Chapter

B ENDING M OMENT AND S HEAR F ORCE

[ 16 M ARKS ]
Chapter Details
2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) Reaction Calculation

2-2

Strength of Materials

Graphical and Statistical representation of questions asked from this chapter in previous years MSBTE Question Papers

Graphical Representation 16 16 14 14 12 12 Total Marks 10 8 6 4 2 0 W-2009 S-2010 Years W-2010

Statistical Analysis

MSBTE paper W-2009 S-2010 W-2010

Total marks questions asked in this chapter 16 14 12

Bending Moment & Shear Force

2-3
Load S.S.B

2.1

INTRODUCTION

Beam is a horizontal member in the structure. Due to load on it, beam suffers bending, shear torsion etc. Beam is generally designed for bending and checks for shear. We have already discussed concept of bending stresses and shear stresses. Due to bending, beam suffers tension as well as compression at extreme fibres according to the type of beam. Shear failure is sudden failure. It does not give any prior warning before failure. Shear force acts tangential to the cross-section. Shearing action and bending action occurs due to load at the same time. Hence there is a relation between loading rate, shearing force and bending moment.

S.S. beam: Simply supported beam. (Applied mechanics equilibrium)

Compression Tension
Loading Cantilever

Tension

Compression W

Shear on beam acting

Types of Load or Loading on a Beam

Practically beam suffers from various types of load: a. concentrated load/point load b. uniformly distributed load (udl) c. uniformly varying load (uvl) Among these, we are learning concentrated loads and uniformly distributed loads. a. Concentrated load / point load: A load acting at a point on the beam is known as a concentrated load or point load. In practice, a load distributed over small area is taken as concentrated load. e.g., column
W1 A RA W2 B RB

Bending action on beam

Wall

Beam

Even this portion of wall on beam is considered as concentrated load.

C L

Figure 2.1: Simply supported Beam subjected to point loads

2-4
Conversion of udl into point load

Strength of Materials b. Uniformly distributed load (udl): A load which is spread up uniformly on the beam is known as a uniformly distributed load or rectangular load and is written as u.d.l. e.g., self weight of a beam, or load from the floor or a slab on the beam. For convenience u.d.l. is converted into its equivalent point load which is assumed to act at the centre of gravity of the load.

w/m L WL L/2 L

Shear Force (SF)

W1 W2 W3 W4

C RA
w1 w2

Shear force at any cross-section of the beam is the algebraic sum of all vertical forces on the beam, acting on the right or left side of the section. Sign convention for the shear force
X L R L X R

RB w3 w4

C Left part of beam RA

Right part of beam RB

SFc = VLc = VRc SFc = RA W1 W2 SFc = RB W3 + W4

X Positive shear
Figure 2.2

X Negative shear

VL

= Summation of vertical forces on left hand part of beam

VR

= Summation of vertical forces on right part of beam.

i.e. If we consider only left part of a beam upward force is to be considered positive (+ve) and downward force is to be considered negative (ve). While if right part of beam is considered, downward force is to be considered positive (+ve) while upward force is to be considered negative (ve).

Bending Moment & Shear Force Bending Moment (BM) Bending moment at any cross-section of the beam, is the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces acting on the right or left side of the section. Sign convention for the beam:
W

2-5

BM = Wx

X L R L

X R
RA x1 Left part of beam BMC = RAx1 W1x2
L R

C x2

X Positive BM
Figure 2.3

X Negative BM

+ve Sagging

Clockwise moment to the left of the section and anticlockwise moment on the right of the section, is taken as positive. (i.e. Sagging BM is considered positive). Sagging from both sides i.e. L or R; upward force will produce +ve BM. Anticlockwise moment to the left of the section and clockwise moment on the right of the section is taken as negative. (i.e. Hogging BM is consider negative). From both side i.e. L or R down word force will produce ve BM.

From both sides i.e. L or R; upward force will produce +ve BM and from both sides i.e. L or R downward force will produce ve BM.

ve Hogging

Relation betw een Loading Shear force and Bending Moment

Relation between Rate of Loading and Shear Force Shear force is a function of load. Hence rate of change of shear force with respect to the distance, is equal to the intensity of loading. dF =W dx
BTE W.2010 2M State the relation between rate of loading, shear force and bending moment.

