A Technical Introduction To Wireless

A A Technical Technical Introduction Introduction to to Wireless Wireless
October, 1997
Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter
1-1
A Technical Introduction to Wireless Chapter 1
History History of of Radio Radio and and Wireless Wireless Telephony Telephony
Wireless Wireless Systems: Systems:
MTS, IMTS
October, 1997
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How Did We Get Here?

Days before radio.....
1680 Newton first suggested concept of spectrum, but for visible light only
N
1831 Faraday demonstrated that light, electricity, and magnetism are related 1864 Maxwells Equations: spectrum includes more than light 1890s First successful demos of radio transmission
LF HF VHF UHF MW IR
UV XRAY
October, 1997
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Telegraphy
I Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he patented in 1837. I Derivatives of Morse binary code are still in use today I The US Congress funded a demonstration line from Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844. I 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming into use. The railroads soon were using them for train dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle Samuel F. B. Morse time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide at the peak of his career I 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed
Submarine Cable Installation news sketch from the 1850s

October, 1997
Field Telegraphy during the US Civil War, 1860s

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Telephony
I By the 1870s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for granted by the public, government, and business. I In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voices over wires. I Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late 1890s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA
Alexander Graham Bell and his phone from 1876 demonstration

October, 1997
Telephone Line Installation Crew 1880s

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Radio Milestones
I 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies I 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy I 1897: the British fund Marconis development of reliable radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM I 1902: Marconis successful trans-Atlantic demonstration I 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio Guglielmo Marconi I 1906: Lee De Forest invents audion, triode vacuum tube radio pioneer, 1895
feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals
MTS, IMTS
I 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I I 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting I 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of incoming German planes during WW II I 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS, Mobile Telephone System I 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical I 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service Lee De Forest I 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs vacuum tube inventor I 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial deployment
Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter 1-6
October, 1997
Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems Overview of the Radio Spectrum

AM LORAN Marine 3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz CB 30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2.4
3.0 MHz
Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur
4
VHF LOW Band
10
FM
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
VHF VHF TV 7-13
VHF TV 2-6
30
40
50
UHF
60
70
80 90 100
Cellular
120 140 160 180 200

GPS
300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz DCS, PCS
240
300 MHz
UHF TV 14-69
0.3
0.4
0.5
0/6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz
2.4
3.0 GHz
10
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x1010 Hz
Broadcasting
October, 1997
Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony Terrestrial Microwave Satellite

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Development of North American Cellular

I In the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission) and the Canadian government allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile telephony. I FCC adopted Bell Labs AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) standard, creating cellular as we know it today The USA was divided into 333 MSAs (Metropolitan Service Areas) and over 300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas) I By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at least one system operating. Canadian markets also developed. I In 1987, the FCC allocated 10 mHz. of expanded spectrum I In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide) CDMA (IS-95) I US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees (typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost
333 MSAs 300+ RSAs
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North American Cellular Spectrum

Uplink Frequencies (Reverse Path)
824 835 845 849
Downlink Frequencies (Forward Path)

Frequency, MHz Paging, ESMR, etc.
846.5 869
870
880
890
894
A
825
B
891.5
Ownership and Licensing
Frequencies used by A Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies Frequencies used by B Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Wireline companies
I In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted A licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only B licenses awareded to existing telephone companies only subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation
October, 1997 Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter 1-9
Development of North America PCS

I By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded and looking for capacity relief The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum around 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were auctioned to highest bidders I PCS Licensing and Auction Details A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas ) Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995) C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas) C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996) Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology
51 MTAs 493 BTAs
PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA

A
1850 MHz. 15
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15
unlic. unlic. data voice
A
15
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15 1990 MHz.
1910 MHz.
1930 MHz.
October, 1997
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Major PCS Auction Winners

Sprint PCS CDMA
The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies I Sprint PCS Partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks Sprint itself has D and/or E blocks in remaining markets CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola I AT&T Wireless Systems Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks will combine and integrate service between its new PCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular 800 MHz. properties IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment I Primeco Partnership of Airtouch, US West, Bell Atlantic, CDMA: Mix of Motorola, Lucent networks I GSM Operators Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE, Powertel, Pacific Bell Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networks I For complete information, check www.fcc.gov
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AT&T Wireless IS-136
Primeco CDMA
Western Wireless Pacific Bell Aerial OmniPoint BellSouth Powertel
GSM
October, 1997
Canadian Wireless Technologies, Manufacturers, and Operators
Frequency Band, MHz 900 1900 1900 1900 800 B 1900 800 A
Technology
Network Manufacturer Motorola Lucent Ericsson Nortel Nortel ? Ericsson
Geographic Area
British Alberta Columbia SaskatchNew Manitoba Ontario Quebec ewan Brunswick Nova Scotia Newfoundland
IDEN CDMA GSM CDMA AMPS TDMA IS-136 AMPS TDMA
Clearnet MIKE
Clearnet PCS Microcell FIDO

Mobilink Canada
?
Rogers Cantel
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Summary of Radio Technology Development

Progress in Radio Communications
Radio Communication Systems
HFAmateur
Marine Military
VHFLand Mobile
Mobile Telephony30-50MHz
150MHz 450MHz 800MHz 1900MHz
Microwave Microwave Point-to-Point Satellite RADAR AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz VHF-TV Bcst UHF-TV Bcst FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK
Modulation CW AM FSK Devices Spark Vacuum Tubes 1920 1930
Discrete MSI VLSI, Transistors LSI ASICS 1940 1950 1960 Time 1970 1980 1990 2000
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1910
October, 1997
Summary of Wireless Telephony

Evolution of Public Mobile Telephony
Standards Evolution
MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz
450MHz
Technology Evolution
Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation
DQPSK GMSK
AMPS800MHz N_AMPS D-AMPS CDMA
PCS1900MHz
GSM CDMA AMPS, etc
ESMR800MHz
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Access Strategies
Vacuum Tubes Dozens
Discrete Transistors Hundreds
MSI
LSI
VLSI, ASICs 1,000,000s
System Capacity Evolution - Users

100,000s
1960
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio
October, 1997
1990
PCS-1900 = FDMA = TDMA = CDMA = Personal Communication Systems Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access
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Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics Trends in Radio Communications

Technology: System Organization:
Analog Centralized Digital Distributed
Cost Capacity Complexity Radio Frequency Time

October, 1997 Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter 1 - 15

A Technical Introduction To Wireless

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A A Technical Technical Introduction Introduction to to Wireless Wireless

Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter