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Chapter 2 Symbols
2 . 1 Communication
Communication can determine whether a job will be a success or a failure. In industry, drawings convey the designers concepts to those performing the work. Intricate details can be much more accurately and efficiently described through graphic presentation than through the written word. In the case of welded construction, a great deal of information may be required in order for the welder to successfully provide a weld adequate for the designers intended purpose. Using written notes is one method for conveying the necessary design concepts. However, written descriptions can become quite complex and time consuming for intricate details. A simpler and more efficient method uses welding symbols. The American Welding Society has developed a system of standard welding symbols now used and accepted worldwide. Figure 2.1 depicts the various types of weld and welding symbols and explains the purposes and locations of the basic elements. A detailed description of the system can be found in AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination. Figure 2.2 shows the advantages offered when welding symbols replace the written explanation. Figures 2.3 and 2.4 show other welding symbols and how they are used to specify the welding requirements. The adjacent details illustrate the significance of each symbol. Just as the welding symbol is important to the welder, equally important is the welding inspectors knowledge of its meaning. Without this knowledge, the inspector would be unable to assure that the welder has complied with the requirements set forth by the 3 designer. Typical information depicted by welding symbols that is of interest to a welding inspector includes type of weld, size of weld, weld location, joint configuration, finished condition of face and root of the weld, as well as any special instructions. Knowledge of the information provided by the welding symbol is essential to the inspector when a weld is to be visually examined (VT). Once the inspector understands what the engineer requires, a thorough and highly effective visual examination can result. Many situations warrant a more extensive check than can be provided by visual examination alone. In such cases, other forms of nondestructive examination (NDE) are often employed. The inspector can gain a great deal of insight from the welding symbol as to the applicability of a particular test when nondestructive examination is involved. In ultrasonic testing (UT), for example, useful information provided by the welding symbol might include the joint configuration and location. From this information, the NDE operator can determine whether the test can be physically conducted as well as what transducer angle would most readily reveal any discontinuities. The welding symbol can also provide valuable information concerning how the test can be applied when radiographic examination (RT) is to be used. Information such as joint configuration, weld location, type of weld, and size of weld can help the radiographer to determine the types of discontinuities which may be present and the best method for their detection. Such details allow the inspector to plan his test so that the best technique and procedure will be used,
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Figure 2.1-AWS
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Figure 2.2-Comparison
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Figure 2.3-Examples of Typical Fillet Welds Showing the Corresponding Symbols and Dimensions
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Figure 2.4-Examples of Typical Groove Welds Showing the Corresponding Symbols and Dimensions
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NUMBER OF EXAMINATIONS REFERENCE LINE SPECIFICATION OR OTHERREFERENCE EXAMINE IN FIELD TAIL EXAMINATION METHOD LElTER DESIGNATIONS EXAMINE-ALLAROUND
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Figure 2.7-Master
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Figure 2.7 (Continued)-Master Chart of Welding, Aied hoc-, and Thermai Cutting
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