Chng

Phng trnh ng d
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Phng trnh ng d tuyn tnh 89

Phng trnh ng d bc cao 90
H phng trnh ng d bc nht
mt n 90
Bc ca phng trnh ng d 95
Bi tp 95
ng dng nh l Euler gii
phng trnh ng d 96
Bi tp 101

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h
4

2
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Trn Trung Kin (Ispectorgadget)

Nguyn nh Tng (tungc3sp)

5.1

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h

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Phng trnh ng d tuyn tnh

nh ngha 5.1 Phng trnh ng d dng ax b (mod m) c gi

l phng trnh ng d tuyn tnh vi a, b, m l cc s bit.
x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh khi v ch khi ax0 b (mod m).
Nu x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh th cc phn t thuc lp x0
cng l nghim.
4

V d 5.1. Gii phng trnh ng d sau: 12x 7 (mod 23)

Li gii. Do (12; 23) = 1 nn phng trnh lun c nghim duy nht.
Ta tm mt s nguyn sao cho 7 + 23k chia ht cho 12. Chn k = 7
suy ra 12x 7.24 (mod 23) x 14 (mod 23)


89

90

5.2. Phng trnh ng d bc cao

V d 5.2. Gii phng trnh 5x 2 (mod 7)

4
Li gii. V (5; 2) = 1 nn tn ti s k = 4 sao cho 2 + 7k chia ht cho
30
5. Khi y 5x 2 + 6.7 (mod 7) ta c nghim x
6 (mod 7)
5
hay x = 6 + 7k

V d 5.3. Gii phng trnh: 5x 4 (mod 11)
Li gii. Ta c:

5x 4 (mod 11)
4 4 (mod 11)

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p dng tnh cht bc cu ta c: 5x 4 (mod 11) 5x = 11t + 4

Ta c th ly t = 1; x = 3. T phng trnh c nghim duy nht l
x 3 (mod 11)


h
4

Nhn xt. Cch xc nh nghim ny l n gin nhng ch dng c

trong trng hp a l mt s nh hoc d thy ngay s k.

5.2

2
c

Phng trnh ng d bc cao

o
h

V d 5.4. Gii phng trnh 2x3 + 4 0 (mod 5)

Li gii. Ta thy x = 2 suy ra 2x3 4 (mod 5).
Nn x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

5.3

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4


H phng trnh ng d bc nht mt n

nh ngha 5.2 H phng trnh

trnh ng d bc nht mt n

x b1

x b2
....

x bk

c dng sau c gi l h phng

(mod m1 )
(mod m2 )
(mod mk )

Vi m1 ; m2 ; ...mk l nhng s nguyn ln hn 1 v b1 ; b2 ; ...; bk l nhng

s nguyn ty .
4
Din n Ton hc

Chuyn S hc

5.3. H phng trnh ng d bc nht mt n

91

Nhn xt.
Trong trng hp tng qut, chng ta c th chng
minh c rng: iu kin cn v h phng trnh (5.2) c
nghim l U CLN (mi ; mj ) chia ht bi bj vi i 6= j(1 i, j k).
a2
k
Gi s m = p1
1 p2 ...pk l phn tch tiu chun ca m. Khi
y phng trnh ng d f (x) 0 (mod m) tng ng vi h
phng trnh ng d f (x) 0 (mod p1
i ), i = 1, 2, ..., k. T
suy ra rng nu x b1 (mod p1
)
l
mt
nghim ca phng
1
trnh f (x) 0 (mod pi ), i = 1, 2, ..., k th nghim ca h phng
trnh ca h phng trnh ng d

x b1 (modp1 1 )

x b2 (modp2 2 )
...

x bk modpk k

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cho ta nghim ca phng trnh f (x) 0(modm).

2
c

Vy trong Trng hp tng qut gii mt phng trnh ng

d dn n gii h trn. Vi cc module m1 , m2 , ..., mk i mt
nguyn t cng nhau.

o
h

Phng php chung gii:

i
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Trng hp 1: h 2 phng trnh


x b1 (mod m1 )
x b2 (mod m2 )

Vi gi thit d = (m1 , m2 ) chia ht cho b1 b2 . Trc tin ta nhn

xt rng, mi s x = b1 + m1 t, t Z l nghim ca phng trnh
th nht. Sau ta tm cch xc nh t sao cho x nghim ng
phng trnh th hai, ngha l h hai phng trnh trn tng
ng vi h phng trnh

x = b1 + m1 t
b1 + m1 t b2 (mod m2 )
Chuyn S hc

Din n Ton hc

92

5.3. H phng trnh ng d bc nht mt n

V gi thit d = (m1 , m2 ) l c b1 b2 nn phng trnh: b1 +
m1 t b2 (mod m2 ) tng ng vi phng trnh:
m1
b2 b1
t
d
d

