echo echo echo echo echo echo

$a #special \$a #ordinary \\$a #\ , because \\ makes \ ordinary and $a prints as nothing "$a" #special "\$a" #ordinary "\\$a" #\ , because \\ makes \ ordinary and $a prints nothing

echo '' #strong echo '\'' #wrong `` #backtick cmd substitution "``" #cmd subs "\ $`\ " " \" " +history expansion "!" escape it with "\!" \ is not removed $'string' expands string so $var and \a are expanded $* == $@ (positional parameters) "$*" one word with IFS sep .eg: cmd "$*" one-arg. $# == 1 "$@" word <Spc> word <Spc>.. $# == N set -- ignore all options to set in the input for i in $* #word-splitting using IFS () subshell [] [[ ]] test, extended test (( )) arithmetic