mx~ QI 8Ma chc ca cc thanh ghi 8Mnh hng TR 8Nn TR . $hi chBn bN$ thanh ghi ta thiNt Q3 cc gi t@M ca R*m vI R*y th=dc thanh ghi TT& nh 0a=1 banO m 1 R*mm: R*ym. banO y 1 R*my: R*ym. banO j 1 R*mm: R*yy. banO { 1 R*my: R*yy.

17

1/

H*nh ,(U: ; 8w iQg thanh ghi.

1:

6i 3hSn mPm ## 8G viNt ch;ng t@9nh # cho * #: Ohi t@=C x=t cc dp Qi?= t| cc cvng th9 ta OhUng cSn chBn bN$ thanh ghi 3hEc tR3 nh t@n. Ta chc cSn dqng cc Q?nh 1 TTR vI &T*&T QI c/ thG x=t nh3. Nhng Ohi nh3 dp Qi?= vi cc cvng ta OhUng nn dqng Q?nh &T*&T v9 t@c Ohi thrc hi?n x=t mdt dp Qi?= th9 mTc 8Mnh n/ 8^ TTR . Ta nn Ohai Do 8Ma chc Dan 8S= ca thanh ghi v> d]1 b-T *RTb mxmz: b-T *RT#mxm. Nh thN th9 ta c/ thG x=t dp Qi?= @a cc cvng Deng cc Q?nh gn *RTmx mI OhUng QIm Hnh hWng 8Nn thanh ghi 8Mnh hng Dan 8S= <=a Q?nh TTR . #c cvng Rb: R#: Rx QI cvng vIo @a ~ D>t: vi cc chFn Rm 8Nn R.

A( AhWn ABng E4o RD 608 n%i Ei 8hi08 K1 ngo]i Ei : xo t@ong 3hSn mPm ## c/ h7 chL }iQg 2#x.# mTc 8Mnh dqng W cvng *RTx nn ta dqng cvng Rx 8G ONt nYi vi 2#x. iP= OhiGn 2#x dqng *RTx vi thiNt Q3 Dan 8S= QI cvng x=t dp Qi?= 8G 8iP= OhiGn 2#x nn ta thiNt Q3 Dan 8S= QI TTR x_mxmm`. o #c chFn t| Rxi Rx ca * # nYi vi cc chFn dp Qi?= xi x ca 2#x o #hFn Rxm ca 3ic nYi vi chFn cho 3h3 _gnaDQg` ca 2#x. o #hFn Rxy nYi vi chFn R chFn chBn thanh ghi ca 2#x o #hFn Rxj nYi vi chFn R chFn chBn chN 8d 8Bc ghi ca 2#x. #hBn cvng <=t yz 3h>m1 ma t@n 3h>m nYi vi cvng R#. #hBn cvng 8iP= OhiGn 8dng c; : cUng t\c hInh t@9nh vI Do 8dng 1 cvng Rb o #hFn Rbm: Rby nYi vi cUng t\c hInh t@9nh 8G d|ng 8dng c; Ohi 8iP= OhiGn cKa o #hBn chFn Rbz:Rb 8G 8iP= OhiGn 8dng c; thUng <=a mRch cS=. o #hBn chFn Rbl 8G 8a t>n hi?= @a h? thYng Do 8dng. d( B nh ^^>_O : xp Qi?= *R+ vI Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh Qh c/ thG 8Bc vI ghi t@ong 0=Yt <= t@9nh hoRt 8dng D9nh thAng. bd nh nIC OhUng 8Lc thiNt Q3 t@rc tiN3 t@ong OhUng gian }iQg thanh ghi 8Tc Di?t. #/ z thanh ghi R 8Lc 0K d]ng 8G 8Bc vI ghi Dd nh nIC1
2;

