Mainframe Refresher Part-1 COBOL-Page: 1

Mainframe Refresher Part-1
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
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History. Developed by 1959 by a group called COn erence on Data !ystems Language (COD"!#L). $irst COBOL compiler %as released by December 1959. $irst "&!' approved version ( 19)* +odi ied "&!' approved version ( 19,- (O!./! COBOL) +odi ied "&!' approved version ( 19*5 (/! COBOL 0) 12is boo3 is %ritten based on 'B+ COBOL or O!.495 /060. !peciality. 1. $irst language developed or commercial application development7 %2ic2 can e iciently 2andle millions o data. 0. 8rocedure Oriented Language 9 8roblem is segmented into several tas3s. :ac2 tas3 is %ritten as a 8aragrap2 in 8rocedure Division and e;ecuted in a logical se<uence as mentioned. 4. :nglis2 Li3e language ( :asy to learn7 code and maintain. Coding !2eet. 1 , 10 COL=+&9B ,0 *5
COL9" 19) ,
8age.line numbers ( Optional (automatically assigned by compiler) Continuity (9)7 Comment (>)7 !tarting a ne% page (.) Debugging lines (D) *911 Column " (Division7 !ection7 8aragrap27 517,, declarations must begin 2ere. 10.,0 Column B ("ll t2e ot2er declarations.statements begin 2ere. ,49*5 'denti ication ield. 't %ill be ignored by t2e compiler but visible in t2e source listing. Language !tructure. C2aracter Gord Clause !tatement !entence 8aragrap2 !ection Division 8rogram Digits (599)7 "lp2abets ("9?)7 !pace (b)7 !pecial C2aracters (@ 9 > . ( ) A B C D E F . 7) One or more c2aracters9 =ser de ined or 6eserved One or more %ords. 't speci ies an attribute or an entry One or more valid %ords and clauses One or more statements terminated by a period One or more sentences. One or more paragrap2s. One or more sections or paragrap2s +ade up o our divisions
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Divisions in COBOL. 12ere are our divisions in a COBOL program and Data division is optional. 1.'denti ication Division. 0.:nvironment Division. 4.Data Division. -.8rocedure Division. 'denti ication Division. 12is is t2e irst division and t2e program is identi ied 2ere. 8aragrap2 86OH6"+9'D ollo%ed by user9de ined name is mandatory. "ll ot2er paragrap2s are optional and used or documentation. 12e lengt2 o user9de ined name or 'B+ COBOL is :'HH1. 'D:&1'$'C"1'O& D'/'!'O&. 86OH6"+9'D. 86OH6"+ &"+:. "=1HO6. CO++:&1 :&16#. '&!1"LL"1'O&. CO++:&1 :&16#. D"1:9G6'11:&. CO++:&1 :&16#. D"1:9CO+8'L:D. CO++:&1 :&16#. !:C=6'1#. CO++:&1 :&16#. !ecurity does not pertain to t2e operating system security7 but t2e in ormation t2at is passed to t2e user o t2e program about t2e security eatures o t2e program. :nvironment Division. Only mac2ine dependant division o COBOL program. 't supplies in ormation about t2e 2ard%are or computer e<uipment to be used on t2e program. G2en your program moves rom one computer to anot2er computer7 t2e only section t2at may need to be c2anged is :&/'6O&+:&1 division. Con iguration !ection. 't supplies in ormation concerning t2e computer on %2ic2 t2e program %ill be compiled (!O=6C:9CO+8=1:6) and e;ecuted (OBI:C19CO+8=1:6). 't consists o t2ree paragrap2s ( !O=6C: CO+8=1:67 OBI:C19CO+8=1:6 and !8:C'"L9&"+:!. 12is is O81'O&"L section rom COBOL *5. !O=6C:9CO+8=1:6. 'B+9-4*1 (Computer and model J supplied by manu acturer) G'1H D:B=HH'&H +OD: clause speci ies t2at t2e debugging lines in t2e program (statements coded %it2 KDL in column ,) are compiled. OBI:C19CO+8=1:6. 'B+9-4*1 (=sually same as source computer)
!8:C'"L9&"+:!. 12is paragrap2 is used to relate 2ard%are names to user9speci ied mnemonic names. 1. !ubstitute c2aracter or currency sign. (C=66:&C# !'H& '! litearal91) 0. Comma can be used as decimal point. (D:C'+"L98O'&1 '! CO++") 4. De ault collating se<uence can be c2anged. 't %ill be e;plained later. 4. &e% class can be de ined using CL"!! 3ey%ord. (CL"!! DIGIT is D5M t2ru D9M)
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'nput9Output !ection. 't contains in ormation regarding t2e iles to be used in t2e program and it consists o t%o paragrap2s $'L:9CO&16OL N '9O CO&16OL. $'L: CO&16OL. $iles used in t2e program are identi ied in t2is paragrap2. '9O CO&16OL. 't speci ies %2en c2ec3 points to be ta3en and storage areas t2at are s2ared by di erent iles. Data Division. Data division is used to de ine t2e data t2at need to be accessed by t2e program. 't 2as t2ree sections. $'L: !:C1'O& describes t2e record structure o t2e iles. GO6O'&H9!1O6"H: !:C1'O& is used to or de ine intermediate variables. L'&O"H: !:C1'O& is used to access t2e e;ternal data. :;P Data passed rom ot2er programs or rom 8"6+ o ICL. Literals7 Constants7 'denti ier7 1. Literal is a constant and it can be numeric or non9numeric. 0. &umeric literal can 2old 1* digits and non9numeric literal can 2old 1)5 c2aracters in it. (COBOL,- supports 105 c2aracters only) 4. Literal stored in a named memory location is called as variable or identi ier. -. $igurative Constant is a COBOL reserved %ord representing re<uently used constants. 12ey are ?:6O.?:6O!.?:6O:!7 Q=O1:.Q=O1:!7 !8"C:.!8"C:!7 "LL7 H'HH9/"L=:.H'HH9/"L=:!7 LOG9/"L=:.LOG9/"L=:!. :;ampleP 51 G!9/"61 8'C R(5-) /"L=: K+=!"L. K+=!" K is a non9numeric literal. G!9/"61 is a identi ier or variable. Declaration o variable LevelJ B /ariable B 8icture clause B /alue clause B =sage Clause B !ync clause. $'LL:6 LevelJ 't speci ies t2e 2ierarc2y o data %it2in a record. 't can ta3e a value rom t2e set o integers bet%een 519-9 or rom one o t2e special level9numbers )) ,, ** 51 level. !peci ies t2e record itsel . 't may be eit2er a group item or an :lementary item. 't must begin in "rea ". 509-9 levels. !peci y group or elementary items %it2in a record. Hroup level items must not 2ave picture clause. )) level. 'denti y t2e items t2at contain t2e 6:&"+:! clause. ,, level. 'denti y independent data item. ** level. Condition names. /ariable name and Quali ier /ariable name can 2ave 1945 c2aracters %it2 at least one alp2abet in it. Hyp2en is t2e only allo%ed special c2aracter but it cannot be irst or last letter o t2e name. &ame s2ould be uni<ue %it2in t2e record. ' t%o variables %it2 same name are t2ere7 t2en use O$ <uali ier o 2ig2 level grouping to re er a variable uni<uely. :;P +O/: balance OF record91 1O balance OF record90.

$'LL:6
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G2en t2e program is not intended to use selected ields in a record structure7 de ine t2em as $'LL:6. $'LL:6 items cannot be initialiSed or used in any operation o t2e procedure division. 8'C1=6: Clause Describes t2e attributes o variable. &umeric &umeric :dited 9 (Digit)7 / ('mplied decimal point)7 ! (!ign) @ (8lus !ign)7 9 (+inus !ign)7 C6 DB (Credit Debit !ign) . (8eriod)7 b (Blan3)7 K7L(comma)7 5 (?ero)7 . (!las2) BL"&O GH:& ?:6O ('nsert blan3 %2en data value is 5)7 ? (?:6O suppression)7 > ("!1:6'!O)7 B(Currency !ign) " (alp2abet)7 B (Blan3 insertion C2aracter)7 R("lp2a numeric)7 H(DBC!) 1. @ 9 C6 DB 0. / K.L 4. B @ 9 ? > (But B Can appear as irst place and > as loating. B>>>.>>)
&on &umeric :;clusive sets
DBC! (Double Byte C2aracter !et) is used in t2e applications t2at support large c2aracter sets. 1) bits are used or one c2aracter. :;P Iapanese language applications. 6e res2ing Basics &ibble. - Bits is one nibble. 'n pac3ed decimal7 eac2 nibble stores one digit. Byte. * Bits is one byte. By de ault7 every c2aracter is stored in one byte. Hal %ord. 1) bits or 0 bytes is one 2al %ord. (+/!) $ull %ord. 40 bits or - bytes is one ull %ord. (+/!) Double %ord. )- bits or * bytes is one double %ord. (+/!) =sage Clause D'!8L"# De ault. &umber o bytes re<uired e<uals to t2e siSe o t2e data item. CO+8 Binary representation o data item. 8'C clause can contain ! and 9 only. !9(51) ( !9(5-) Hal %ord. !9(55) ( !9(59) $ull %ord. !9(15) 9 !9(1*) Double %ord. +ost signi icant bit is O& i t2e number is negative. CO+891 !ingle %ord loating point item. 8'C Clause s2ould not be speci ied. CO+890 Double %ord loating9point item. 8'C Clause s2ould not be speci ied. CO+894 8ac3ed Decimal representation. 1%o digits are stored in eac2 byte. Last nibble is or sign. ($ or unsigned positive7 C or signed positive and D or signed negative) $ormula or BytesP 'nteger ((n.0) @ 1)) AE n is number o 9s. '&D:R 't is used or preserve t2e inde; value o an array. 8'C Clause s2ould not be speci ied.
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/"L=: Clause 't is used or initialiSing data items in t2e %or3ing storage section. /alue o item must not e;ceed picture siSe. 't cannot be speci ied or t2e items %2ose siSe is variable. !ynta;P /"L=: '! literal. /"L=:! "6: literal91 1H6= T 1H6O=HH literal90 /"L=:! "6: literal917 literal90 Literal can be numeric %it2out <uotes O6 non9numeric %it2in <uotes O6 igurative constant. !'H& Clause !ynta; !'H& '! (L:"D'&H) !:8"6"1: CH"6"C1:6 (16"'L'&H). 't is applicable %2en t2e picture string contain K!L. De ault is 16"'L'&H G'1H &O !:8"6"1: CH"6"C1:6. !o K!L doesnLt ta3e any space. 't is stored along %it2 last digit. @1A" @0AB @4AC @-AD @5A: @)A$ @,AH @*AH @9A' 95AU7 91A I7 90A O7 94AL7 9-A+7 95A&7 9)AO7 9,A87 9*AQ7 99A6 &umber 9105 @105 16"'L'&H !'H& (De ault) 10& 10: L:"D'&H !'H& I05 "05 L:"D'&H !:8"6"1:. 9105 @105
!#&C Clause and !lac3 Bytes !#&C clause is speci ied %it2 CO+87 CO+891 and CO+890 items. 12ese items are e;pected to start at 2al . ull.double %ord boundaries or aster address resolution. !#&C clause does t2is but it may introduce slac3 bytes (unused bytes) be ore t2e binary item. 51 G!91:!1. 15 G!9/"61 8'C R(50). 15 G!9/"60 8'C !9()) CO+8 !#&C. "ssumes G!91:!1 starts at relative location 5 in t2e memory7 G!9/"61 occupies Sero and irst byte. G!9/"60 is e;pected to start at second byte. "s t2e comp item in t2e e;ample needs one %ord and it is coded %it2 !#&C clause7 it %ill start only at t2e ne;t %ord boundary t2at is -t2 byte. !o t2is introduces t%o slac3 bytes bet%een G!9/"61 and G!9/"60. 6:D:$'&:! 12e 6:D:$'&:! clause allo%s you to use di erent data description entries to describe t2e same computer storage area. 6ede ining declaration s2ould immediately ollo% t2e rede ined item and s2ould be done at t2e same level. +ultiple rede initions are possible. !iSe o rede ined and rede ining need not be t2e same. :;ampleP 51 G!9D"1: 8'C 9(5)). 51 G!96:D:$9D"1: 6:D:$'&:! G!9D"1:. 55 G!9#:"6 8'C 9(50). 55 G!9+O& 8'C 9(50). 55 G!9D"# 8'C 9(50).