2-6

Strength of Materials

Relation between Bending Moment and Shear Force dM =F dx The rate of change of bending moment at any section, is equal to the shear force at that section. If dM = 0, ie. shear force = 0, dx

The bending moment (M) will be maximum i.e. The point at which Shear Force (SF)changes its value from +ve to ve, at that point bending moment value is maximum; and called as maximum bending moment point or contrashear point.

2.2

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD) AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)

A shear force diagram is that which shows the variation of shear force along the length of the beam. A bending moment diagram shows the variation of bending moment along the length of the beam. There is a relation between rate of loading, shear force and bending moment. Hence, we draw loaded beam, shear force diagram and bending moment diagram one below the other as; Loaded beam then Shear force diagram then Bending moment diagram While drawing SFD and BMD, following points are to be considered: a.
+ve SF base of SFD ve SF

b.

+ve BM base of BMD ve BM

c.

Base of SFD and BMD is equal to the span of beam. (i.e. = L) Positive values of SF and BM are plotted above the base line and negative values of SF and BM are plotted below the base line. The SF and BM must be calculated for all the critical points and written near the respective co-ordinates.

Bending Moment & Shear Force Critical points are as follows: i. ii. iii. A point at which point load acts. A point at which udl starts or ends.

2-7

A point at which SF value changes from positive to negative.( max. BM point) i.e. +ve called ve contrashear point or max BM point.

d.

Location of zero bending moment point i.e. point of contraflexure must be found out.

2.3

REACTION CALCULATION

While calculating SFE at various points first step is to calculate reactions.

Reaction Calculation for Simpl y Supported Beam

We consider that the beam is statistically determinant, hence it follows conditions of equilibrium.

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 M=0
Let us consider, simply supported beam
W1 A x1 x2 RA x3 L
Figure 2.4

W2

W3 B
If we consider Fy = 0 i.e. forces = forces Wx RB = L

RB

Fy = 0
RA + RB = W1 + W2 + W3 =

RA = W RB ...............................................................................................................(1)

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M A = 0
+ve

Strength of Materials

As beam is in equilibrium MA = 0
ve

0 = W1x1 + W2x2 + W2x3 RBL

+ve ve

RBL = W1x1 + W2x2 + W3x3 RB =

Wx
L

.....................................................................................................................(2)

We can consider as formula to calculate RB. then by using. RA = W RB We can calculate value of RA.
Solved

Reaction Calculation Practice Example 1. Calculate reactions of following.

10N 20N 30N

2m RA

2m

2m

2m RB

Solution
By using,
10N 20N 30N

RB =
RA 2m 4m 6m 8m RB

Wx

L 280 = 8

10 2 + 20 4 + 30 6 8

= 35 N = (10 + 20 + 30) 35

RA = W RB = 25 N RA = 25 N RB = 35 N

Bending Moment & Shear Force 2. Calculate reaction for given beam.
20N A 10N/m C 4m 2m D 1m 5N B

2-9

Solution
10 N/m

40N/m 20N 5N
4m 10 4

RA

C 2m 4m 6m 7m

RB
2m

CG 2m

RB =

Wx
L

40 2 + 20 4 + 5 6 7

udl is converted into equivalent point load whose rate is 10 N/m and considered 4m = 10 N/m 4m = 50 N. Action at center of udl pass.

= 27.14 N RA = (40 + 20 + 5) RB = 65 27.14 = 37.86 N 3. Calculate reactions for given beam.

15N 5N/m A 1m C 4m D 1m B 5N

Solution
15N 30N 5N

RB =
RA C 1m 3m 5m 6m D RB

Wx

L = 13.33 N

15 1 + 30 3 5 5 6 = (15 + 30 + 5)(13.33)

RA = W RB = 36.67 N

2-10

Strength of Materials

Reaction Calculation for Cantilever

Only one support will bear total load on the beam hence in cantilever: R = W as Fy = 0 = 4. Find reaction at cantilever support.
10N A RA 2m 2m 2m 20N 10N

Solution
= RA = 10 + 20 + 10 RA = 40N 5. Find reaction at cantilever support
60N 20N 5N

RA

2m

2m

1.5 m

Solution
= RA + 5 = 60 + 20 RA = 60 + 20 5 RA = 75 N 6. Find reaction at cantilever support
10N/m A 5m 10N B

Solution
50N 10N

= RA = 50 + 10 RA = 60 N

RA

2.5m 5m