 #Ny #Nj xT xT! xR xR! $hi giao tiN3 vi OhYi Dd nh dp Qi?= : thanh ghi xT chEa ~D>t dp Qi?= cho vi?c 8Bcghi vI thanh ghi xR chEa 8Ma chc U nh ca *R+ 8ang 8Lc t@=C x=t. NN= 3ic c/ Dd nh yj~ DCtg th9 8Ma chc nem t@ong OhoHng t| ~m! 8Nn !: nN= * # c/ Dd nh *R+ QI jlz DCtg th9 8Ma chc nem t@ong OhoHng t| mmh 8Nn h. 6i * # yz}~a c/ jlz DCtg Dd nh nn *R+ nem t@ong OhoHng t| mmh 8Nn h. $hi giao tiN3 vi Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh th9 hai thanh ghi xT vI xT! ONt hL3 vi nha= QRi thInh thanh ghi yz Dit 8G Q= t@p dp Qi?= yiDit cho Q?nh 8Bcghi vI hai thanh ghi xR vI xR! ONt hL3 QRi thInh thanh ghi yz D>t 8G Q= 8Ma chc y{ Dit ca U nh 8ang t@=C 0=t . 6i 3ic c/ d=ng QLng Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh QI ~O d th9 8Ma chc t@ong OhoHng t| mmmmh 8Nn yh . NN= t@=C 0=t U nh c/ 8Ma chc Qn h;n th9 0o DM c=dn nem t@ong vqng nh thrc bd nh dp Qi?= *R+ cho 3h3 8Bc vI ghi y DCtg Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh Qa0h cho 3h3 8Bc y o@d vI ghi OhYi i o@d . !oRt 8dng ghi ca Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh 0o tr 8dng thrc hi?n x/a t@c Ohi ghi vIo OhYi i o@d . +dt DCtg ghi vIo Dd nh dp Qi?= *R+ 0o tr 8dng x/a U nh @wi mi ghi dp Qi?= mi x/a t@c Ohi ghi $hi chi3 c/ m^ DHo DD? th9 #*& c/ thG 8Bc vI ghi dp Qi?= Dd nh *R+. TqC th=dc vIo cch thiNt Q3 cc D>t DHo v? chYng ghi: * # c/ thG cho hoTc OhUng cho ghi dp Qi?= vIo mdt vIi OhYi Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh t=C nhin cho 3h3 8Bc Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh. $hi * # coa m^ DHo v? th9 ngAi d=ng OhUng cJn 8Lc t@=C c3 Dd nh dp Qi?= hoTc Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh. Thanh ghi ## DR v ## DR$ #T3 thanh ghi xR!1xR c/ thG 8Mnh 8Ma chc tYi 8a jlz DCtg ca Dd nh dp Qi?= *R+ hoTc tYi 8a ~O o@d ca Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh *R+ $hi t@=C x=t Dd nh dp Qi?= th9 chc d=ng thanh ghi xR 8 Q= DCtg 8Ma chc thF3

21

$hi t@=C x=t Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh th9 d=ng thanh ghi xR 8G Q= DCtg 8Ma chc th3 vI thanh ghi xR! 8G Q= DCtg cao Thanh ghi ##CO!1 v ##CO!%: #Ny QI thanh ghi 8iP= OhiGn 8G t@=C x=t Dd nh . b>t 8iP= OhiGn *Gx dqng 8G t@=C x=t Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh hoTc Dd nh dp Qi?=. $hi @g0gt hoTc Ohi DM *Gx 0o cho 3h3 t@=C 0=t Dd nh dp Qi?=. Ohi Dit *Gx Deng y th9 t@=C x=t Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh. Thanh ghi #Ny bit 1 *Gx Dit Qra chBn Dd nh dp Qi?= ch;ng t@9nh *R+ o *Gxy t@=C x=t Dd nh ch;ng t@9nh o *Gxm t@=C x=t Dd nh dp Qi?=. bit z i cha 0K d]ng bit { RRR 1 D>t cA Q7i *R+ o RRR y vi?c ghi thrc hi?n xong 0m o RRR m vi?c ghi 8^ 8Lc hoIn thInh. bit j1 RN Dit cho 3h3 ghi gg3@om o RNy cho 3h3 ghi. o RNm OhUng cho ghi. bit y1 R Dit 8iP= OhiGn ghi o Ry D\t 8S= ch= Oa ghi. bit R 8Lc x/a Deng 3hSn cEng 0a= m7i QSn ghi xong o Rm <= t@9nh ghi vIo gg3@om 8^ hoIn thInh bit m 1Rx Dit 8iP= OhiGn 8Bc o Rxy D\t 8S= chi Oa 8Bc gg3@om . Dit Rx 8Lc x/a Deng 3hSn cEng .Dit Rx chc c/ thG 8Lc 0gt t@ong 3hSn mPm o Rxm OhUng OhWi 8dng ch= Oa 8Bc gg3@om. &c ' (i) t b nh ##PRO*: G 8Bc dp Qi?= ca mdt U nh ngAi 0K d]ng 3hHi ghi 8Ma chc vIo thanh ghi xR: x/a Dit 8iP= OhiGn *Gx _#Ny:` vI 0a= 8/ 0gt Dit 8iP= OhiGn Rx _#Nyy` . xp Qi?= 0o x=t hi?n t@ong thanh ghi xT W ch= Oa ON. xT 0o Q= gi t@M nIC cho 8Nn Ohi x=t hi?n QSn 8Bc ON hoTc DM thaC 8i DWi ngAi 0K d]ng. #c Dc 8G 8Bc Dd nh dp Qi?= *R+1
22