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6:&"+:! 't is used or regrouping o elementary data items in a record. 't s2ould be declared at )) level. 't need not immediately ollo%s t2e data item7 %2ic2 is being renamed. But all 6:&"+:! entries associated %it2 one logical record must immediately ollo% t2at recordVs last data description entry. 6:&"+:! cannot be done or a 517 ,,7 ** or anot2er )) entry. 51 G!96:8!O&!:. 55 G!9CH"61-4 8'C R(54). 55 G!9CH"68'C R(5-). )) "DD96:8!O&!: 6:&"+:! G!9CH"61-4. CO&D'1'O& name 't is identi ied %it2 special level K**L. " condition name speci ies t2e value t2at a ield can contain and used as abbreviation in condition c2ec3ing. 51 !:R 8'C R. ** +"L: /"L=: K1L ** $:+"L: /"L=: K0L K4L. '$ !:RA1 can also be coded as '$ +"L: in 8rocedure division. K!:1 $:+"L: 1O 16=: K moves value 0 to !:R. ' multiple values are coded on /"L=: clause7 t2e irst value %ill be moved %2en it is set to true. I=!1'$':D 6'HH1 12is clause can be speci ied %it2 alp2anumeric and alp2abetic items or rig2t Wusti ication. 't cannot be used %it2 )) and ** level items. OCC=6! Clause OCC=6! Clause is used to allocate p2ysically contiguous memory locations to store t2e table values and access t2em %it2 subscript or inde;. Detail e;planation is given in 1able Handling section. L'&O"H: !:C1'O& 't is used to access t2e data t2at are e;ternal to t2e program. ICL can send ma;imum 155 c2aracters to a program t2ru 8"6+. Lin3age section +=!1 be coded %it2 a 2al %ord binary ield7 prior to actual ield. ' lengt2 ield is not coded7 t2e irst t%o bytes o t2e ield coded in t2e lin3age section %ill be illed %it2 lengt2 and so t2ere are c2ances o 0 bytes data truncation in t2e actual ield. 51 LO9D"1". 55 LO9L:&H1H 8'C !9(5-) CO+8. 55 LO9/"6'"BL: 8'C R(5*). L'&O"H: section o sub9programs %ill be e;plained later.
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8rocedure Division. 12is is t2e last division and business logic is coded 2ere. 't 2as user9de ined sections and paragrap2s. !ection name s2ould be uni<ue %it2in t2e program and paragrap2 name s2ould be uni<ue %it2in t2e section. 8rocedure division statements are broadly classi ied into ollo%ing categories. !tatement 1ype 'mperative Conditional Compiler Directive :;plicit !cope terminator 'mplicit !cope terminator +eaning Direct t2e program to ta3e a speci ic action. :;P +O/: "DD :R'1 HO 1O Decide t2e trut2 or alse o relational condition and based on it7 e;ecute di erent pat2s. :;P '$7 :/"L="1: Directs t2e compiler to ta3e speci ic action during compilation. :;P CO8# !O'8 :I:C1 1erminate t2e scope o conditional and imperative statements. :;P :&D9"DD :&D9'$ :&D9:/"L="1: 12e period at t2e end o any sentence7 terminates t2e scope o all previous statements not yet terminated.
+O/: !tatement 't is used to trans er data bet%een internal storage areas de ined in eit2er ile section or %or3ing storage section. !ynta;P +O/: identi ier1.literal1. igurative9constant 1O identi ier0 (identi ier4) +ultiple move statements can be separated using comma7 semicolons7 blan3s or t2e 3ey%ord 1H:&. Numeric move rules: " numeric or numeric9edited item receives data in suc2 a %ay t2at t2e decimal point is aligned irst and t2en illing o t2e receiving ield ta3es place. =n illed positions are illed %it2 Sero. ?ero suppression or insertion o editing symbols ta3es places according to t2e rules o editing pictures. ' t2e receiving ield %idt2 is smaller t2an sending ield t2en e;cess digits7 to t2e le t and.or to t2e rig2t o t2e decimal point are truncated. Alphanumeric Move Rules: "lp2abetic7 alp2anumeric or alp2anumeric9edited data ield receives t2e data rom le t to rig2t. "ny un illed ield o t2e receiving iled is illed %it2 spaces. G2en t2e lengt2 o receiving ield is s2orter t2an t2at o sending ield7 t2en receiving ield accepts c2aracters rom le t to rig2t until it is illed. 12e unaccomodated c2aracters on t2e rig2t o t2e sending ield are truncated. G2en an alp2anumeric ield is moved to a numeric or numeric9edited ield7 t2e item is moved as i it %ere in an unsigned numeric integer mode. CO66:!8O&D'&H can be used to trans er data bet%een items o t2e same names belonging to di erent group9items by speci ying t2e names o group9items to %2ic2 t2ey belong. +O/: CO66:!8O&D'&H group91 1O group90
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Group Move rule G2en +O/: statement is used to move in ormation at group level7 t2e movement o data ta3es place as i bot2 sending and receiving ields are speci ied as alp2anumeric items. 12is is regardless o t2e description o t2e elementary items constituting t2e group item. !amples or understanding +O/: statement (+O/: " 1O B) 8icture o " 8'C 99/99 8'C 99/99 8'C 99/999 8'C9(55)/9(54) 8'C 9(5-)/9(50) 8'C 99/99 8'C R(5-) /alue o " 10.45 10.45 10.4-5 5-401.5-4 04.055.4+=!" 8icture o B 8'C 999/99 8'C 9999/9999 8'C 9/99 8'C 9(54)/9(54) 8'C ???99.9 8'C BBB.99 RBRBRB /alue o B a ter +ove 510.45 5510.4555 0.4401.5-4 04.0 B.4+=!
"6'1H+:1'C /:6B! "ll t2e possible arit2metic operations in COBOL using "DD7 !=B16"C17 +=L1'8L# and D'/'D: are given belo%P "rit2metic Operation "DD " 1O B "DD " B C 1O D "DD " B C H'/'&H D "DD " 1O B C !=B16"C1 " $6O+ B !=B16"C1 " B $6O+ C !=B16"C1 " B $6O+ C H'/'&H D +=L1'8L# " B# B +=L1'8L# " B# B H'/'&H C D'/'D: " '&1O B D'/'D: " '&1O B H'/'&H C D'/'D: " B# B H'/'&H C D'/'D: " '&1O B H'/'&H C 6:+"'&D:6 D " " " " " " " " " " " " " " B "@B B B "@B B9" B B ">B B B." B B B C C C "@C C9("@B) C C9("@B) D "@B@C@D "@B@C
">B
B." ".B 'nteger (B.") 'nteger remainder
H'/'&H is used in t2e ollo%ing casesP 1.1o retain t2e values o operands participating in t2e operation. 0.12e resultant value o operation e;ceeds any o t2e operand siSe.
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6O=&D:D option Git2 6O=&D:D option7 t2e computer %ill al%ays round t2e result to t2e 8'C1=6: clause speci ication o t2e receiving ield. 't is usually coded a ter t2e ield to be rounded. 't is pre i;ed %it2 6:+"'&D:6 3ey%ord O&L# in D'/'D: operation. "DD " B H'/'&H C 6O=&D:D. D'/'D:..6O=&D:D 6:+"'&D:6 CautionP DonLt use or intermediate computation. O& !'?: :66O6 ' "A05 (8'C 9(50)) and BA95 (8'C 9(50))7 "DD " 1O B %ill result 15 in B %2ere t2e e;pected value in B is 115. O& !'?: :66O6 clause is coded to trap suc2 siSe errors in arit2metic operation. ' t2is is coded %it2 arit2metic statement7 any operation t2at ended %it2 !'?: error %ill not be carried out but t2e statement ollo%s O& !'?: :66O6 %ill be e;ecuted. "DD " 1O B O& !'?: :66O6 D'!8L"# K:66O6XL. CO+8=1: Comple; arit2metic operations can be carried out using CO+8=1: statement. Ge can use arit2metic symbols t2an 3ey%ords and so it is simple and easy to code. @ $or "DD7 9 or !=B16"C17 > or +=L1'8L#7 . or D'/'D: and >> or e;ponentiation. 6uleP Le t to rig2t ( 1.8arent2eses 0.:;ponentiation 4.+ultiplication and Division -."ddition and !ubtraction CautionP G2en 6O=&D:D is coded %it2 CO+8=1:7 some compiler %ill do rounding or every arit2metic operation and so t2e inal result %ould not be precise. ,, " 8'C 999 /"L=: 15 CO+8=1: " 6O=&D:D A ("@0.95) >15.99 6esultP (6O=&D:D(6O=&D:D(10.95) > 6O=&D:D(15.99)) A105 or 6O=&D:D(1-0.4055) A 1-0 !o t2e result can be 105 or 1-0.Be cautious %2en using 6O=&D:D 3ey%ord %it2 CO+8=1: statement. "ll arit2metic operators 2ave t2eir o%n e;plicit scope terminators. (:&D9"DD7 :&D9!=B16"C17 :&D9+=L1'8L#7 :&D9D'/'D:7 :&D9CO+8=1:). 't is suggested to use t2em. CO66:!8O&D'&H is available or "DD and !=B16"C1 only. '&'1'"L'?: /"L=: clause is used to initialiSe t2e data items in t2e %or3ing storage section %2ereas '&'1'"L'?: is used to initialiSe t2e data items in t2e procedure division. '&'1'"L'?: sets t2e alp2abetic7 alp2anumeric and alp2anumeric9edited items to !8"C:! and numeric and numeric9edited items to ?:6O. 12is can be overridden by 6:8L"C'&H option o '&'1'"L'?:. $'LL:67 OCC=6! D:8:&D'&H O& items are not a ected. !ynta;P '&'1'"L'?: identi ier91 6:8L"C'&H ("L8H"B:1'C."L8H"&=+:6'C."L8H"9&=+:6'C9:D'1:D &=+:6'C.&=+:6'C9:D'1:D) D"1" B# (identi ier90 .Literal90)
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"CC:81 "CC:81 can trans er data rom input device or system in ormation contain in t2e reserved data items li3e D"1:7 1'+:7 D"#. "CC:81 G!9/"61 ($6O+ D"1:.1'+:.D"#.O1H:6 !#!1:+ /"6!). ' $6O+ Clause is not coded7 t2en t2e data is read rom terminal. "t t2e time o e;ecution7 batc2 program %ill "B:&D i t2ere is no in9stream data rom ICL and t2ere is no $6O+ clause in t2e "CC:81 clause. D"1: option returns si; digit current date in ####++DD D"# returns 5 digit current date in ##DDD 1'+: returns * digit 6=& 1'+: in HH++!!11 D"#9O$9G::O returns single digit %2ose value can be 19, (+onday9!unday respectively) D'!8L"# 't is used to display data. By de ault display messages are routed to !#!O=1. !ynta;P D'!8L"# identi ier1T literal1 (=8O& mnemonic name) !1O8 6=&7 :R'1 86OH6"+ N HO B"CO !1O8 6=& is t2e last e;ecutable statement o t2e main program. 't returns control bac3 to O!. :R'1 86OH6"+ is t2e last e;ecutable statement o sub9program. 't returns control bac3 to main program. HOB"CO can be coded in main program as %ell as sub9program as t2e last statement. 't Wust gives t2e control bac3 rom %2ere it received t2e control. Collating !e<uence 12ere are t%o amous Collating !e<uence available in computers. 'B+ and 'B+ Compatible mac2ine use :BCD'C collating se<uence %2ereas most micro and many main rame systems use "!C'' collating se<uence. 12e result o arit2metic and alp2abetic comparison %ould be same in bot2 collating se<uences %2ereas t2e same is not true or alp2anumeric comparison. :BCD'C ("scending Order) !pecial C2aracters a9S "9? 599 "!C'' ("scending Order) !pecial C2aracters 599 "9? a9S
De ault collating se<uence can be overridden by an entry in OBI:C19CO+8=1:6 and !8:C'"L &"+:! paragrap2s. 1. Code t2e 86OH6"+ COLL"1'&H !:Q=:&C: Clause in t2e ObWect computer paragrap2. 86OH6"+ COLL"1'&H !:Q=:&C: '! alp2abet9name 0. +ap t2e alp2abet9name in t2e !8:C'"L9&"+:! paragrap2 as ollo%sP "L8H"B:1 alp2abet9name is !1"&D"6D91 T &"1'/: &"1'/: stands or computerLs o%n collating se<uence %2ereas !1"&D"6D91 stands or "!C'' collating se<uence.
