:(f(x Dn

n
a
S n ( x) = 0 + ak cos(kx ) + bk sin(kx)
2 k =1
ak =

f (t ) cos( kt )dt

bk =

S n ( x) =

f (t ) sin( kt )dt

1
S n ( x) =

S n ( x) =

.1

1 n

cos(kx) cos(kt ) + sin( kx)sin( kt ) f (t ) dt

2 +
k =1

u = x t
1
1 n

+
cos[
k
(
x

t
)]
f
(
t
)
dt
Dn (u ) =

k =1

1 n
cos( ku )
2+
k =1

D ( x t ) f (t )dt
n

: -
Dn (u ) =

1 1 n
+ cos(ku )
2 k =1

u
1
sin Dn (u ) =
2

1
u n
u
sin
cos( ku ) sin =
2 2 +
2
k =1

u 1 n
1
1
1
sin
+ sin[( k + )u ] sin[( k )u ]
2
2 2 k =1
2
2

:
3
1
5
3
1
1
1
: S = sin u sin u + sin u sin u + .....sin(n + )u = sin( n + )u sin u
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
1

sin n + u
u
1 1
1
2

sin Dn (u ) = sin n + u Dn (u ) =
2
2
2
u
2 sin
2
1

: .
.2
: , [ , ] f ' :

lim

f ( x) cos( x) dx = 0

lim

f ( x)sin( x) dx = 0 .1

1 . f :1 :
:

f ( x) cos( x) =

k =1

Ck k cos( x) = Ck

k =1

cos( x)

1, x [ , ]
f ( x) =
0, x [ , ]

f ( x) cos( x) =

cos( x) = sin( ) sin( )

f ( x) cos( x) |

1+1

2
0
||

: :2
: ' , > 0 : ' " '

: . | f ( x) ( x) | dx

f ( x) cos( x) dx |=|

( f ( x) ( x)) cos( x)dx + ( x) cos( x)dx |

b

( f ( x) ( x)) cos( x)dx | + |

( x) cos( x)dx |

| ( f ( x) ( x)) | | cos( x) | dx+ | ( x) cos( x)dx |

| g ( x ) dx| | g ( x )|dx

| ( f ( x) ( x)) | dx+ | ( x) cos( x)dx | <

.2 . 0

f f ( x )e i x , f L1 < f ( x)e i x dx

f.
. :
b
sin( x)
i x
dx 0
) f ( x .a,b = cos( x) i sin( x) :
e:
)cos( x
a
b

i x
. f ( x)e dx 0
a

, > 0:

1
1
=| ) | f (
=| | f ( x)e i x dx
| f ( x)e i x dx + f ( x)e i x dx | I1 + I 2
2
2 a
) a ,a
E 55555555F E\(55555555555
F
I1

I2

| f ( x) | dx 0

) \( a , a

}
1
i x
f
(
x
)
e
dx

2
) \( a , a
E 55555555555F

1
2

= I2

I1 0

I2

f , ,a
[[a,a- 0- .
" | f ( ) |< lim | f ( ) |= 0 :
w


.3
: , > 0 Dini , x0 :Dini

.
0

f ( x0 t ) f ( x0 0)
dt <
t

, x0 ' Dini , '

f ( x0 + ) + f ( x0 )
: '
2
n f ( x + ) + f ( x )
0
0
:
S n ( f )( x0 )
2

S n ( f )( x0 ) = [ f ( x0 + t ) + f ( x0 t )]Dn (t )dt =
0

[ [ f (x

+ t ) f ( x0 + 0)] + [ f ( x0 t ) f ( x0 0)] + f ( x0 + 0) + f ( x0 0) ] Dn (t ) dt =

[ f ( x0 + 0) + f ( x0 0)] Dn (t )dt + [ f ( x0 + t ) f ( x0 + 0) ] Dn (t )dt + [ f ( x0 t ) f ( x0 0) ] Dn (t ) dt

E0 55555F E0 55555555555555555555F E0 55555555555555555555F
=

S n ( f )( x0 ) =

1
2

I1

f ( x0 + 0) + f ( x0 0)
+ I1 + I 2
2
2lim
t 0

I1 =

1
2

I2

f ( x0 + t ) f ( x0 + 0)
t

1
t
2 =2
t
sin( )
2

1
sin n + t
2
t

0
sin
2
E 55555555555555555555F

g (t )

n
1

1
g
(
t
)
sin
n
+
t
dt
0

2 0
2 Riman Lebege

: " I 2 - "
lim S n ( f ) ( x0 ) = lim
n

f ( x0 + 0) + f ( x0 0)
f ( x0 + 0) + f ( x0 0)
+ lim I1 + lim I 2 =
n

2
2

.4

. - "

M : '
] | f n ( x) |< anx [a, b

) f ( x

] x [a, b :

n =1

' ".

n =1

, ' f ] f , [ , dx < ,

| ) | f ( x

) f ( ) = f ( ' :
' a
) . f ' : 0 + an 'cos(nx) + bn 'sin( nx ' bn
' an
2 n =1

a0 ' f '( x)dx = F ( ) F ( ) = 0

=0
G 5555555555555555555555H

1
n
f '( x ) cos(nx )dx = [ f ( ) cos( n ) f ( ) cos( n )] + f ( x)sin( nx) = nbn

1
= ' an

, bn ' = nan f .
" , f :
1
1
1
1
a 2 + b2
) | an | (| bn ' |2 + 2
) (| a 2 b 2 |> 0 .a,b | bn | (| an ' |2 + 2 ) :
| | ab
2
n
2
n
2

| |a
1
| f ( x) |2 dx = 0 + | an |2 + | b2 |2 :

2
4
n =1
:
1
1
| an cos( nx) + bn sin( nx) || an + bn || an | + | bn | ( | an |2 + | bn |2 ) + 2
2
n
" "
".