(mod

m2
)
d

m1 m2
,
) = 1 nn phng trnh ng d ny cho ta
d d
m2
nghim t t0 (mod
), l tp hp tt c cc s nguyn
d
m2
t = t0 +
u, u Z
d
Thay biu thc ca t vo biu thc tnh x ta c tp hp cc
gi tr ca x nghim ng c hai phng trnh ng d ang xt
l:
m2
x = b1 + m1 (t0 +
u) = b1 + m1 t0 + m1dm2 u, hay x = x0 + mu
d
vi x0 = b1 + m1 t0 , m = BCN N (m1 , m2 ).
Nhng (

n
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h
4

2
c

Vy x x0 (mod m) l nghim ca h hai phng trnh ng d

ang xt.

o
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Trng hp 2: H gm n phng trnh. u tin gii h hai

phng trnh no ca h cho, ri thay trong h hai phng
trnh gii bng nghim tm thy, ta s c mt h gm n 1
phng trnh tng ng vi vi h cho. Tip tc nh vy
sau n 1 bc ta s c nghim cn tm.

x 26 (mod 36)

x 62 (mod 60)
V d 5.5. Gii h phng trnh:
4
x 92 (mod 150)

x 11 (mod 231)
Li gii. H hai phng trnh:


x 26 (mod 36)
x = 26 + 36t

, t Z.
x 62 (mod 60)
26 + 36t 62

i
u

26 + 36t 62 (mod 60)

36t 36 (mod 60)
t 1 (mod 5)
Din n Ton hc

Chuyn S hc

5.3. H phng trnh ng d bc nht mt n

93

Vy nghim ca h l: x 26 + 36.1 (mod 180) hay x 62 (mod 180)

Do h phng trnh cho tng ng vi h:

x 62 (mod 180)
x 92 (mod 150)

x 11 (mod 231)
V d 5.6. Gii h phng trnh


x = 62 + 180t
x 62 (mod 180)
, t Z.

62 + 180t 92 (mod 150)

x 92 (mod 150)

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Li gii. Ta c:
62 + 180t 92
180t 30
6t 1

h
4

(mod 1)50)

(mod 150)

(mod 5)

2
c

Vy nghim ca h l:
x 62 + 180.(1+)

t1

(mod 900) x 242

o
h

(mod 5)

(mod 900)

H cho tng ng vi:


x 242 (mod900)
x 11 (mod231)

i
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H ny c nghim x 242 (mod 69300) , v y cng l nghim ca

h cho cn tm.


V d 5.7. Tm s nguyn dng nh nht tha tnh cht: chia 7 d 5,

chia 11 d 7 v chia 13 d 3.
4
Li gii. Ta c: n1 = 7; N1 = 11.13 = 143; n2 = 11; N2 = 7.13 =
91; n3 = 13; N3 = 7.11 = 77.
Ta c N1 b1 3b1 1 (mod 7) b1 = 2. Tng t b2 = 4; b3 = 1
Vy a = 143(2)5 + (91)(4)(7) + (77)(1)(3) = 1430 + 2548 231 =
887 vy cc s cn tm c dng b = 877 + 1001k.
Vy 877 l s cn tm.

Chuyn S hc

Din n Ton hc

94

5.3. H phng trnh ng d bc nht mt n

V d 5.8 (Chn i tuyn KHTN). Xt h ng d gm 3 phng

trnh:
xy 1

(mod z)

yz 1

(mod x)

xz 1

(mod y)

(5.1)
(5.2)
(5.3)

Hy tm s b (x, y, z)nguyn dng phn bit vi1 trong 3 s l 19.4

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Li gii. T ba phng trnh, theo tnh cht ng d ta ln lt c

.
.
.
xy + 1..z v yz 1..x v zx 1..y
Suy ra

h
4

.
(xy + 1)(yz 1)(zx 1)..xyz

.
x2 y 2 z 2 x2 yz xy 2 z + xyz 2 + xy yz zx + 1..xyz
.
xy yz zx + 1..xyz

2
c

Nhn thy do x, y, z nguyn dng cho nn xyz 1. Suy ra xy yz

zx + 1 2xyz
Mt khc yz + zx xy 1 2xyz (yz + zx xy 1) 2xyz
Do ta c bt phng trnh kp 2xyz xy yz zx + 1 2xyz
.
M xyyzzx+1..xyz xyyzzx+1 = 2xyz, 1xyz, 0, 1xyz, 2xyz

o
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Trng hp 1: xy yz zx + 1 = 2xyz xy 1 (mod z), yz 1