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'$.1H:&.:L!:.:&D9'$ 12e most amous decision ma3ing statement in all language is K'$L. 12e synta; o '$ statement is given belo%P '$ can be coded %it2out any :L!: statement. 1H:& is a noise %ord and it is optional. ' O6s N "&Ds are used in t2e same sentence7 "&Ds are evaluated irst rom le t to rig2t7 ollo%ed by O6s. 12is rule can be overridden by using parent2eses. 12e permitted relation conditions are A7 F7 E7 FA7 EA7 FE CO&1'&=: is no operation statement. 12e control is Wust passed to ne;t !1"1:+:&1. &:R1 !:&1:&C: passes t2e control to t2e ne;t !:&1:&C:. ' you orgot t2e di erence bet%een statement and sentence7 re er t2e irst page. 't is advised to use :&D9'$7 e;plicit scope terminator or t2e '$ statements t2an period7 implicit scope terminator. '$ condition1 "&D condition0 1H:& !tatement9Bloc391 :L!: '$ condition4 1H:& CO&1'&=: :L!: '$ condition- 1H:& !tatement9Bloc390 :L!: &:R1 !:&1:&C: :&D9'$ :&D9'$ :&D9'$ !tatement9Bloc390 %ill be e;ecuted only %2en condition 17 0 and - are 16=: and condition 4 is $"L!:. 'mplied operandP 'n compound conditions7 it is not al%ays necessary to speci y bot2 operands or eac2 condition. '$ 1O1"LA, or * is acceptable. Here 1O1"LA* is implied operation. !'H& test and CL"!! test !'H& test is used to c2ec3 t2e sign o a data item. 't can be done as ollo%s ( '$ identi ier is 8O!'1'/:.&:H"1'/:.?:6O CL"!! test is used to c2ec3 t2e content o data item against pre9de ined range o values. 't can be done as ollo%s 9 '$ identi ier is &=+:6'C."L8H"B:1'C."L8H"B:1'C9H'HH:6. "L8H"B:1'C9LOG:6 #ou can de ine your o%n classes in t2e special names paragrap2. Ge 2ave de ined a class D'H'1 in our special names paragrap2. 't can be used in t2e ollo%ing %ay. '$ identi ier is D'H'1 &egated conditions. "ny simple7 relational7 class7 sign test can be negated using &O1. But it is not al%ays true t2at &O1 &:H"1'/: is e<ual to 8O!'1'/:. (:;ample ?:6O)
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:/"L="1: Git2 COBOL*57 %e use t2e :/"L="1: verb to implement t2e case structure o ot2er languages. +ultiple '$ statements can be e iciently and e ectively replaced %it2 :/"L="1: statement. " ter t2e e;ecution o one o t2e %2en clauses7 t2e control is automatically come to t2e ne;t statement a ter t2e :&D9:/"L="1:. "ny comple; condition can be given in t2e GH:& clause. Brea3 statement is not needed7 as it is so in ot2er languages. General Syntax :/"L="1: subWect91 ("L!O subWect0..) GH:& obWect91 ("L!O obWect0..) GH:& obWect94 ("L!O obWect-..) GH:& O1H:6 imperative statement :&D99:/"L="1: 1.&umber o !ubWects in :/"L="1: clause s2ould be e<ual to number o obWects in every GH:& clause. 0.!ubWect can be variable7 e;pression or t2e 3ey%ord 16=:. $L"!: and respectively obWects can be values7 16=:.$"L!: or any condition. 4.' none o t2e GH:& condition is satis ied7 t2en GH:& O1H:6 pat2 %ill be e;ecuted. Sample :/"L="1: !QLCOD: "L!O 16=: GH:& 155 "L!O "AB imperative statement GH:& 9455 "L!O (".CA-) imperative statement GH:& O1H:6 imperative statement :&D9:/"L="1:
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8:6$O6+ !1"1:+:&1! 8:6$O6+ %ill be use ul %2en you %ant to e;ecute a set o statements in multiple places o t2e program. Grite all t2e statements in one paragrap2 and invo3e it using 8:6$O6+ %2erever needed. Once t2e paragrap2 is e;ecuted7 t2e control comes bac3 to ne;t statement ollo%ing t2e 8:6$O6+. 1.!'+8L: 8:6$O6+. 8:6$O6+ 8"6"91. D'!8L"# K8"6"91 e;ecutedL !1O8 6=&. 8"6"91. !tatement1 !tatement0. 't e;ecutes all t2e instructions coded in 8"6"91 and t2en trans ers t2e control to t2e ne;t instruction in se<uence. 0.'&L'&: 8:6$O6+. G2en sets o statements are used only in one place t2en %e can group all o t2em %it2in 8:6$O6+ :&D98:6$O6+ structure. 12is is called '&L'&: 8:6$O6+. 12is is e<ual to DO..:&D structure o ot2er languages. 8:6$O6+ "DD " 1O B +=L1'8L: B B# C D'!8L"# K/"L=: O$ "@B>C K C :&D98:6$O6+ 4. 8:6$O6+ 8"6"91 1H6= 8"6"9&. "ll t2e paragrap2s bet%een 8"6"91 and 8"6"9& are e;ecuted once. -. 8:6$O6+ 8"6"91 1H6= 8"6"9& =&1'L condition(s). 12e identi iers used in t2e =&1'L condition(s) must be altered %it2in t2e paragrap2(s) being per ormedC ot2er%ise t2e paragrap2s %ill be per ormed inde initely. ' t2e condition in t2e =&1'L clause is met at irst time o e;ecution7 t2en named paragrap2(s) %ill not be e;ecuted at all. 5. 8:6$O6+ 8"6"91 1H6= 8"6"9& & 1'+:!. & can be literal de ined as numeric item in %or3ing storage or 2ard coded constant. ). 8:6$O6+ 8"6"91 1H6= 8"6"9& /"6#'&H identi ier1 $6O+ identi ier 0 B# identi ier4 =&1'L condition(s) 'nitialiSe identi ier1 %it2 identi ier0 and test t2e condition(s). ' t2e condition is alse e;ecute t2e statements in 8"6"91 t2ru 8"6"9& and increment identi ier1 B# identi ier4 and c2ec3 t2e condition(s) again. ' t2e condition is again alse7 repeat t2is process till t2e condition is satis ied. ,.8:6$O6+ 8"6"91 G'1H 1:!1 B:$O6:."$1:6 =&1'L condition(s). Git2 1:!1 B:$O6:7 Condition is c2ec3ed irst and i it ound alse7 t2en 8"6"9 1 is e;ecuted and t2is is t2e de ault. ($unctions li3e DO9 GH'L:) Git2 1:!1 "$1:67 8"6"91 is e;ecuted once and t2en t2e condition is c2ec3ed. ($unctions li3e DO9=&1'L) 6e er 1able session or eig2t2 type o 8:6$O6+.
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:R'1 statement. COBOL reserved %ord t2at per orms &O1H'&H. 't is used as a single statement in a paragrap2 t2at indicate t2e end o paragrap2(s) e;ecution. :R'1 must be t2e only statement in a paragrap2 in COBOL,- %2ereas it can be used %it2 ot2er statements in COBOL*5. HO 1O =sageP 'n a structured top9do%n programming HO 1O is not pre erable. 't o ers permanent control trans er to anot2er paragrap2 and t2e c2ances o logic errors is muc2 greater %it2 HO 1O t2an 8:6$O6+. 12e readability o t2e program %ill also be badly a ected. But still HO 1O can be used %it2in t2e paragrap2s being per ormed. i.e. G2en using t2e 1H6= option o 8:6$O6+ statement7 branc2es or HO 1O statements7 are permitted as long as t2ey are %it2in t2e range o named paragrap2s. 8:6$O6+ 1559!1:81 1H6= !1:89.. 1559!1:891. "DD " 1O B H'/'&H C. '$ D A ?:6O D'!8L"# K+=L1'8L'C"1'O& &O1 DO&:L HO 1O 4559!1:84 :&D9'$. 0559!1:890. +=L1'8L# C B# D. 4559!1:894. D'!8L"# K/"L=: O$ CPL C. Here HO 1O used %it2in t2e range o 8:6$O6+. 12is 3ind o Controlled HO 1O is ine %it2 structured programming alsoX
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1"BL:! "n OCC=6! clause is used to indicate t2e repeated occurrences o items o t2e same ormat in a structure. OCC=6! clause is not valid or 517 ,,7 ** levels. 't can be de ined as elementary or group item. 'nitialiSation o large table occurrences %it2 speci ic values are usually done using per orm loops in procedure division. !imple tables can be initialiSed in t2e ollo%ing %ay. 51 G::O9"66"# /"L=: K+O&1=:G:D1H=$6'!"1!=&L. 55 G!9G::O9D"#! OCC=6! , 1'+:! 8'C R(54). Dynamic array is t2e array %2ose siSe is decided during runtime Wust be ore t2e access o irst element o t2e array. 51 G!9+O&1H9D"#9C"L. 55 G!9D"#! OCC=6! 41 1'+:! D:8:&D'&H O& G!9OCC=6:&C:. '$ +O&1H A K$:BL +O/: K0*L to G!9OCC=66:&C:. "rray 'tems can be accessed using '&D:R or subscript and t2e di erence bet%een t2em are listed in t2e table. 6elative subscripts and relative inde;es are supported only in COBOL*5. Literals used in relative subscripting.inde;ing must be an unsigned integer. "DD G!9!"L(!=B) G!9!"L(!=B @ 1) 1O G!9!"L(!=B @ 0). !l J 1 0 4 5 !ubscript Gor3ing !torage item 't means occurrence Occurrence7 in turn translated to displacement to access elements and so slo%er t2an '&D:R access. 't can be used in any arit2metic operations or or display. !ubscripts can be modi ied by any arit2metic statement. 'nde; 'nternal 'tem ( &o need to declare it. 't means displacement $aster and e icient. 't cannot be used or arit2metic operation or or display purpose. '&D:R can only be modi ied %it2 !:17 !:"6CH and 8:6$O6+ statements.
!ometimes7 you may ace a <uestion li3e 2o% to randomly access t2e in ormation in t2e se<uential ile o 55 records t2at contains all t2e designation and t2e respective lo%er and 2ig2er salary in ormation. Obviously7 O! does not allo% you to randomly access t2e se<uence ile. #ou 2ave to do by yoursel and t2e best %ay is7 load t2e ile into a %or3ing storage table in t2e irst section o t2e program and t2en access as you %is2. 12e table loo39up can be done in t%o %ays. 9!e<uential searc2. 9Binary searc2.
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!e<uential !:"6CH During !:6'"L !:"6CH7 t2e irst entry o t2e table is searc2ed. ' t2e condition is met7 t2e table loo39up is completed. ' t2e condition is not met7 t2en inde; or subscript is incremented by one and t2e ne;t entry is searc2ed and t2e process continues until a matc2 is ound or t2e table 2as been completely searc2ed. !:1 inde;name91 1O 1. !:"6CH identi ier91 "1 :&D display Kmatc2 not oundPL GH:& condition91 imperative statement91 .&:R1 !:&1:&C: GH:& condition90 imperative statement90 .&:R1 !:&1:&C: :&D9!:"6CH 'denti ier91 s2ould be OCC=6! item and not 51 item. Condition917 Condition90 compares an input ield or searc2 argument %it2 a table argument. 12oug2 "1 :&D Clause is optional7 it is 2ig2ly recommended to code t2at. Because i it is not coded and element loo3ing or is not ound7 t2en t2e control simply comes to t2e ne;t statement a ter !:"6CH %2ere an invalid table item can be re erred and t2at may lead to incorrect results . abnormal ends. !:1 statement !ynta;P !:1 inde;9name91 1O.=8 B#.DOG& B# integer91. Binary !:"6CH G2en t2e siSe o t2e table is large and it is arranged in some se<uence ( eit2er ascending or descending on searc2 ield7 t2en B'&"6# !:"6CH %ould be t2e e icient met2od. !:"6CH "LL identi ier91 "1 :&D imperative9statement91 GH:& dataname91 A identi ier90.literal91.arit2metic e;pression91 "&D dataname90 A identi ier94.literal90.arit2metic e;pression90 :&D9!:"6CH. 'denti ier90 and identi ier94 are subscripted items and dataname91 and dataname90 are %or3ing storage items t2at are not subscripted. Compare t2e item to be searc2ed %it2 t2e item at t2e center. ' it matc2es ine7 else repeat t2e process %it2 t2e le t or rig2t 2al depending on %2ere t2e item lies. !l J 1 0 4 5. ) , !e<uential !:"6CH !:"6CH 1able s2ould 2ave '&D:R 1able need not be in !O61:D order. +ultiple GH:& conditions can be coded. "ny logical comparison is possible. 'nde; s2ould be set to 1 be ore using !:"6CH 8re er %2en t2e table siSe is small Binary !:"6CH !:"6CH "LL 1able s2ould 2ave '&D:R 1able s2ould be in sorted order o t2e searc2ing argument. 12ere s2ould be "!C:&D'&H.D:!C:&D'&H Clause. Only one GH:& condition can be coded. Only A is possible. Only "&D is possible in compound conditions. 'nde; need not be set to 1 be ore !:"6CH "LL. 8re er %2en t2e table siSe is signi icantly large.