 Ghi 8Ma chc vIo xR 8Ma chc OhUng 8Lc Qn h;n d=ng QLng Dd nh /a Dit *Gx chc hng vIo Dd nh dp Qi?= *R+ gt Dit Rx 8G D\t 8S= hoRt 8dng 8Bc. Bc dp Qi?= t| thanh ghi *R+. #c Dc t@n Ohi d=ng vi ngUn ngp + th9 ta 3hHi t=Fn th 8nng <=C t\c. nhng Ohi d=ng vi ngUn ngp # th9 ta chc cSn d=ng vi mdt Q?nh @gadgg3@om_add@g00` t@ong 8/ add@g00 QI 8Ma chc ca *R+ mI ta cSn 8Bc: 8Ma chc nIC vi dJng 3ic yz}~a t| mmh 8Nn h.

+hi ' (i) vo b nh ##PRO*: G ghi dp Qi?= vIo *R+ th9 ngAi 0K d]ng 3hHi ghi 8Ma chc vIo thanh ghi xR vI dp Qi?= vIo thanh ghi xT . 0a= 8/ 3hHi thrc hi?n ghi thgo t@9nh tr chc 8Mnh 8G ghi cho m7i DCtg. [= t@9nh ghi 0o OhUng 8Lc OhWi 8dng nN= thE tr ghi OhUng 8Lc thrc hi?n ch>nh xc cho m7i DCtg . 3hHi cm tt cH cc C= cS= ng\t Ohi thrc hi?n <= t@9nh ghi nIC . NgoIi @a Dit RN t@ong thanh ghi #Nj 3hHi 8Lc 0gt 8G cho 3h3 ghi. #; chN nIC ngXn chTn cc hoRt 8dng ghi ng= nhin vIo *R+ Qin <=an 8Nn 0ai 0/t m^ DHo D? . NgAi 0K d]ng nn gip Dit RN W t@Rng thi #Qga@ : ngoRi t@| Ohi t@=C c3 dp Qi?= vIo Dd nh dp Qi?= *R+. bit RN OhUng 8Lc x/a Deng 3hSn cEng. a= Ohi <= t@9nh ghi 8^ 8Lc OhWi 8Bng th9 nN= ta x/a Dit RN 0o OhUng Hnh hWng 8Nn ch= Oa nIC. bit R 0o DM chTn OhUng cho Qn y t@| Ohi Dit RN 8Lc 0gt. $hi hoIn tt ch= Oa ghi Dit R 8Lc x/a DWi 3hSn cEng vI Dit cA Do ng\t hoIn thInh xong <= t@9nh ghi 8Lc 0gt. NgAi d=ng c/ thG cho 3h3 0r ng\t hoTc OiGm t@a Dit nIC 8G DiNt <= t@9nh ghi ONt thnc . Dit 3hHi 8Lc x/a Deng 3hSn mPm. T=C @eng cc Dc ghi dp Qi?= vIo Dd nh *R+ c/ nhiP= Dc vI nhiP= Dit t@n thanh ghi 8Lc 8G k 8Nn nh vC nhng Ohi dqng # 8G QIm vi?c vi * # th9 ta chc cSn chn k 8Nn Q?nh ghi 1 `_IT^a^^>_O bDddRcHHdef T@ong Q?nh 1gRi8caccORombDddRcHHdef AddRcHH : 8Ma chc ca *R+ ta cSn ghi h : gi t@M ta cSn ghi _DCtg`.