(mod x), zx 1 (mod y)
Cho nn ta ch cn tm nghim ca xy yz zx + 1 = 2xyz l xong.
V x, y, z c mt s bng 19 nn ta thay ln lt vo.
Nu x = 19 19y yz 19z + 1 = 38yz 39yz 19y + 19z = 1
(39y + 19)(39z 19) = 322 Vi y = 19 hoc z = 19 th tng t.
Trng hp 2,3,4,5: xyyzzx+1 = 1xyz, 0, 1xyz, 2xyz lm hon
ton tng t, ta y c v phng trnh c dng au+bv = ab+uv+x
vi x l hng s.
a v (a v)(b u) = x v gii kiu phng trnh c s. Bi ton
hon tt.


Din n Ton hc

Chuyn S hc

5.4. Bc ca phng trnh ng d

95

Nhn xt. Bi ton ny m khng cho iu kin mt s bng 19 th

khng a c dng au + bv = ab + uv + x (a v)(b u) = x lc
suy ra v hn nghim.

5.4

Bc ca phng trnh ng d

nh ngha 5.3 Xt phng trnh ng d f (x) = 0 (mod m) vi

f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + ... + an , ai N, i = 0, 1, ..., n
Nu a0 khng ng d 0 (mod m) th ta ni n l bc ca phng trnh
ng d.
4

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V d 5.9. Xc nh bc ca phng trnh 15x6 8x4 + x2 + 6x + 8 0

(mod 3)
4

h
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Li gii. Ta thy 15 0 (mod 3) nn bc ca phng trnh khng

phi l bc 6. Phng trnh trn tng ng vi 8x4 + x2 + 2 0
(mod 3)
V 8 6 0 (mod 3) nn bc phng trnh l n = 4.


5.5

2
c

o
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Bi tp

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Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) 7x 6 (mod 13) b) (a + b)x

a2 + b2 (mod ab) vi (a, b) = 1 c) 17x 13 (mod 11) d) x2 +
x 2 1 (mod 3)

x1

x4
Bi 2. Gii cc h phng trnh: a)
x2

x9

5x 1 (mod 12)
5x 2 (mod 8)
b)

7x 3 (mod 11)

(mod
(mod
(mod
(mod

3)
4)
7)
11)

Bi 3. Tm a nguyn h phng trnh sau c nghim

Chuyn S hc

Din n Ton hc

96

5.6. ng dng nh l Euler gii phng trnh ng d

x 3 (mod 3)

x 1 (mod 4)
a)
x 11 (mod 7)

x a (mod 11)

2x a (mod 3)
b)
3x 4 (mod 10)

Bi 4. Mt lp gm 40 hc sinh ng thnh vng trn v quay mt

v trong vng trn chi bng. Mi hc sinh nhn c bng
phi nm qua mt 6 bn bn tay tri mnh. Chng minh rng
tt c hc sinh trong lp u nhn c bng nm ti mnh
sau 40 ln nm bng lin tip.

5.6

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ng dng nh l Euler gii phng trnh

ng d

2
c

Qua bi vit ny ti xin gii thiu mt phng php gii phng

trnh ng d bng cch khai thc nh l Euler

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Trc ht, xin nhc li vi kin thc quen thuc.

i
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nh ngha 5.4 Hm Euler (m) vi s nguyn dng m l cc s t

nhin nh hn m l cc s nguyn t vi m.
4

5.6.1

nh l Euler.

nh l 5.1 (Euler) Cho m l s nguyn dng v (a, m) = 1 th

a(m) 1 (mod m)
Hm c tnh cht sau:
(mn) = (m)(n) vi (m; n) = 1
Nu p nguyn t (p) = p 1; (pn ) = pn pn1 (n > 1)
Din n Ton hc

Chuyn S hc

5.6. ng dng nh l Euler gii phng trnh ng d

97

Nu m = p1 1 p2 2 ...pk , pi l cc s nguyn t th



 
1
1
1
(m) = m 1
1
... 1
p1
p2
pk
By gi ta xt m = a.b trong (a; b) = 1 th c cc kt qu sau
nh l 5.2
a(b) + b(a) 1