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+ulti Dimensional "rrays COBOL,- supports array o ma;imum o t2ree dimensions %2ereas COBOL*5 supports up to seven dimensions. 12e lo%est9 level OCC=6! data9name or an item subordinate to it is used to access an entry in t2e array or t2e table. ' %e use !:"6CH or accessing multi9dimension table7 t2en '&D:R:D B# must be used on all OCC=6! levels. :;panded nested per orm is available or processing multi level tables. 12e synta; o t2is per orm is given belo%P 8:6$O6+ para91 t2ru para9n /"6#'&H inde;91 rom 1 B# 1 =&1'L inde;91 E siSe9 o 9 outer9occurs "$1:6 /"6#'&H inde;90 rom 1 by 1 until inde;90 E siSe o inner occurs. !:"6CH e;ample or multi level tablesP 51 :+891"BL:. 55 D:81&=+B:6 OCC=6! 15 1'+:! '&D:R:D B# '1. 15 :+89D:1"'L OCC=6! 55 1'+:! '&D:R:D B# '0. 15 :+89&=+B:6 8'C 9(5-). 15 :+89!"L"6# 8'C 9(55). ,, :+8&=+B:69'& 8'C 9(5-) /"L=: K0550L. 8:6$O6+ 1559!:"6CH9:+89!"L /"6#'&H '1 $6O+ 1 B# 1 =&1'L '1 E 15 O6 G!9$O=&D 1559!:"6CH9:+89!"L. !:1 '0 1O 1. !:"6CH :+89D:1"'L "1 :&D D'!8L"# K&O1 $O=&DL AA E Lo%est Occurs GH:& :+8&=+B:69'& A :+89&=+B:6('17'0) D'!8L"# K!"L"6# '!PL :+89!"L"6#('17'0) !:1 G!9$O=&D 1O 16=: AA E !earc2 ends :&D9!:"6CH. &:!1:D 86OH6"+!7 HLOB"L7 :R1:6&"L One program may contain ot2er program(s). 12e contained program(s) may t2emselves contain yet ot2er program(s). "ll t2e contained and containing programs s2ould end %it2 :&D 86OH6"+ statement. 8H+B is nested a program in t2e e;ample belo%P :;ampleP 'D:&1'$'C"1'O& D'/'!'O&. 86OH6"+9'D. 8H+" Y 'D:&1'$'C"1'O& D'/'!'O&. 86OH6"+9'D. 8H+B Y :&D 86OH6"+ 8H+B. Y :&D 86OH6"+ 8H+". ' you %ant access any %or3ing storage variable o 8H+" in 8H+B7 t2en declare t2em %it2 t2e clause K'! HLOB"LL in 8H+". ' you %ant to access any %or3ing storage variable o 8H+B in 8H+"7 declare t2em %it2 t2e clause K'! :R1:6&"LL in 8H+B. &ested 8rograms are supported only in COBOL*5. ' t2ere is a program 8H+C inside 8H+B7 it cannot be called rom 8H+" unless itLs program id is <uali ied %it2 3ey%ord CO++O&.
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!O61 and +:6H: 12e programming !O61 is called as internal sort %2ereas t2e sort in ICL is called e;ternal sort. ' you %ant to manipulate t2e data be ore eeding to sort7 pre er internal sort. 'n all ot2er cases7 e;ternal sort is t2e good c2oice. 'nternal sort7 in turn invo3es t2e !O61 product o your installation. (D$!O61). 'n t2e run ICL7 allocate at least t2ree sort %or3 iles. (!O619GOnn AE nn can be 55999). $"!1!61 compiler option ma3es t2e D$!O61 to do all ile '9O operation t2an your COBOL program. 't %ould signi icantly improve t2e per ormance. 12e result o t2e !O61 can be c2ec3ed in !O6196:1=6& register. ' t2e sort is success ul7 t2e value %ill be 5 else 1). !ynta;P !O61 !O61$'L: O& "!C:&D'&H .D:!C:&D'&H O:# sd93ey91 sd93ey0 =!'&H ile1 ile0 . '&8=1 86OC:D=6: '! section91 H'/'&H ile4 . O=18=1 86OC:D=6: is section90 :&D9!O61 $ile17 $ile0 are to9be9sorted input iles and $ile4 is sorted9output ile and all o t2em are de ined in $D.!O61$'L: is Dis3 !O61 Gor3 ile t2at is de ined at !D. 't s2ould not be e;plicitly opened or closed. '&8=1 86OC:D=6: and =!'&H are mutually e;clusive. ' =!'&H is used7 t2en ile1 and iles s2ould not be opened or 6:"D e;plicitly. ' '&8=1 86OC:D=6: is used t2en $ile1 and ile0 need to be O8:&ed and 6:"D t2e records one by one until end o t2e ile and pass t2e re<uired records to sort9%or39 ile using t2e command 6:L:"!:. !ynta;P 6:L:"!: sort9%or39record rom input9 ile9record. O=18=1 8rocedure and H'/'&H are mutually e;clusive. ' H'/'&H is used7 t2en ile4 s2ould not be opened or G6'1: e;plicitly. ' O=18=1 procedure is used7 t2en $ile4 s2ould be O8:&ed and t2e re<uired records rom sort %or3 ile s2ould be 6:1=6&ed to it. Once "1 :&D is reac2ed or sort9%or39 ile7 close t2e output ile. !ynta;P 6:1=6& sort9%or39 ile9name "1 :&D imperative statement. '&8=1 86OC:D=6: /s O=18=1 86OC:D=6:P !ometimes it %ould be more e icient to process data be ore it is sorted7 %2ereas ot2er times it is more e icient to process a ter it is sorted. ' %e intend to eliminate more records7 t2en it %ould be better preprocess t2em be ore eeding to !O61. ' %e %ant to eliminate all t2e records 2aving spaces in t2e 3ey ield t2en it %ould be e icient i %e eliminate t2em a ter sorting. Because t2e records %it2 blan3 3ey comes irst a ter sorting. +:6H: 't is same as sort. =!'&H is mandatory. 12ere s2ould be minimum t%o iles in =!'&H. +:6H: !ort9%or39 ile O& "!C:&D'&H O:# dataname1 dataname0 =!'&H ile1 ile0 H'/'&H ile4 . O=18=1 86OC:D=6: is section91 :&D9+:6H: 8rogram sort registers (and its e<uivalent D$!O61 parameter.meaning) !O619$'L:9!'?: ($'L!?)7 !O619CO6:9!'?: (6:!'&/)7 !O619+!H(+!HDD&) !O619+OD:9!'?: (!+!Annnnn) !O6196:1=6&(return9code o sort) and !O619CO&16OL (&ames t2e ile o control card ( de ault is 'H?!61CD)
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!16'&H +"&'8=L"1'O& " string re ers to a se<uence o c2aracters. !tring manipulation operations include inding a particular c2aracter.sub9string in a string7 replacing particular c2aracter.sub9string in a string7 concatenating strings and segmenting strings. "ll t2ese unctions are 2andled by t2ree verbs '&!8:C17 !16'&H and =&!16'&H in COBOL. :R"+'&: is t2e obsolete version o '&!8:C1 supported in COBOL,-. '&!8:C19 $O6 CO=&1'&H 't is used to tally t2e occurrence o a single c2aracter or groups o c2aracters in a data ield. '&!8:C1 identi ier91 1"LL#'&H identi ier90 $O6 "LLTL:"D'&H literal91Tidenti ier94 ZB:$O6:T"$1:6 '&'1'"L identi ier9-Tliteral90[ '&!8:C1 identi ier91 1"LL#'&H identi ier90 $O6 CH"6"C1:6! ZB:$O6:T"$1:6 '&'1'"L identi ier9-Tliteral90[
9 Optional.
9 Optional.
+ain !tring is identi ier91 and count is stored in identi ier90. Literal91 or 'denti ier94 is a c2aracter or group9o 9c2aracters you are loo3ing in t2e main9string. '&!8:C1 urt2er <uali ies t2e searc2 %it2 B:$O6: and "$1:6 o t2e initial occurrence o identi ier9- or literal90. :;ampleP G!9&"+: ( K+=1H= !"6"/"&" S=6#" CH"&D6" D:/'L '&!8:C1 G!9&"+: 1"LL#'&H G!9CO=&1 "LL K!L B:$O6: '&'1'"L K!"6"/"&"L "$1:6 '&'1'"L KCH"&D6"L :&D9'&!8:C1 6esultP G!9CO=&1 contains ( 1 '&!8:C19 $O6 6:8L"C'&H 't is used to replace t2e occurrence o a single c2aracter or groups o c2aracters in a data ield. '&!8:C1 identi ier91 6:8L"C'&H "LLTL:"D'&H literal91Tidenti ier90 B# identi ier94Tliteral90 ZB:$O6:T"$1:6 '&'1'"L identi ier9-Tliteral90[ 9 Optional. '&!8:C1 identi ier91 6:8LC'&H CH"6"C1:6! B# identi ier90 B:$O6:T"$1:6 '&'1'"L identi ier94Tliteral91 '&!8:C19$O6 CO=&1'&H "&D 6:8L"C'&H 't is a combination o t2e above t%o met2ods. '&!8:C1 identi ier91 1"LL#'&H Ftallying part E 6:8L"C'&H Freplacing partE
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!16'&H !16'&H command is used to concatenate one or more strings. !ynta;P !16'&H identi ier91 . literal917 identi ier90. literal90 D:L'+'1:D B# (identi ier94.literal94.!'?:) '&1O identi ier9:&D9!16'&H. 51 /"61 8'C R(15) /"L=: K+=1H= 51 /"60 8'C R(15) /"L=: K!"6" 51 /"60 8'C R(05). K K
1o get display K+=1H=7!"6"L !16'&H /"61 D:L'+'1:D B# K K K7L D:L'+'1:D B# !'?: /"60 D:L'+'1:D B# K K '&1O /"64 :&D9!16'&H. 12e receiving ield must be an elementary data item %it2 no editing symbols and I=!1 6'HH1 clause. Git2 !16'&H statement7 speci ic c2aracters o a string can be replaced %2ereas +O/: replaces t2e ull string. 51 "H:9O=1 8'C R(10) /"L=: L10 #:"6! OLDL. !16'&H K1*L D:L'+'1:D B# !'?: '&1O "H:9O=1. AE 1* #:"6! OLD. 6e erence +odi ication ( e<uivalent o !=B!16 K6e erence modi icationL is used to retrieve or over%rite a sub9string o a string. K:L is 3no%n as re erence modi ication operator. !ynta;P !tring(!tarting98osition:Lengt2) +O/: K1*L 1O "H:9O=1(1P0) does t2e same as %2at %e did %it2 !16'&H command. G2en it is used in array elements7 t2e synta; is "rray9element (occurrence) (!tarting98ositionPLengt2) =&!16'&H =&!16'&H command is used to split one string to many strings. !ynta;P =&!16'&H identi ier91 ZD:L'+'1:D B# ("LL.) identi ier0.literal1 Z7O6 ("LL.) (identi ier94.literal90)7..[[ '&1O identi ier9- Z7D:L'+'1:6 '& identi ier957 CO=&1 '& identi ier9)[ Z7identi ier9, Z7D:L'+'1:6 '& identi ier9*7 CO=&1 '& identi ier99[ 51 G!9D"1" 8'C R(10) /"L=: K15.055.455.1L. =&!16'&H G!9D"1" D:L'+'1:D B# K.L '&1O G!9$LD1 D:L'+'1:6 '& G!9D1 CO=&1 '& G!9C1 G!9$LD0 D:L'+'1:6 '& G!9D0 CO=&1 '& G!9C0 G!9$LD4 D:L'+'1:6 '& G!9D4 CO=&1 '& G!9C4 :&D9=&!16'&H. 6esultP G!9$LD1 A 15 G!9$LD0 A055 G!9$LD4A455 G!9C1 A 0 G!9C0A4 G!9C4A4 G!9D1 A K.L G!9D0AL.L G!9D4 K.L O& O/:6$LOG can be coded %it2 !16'&H and =&!16'&H. ' t2ere is !16'&H truncation t2en t2e imperative statements ollo%ed O& O/:6$LOG %ill be e;ecuted.