2'

,(2(,( 3#i HiPn Th1 D( H*nh dng E4 6@Ah 8hA: #/ @t nhiP= QoRi 2#x vi nhiP= h9nh dng vI O>ch thc Ohc nha=: t@n h9nh y QI hai QoRi 2#x thUng d]ng.

H*nh ,(Y: !9nh dng ca 2#x $hi 0Hn x=t 2#x: nhI 0Hn x=t 8^ t>ch hL3 ch>3 8iP= OhiGn _!xii~m` Dn t@ong Q3 v vI chc 8a cc chFn giao tiN3 cSn thiNt. #c chFn nIC 8Lc 8nh 0Y thE tr vI 8Tt tn nh Dn di 1

H*nh ,(\: ; 8w chFn ca 2#x

b. Chc nng cc chn:

#hFn 0Y y

Tn 600

#hEc nXng #hFn nYi 8t cho 2#x: Ohi thiNt ON mRch ta nYi chFn nIC vi GNx ca mRch 8iP= OhiGn
2,

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6dd 6gg R0

tyi

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#hFn c3 ng=wn cho 2#x: Ohi thiNt ON mRch ta nYi chFn nIC vi 6##l6 ca mRch 8iP= OhiGn #hFn nIC dqng 8G 8iP= chcnh 8d t;ng 3hHn ca 2#x. #hFn chBn thanh ghi _Rggi0tg@ 0gQgct`. NYi chFn R vi Qogic m _GNx` hoTc Qogic y _6##` 8G chBn thanh ghi. 2ogic m1 b=0 xbmtxb 0o nYi vi thanh ghi Q?nh R ca 2#x _W chN 8d ghi t @itg` hoTc nYi vi Dd 8Nm 8Ma chc ca 2#x _W chN 8d 8Bc t @gad` 2ogic y1 b=0 xbmtxb 0o nYi vi thanh ghi dp Qi?= xR Dn t@ong 2#x. #hFn chBn chN 8d 8Bcghi _Rgad@itg`. NYi chFn R vi Qogic m 8G 2#x hoRt 8dng W chN 8d ghi: hoTc nYi vi Qogic y 8G 2#x W chN 8d 8Bc. #hFn cho 3h3 _naDQg`. a= Ohi cc t>n hi?= 8Lc 8Tt Qn D=0 xbmtxb: cc Q?nh chc 8Lc ch3 nhn Ohi c/ y x=ng cho 3h3 ca chFn . 4 chN 8d ghi1 xp Qi?= W D=0 0o 8Lc 2#x ch=CGn vIo_ch3 nhn` thanh ghi Dn t@ong n/ Ohi 3ht hi?n mdt x=ng _highttotQo t@an0ition` ca t>n hi?= chFn . 4 chN 8d 8Bc1 xp Qi?= 0o 8Lc 2#x x=t @a xbmt xb Ohi 3ht hi?n cRnh Qn _Qottothigh t@an0ition` W chFn vI 8Lc 2#x gip W D=0 8Nn Ohi nIo chFn x=Yng mEc th3. Tm 8Ang ca D=0 dp Qi?= dqng 8G t@ao 8vi thUng tin vi +*&. #/ j chN 8d 0K d]ng ~ 8Ang D=0 nIC 1 #hN 8d ~ Dit 1 xp Qi?= 8Lc t@=CPn t@n cH ~ 8Ang: vi Dit +b QI Dit xb. #hN 8d i Dit 1 xp Qi?= 8Lc t@=CPn t@n i 8Ang t| xbi ti xb: Dit +b QI xb