(mod ab)

(5.4)

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Chng minh. Theo nh l Euler ta c: a(b) 1 (mod b) m b(a) 0

(mod b)
Nn a(b) + b(a) 1 (mod b).
Tng t ta c:a(b) + b(a) 1 (mod a)
Theo tnh cht ng d th : a(b) + b(a) 1 (mod ab)


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nh l 5.3 Gi s c k(k 2) s nguyn dng m1 ; m2 ; . . . mk v

chng nguyn t vi nhau tng i mt. t M = m1 .m2 . . . mk = mi ti
vi i = 1, 2, 3. . . , k ta c
(m1 )

t1

(m2 )

+ t2

2
c

(mk )

+ ... + tk

o
h

(mod M )

(5.5)

Chng minh. T gi thit ta c (mi , ti ) = 1 vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , k nn

theo nh l Euler th

i
u

(m1 )

t1

(mod mi )

(5.6)

Mt khc vi i; j thuc tp 1;2;. . . ;k v i 6= j th tj chia ht cho mj

nn (tj ; mi ) = mi hay

V
(m )

(mi )

tj
(m )

(mod mi )

(5.7)

(m )

t S = t1 1 + t2 2 + ... + tk k
T (5.6) v (5.7) c S timi 1 (mod mi )
V m1 ; m2 ; . . . mk nguyn t vi nhau tng i mt, nn theo tnh cht
ng d thc c
S 1 0 (mod m1 .m2 ...mk ) S 1 (mod M ), tc l c (5.5). 
Chuyn S hc

Din n Ton hc

98

5.6. ng dng nh l Euler gii phng trnh ng d

Khi m rng (5.4) theo hng nng ln ly tha cc s hng ta c kt

qu sau.
nh l 5.4 Vi (a, b) = 1 v n, v l hai s nguyn dng no th
an(b) + bv(a) 1

(mod ab)

(5.8)

Chng minh. tin lp lun t x = a(b) .

Theo nh l Euler th x = a(b) 1 (mod b) x 1 0 (mod b)
ng thi x = a(b) 0 (mod a).
T c x(x1) 0 (mod a) v x(x1) 0 (mod b) nn x(x1) 0
(mod ab)
T x3 x2 .x x.x x2 x (mod ab) v c lp lun nh th c
xn x (mod ab) hay an(b) a(b) (mod ab)
Tng t ta c: bv(a) b(a) (mod ab) nn theo (5.4) c an(b) +
bv(a) b(a) + a(b) 1 (mod ab).
(5.8) c chng minh.


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H qu 5.1 Vi (a; b) = 1 th an(b) + bn(a) 1 (mod ab)

H qu ny c th chng minh trc tip khi nng hai v ca h thc

(5.4) ln ly tha bc n (s dng khi trin nh thc Newton) v ch
rng ab 0 (mod ab). Nn lu rng trong ng d thc th a 6 0
(mod ab)!

o
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Vi k hiu nh nh l 5.3 ta c ti .tj 0 (mod M ) vi i khc j v mi

i; j thuc tp 1,2,...,k (nhng t 6 0 (mod M ) vi mi i = 1, 2, 3, ...k)
T khi nng hai v ca (5.5) ln ly tha bc n ta c kt qu sau.

nh l 5.5 Vi cc gi thit nh nh l 5.3 ta c:

n(m1 )

t1

n(m2 )

+ t2

n(mk )

+ ... + tk

(mod M )

(5.9)

Vi cc k hiu nh trn ta t a = mi v b = ti th theo (5.4) c

n(ti )

mi

n(mi )

+ ti

(mod M )

(5.10)

Cng tng v ca k ng thc dng (5.10) v s dng (5.5) ta c

kt qu sau:
Din n Ton hc

Chuyn S hc

5.6. ng dng nh l Euler gii phng trnh ng d

99

nh l 5.6 Vi cc gi thit nh l 5.3 ta c:

(t1 )

m1

(t2 )

+ m2

n(tk )

+ ... + mk

k1

(mod M )

(5.11)

Khi nhn 2 v ca (??) vi mi ta c

1+(ti )

m1
(mi )

Do mi .ti

(mi )

+ mi .ti

(mi )1

= mi .ti .ti

1+(t1 )

mi

+ mi
(mi )1

= M.ti

mi

(mod M )

(5.12)

nn

n
.v

(mod M ), i = 1, k

(5.13)