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CO8# !tatement " CO8# statement is used to bring a series o pre%ritten COBOL entries t2at 2ave been stored in library7 into a program. 1.Common routines li3e error routine7 date validation routine are coded in a library and bring into t2e program by CO8#. 0. +aster iles are used in multiple programs. 12eir layout can be placed in one copyboo3 and be placed %2erever t2e iles are used. 't promotes program standardiSation since all t2e programs s2are t2e same layout and t2e same data names. 12is reduces coding and debugging time. C2ange in layout needs c2ange in copyboo3 only. 't is enoug2 i %e Wust recompile t2e program or ma3ing t2e ne% copy e ective. !ynta;P CO8# copyboo39name Z(O$.'&) library name[ Z6:8L"C'&H string9to9be9replaced B# replacing9string[ Copyboo3s are stored as members in 8D! library and during compilation time7 t2ey are included into t2e program. By de ault7 t2e copyboo3 library is !#!L'B and it can be c2anged using '& or O$ o CO8# statement. Copyboo3s can be used in t2e ollo%ing paragrap2s. !O=6C:9CO+8=1:67 OBI:C19CO+8=1:67 !8:C'"L9&"+:!7 $'L:9CO&16OL7 'O9CO&16OL7 $D !:C1'O&7 8"6"H6"8H! '& 86OC:D=6: D'/'!'O&. ' t2e same copyboo3 is used more t2an once in t2e program7 t2en t2ere %ill be Dduplicate data declarationM error during compilation7 as all t2e ields are declared t%ice. 'n t2is case7 one copyboo3 can be used %it2 6:8L"C'&H verb to replace 2ig29 level <uali ier o t2e all t2e variables %it2 anot2er <uali ier. :;ampleP CO8# C=!1O+:6 6:8L"C'&H KC=!119K B# KC=!109K.
Delimiter KA AL s2ould be used or replacing pseudo te;ts. 12e replacing option does not alter t2e pre%ritten entries in t2e libraryC t2e c2anges are made to t2e userLs source program only. C"LL statement (!ub98rograms) G2en a speci ic unctionality need to be per ormed in more t2an one program7 it is best to %rite t2em separately and call t2em into eac2 program. !ub 8rograms can be %ritten in any programming language. 12ey are typically %ritten in a language best suited to t2e speci ic tas3 re<uired and t2us provide greater le;ibility. +ain 8rogram C2angesP C"LL statement is used or e;ecuting t2e sub9program rom t2e main program. " sample o C"LL statement is given belo%P C"LL K8H+0L =!'&H B# 6:$:6:&C: G!9/"617 B# CO&1:&1 G!9/"60. 8H+0 is called 2ere. G!9/"61 and G!9/"60 are %or3ing storage items. G!9/"61 is passed by re erence. G!9/"60 is passed by Content. B# 6:$:6:&C: is de ault in COBOL and need not be coded. B# CO&1:&1 L:&H1H p2rase permits t2e lengt2 o data item to be passed to a called program.
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!ub98rogram C2angesP G!9/"61 and G!9/"60 are %or3ing storage items o main program. "s %e 2ave already mentioned7 t2e lin3age section is used or accessing e;ternal elements. "s t2ese %or3ing storage items are o%ned by main program7 to access t2em in t2e sub9program7 %e need to de ine t2em in t2e lin3age section. L'&O"H: !:C1'O&. 51 L'&O"H: !:C1'O&. 55 LO9/"61 8'C 9(5-). 55 LO9/"60 8'C 9(5-). 'n addition to de ine t2em in lin3age section7 t2e procedure division s2ould be coded %it2 t2ese data items or address9ability. 86OC:D=6: D'/'!'O& =!'&H LO9/"617LO9/"60 12ere is a one9one correspondence bet%een passed elements and received elements (Call using7 lin3age and procedure division using) B# 8O!'1'O&. 12is implies t2at t2e name o t2e identi iers in t2e called and calling program need not be t2e same (G!9/"61 N LO9/"61) but t2e number o elements and picture clause s2ould be same. 12e last statement o your sub9program s2ould be :R'1 86OH6"+. 12is returns t2e control bac3 to main program. HOB"CO can also be coded instead o :R'1 86OH6"+ but not !1O8 6=&. :R'1 86OH6"+ s2ould be t2e only statement in a paragrap2 in COBOL,- %2ereas it can be coded along %it2 ot2er statements in a paragrap2 in COBOL*5. 86OH6"+9'D. F8rogram9nameE '! '&'1'"L 86OH6"+. ' '! '&'1'"L 86OH6"+ is coded along %it2 program9id o sub program7 t2en t2e program %ill be in initial stage every time it is called (COBOL*5 eature). "lternatively C"&C:L issued a ter C"LL7 %ill set t2e sub9program to initial state. ' t2e sub program is modi ied t2en it needs to be recompiled. 12e need or main program recompilation is decided by t2e compiler option used or t2e main program. ' t2e D#&"+ compiler is used7 t2en t2ere is no need to recompile t2e main program. 12e modi ied subroutine %ill be in e ect during t2e run. &OD#&"+ is de ault t2at e;pects t2e main program recompilation. Di erence bet%een 8ass9by9re erence and 8ass9by9content !l J 1 0 4 8assl By 6e erence C"LL Ksub1L =!'&H B# 6:$:6:&C: G!9/"61 't is de ault in COBOL. B# 6:$:6:&C: is not needed. "ddress o G!9/"61 is passed 12e sub9program modi ications on t2e passed elements are visible in t2e main program. 8ass By Content C"LL Ksub1L =!'&H B# CO&1:&1 G!9/"61 (B# CO&1:&1 3ey%ord is needed) B# CO&1:&1 3ey %ord is mandatory to pass an element by value. /alue o G!9/"61 is passed 12e sub9program modi ications on t2e passed elements are local to t2at sub9program and not visible in t2e main program.

Di erence bet%een !tatic Call and Dynamic Call !l J 1 !1"1'C Call 'denti ied by Call literal. :;P C"LL K8H+1L.
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De ault Compiler option is &OD#&"+ and so all t2e literal calls are considered as static calls. ' t2e subprogram undergoes c2ange7 sub program and main program need to be recompiled. !ub modules are lin3 edited %it2 main module. !iSe o load module %ill be large $ast Less le;ible. !ub9program %ill not be in initial stage t2e ne;t time it is called unless you e;plicitly use '&'1'"L or you do a C"&C:L a ter eac2 call.
4. 5 ) , *
D#&"+'C Call 'denti ied by Call variable and t2e variable s2ould be populated at run time. 51 G!98H+ 8'C R(5*). +ove K8H+1L to G!98H+ C"LL G!98H+ ' you %ant convert t2e literal calls into D#&"+'C7 t2e program s2ould be compiled %it2 D#&"+ option. By de ault7 call variables and any un9 resolved calls are considered as dynamic. ' t2e subprogram undergoes c2ange7 recompilation o subprogram is enoug2. !ub modules are pic3ed up during run time rom t2e load library. !iSe o load module %ill be less. !lo% compared to !tatic call. +ore le;ible. 8rogram %ill be in initial state every time it is called.
'&16'&!'C $=&C1'O&!P L:&H1H +"R +'& &=+/"L &=+/"L9C 6eturns t2e lengt2 o t2e 8'C clause. =sed or inding lengt2 o group item t2at spanned across multiple levels. 6eturns t2e content o t2e argument t2at contains t2e ma;imum value 6eturns t2e content o t2e argument t2at contains t2e minimum value 6eturns t2e numeric value represented by an alp2anumeric c2aracter string speci ied in t2e argument. !ame as &=+/"L but currency and decimal points are ignored during conversion. 6eturns 01 C2ars alp2anumeric value ( ####++DDHH++!!nnnnnn 6eturns 6eturns 6eturns 6eturns '&1:H:6 e<uivalent o Hregorian date passed. '&1:H:6 e<uivalent o Iulian date passed. Hregorian date or t2e integer passed. Iulian date or t2e integer passed.
C=66:&1 D"1: '&1:H:6 O$ D"1: '&1:H:6 O$ D"# D"1: O$ '&1:H:6 D"# O$ '&1:H:6
&oteP $=&C1'O& '&1:H:6 O$ D"1: (5195191)51) returns 1.
$'L: H"&DL'&H " data ile is collection o relevant records and a record is collection o relevant ields. 12e ile 2andling in COBOL program involves ive steps.
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!teps in ile92anding 1."llocationP 12e iles used in t2e program s2ould be declared in $'L:9 CO&16OL paragrap2 o environment division. 12e mapping %it2 ICL DD&"+: is done 2ere. 12e ile is allocated to your program by t2is statement. 0.De inition. 12e layout o t2e ile and its attributes are de ined in t2e $'L: !:C1'O& o D"1" D'/'!'O&. 4.OpenP Dataset is connected.readied to your program using O8:& statement. 12e mode o O8:& decides t2e operation allo%ed and t2e initial pointer in t2e dataset. $or e;ample7 :R1:&D mode allo%s only %rite access and t2e pointer is 3ept on t2e end o ile to append. -.8rocessP 8rocess t2e ile as per re<uirement7 using t2e '9O statements provided by COBOL. (6:"D7 G6'1:7 6:G6'1: and D:L:1:) 5. CloseP " ter t2e processing7 close t2e ile to disconnect it rom t2e program. "llocation o ile 9 !:L:C1 !tatement (:&/'6O&+:&19E '&8=19O=18=19E $'L:9CO&16OL) !:L:C1 ZO81'O&"L[ FIL NAM "!!'H& to DDNAM O6H"&'?"1'O& '! !:Q=:&1'"L.'&D:R:D.6:L"1'/: "CC:!! '! !:Q=&:1'"L.6"&DO+.D#&"+'C 6:CO6D O:# '! FIL !" #$ 6:L"1'/: O:# '! %S!RRN "L1:6&"6: 6:CO6D O:# '! FIL !" #& G'1H D=8L'C"1:! "L1:6&"6: 6:CO6D O:# '! FIL !" #' G'1HO=1 D=8L'C"1:! $'L: !1"1=! '! %S!FIL !STAT$ Z7%S!FIL !STAT&[ AE"LL $iles AE"LL $iles AE"LL $iles AEO!D! AE66D! AEO!D! %it2 AE"'R AE"LL $iles AE/!"+ $iles
!:L:C1 !tatement9 O81'O&"L Clause 12is can be coded only or input iles. ' O81'O&"L is not coded7 t2en t2e input ile is e;pected to present in ICL. ' not7 an e;ecution error %ill occur. ' O81'O&"L is coded7 t2en i t2e ile is not mapped in ICL7 it is considered as empty ile and t2e irst read results end o ile. 12e ile can also be dynamically allocated instead o static allocation in ICL. !:L:C1 !tatement9 "!!'H& 1O FIL NAM is t2e logical name used inside t2e program and DDNAM is t2e logical name in t2e ICL7 mapped %it2 p2ysical dataset. DDNAM can be pre i;ed %it2 K!9K to indicate Q!"+ ile7 K9"!L to indicate :!D! ile and %it2 no pre i; to indicate O!D!.66D! ile. ICL !tep e;ecuting t2e program s2ould 2ave a dataset %it2 DDNAM as label ..DDNAM DD D!&AB8+"'&.:+8LO#::.D"1"7D'!8A!H6 !:L:C1 !tatement9O6H"&'?"1'O& 't can be !:Q=:&1'"L (8! or /!"+ :!D!)7 '&D:R:D (/!"+ O!D!)7 6:L"1'/: (/!"+ 66D!). De ault is !e<uential.
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!:L:C1 !tatement9"CC:!! +OD: !:Q=:&1'"L. 't is de ault access mode and it is used to access t2e records O&L# in se<uential order. 1o read 155t2 record7 irst 99 records need to be read and s3ipped. 6"&DO+. 6ecords can be randomly accessed in t2e program using t2e primary.alternate 3ey o inde;ed ile organiSation or relative record number o relative organiSation.155t2 record can directly be read a ter getting t2e address o t2e record rom t2e '&D:R part or '&D:R:D iles.155t2 record can directly be read or 6:L"1'/: iles even %it2out any inde;. D#&"+'C. 't is mi;ed access mode %2ere t2e ile can be accessed in random as %ell as se<uential mode in t2e program. :;ampleP 6eading t2e details o all t2e employees bet%een 155590555. $irst randomly access 1555t2 employee record7 t2en read se<uentially till 0555t2 employee record. !1"61 and 6:"D &:R1 commands are used or t2is purpose in t2e procedure division. !:L:C1 !tatement96:CO6D O:# '! 't is primary 3ey o /!"+ O!D! ile. 't s2ould be uni<ue and part o inde;ed record structure. !:L:C1 !tatement9"L1:6&"1: 6:CO6D O:# '! 12is p2rase is used or O!D! iles de ined %it2 "'R. "dd t2e clause G'1H D=8L'C"1:! i t2e "'R is de ined %it2 duplicates. 6e erring to /!"+ basics7 every alternate inde; record 2as an associated 8"1H and t2e pat2 s2ould be allocated in t2e ICL t2at invo3es t2is program. 12e DD&"+: o t2e pat2 s2ould be DD&"+: o t2e base cluster su i;ed %it2 1 or t2e irst alternate record clause7 su i;ed %it2 n or nt2 "L1:6&"1: 6:CO6D O:# clause in !:L:C1 clause. !:L:C1 !tatement9$'L: !1"1=! '! %S!FIL !STAT$(%S!FIL !STAT& %S!FIL !STAT$ s2ould be de ined as 8'C R(50) in %or3ing storage section. " ter every ile operation7 t2e ile status s2ould be c2ec3ed or allo%able values. %S!FIL !STAT& can be coded or /!"+ iles to get t2e /!"+ return code (0 bytes)7 /!"+ unction9code (1 byte) and /!"+ eedbac3 code (4 bytes). 12is is a )9 byte ield in %or3ing storage. 6:!:6/: Clause. 6:!:6/: clause Z6:!:6/: integer "6:" [ can be coded in t2e !:L:C1 statement. 12e number o bu ers to be allocated or t2e ile is coded 2ere. By de ault t%o bu ers %ill be allocated i t2e clause is not coded. !ince similar option is available in ICL7 t2is is not coded in program. 6:!:6/: 1 "6:" allocates one bu er7 or t2e ile in t2e !:L:C1 statement.