BLng ,(': #hEc nXng ca cn chFn 2#x

25

c. Cc thanh ghi
#h>3 !xii~m c/ j thanh ghi ~ Dit <=an t@Bng 1 Thanh ghi Q?nh R _ n0t@=cto@ Rggi0tg@` vI thanh ghi dp Qi?= xR _xata Rggi0tg@` t Thanh ghi R 1 G 8iP= OhiGn 2#x: ngAi dqng 3hHi @a Q?nh thUng <=a tm 8Ang D=0 xbmtxb. +7i Q?nh 8Lc nhI 0Hn x=t 2#x 8nh 8Ma chc @ @Ing. NgAi dqng chc vi?c c=ng c3 8Ma chc Q?nh Deng cch nR3 vIo thanh ghi R. Ngha QI: Ohi ta nR3 vIo thanh ghi R mdt ch=7i ~ Dit: ch>3 !xii~m 0o t@a DHng m^ Q?nh tRi 8Ma chc mI R c=ng c3 vI thrc hi?n Q?nh 8/. 6x 1 2?nh hiGn thM mIn h9nh c/ 8Ma chc Q?nh QI mmmmyymm _xbsxbm` 2?nh hiGn thM mIn h9nh vI con t@ c/ m^ Q?nh QI mmmmyyym t Thanh ghi xR 1 Thanh ghi xR dqng 8G chEa dp Qi?= ~ Dit 8G ghi vIo vqng R+ xxR+ hoTc #GR+ _W chN 8d ghi` hoTc dqng 8G chEa dp Qi?= t| j vqng R+ nIC gWi @a cho +*& _W chN 8d 8Bc`. Ngha QI: Ohi +*& ghi thUng tin vIo xR: mRch ndi Dn t@ong ch>3 0o tr 8dng ghi thUng tin nIC vIo xxR+ hoTc #GR+. !oTc Ohi thUng tin vP 8Ma chc 8Lc ghi vIo R: dp Qi?= W 8Ma chc nIC t@ong vqng R+ ndi ca !xii~m 0o 8Lc ch=CGn @a xR 8G t@=CPn cho +*&. beng cch 8iP= OhiGn chFn R vI R chnng ta c/ thG ch=CGn <=a QRi gip j thanh ghi nIC Ohi giao tiN3 vi +*&. bHng 0a= 8FC t/m t\t QRi cc thiNt Q3 8Yi vi hai chFn R vI R thgo m]c 8>ch giao tiN3. R m m y y R m y m y $hi cSn Ghi vIo thanh ghi R 8G @a Q?nh cho thanh ghi Bc cA Dn W xb vI gi t@M ca Dd 8Nm 8Ma chc W xbmtxbz Ghi vIo thanh ghi xR Bc dp Qi?= t| xR

T@ong ch;ng t@>nh 0K d]ng 2#x W chN 8d iDit. #c Q?nh 8Lc 0K d]ng1 lcd_s nd_!yt ( "#T$ %ddr ss, "#T$ n ) &' &i(u )hi'n *+, -. d/ nh0 l1nh 2 lcd_s nd_!yt (0,0304) d5ng &' 36% mn h7nh, lcd_s nd_!yt (0,0308) &' &0% c9n tr: -( &;u d<ng th= nh>t? lcd_g9t93y(%,!) &' &0% c9n tr: -( cc -@ tr. m9ng muAn thBc cc d<ng )hc nh%u cC% *+,. *cd_g9t93y(3,4) &0% c9n tr: -( d<ng 4 -@ tr. 3, -@ tr. 3 c6 th' tD 4EF4G cC% *+, HrintI(lcd_Hutc,J?J)2 in mBt 3Ku ) tL r% mn h7nh.3Ku ) tL c6 &B di M 4G ) tL &' *+, c6 th' hi'n th@ &0Nc &;y &C lcd_Hutc(O?P) 2 in mBt ) tL r% mn h7nh.
26