Cng tng v k ng thc dng (5.13) ta c kt qu sau:

h
4

nh l 5.7 Vi cc gi thit nh nh l 5.3 ta c:

1+(t1 )

m1

2+(t2 )

+ m2

1+(tk )

+ ... + mk

m1 + m2 + ... + mk

2
c

Khi nhn 2 v ca (5.10) vi ti ta c

1+(t1 )
m1

2+(t2 )
m2

o
h

+ ... +

i
u

1+(tk )
mk

1+(mi )

ti

ti

m1 + m2 + ... + mk

(mod M ), i = 1, k

(mod M )
(5.14)

(mod M )
(5.15)
(5.16)

Cng tng v ca k ng d dng (5.16) ta c kt qu sau

nh l 5.8 Vi cc gi thit nh nh l 5.3 ta c:

1+(m1 )

t1

1+(m2 )

+t2

1+(mk )

+...+tk

t1 +t2 +...+tk

(mod M ) (5.17)

Ch rng ti .tj 0 (mod M ) nn khi nng ln ly tha bc n ca

tng t1 + t2 + ... + tk ta c kt qu sau.
nh l 5.9 Vi cc gi thit nh nh l 5.3 ta c:
tn1 + tn2 + ... + tnk (t1 + t2 + ... + tk )n
Chuyn S hc

(mod M )

(5.18)

Din n Ton hc

100

5.6. ng dng nh l Euler gii phng trnh ng d

Kh nng tm ra cc h thc ng d mi cha phi ht mi bn

c nghin cu thm. nm r c nhng phn trn ta tm hiu
qua mt s v d sau y.
V d 5.10. Tm t nht bn nghim ca phng trnh ng d:
x3 + y 7 1

(mod 30)

(5.19)

Li gii. Do 30 = 5.6 v (6; 5) = 1 nn theo (5.4) c 5(6) + 6(5) 1

(mod 30)
v (6) = (2).(3) = 2 v (5) = 4; 62 6 (mod 30).
Tng t ta c: 257 25 (mod 30) v 63 6 (mod 30) nn 63 + 257
26 + 6 1 (mod 30)
Nu phn tch 30 = 3.10 vi (3; 10) = 1 th theo (5.4) c 3(10) +10(3)
1 (mod 30). Tnh ton tng t nh trn ta c 34 + 102 1 (mod 30).
V 34 = 81 21 (mod 30) v 102 10 (mod 30) nn theo (5.8) c
(34 )3 + (102 )7 1 (mod 30) v (34 )7 + (102 )3 1 (mod 30)
Suy ra phng trnh trn c t nht bn nghim (x; y) l (25; 6); (6; 25);
(21; 10); (10; 21).


n
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2
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V d 5.11. Chng minh rng phng trnh ng d sau c nghim

(x; y; z; t) khc (0; 0; 0; 0):

i
u

x4 + y 4 + z 4 + t 4 t 3

(mod 60).

Li gii. 60 = 3.4.5 v (5; 3) = 1; (5; 4) = 1; (3; 4) = 1 nn t m1 =

3; m2 = 4; m3 = 5; t1 = 15; t2 = 1; t3 = 20 theo (5.18)

V
4

15 + 12 + 204 (15 + 20 + 12)4 1

(mod 60)

V d 5.12. Tm t nht mt nghim ca phng trnh ng d x17 +

y 19 1 (mod 35)
4
7
5

Li gii. Ta c: 35 = 5.7 m (5; 7) = 1 nn theo (5.4): 5 + 7 1

(mod 35))
V (5) = 4; (7) = 6 nn 54 + 76 1 (mod 35)
Theo (5.8): 1417 + 3019 14 + 30 1 (mod 35)
Vy phng trnh ng d c t nht mt nghim (x; y) = (14; 30) 
Din n Ton hc

Chuyn S hc

5.7. Bi tp

5.7

101

Bi tp

Bi 1. Chng minh rng phng trnh ng d sau c nghim (x; y; z; t)

khc (0; 0; 0; 0):
a) x3 + y 3 + z 3 t3 (mod 210)
b) x5 + y 5 + z 5 t5 (mod 1155)
Bi 2. Tm t nht mt nghim ca phng trnh ng d sau:
x11 + y 13 1

n
.v

(mod 45)

Bi 3. Chng t rng mi phng trnh sau c nghim nguyn dng.

a) 2x + 3y + 5z + 7t 3 (mod 210)

h
4

b) 3x + 5y + 7z 2 (mod 105)

2
c

o
h

i
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V
Chuyn S hc

Din n Ton hc