De ining t2e ile in $'L: !:C1'O& 9 $D
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$D FIL NAM 6:CO6D'&H +OD: '! /./B.$.$B 6:CO6D CO&1"'&! + CH"6"C1:6! (1O & CH"6"C1:6!) BLOCO CO&1"'&! R CH"6"C1:6!.6:CO6D! (1O # CH"6"C1:6!.6:CO6D!) L"B:L 6:CO6D! "6: O+'11:D.!1"&D"6D D"1" 6:CO6D '! FIL !R )ORD. 51 FIL !R )ORD 8'C R(nnn). $D96:CO6D CO&1"'&! 't speci ies t2e lengt2 o t2e record in terms o bytes. ('t %ill be 6:CO6D contains m to n CH"6"C1:6! or variable ormat iles) $D9BLOCO CO&1"'&! 't speci ies t2e p2ysical record siSe. 't can be mentioned as number o logical records O6 number o c2aracters7 t2at is multiple o logical record lengt2. 't is suggested to code BLOCO CO&1"'&! 5 6:CO6D! so t2at system %ill decide t2e optimum siSe or t2e ile based on t2e device used or storing t2e ile. BLOCO CO&1"'&! clause is treated as comments or /!"+ iles. "dvantage o Bloc3ingP 1.'9O time is reduced as n numbers o records are read into main memory bu er during an '9O. 0.'nter record gap is removed and t2e gap e;ist only bet%een bloc3s. !o memory %astage due to '6H is avoided. $D96:CO6D'&H +OD: '! 't can be $ ($'R:D) /(/"6'"BL:) $B($'R:D BLOCO) /B(/"6'"BL: BLOCO:D) /ariable record ile identi icationP ' t2ere is no recording mode.record contains clause7 it is still possible to identi y variable lengt2 records. ' t2ere is an OCC=6! depending on clause or t2ere are multiple 51 levels and every 51 level is o di erent siSe7 t2en t2e ile %ould be o variable lengt2. +ultiple 51 level in $ile section is an e;ample or implicit rede inition. $D9L"B:L 6:CO6D! Clause "s a general rule7 L"B:L 6:CO6D! are !1"&D"6D is coded or Dis3 and 1ape iles7 L"B:L 6:CO6D! "6: O+'11:D is coded or printer iles. 'n COBOL,-7 t2is clause is a mandatory clause %2ereas COBOL*5 made t2is as optional. $D9D"1" 6:CO6D '! Clause 't is used to name t2e data record(s) o t2e ile. +ore t2an one record can be coded 2ere. O8:& !1"1:+:&1 !ynta;P O8:& O8:&+OD: FIL NAM O8:&+OD: can be '&8=1 O=18=1 '9O :R1:&D '&8=1 9 $ile can be used O&L#9$O696:"D purpose. O=18=1 9 $ile can be used O&L#9$O69G6'1: purpose. '9O 9 $ile can be used $O6 6:"D7 G6'1: and 6:G6'1: purpose. :R1:&D 9 $ile can be used $O6 appending records using G6'1:. CLO!: statement. 12e used iles are closed using CLO!: statement. ' you donLt close t2e iles7 t2e completion o t2e program closes all t2e iles used in t2e program.

!ynta;P CLO!: FIL NAM
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O8:& and CLO!: or 1"8: iles 9 "dvanced ' more t2an one ile is stored in a reel o tape7 it is called as multi9 ile volume. G2en one ile is stored in more t2an one reel o tape7 it is called as multi9volume label. One reel is 3no%n as one volume. G2en t2e end o one volume is reac2ed7 automatically t2e ne;t volume opens. !o t2ere is no special control is needed or multi volume iles. O8:& '&8=1 ile91 ZG'1H &O 6:G'&D T 6:/:6!:D[ O8:& O=18=1 ile90 ZG'1H &O 6:G'&D[ CLO!: ile94 Z\6::LT=&'1U ZG'1H &O 6:G'&DT $O6 6:+O/"L[ CLO!: ile94 ZG'1H &O 6:G'&DTLOCO[ =&'1 and 6::L are synonyms. " ter opening a 1"8: ile7 t2e ile is positioned at its beginning. G2en opening t2e ile i t2e clause 6:/:6!:D is coded7 t2en t2e ile can be read in t2e 6:/:6:!: direction. (8rovided 2ard%are supports t2is eature) G2en you close t2e ile7 t2e tape is normally re%ound. 12e &O 6:G'&D clause speci ies t2at t2e 1"8: s2ould be le t in its current position. CLO!: statement %it2 6::L option closes t2e current reel alone. !o t2e ne;t 6:"D %ill get t2e irst record o ne;t 6::L. 12is %ill be use ul %2en you %ant s3ip all t2e records in t2e irst reel a ter n number o records processing. !ince 1"8: is se<uential device7 i you create multiple iles in t2e same 1"8:7 t2en be ore opening t2e second ile7 irst ile s2ould be closed. "t any point o time7 you can 2ave only one ile is active in t2e program. 'n addition to t2is7 you 2ave to code +=L1'8L: $'L: clause in t2e '9O control paragrap2 o environment division. +=L1'8L: $'L: 1"8: CO&1"'&! O=19$'L:1 8O!'1'O& 1 O=19$'L:4 8O!'1'O& 4. 12e iles O=19$'L:1 and O=19$'L:4 used in t2e program are part o a same 1"8: and t2ey e;ist in irst and t2ird position in t2e tape. "lternatively7 t2is in ormation can be passed rom ICL using L"B:L parameter.
6:"D statement 6:"D statement is used to read t2e record rom t2e ile. !ynta;P 6:"D FIL NAM Z'&1O %s9record[ ZO:# '! FIL !" #$[
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Z"1 :&D.'&/"L'D O:# imperative statement1[ Z&O1 "1 :&D.&O1 '&/"L'D O:# imperative statement0[ :&D96:"D ' '&1O clause is coded7 t2en t2e ile is directly read into %or3ing storage section record. 't is pre erred as it avoids anot2er move o ile9section9record to %or3ing9storage9record ollo%ed by simple 6:"D. 6:"D9'&1O is not pre erred or variable siSe records %2ere t2e lengt2 o t2e record being read is not 3no%n. O:# '! clause is used %2ile accessing a record randomly using primary.alternate record 3ey. "1 :&D and &O1 "1 :&D are used during se<uential 6:"D o t2e ile. '&/"L'D O:# and &O1 '&/"L'D O:# are used during random read o t2e ile. Be ore accessing t2e ile randomly7 t2e 3ey ield s2ould 2ave a value be ore 6:"D. G6'1: !tatement Grite statement is used to %rite a ne% record in t2e ile. ' t2e ile is opened in :R1:&D mode7 t2e record %ill be appended. ' t2e ile is opened in O=18=1 mode7 t2e record %ill be added at t2e current position. !ynta;P G6'1: FIL !R )ORD Z$6O+ %s9record[ Z'&/"L'D O:# imperative statement1[ :&D9G6'1:
$6O+ clause avoids t2e e;plicit move o %or3ing storage record to ile section record be ore G6'1:. 6:G6'1: !tatement 6:G6'1: is used to update an already read record. 1o update a record in a ile7 t2e ile s2ould be opened in '9O mode. !ynta;P 6:G6'1: FIL !R )ORD Z$6O+ %s9record[ Z'&/"L'D O:# imperative statement1[ :&D96:G6'1: !1"61 !tatement !1"61 is used %it2 dynamic access mode o inde;ed iles. 't establis2es t2e current location in t2e cluster or 6:"D &:R1 statement. !1"61 itsel does not retrieve any record. !ynta;P !1"61 FIL NAM O:# is :Q="L 1O.&O1 L:!! 1H"&.H6:"1:6 1H"& 3ey9name Z'&/"L'D O:# imperative statement1[ :&D9!1"61. D:L:1: !tatement D:L:1: is used to delete t2e most recently read record in t2e ile. 1o delete a record7 t2e ile s2ould be opened in '9O mode. !ynta;P D:L:1: FIL NAM 6:CO6D Z'&/"L'D O:# imperative statement1[ :&D9D:L:1: $ile :rror ( Handling 12ere are c2ances or ailure o any ile '9O processing. 12e ailure o an '9O operation can be accepted or cannot be tolerated. 12e severity o ailure 2as to be de ined in t2e program design stage.
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Let us assume t2at %e donLt 2ave any error 2andling in our program. 'n t2is case7 or e;ample7 i you donLt 2ave a speci ic record in t2e ile7 t2e random read o t2at record %ould immediately terminate t2e program %it2 error Krecord not oundL. :rror Handling Clauses 8rovided by COBOL. 12e sudden termination can be avoided by 2andling t2is error7 %it2 '&/"L'D O:# clause o 6:"D. Based on t2e importance o t2e record and business rule7 %e can continue our program %it2 ne;t record or terminate t2e program properly. "1 :&D is anot2er error 2andling clause provided by COBOL. But t2ere is no %ay to 2andle all suc2 errors in t2is %ay. "ssign ile9status and ta3e t2e responsibility. 12e second met2od is7 assigning ile9status to t2e ile in t2e !:L:C1 clause and c2ec3s t2e ile status a ter eac2 and every '9O and ensures t2at t2e value o status code is one o t2e allo%able values. ' it is not an allo%able return code7 t2en abnormally end t2e program %it2 error statements t2at %ould be easier to debug. But %e 2ave to do t2is c2ec3ing a ter eac2 and every '9O operation. 12is is +O!1 86:$:66:D :66O6 H"&DL'&H +:1HOD in structured programming. Declaratives ( =!: statement COBOL provides an option to group all t2e possible errors o speci ic operation(s) in a place and t2at %ill be automatically invo3ed during t2e respective operation(s) o any ile. 12is avoids redundant code. 12is is done in D:CL"6"1'/: section o t2e procedure division. D:CL"6"1'/: s2ould be t2e irst section in t2e procedure division i coded. 86OC:D=6: D'/'!'O&. D:CL"6"1'/:!. =!:986OC:D=6: !:C1'O&. =!: "$1:6 :RC:81'O& 86OC:D=6: O& '&8=1 :66O6986OC:D=6:. C2ec3 t2e ile9status code or validity. :&D9D:CL"6"1'/:!. G2enever t2ere is an error in t2e processing o "&# $'L: opened in '&8=1 mode7 t2en t2e control comes to :66O6986OC:D=6:. 12e validity o error s2ould be c2ec3ed in t2is paragrap2 and allo% or restrict t2e process do%n7 based on severity o error code. 12e complete synta; o =!: statements isP =!: "$1:6 !1"&D"6D :66O6T:RC:81'O& 86OC:D=6: O& '&8=1TO=18=1T'9OT:R1:&DT ile91 ' '&8=1 is coded7 t2e ollo%ing procedure %ill be e;ecuted or every operation involved in any ile t2at is opened in '&8=1 mode. O=18=17 '9O and :R1:&D 2ave t2e same meaning but t2e mode is di erent. ' ile name ( ile91) is coded in t2e =!: statement7 t2en all t2e input9output operation o t2at speci ic ile %ill be c2ec3ed. :66O6 and :RC:81'O& are synonyms. 12e 8rocedure %ritten in a D:CL"6"1'/: section s2ould not re er to any non9 declarative procedure %ritten a ter t2e end procedure and vice9versa. '9O9CO&16OL 9 !"+: "6:" "&D !"+: 6:CO6D "6:" 6:!:6/: clause o !:L:C1 statement speci ies t2e number o bu ers to be allocated or a ile. !"+: "6:" allo%s more t2an one ile to use t2e same bu er area. 12is %ill be very use ul %2en t2e program must %or3 %it2 a limited memory
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space. But t2e problem is only one ile s2ould be open at a time i !"+: "6:" is coded. !ynta;P !"+: "6:" $O6 ile91 ile90 ile94. ' !"+: 6:CO6D "6:" is coded7 t2en t2e bu er is not s2ared but only t2e record area is s2ared. !o more t2an one ile can be in open state. Ge s2ould be care ul %2ile illing in t2e record area o t2e output ile. 12is may destroy t2e record read most recently. !ynta;P !"+: 6:CO6D "6:" $O6 ile91 ile90 ile94. !"+: !O61 "6:" allo%s more t2an one sort.merge %or3 iles to use t2e same area. 12e sort %or3 iles are automatically allocated %2en ile is opened and de9allocated %2en ile is closed. "s t2e sort ile is automatically opened and closed during a !O61 and t%o sort iles cannot be opened at a time7 t2is clause may not be use ul. !ynta;P !"+: !O61T!O619+:6H: "6:" or ile91 ile90. $ile91 or ile90 s2ould be a !D ile. '9O CO&16OL9 6:6=& Clause 6:6=& O& rescue $O6 :/:6# integer 6:CO6D! on ile91 12is %ill cause c2ec3point to be ta3en or every interger91 records processing o ile91. ' t2e program "B:&D:D be ore t2e complete processing o t2e ile917 t2en t2e program %ill restart rom integer@1!1 record instead o irst record. 12e rescue ile details s2ould be mentioned outside t2e program and it varies rom installation to installation. :&16# statement :&16# statement establis2es an alternate :&16# point in a COBOL called sub9program. G2en a C"LL statement naming t2e alternate entry point is e;ecuted in a calling program7 control is trans erred to t2e ne;t e;ecutable statement ollo%ing t2e entry statement. :;cept %2en a C"LL statement re ers to an entry name7 t2e :&16# statements are ignored at run9time. +atc2ing Logic ' you 2ave been given t%o iles o similar type7 say master and transaction ile and you are re<uested to update t2e master ile %it2 transaction ile in ormation or e;isting records and prepare a report o ne% transactions and deleted transactions7 t2en you s2ould go or %2at is called +atc2ing logic. 12is is also 3no%n as co9se<uential processing. !ort bot2 t2e iles on 3ey and compare t2e 3eys. ' t2e 3eys are matc2ing t2en update t2e ile. ' you ind any record t2at is ound in transaction but not in master ile7 t2en t2at is ne% addition and t2e reverse is deletion. ' t2e master 3ey is greater t2an transaction 3ey7 t2en t2at corresponds to t2e irst case and reverse is t2e second case. 12is can be easily done in ICL using 'C:1OOL. 6e er ICL section. $'L: !1"1=! COD:! 't is a t%o9byte %or3ing storage item. 12e irst byte denotes t2e general category %2ereas second byte denotes t2e particular type o error message under t2at category.