,(2(2( B4n >h@m H*nh ,([: +a T@n yz *h>m Thrc hi?n chEc nXng giao tiN3 vi vi 8iP= OhiGn * # yz~: dqng 8G hiGn thM nh3 3a00o@d: thaC 8vi 3a00o@d: mW Oh/a cKa K d]ng DIn 3h>m ma t@n yz 3h>m 6i cc 3h>m 0Y t| m vI cc 3h>m chEc nXng mW cKa: Oh/a cKa: vI 8vi mt Ohu=. G ONt nYi vi vi 8iP= OhiGn th9 ta t@go ~ 8S= vIo ca ma t@n 3h>m vi t@W t@go Qn d;ng ng=wn: vi gi t@M cH= t@W t@go QI R~i.$. xqng cc 3h>m Dm c/ i chFn giYng nh h9nh vo1

!9nh j. 1 nnt Dm 0K d]ng t@ong mRch

27

!9nh j.ym 1 ; 8w chFn ca nnt Dm dqng QIm mRch Ta 0K d]ng nnt Dm thAng mW: vi cc chFn nYi cho nha=: chFn yt{: jti c/ thG dqng nh nha=: v9 thN Ohi nYi mRch ta dqng mdt t@ong j cT3 chFn nIC. ,(2(5( ]Ah AT- 7iF- 6hiPn 7ng A=

#c dRng c= tRo ca mRch cS= ! +Rch cS= ! 8Lc c= tRo DWi j dRng ch>nh1

D( i]ng '
Lc c= tRo DWi i t@an0ito@ _gt` #qng Onh N. ; 8w ng=Cn Qk mRch 8Lc c= tRo nh 0a= _#hc vo mRch dqng t@an0ito@ 8G m9nh hBa` Yi vi dRng nIC th9 8Lc c= tRo DWi cc t@an0ito@ cqng Onh N. vI chc cSn j t>n hi?= 8iP= OhiGn O>ch mW cc t@an0ito@
2/

K( i]ng ,: Lc c= tRo DWi j cT3 8Ui t@an0ito@ *:N haC T _Th=n: ngLc`. ; 8w ng=Cn Qk c= tRo ca n/ 8Lc c= tRo nh Dn 1_TUi chng dqng t@an0ito@ m9nh hBa. Yi vi thiNt ON nIC <=H QI thC Oh QI vn 8Mnh 8Yi vi 8i?n 3 8S= vIo nh OhoHng ji6` Yi vi mRch cUng 0=t Qn th9 cc T cUng 0=t Qn thAng Oo c/ Onh * nn ta Oo dqng 8Lc thgo cch nIC mI 3hHi dqng thgo cch y A( Ng-.n 8jA ho]8 7ng AMD m]Ah AT- H(

#hc xt 8Nn ng=Cn Qk hoRt 8dng vI hoRt 8dng nh thN nIo ca mRch cS= ! con bT 8Lc chBn 8G v> d] cJn gt th9 n/ gSn t;ng 8;ng nha=. Ta h^C 3hFn t>ch mdt dRng mRch cS= ! nh t@n. !ai dRng nIC c/ ng=Cn Qk hoRt 8dng giYng nha= chc Ohc QI Qinh Oi?n c= tRo Qn cS= ! nh thN nIo vI vi?c 8/ng mW cc t@an0ito@ haC gt nh thN nIo Yi vi dRng y Ohi dqng gt cqng Onh th9 3hHi dqng mRch Qi 8Yi vi cUng 0=t Qn vI 8i?n 3 Qn. #Jn dRng j dqng vi cUng 0=t nh vi 8i?n 3 8S= vIo nh. Ta 8i 3hFn t>ch ng=Cn Qk hoRt 8dng ca mRch dang j nh 0a=1 +Rch cS= ! nIC 8Lc 8iP= OhiGn DWi i t>n hi?= 8/ng mW cc van 8/ QI cc t>n hi?= y vI t>n hi?= j_ Nh t@n h9nh j` vI 8iP= OhiGn 8Lc j chiP= _#/ ngha QI 8Ho chiP= dJng 8i?n`. t t|ng chN 8d th=n vI nghMch Nh chnng ta 8^ Dit 8iP= Oi?n 8G 8/ng mW 8 cc t@an0ito@ thUng QI1 Yi vi Onh N 8G mW th9 &Dg m vI mW t@an0ito@ Deng dJng 8i?n