.4 . '

(f(x ] [ L, L ,:

a0
b
a
b
) x + n + n sin ( nx ) n cos ( nx
2
n
n =1 n
n =1 n

= f (t ) dt

"
:
a0
x :
2

F , F ( x) = f (t )dt [ , ] - ' ,:
0

) F '( x) = f ( x .

0

a0
a0
a0
a
f (t )dt f (t )dt + = f (t )dt + f (t )dt 0
2
2 0
2
2

1
f (t )dt f (t )dt * = 0

= ) F ( ) F (
0

= f (t ) dt a0

)sin(nx) + nB cos(nx
E nA
55F
E 5F
n

an

bn

n =1

A0
+ An cos ( nx ) +Bn sin ( nx ) F '( x) = f ( x) :
2 n =1

A0 bn
a
b
a
+ cos(nx) + n sin(nx) An = n , Bn = n
2 n =1 n
n
n
n
" x=0 :

A0 bn
A
b
0 = n
2 n =1 n
2 n =1 n

= , F (0) = 0 f (t ) dt

F ( ) = F ( ) :
" F ) "(

= )F ( x
= )F ( x

 5 :
.1 : f,g T ,' , :
T
1
] ( f * g ) = f ( x t ) g (t )dt , t [0, T
T 0

fn = An= An Bn =:
)( f * g

g n = Bn

, ,

.
:
) , h( x) = ( f * g Cn .(h(x :
dx

2
nx
T

Cn e

. h( x) :" :

2
2
i nx
i nx
1
1 1
T
Cn = h ( x ) e
dx = [ f ( x t ) g (t )dt ]e T dx
T 0
T 0T 0
T

2
2
i n ( x t ) i nt
1 1
T
T
[
f
(
x

t
)
g
(
t
)
dt
]
e
e
dx
T 0 T 0
T

x = u + t u = x t

2
2
u: t T t
) i n ( x t
i
nt
1 1
T
= [ f ( x t )e
dx]g (t )e T dt

T 0T 0

2
2
i nu
i nt
1 1
T
T
[
f
(
u
)
e
du
]
g
(
t
)
e
dt

T 0T 0
E 555555555555F
T

F is Cycelic

dt

2
nt
T

du ]g (t )e

2
nu
T

[ f (u ) e

T t

1 1
T 0 T

An

2
i nt
1
T
g
(
t
)
e
dt = An Bn
T 0
E 5555555555F
T

= An

Bn

.2
f T ) , g ( x) = f ( x f-
:g
dx

2
i nu
T

1
f (u )e
T T

= dx

2
i
nu
T

1
f (u )e
T T

u = x

= dx

2
i nx
T

f ( x )e

1
T

= g n

( f * g ) x = f f =| fn |2 ? f*g f*g :
nx

i
2
2
f * g = | fn | e T , x=0 | : f * g 0 = | fn
n =1

n =1

1
1
f (t ) g (0 t )dt = f (t ) f (t )dt = | f (t ) |2 dt
T 0
T 0
T

1
= ( f * g )0
T

1
2
2
| fn | = | f (t ) | dt ...
T 0
n =1

 .6
' : H {e1........en } - , x H
n

x = xk ek : xk =< x, ek > : .
k =1

< x, ek >=< x1e1 + x2e2 + ......xk ek + ......xn en , ek >= xk < ek , ek >= xk :

' : x% x w " ' ,
x < x x% , y >= 0 : , y w .w
:
n

= > k |1 k n :< x x%, ek >=< x, ek > < < x, e j > e j , ek

j =1

< x, ek > < x, e j >< e j , ek > =< x, ek > < x, ek > < ek , ek > = 0
E 55555F
j =1
=1

' . y w y = y k ek
k =1

< x x% , ek >= 0< x x% , y >= 0 :

' : x H, || x y ||2 =|| x x% ||2 + || x% y ||2 :
x x% x% y
:" ' x x% yE 55F :
w

|| x x% ||2 + || x% y ||2

Pitagoras

|| x y ||2 =|| x x% + x% y ||2

: H } {e1........en w = sp{e1........en } -
n

x H x%k = < x, ek >ek x

k =1

.
y

w
|| : || x x% |||| x y
:
2
% 2
% y ||2 || x x% ||2
|| x y || =|| x x || + ||E x5555F ' .
0

 .7 '
: f" ' g , > 0 f " ' g
, . > 0 -
? || f g ||L2 " ' .
, .
?0
.
" f" ' > 0 , , g
" :
g ( x) |2 dx sup | sn ( g ) x g ( x) |2 *2 0
n

) | S (g
n

) f : g : sn ( g
|| f sn ( g ) ||=|| f g + g sn ( g ) |||| f g || + || g sn ( g ) ||< 2
s - , f"
, .