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* 5 0 5 , $ 5 * 1 0 4 ' 5 , * 9 0 1 0 4 , * 9 2 1 0 4 ) ,
Success+ul O, N-R AD-%RIT Operation !uccess ul completion Duplicate 3ey %as detected %2ic2 is allo%ed as per de inition o "'R. Lengt2 o record Wust 6:"D didnLt con orm to t2e i;ed lengt2 attributes or t2e ile. 6e erenced Optional ile is not present during O8:&. ' open mode is '9O or :R1:&D7 t2en ile %ill be created. Open or Close statement is e;ecuted %it2 a p2rase t2at implies a tape ile (e; &O 6:G'&D) %2ereas t2e ile is not in 1"8:. %hen AT ND con.ition +ails !e<uential 6:"D is attempted on 1.a ter t2e end o ile is reac2ed 0.optional ile t2at is not present. !e<uential 6:"D %as attempted or a relative ile and 66& is larger t2an t2e ma;imum t2at can be stored in t2e relative 3ey data item. %hen IND / "ey +ails !e<uence error e;ists or se<uentially accessed inde; ile. "ttempt %as made to %rite a record t2at %ould create a duplicate 3ey. 6ecord not ound.( or 3eyed random access) !pace not ound or G6'1: ,ermanent Open error Opening a non9optional ile t2at %as not present. Open mode is not permitted. Open issued or a ile t2at %as closed previously %it2 loc3 $ile attribute mismatc29Open ailed. Lo1ic error in openin1-closin1-.eletin1 O8:& a opened ile. CLO!: attempted or not opened ile. 'O statement be ore t2e current 6:G6'1:.D:L:1: is not success ul. 6:G6'1: attempt %it2 invalid lengt2 6:"D ile %2ic2 is not opened in '&8=1 or '9O mode G6'1: ile %2ic2 is not opened in '9O O=8=1 or :R1:&D mode D:L:1: or 6:G6'1: ile %2ic2 is not opened in '9O mode. Implementation .e+ine. /!"+ pass%ord error Logic error /!"+ resource unavailable &o DD statement speci ied or /!"+ ile. $ile integrity veri ied or /!"+ ile.
COBOL CO+8'L"1'O& 8"6+ (Compiler !#!86'&1 (Compiler listing)

Options) !#!'& (!ource) 'H#C6C1L (COBOL CO+8'L:6)
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!#!L'&(ObWect +odule)
!#!L'B (Copyboo3 Library) ':GL (Lin3 :ditor)
8"6+ (Lin3 edit Options)
!#!L+OD (Load +odule)
!#!86'&1 (Lin3 edit messages)
!#!L'B (!ubroutine Library)
CO+8'L"1'O& ICLP ..!+!RL*)B IOB 7VCO+8'L"1'O& ICLV7 +!HCL"!!AQ7+!HL:/:LA(171)7CL"!!AC ..CO+8'L:1 :R:C 8H+A'H#C6C1L7 8"6+ALR6:$7"8O7"D/7+"87L'!1)76:H'O&A5+ ..!1:8L'B DD D!&A!#!1.COB0L'B7D'!8A!H6 ..!#!'& DD D!&A!+!RL*).1:!1.COBOL(!"+8H+51)7D'!8A!H6 ..!#!L'B DD D!&A!+!RL*).CO8#L'B7D'!8A!H6 ..!#!86'&1 DD !#!O=1A> ..!#!L'& DD D!&ANNLO"D!:17 DCBA(6:C$+A$B7L6:CLA*57BLO!'?:A4055)7 .. D'!8A(&:G78"!!)7=&'1A!#!D"7!8"C:A(C#L7(5715)76L!:)7 ..!#!=11 DD =&'1AN!#!D"7!8"C:A(C#L7(1715)) AE )o.e S#S3T& to 3T4 ..L'&O:D11 :R:C 8H+A':GL7CO&DA(-7L1) ..!#!L'& DD D!&ANNLO"D!:17 D'!8A(OLD7D:L:1:) ..!#!L+OD DD D!&ANNHO!:1(!"+8H+51)7D'!8A(&:G78"!!)7=&'1A!#!D" .. !8"C:A(C#L717171)) ..!#!L'B DD D!&A!+!RL*).LO"DL'B7D'!8A!H6 ..!#!=11 DD =&'1A!#!D"7!8"C:A(C#L7(1715)) ..!#!86'&1 DD !#!O=1A> ..>>> :R:C=1: 1H: 86OH6"+ >>> ..:R:C=1:1 :R:C 8H+A>.L'&O:D11.!#!L+OD7CO&DA(-7L1)76:H'O&A5+ ..!1:8L'B DD D!&A!+!RL*).LO"DL'B7D'!8A!H6 .. DD D!&A!#!1.!C::6=&7D'!8A!H6 ..!#!O=1 DD !#!O=1A> ..!#!86'&1 DD !#!O=1A> Compiler Options 12e de ault options t2at %ere set up %2en your compiler %as installed are in e ect or your program unless you override t2em %it2 ot2er options. 1o c2ec3 t2e de ault compiler options o your installation7 do a compile and c2ec3 in t2e compilation listing.

Gays o overriding t2e de ault options
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1.Compiler options can be passed to COBOL Compiler 8rogram ('H#C6C1L) t2roug2 t2e 8"6+ in ICL. 0.86OC:!! or CBL statement %it2 compiler options7 can be placed be ore t2e identi ication division. 4.' t2e organiSation uses any t2ird party product or its o%n utility t2en t2ese options can be coded in t2e pre9de ined line o t2e utility panel. 8recedence o Compiler Options 1. (Hig2est precedence). 'nstallation de aults7 i;ed by t2e installation. 0. Options coded on 86OC:!! .CBL statement 4. Options coded on ICL 8"6+ parameters -. (Lo%est 8recedence). 'nstallation de aults7 but not i;ed. 12e complete list o compiler option is in t2e tableP "spect !ource Language Date 8rocessing +aps and Listing ObWect Dec3 generation ObWect Code Control Debugging Ot2er Compiler Option "8O!17 C+8607 C=66:&C#7 DBC!7 L'B7 &=+B:67 Q=O1:7 !:Q=:&C:7 GO6D D"1:86OC7 '&1D"1:7 #:"6G'&DOG L"&H="H:7 L'&:CO=&17 L'!17 +"87 O$$!:17 !O=6C:7 !8"C:7 1:6+'&"L7 /B6:$7 R6:$ CO+8'L:7 D:CO7 &"+:7 OBI:C17 8H+&"+: "D/7 "GO7 DLL7 :R8O61"LL7 $"!1!617 O81'+'?:7 &=+86OC7 O=1DD7 16=&C7 ?GB D=+87 $L"H7 $L"H+'H7 $L"H!1D7 !!6"&H:7 1#8:CHO "D"1"7 "&"L#?:7 :R'17 'DLH:&
"D/P 't is meaning ul i your program 2as any printer iles %it2 G6'1:.."D/"&C'&H 3ey%ord. 12e compiler adds one byte pre i; to t2e original L6:CL o printer iles or printing control purpose. ' you are manually populating printing control c2aracter in t2e program7 t2en you can compile your program %it2 &O"D/. D#&"+P =se D#&"+ to cause separately compiled programs invo3ed t2roug2 t2e C"LL literal statement to be loaded dynamically at run time. D#&"+ causes dynamic loads ( or C"LL) and deletes ( or C"&C:L) o separately compiled programs at obWect time. "ny C"LL i.enti+ier statements t2at cannot be resolved in your program are also treated as dynamic calls. G2en you speci y D#&"+7 6:!'D:&1 is also put into e ect.
L'!1.O$$!:1P L'!1 and O$$!:1 are mutually e;clusive. ' you use bot27 L'!1 %ill be ignored. L'!1 is used to produce listing a listing o t2e assembler language e;pansion o your code. O$$!:1 is used to produce a condensed 8rocedure Division listing. Git2 O$$!:17 t2e procedure portion o t2e listing %ill contain line numbers7 statement re erences7 and t2e location o t2e irst instruction generated or eac2
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statement. 12ese options are use ul or solving system "B:&D!. 6e er ICL session or more details. +"8P =se +"8 to produce a listing o t2e items you de ined in t2e Data Division.
!!6"&H:P ' t2e program is compiled %it2 !!6"&H: option7 t2en any attempt to re er an area outside t2e region o t2e table %ill abnormally terminate %it2 protection e;ception7 usually !5C-.'t also avoids any meaningless operation on re erence modi ication li3e negative number in t2e starting position o re erence modi ication e;pression. ' t2e program is compiled %it2 &O!!6"&H:7 t2en t2e program may proceed urt2er %it2 Wun3 or irrelevant data. !o usually t2e programs are compiled %it2 !!6"&H: during development and testing. 6:&1P " program compiled as 6:&1 is generated as a reentrant obWect module. C'C! programs s2ould be compiled %it2 6:&1 option to s2are t2e same copy o t2e program by multiple transactions (+ultit2reading) 6:!'D:&1P =se t2e 6:!'D:&1 option to re<uest t2e COBOL Library +anagement $eature. (12e COBOL Library +anagement $eature causes most COBOL library routines to be located dynamically at run time7 instead o being lin39edited %it2 t2e COBOL program.).C'C! 8rograms s2ould be compiled %it2 6:!':&1 option. R6:$P =se R6:$ to get a sorted cross9re erence listing. :BCD'C data9names and procedure9names %ill be listed in alp2anumeric order. 't also includes listing7 %2ere all t2e data9names t2at are re erenced %it2in your program and t2e line number %2ere t2ey are de ined. 12is is use ul or identi ying t2e ields t2at are de ined but not used any%2ere a ter t2e development o ne% program.