2:

 i vi t@an0ito@ Onh * 8G mW th9 &Dg m . ThAng th9 Deng m QI n/ 0o mW iF- 6hiPn k Ah0 7 8h-ln 4 chN 8d th=n nIC c3 i t>n hi?= 8iP= 8iP= OhiGn vIo i con T@an0ito@ vI 8iP= Oi?n 8G c/ dJng th=n chRC <=a tHi t@ong y thAi 8iGm QI 1 T>n hi?= y m _TEc QI mW t@an0ito@ [y`. T>n hi?= j m _ TEc QI 8/ng t@an0ito@ [j` T>n hi?= { y _TEc QI 8/ng t@an0ito@ [{` T>n hi?= i y _TEc QI mW t@an0ito@ [i` 6I dRng 8Ang 8i 8Lc mU tH nh h9nh vo h9nh Dn1 C QI dRng 8i ca chiP= th=n 1 xJng 8i?n t| ng=wn <=a [y 0a= 8/ <=a tHi vI <=a [j x=Yng GNx. iF- 6hiPn Ei Ah0 7 ngh1Ah 4 chN 8d nIC ta chng c3 i t>n hi?= 8iP= OhiGn vIo i con t@an0ito@. 6I i t>n hi?= 8iP= OhiGn nIC 3hHi tha m^n 8iP= OiGn 0a= 1 T>n hi?= y y _TEc QI Oh/a t@an0ito@ [y`. T>n hi?= j y _ TEc QI mW t@an0ito@ [j` T>n hi?= { m _TEc QI mW t@an0ito@ [{` T>n hi?= i m _TEc QI 8/ng t@an0ito@ [i` 6I dRng 8Ang 8i ca chnng 8Lc thG hi?n nh h9nh vo Dn. m n- nhoA 7iPm AMD AT- H. o n- 7iPm : K d]ng cS= ! QIm cho mRch t@W nn 8;n giHn h;n vI tiN3 Oi?m chi 3h>.

';

NhoA 7iPm 1 NN= nh mRch 8iP= OhiGn th9 cqng Dt j cUng t\c W cqng y nKa cS= th9 0o mRch 8dng Qrc ca chnng ta DM ng\n mRch ng=wn. NN= hi?n tLng xHC @a t@ong y thAi gian ng\n _[= 8d ` o x=t hi?n dJng t@qng dn <=a van cUng 0=t QIm tXng cUng 0=t ti= tn t@n van. NN= thAi gian t@qng dn 8 dIi: dJng t@qng dn 0o Qn QIm chC van cUng 0=t.TEc QI mRch Oo c/ DHo v? dJng vI 8i?n 3

T@ong thrc tN c/ y QoRi # Dn dn 8Lc t>ch hL3 Q=Un cH cS= ! t@ong 8/ ta chc cSn c3 x=ng 8iP= OhiGn: c/ DHo v? dJng 1 2j{ 1 6i 8i?n 3 8S= vIo QI {z6 vI dJng 8i?n 8cnh <=a n/ QI y.j 2j~ 1 6i 8i?n 3 8S= vIo QI iz6 vI dJng 8i?n 8cnh <=a n/ QI i #hBn Qinh Oi?n t@anito@ vi mRch 1 0K d]ng j t@anito@ th=n vI j t@anito@ ngLc: vi t@anito@ cUng 0=t 1 N# x~~j *N* vI x~~z N*N

!9nh j.yy 1 ; 8w chFn ca x~~j *N*

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!9nh j.yj 1 ; 8w chFn ca x~zz N*N

,(2(U( ng A= T@ong mU 3hng vI t@ong gii hRn ca mU h9nh 0Hn 3hum 0K d]ng 8dng c; mdt chiP= yj6 8G 8iP= OhiGn 8/ng mW cKa: hoTc c/ thG dqng 8G 8iP= OhiGn 8/ng mW chYt: thgn cIi. Ta c/ thG 0K d]ng @oQg thaC cho 8dng c; 8G hnt hoTc 8uC chYt cKa: t;ng Eng vi mW Oh/a cKa.

H*nh ,(p: dng c; ThUng <=a mRch cS= ! ta 8a hai t>n hi?= 8iP= OhiGn 8dng c; t| chFn Rbz:Rb ca vi 8iP= OhiGn

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,(2(Y( Kh%i Ng-Xn

H*nh ,('<: ; w $hYi Ng=wn

#h=ng 2: h?. dVng I- 7X 8h-l8 8on E4 Ei08 Ah=ng 8R*nh Aho h$ 6hGD H%

3.1 l%u gii thu&t:

Bj8 T-

$hWi TRo biNn: +Hng: 2#x

<U=T P!>M

N!'* *!.+ ''

$ + TR 25N { +4 # t *

Nx

!9nh {.y Q= 8w giHi th=t

3.2. ho't ()ng c*a sn ph+m

$hi m=Yn mW cKa th9 3hHi g 8nng mt Ohu= vi 8d dIi ~ Ok tr. NN= g 8nng th9 8dng c; 0o <=aC th=n: vI cKa 0o mW. 6I g 0ai th9 mIn h9nh 2#x hiGn thM chp nh3 0ai mt Ohu=. $hi 8dng c; <=aC hNt hInh t@9nh: cUng t\c hInh t@9nh mW xong 8/ng: Ohi 8/ 2#x thUng Do 8^ mW xong. NN= nh3 mt Ohu= 0ai { QSn Qin tiN3 th9 h? thYng Do 8dng 0o hoRt 8dng: thUng <=a chFn Rbl. T@ong Ohi mW xong: nN= nhn Oh/a th9 8dng c; 0o <=aC vI cKa Oh/a QRi: 8dng c; <=aC th9 nnt cUng t\c hInh t@9nh Oh/a xong 0o mW: vI nN= cUng t\c hInh t@9nh mW xong 8/ng QRi th9 8dng c; ng|ng <=aC: 2#x Do mW xong. +=Yn 8vi mt Ohu= ta nhn nnt 8vi mt Ohu= t@n DIn 3h>m: Ohi nIC 2#x Do nh3 mt Ohu= ch: vI ta 3hHi nh3 8nng mt Ohu= ch th9 mi 8vi 8Lc mt Ohu=: nN= nh3 8nng mt Ohu= th9 2#x thUng Do nh3 mt Ohu= mi. nh3 xong th9 nhn $: vC QI mt Ohu= 8^ 8Lc 8vi.

!9nh {.j1 ; 8w tvng th h? thYng

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3.3. Ch%ng trnh qut phm c bn:

void <=gt3him_` *RTbmx}g RbmmRbyy....Rby1 OiGm t@a hIng y 8Lc Dm i}_Rbim` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rblm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbzm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m *RTbmx}d RbmyRbymRbjy....Rby1 OiGm t@a hIng j 8Lc Dm
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i}_Rbim` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rblm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbzm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m *RTbmx}D RbmyRbyyRbjmRb{y....Rby1 OiGm t@a hIng { i}_Rbim` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rblm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbzm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m *RTbmx} RbmyRbyyRbjyRb{mRbiy....Rby1 hIng i i}_Rbim` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rblm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbzm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m i}_Rbm` ch;ng t@9nhhiQg_Rbim` OhUng QIm g9 Ohi gip 3h>m K08 3-ln: vi hoRt 8dng nh t@n : t| mU 3hng t@n 3hSn mPm hoIn toIn c/ thG 8a @a QIm mRch tht. 6i mdt hRn chN QI t@n mU h9nh. 69 nN= dqng 8dng c; cUng 0=t Qn 8G Oo cnh cKa @a vIo th9 3hHi t>nh ton @t nhiP=. Hng Oh8 8RiPn: 8a 0Hn 3hum vIo thrc tiVn: c/ thG QI mdt 0Hn 3hum Oinh doanh mang t>nh Oinh tN.

xanh m]c tIi Qi?= tham OhHo1 y. 6i xK Qk j Ng=CVn 9nh *hn. j. !? ThYng Nhnng t T.!$T#N Thi Ng=Cn.
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{. ntg@ngt.

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