1!O Commands rom COBOL program

CBL APOST,NODECK,OBJECT,BUF(10000),DYNAM => Compile op!io" o#e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % FUNCT&ON = T'i( ()mple p o* )m $emo"(! )!e( 'o+ !o i"#o,e % % TSO -omm)"$( . om ) COBOL p o* )m /(i"* % % (!)"$) $ TSO (e #i-e( )( $o-/me"!e$ i" !'e % i$e
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% TSO0E P o* )mmi"* Se #i-e( m)"/)l1 % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &$e"!i.i-)!io" Di#i(io"1 P o* )m2&D1 SMSTSOE31 D)!) Di#i(io"1 4o ,i"*2S!o )*e Se-!io"1 01 Fille 1 05 +(2$/mm6 Pi05 +(2 e!/ "2-o$e Pi05 +(2 e)(o"2-o$e Pi05 +(2i".o2-o$e Pi05 +(2-ppl2)$$ e(( Pi05 +(2.l)*( Pi05 +(2</..e Pi05 +(2le"*!' Pi-
(7(8) Comp1 (7(8) Comp1 (7(8) Comp1 (7(8) Comp1 (7(8) Comp1 9(:) 3)l/e 9;00010001;1 9(=5>)1 (7(8) Comp 3)l/e =5>1
P o-e$/ e Di#i(io"1 %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% % C)ll &KJTSOE3 !o - e)!e !'e TSO0E e"#i o"me"! % %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% CALL ;&KJTSOE3; U(i"* +(2$/mm6,+(2 e!/ "2-o$e,+(2 e)(o"2-o$e, +(2i".o2-o$e,+(2-ppl2)$$ e((1 &F +(2 e!/ "2-o$e > ?e o D&SPLAY ;&KJTSOE3 F)ile$, @e!/ "2-o$e=; +(2 e!/ "2-o$e ; @e)(o"2-o$e=; +(2 e)(o"2-o$e ;&".o2-o$e=; +(2i".o2-o$e MO3E +(2 e!/ "2-o$e !o @e!/ "2-o$e STOP @UN1 %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% % B/il$ !'e TSO0E -omm)"$ i" +(2</..e % %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% MO3E ;ALLOCATE DD(SYSPUNCA) SYSOUT AOLD; !o +(2</..e 1 %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% % C)ll !'e TSO0E Se #i-e @o/!i"e !o eBe-/!e !'e TSO0E -omm)"$ % %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% CALL ;&KJEFTS@; U(i"* +(2.l)*(,+(2</..e ,+(2le"*!' +(2 e!/ "2-o$e,+(2 e)(o"2-o$e,+(2$/mm61 &F +(2 e!/ "2-o$e > ?e o D&SPLAY ;&KJEFTS@ F)ile$, @e!/ "2-o$e=; +(2 e!/ "2-o$e ; @e)(o"2-o$e=; +(2 e)(o"2-o$e MO3E +(2 e!/ "2-o$e !o @e!/ "2-o$e STOP @UN1 %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% % C'e-, !')! !'e ALLOCATE -omm)"$ +o ,e$ % %2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222% D&SPLAY ;ALLOCATE 4o ,e$ C ; Upo" S6(p/"-'1 STOP @UN1
'ntervie% Questions('Q)P > !ays importance and possibility o t2e <uestion in an intervie%. 1.Di erence bet%een &e;t !entence and Continue >>>
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0.Comp7 Comp917 Comp90 and Comp94 di erence and 2o% many bytes occupied by eac2. !2ould 3no% 2o% to read CO+894 data. >>>>> 4.'denti ying and ma3ing !tatic and Dynamic call >>>>> -.Binary and !e<uential searc2 and %2en you pre er %2at] >>>>> 5.G2at are t2e various %ays o passing data rom ICL to 8rogram and 2o% to receive t2em in 8rogram] >>>>> ).Di erence bet%een COBOL,- (O!./! COBOL) and COBOL*5 (/! COBOL0) >>>> ,.!ubscript and 'nde; di erence and %2en you pre er %2at] >>>> *.6e erence modi ication. >>>> 9.Compiler and Lin3 edit option ( !!6"&H: +"8 L'!1 O$$!:1 6:&1 6:!'D:&1 D#&"+ and "+OD:.6+OD: >>> 15.Ho% to ma3e a call by content in COBOL] >>> 11.Ho% do you set return code rom t2e program] >>> 10.Case structure7 !ub9string7 Do %2ile7 Do =ntil7 BLL e<uivalent in COBOL >>> 14.Di erence bet%een section and paragrap2 >>>>> 1-.Can occurs be coded in 51 level] >>>>> 15."re multiple 51 levels supported in ile section] >> 1)./arious %ays o overriding de ault compiler options >> 1,.!ort algorit2ms >> 1*.Ho% to get t2e actual lengt2 o alp2anumeric item] >> 19.G2at is =19! means %it2 respect to !:L:C1 statement] > 05.Can ' re%rite a se<uential ile in 1"8:] > 01.CO+894 items are al%ays better t2an CO+8 in terms o memory. #es.&o >> 00.G2ic2 /!"+ type is astest] 6elative 3ey is part o ile section] >> 04.Ho% to create a report in COBOL program] >>> 0-.Ho% to submit a ICL rom COBOL program] >>>> 05.G2at is !#&C Clause] >> 0).G2at is in line 8:6$O6+ and %2en %ill you use it] >>>> 0,.G2at is '&!8:C1 statement] >>> 0*.1o use !:"6CH "LL7 t2e table s2ould be in sorted order. ' am loading t2e table rom one o t2e 8D! members. 12e 8D! member data is not in sorted order. Ho% %ill ' load t2e table in !O61:D order] #ou s2ould not sort in ICL. >> 09.G2at is t2e purpose o =!: statement] > 45.G2at are !"+: "6:" and !"+: 6:CO6D "6:"] > 41. 's dynamic allocation possible in COBOL] ' yes7 Ho%] > 40. G2at is t2e di erence bet%een O& !'?: :66O6 and O& O/:6$LOG] > 44.Ho% to s%ap t%o variables %it2out t2ird variable] > 4-.G2at is limit o lin3age section] >
"ns%ers or selected <uestionsP
COBOL-Page: 37
G2at is t2e limit o %or3ing storage and lin3age section limit] ('Q 4-) Gor3ing storage and Lin3age section limit o COBOL*5 is 10*+B (COBOL,-9 1+B) ,,7519-9 level item limit in COBOL*5 is 1)+B (COBOL,-91+B) Ho% to s%ap t2e values o t%o variables %it2out an intermediate variable]('Q 44) Let t2e variables be " and B Gay 1PCO+8=1: " A "@B Gay 0P CO+8=1: "A">B CO+8=1: B A "9B CO+8=1: BA".B CO+8=1: " A "9B CO+8=1: "A".B ' 2ave retrieved a value rom DB0 /"6CH"6 column. (:;P G!9/"6 A Kmut2uBsaraBK B is 19n spaces.) Ho% to get t2e lengt2 o t2e G!9/"6 in COBOL program] ' s2ould not count rig2t 2and spaces. ('Q 05) L:&H1H unction counts space also as a c2aracter. !o %e cannot use t2at unction or our purpose. '&!8:C1 is also not use ul as t2e string may contain 19 n spaces in bet%een and t2at needs to be counted. !o t2e logic %ould be M 6ead rom rig2t until you read irst noon9space c2aracterM. 8:6$O6+ /"6#'&H G!9!=B9&"+: $6O+ L:&H1H O$ G!9/"6 B# 91 =&1'L :&D9$O=&D O6 G!9!=B9&"+: A 5 '$ G!9&"+:9CHO(G!9!=B9&"+:P1) &O1 :Q="L 1O !8"C: +O/: V#V 1O G!9:&D9O$9$':LD D'!8L"# VL:&H1H V G!9!=B9&"+: :&D9'$ :&D98:6$O6+ Ho% to pass user return code and user "B:&D rom t2e COBOL program to t2e ICL] 6:1=6&9COD: is a special register and its content is moved to register15 %2en t2e control is given bac3 to O!. !o move t2e return code to t2is register in t2e program. :;P +O/: 1555 to 6:1=6&9COD:. 12is sets return code as 1555 or t2e step t2at e;ecutes t2is program. $or "B:&D7 you s2ould call your installation speci ic assembler routine or 'LBO"B&5 %it2 t2e "B:&D code you %ant. C"LL K'LBO"B&5L =!'&H G!9"B9COD:. G!9"B:&D9COD: is t2e variable t2at 2as "B:&D9COD:. 't is a 2al %ord binary. G2at s2ould be t2e L6:CL o printer iles] =se 144 c2aracter records in your program and set t2e print control c2aracter yoursel . 'n t2is case your ICL %ould 2ave 6:C$+A$B7 L6:CLA144 =se 140 c2aracter records in t2e program and 2ave G6'1: ...."D/"&C'&H put in t2e print control. #ou need t2e compiler option "D/ or t2is and t2e ICL %ould 2ave 6:C$+A$B"7L6:CLA144.........
G2at are t2e sort algorit2ms] ('Q 1, and 0*)
COBOL-Page: 38
Bubble !ortP Consecutive elements are compared and 3eys o t%o elements are not in proper order7 t2ey are s%apped. 'n t2e irst pass7 t2e 3ey %it2 largest value %ill be moved to t2e last position and n91 passes needed to sort t2e %2ole table. 'n bet%een7 i any pass results no interc2ange it implies t2at t2e table is in sorted order. "rrayP 1 05 9 55 * $irst 8assP (+a;imum - comparisons or 5 elements) 17 059Eno c2ange7 05 N 9 9E 05 is great so s%ap (1 9 05 55)7 05 N 55 9E no c2ange7 55 N * 9E 55 is great7 so s%ap. (1 9 05 * 55) !econd 8assP (1 9 05 * 55) 9 (+a;imum 4 comparison or 5 elements) 1 N 99E no c2ange7 9 N 05 9E no c2ange7 05 N * 9E 05 is great so s%ap (1 9 * 05 55) 12ird 8assP (1 9 * 05 55) ( (+a;imum 0 comparisons or 5 elements) 1 N 9 9E no c2ange7 9 N *9E c2ange (1 * 9 05 55) $ourt2 8assP (1 * 9 05 55) ( (+a;imum 1 comparison or 5 elements) 1 N 9 9E no c2ange &oteP #ou can come out o sort %2en you ind Kno c2angeL in all t2e comparisons o a pass. !2uttle !ortP 'n t2e irst pass only irst t%o elements are compared and sorted and in t2e second pass7 t2ird element is compared %it2 t%o and one and it is placed in t2e rig2t position. 'n t2e it2 pass7 it assumes t2at ' elements are in already sorted order7 proceeds to sort t2e irst ('@1) elements by comparing '@1 t2 element %it2 '7 and ' %it2 '91 and so on until top o t2e table is reac2ed or no9e;c2ange in a comparison. "rrayP 1 05 9 55 * $irst 8assP 1%o elements (1 05) 9 +a;imum 1 comparison 17 059Eno c2ange !econd 8assP 12ree elements (1 05 9) ( +a;imum 0 comparisons 9 N 05 9E c2ange (1 9 05) 9 N 1 9E no c2ange 12ird 8assP $our elements (1 9 05 55) ( +a;imum 4 comparisons 55 N 05 9E no c2ange and stop (no need or any ot2er comparison) $ourt2 8assP $ive elements (1 9 05 55 *) ( +a;imum - comparisons * N 55 9E c2ange ( 1 9 05 * 55) 7 * N 059E C2ange ( 1 9 * 05 55) * N 9 9E C2ange (1 * 9 05 55) 7 * N 1 9E no c2ange and stop. &oteP #ou can come out o pass i you ind one Kno c2angeL !2uttle sort is better t2an bubble sort or sorting arrays %it2 more t2an 15 elements. CO+894 items are al%ays better t2an CO+8 %it2 respect to memory usage ('Q 01)] &o. CO+8 items occupy less space t2an CO+894 items at boundaries. 8'C !9(5-) CO+8 occupies 0 bytes %2ereas 8'C !9(5-) CO+894 occupies 4 bytes. 8'C !9(59) CO+8 occupies - bytes %2ereas 8'C !9(59) CO+894 occupies 5 bytes. 8'C !9(1*) CO+8 occupies * bytes %2ereas 8'C !9(1*) CO+894 occupies 15 bytes.
' 2ave a O!D! !tudents ile %it2 - bytes 3ey. $irst t%o9bytes contain class number and ne;t t%o9bytes contain student number. ' %ant to read all t2e students in class K50L. Ho% %ill you do t2at]
COBOL-Page: 39
"llocate t2e ile %it2 dynamic access mode. +ove K50L to irst t%o9bytes o t2e 3ey and lo%9values to ne;t t%o9bytes o t2e 3ey. #ou can do t2ese moves by re erence modi ication operator or de9grouping t2e our9byte ield into t%o t%o9byte ields in t2e ile section. 'ssue t2e !1"61 command %it2 O:# '! H6:"1:6 1H"& clause. !tart reading t2e ile in loop until irst t%o9bytes is not e<ual to 0.

Mainframe Refresher Part-1 COBOL-Page: 1

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Mainframe Refresher Part-1

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)