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zwf&I&if; armifxGef;Ekdifwa,muf usef;rm csrf;omygap[k pdwfwxifhxifh jzpf&if;
qkawmif;vmrdonftxd cHpm;rI&SdcJUrd\/
xl;qef;aom tdyfruf&Sif...?
aMuuGJzG,f&m wuúodkvfausmif;om;wOD;....?
ola&;jyonfh olUtaMumif;t&m cyfqef;qef;udk pma&;olu wqifh azmufonf

cs&ygvQifum;.......
_ _ __ __ __ _
7
qef&kd;usacsmif;rS wjznf;jznf; wpp ckwfarmif;xGufvmcJUNyD;vQif ukvm;wefjrpftwGif;odkU

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vmaom ]]rawmifhw}} trnf&Sd armfawmfbkwfi,fonf tvl;tvdSrfh tckef taqmifhrsm;
Mum;wGif renf;BuD; xdef;udkifarmif;ESif&aomaMumifh t&Sdeftwefi,faES;í oGm;av\? ppfawG
yifv,f0 av;csKdifhawmif (Salvage Island) rD;jywdkufqDrS wpkw&kH; tpm&SmxGufí
vmMuaom Zifa&mfwodkufonf jrpf0rsm; aygif;qkH&m ae&mjzpfaomaMumifh awmifyH
wzswfzswf vnfwqwfqwfjzifh rawmifhw\ ab;w0dkufwGif ywfcsmvnfysH0JNyD; &kwfw&uf
armfawmft&Sdef aES;oGm;onf udk rdrdwdkUtm;tpmauR;&ef qdkif;iUHvdkuf avoavm[k xifrSwf
rSm;Muonfhtvm;? wusDusDwusmusm tpmawmif;jcif;trIudk jyKav&m uRefawmfvnf;
vufxJrS pm;vufpaygifrkefUcsyfrS tptrIefuav;rsm; zJUacsGum ajrmufvTifhausG;vdkuf
rdygonf/
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vnf; &kwfw&ufrdkU a&mif&rf; ykwfxkwfrdvdkuf\/ xdktcg tm;vGefía&xJodkU usrnfuJUodkU
jzpfoGm;&m aemufqDrSwpkHwa,mufu oefrmaomvufrsm;jzifh qJGxm;vdkufaomaMumifhom
a&xJodkU *sGrf;jyefusrnfh ab;rS oDoDuav;a0;í oGm;&ayonf/
odkUaomf.....
uRefawmfonf toufab;rS ulnDaomoltm; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym&ef vSnfhMunfhrd\?

odkUaomf uRefawmfaemufyg;ü rnfolUudkrS rawGU&bJ Avmt&Sif; [mvm[if;vif;
jzpfíaeonfudk tUHMopGm awGUvkduf&yg\? a&xJodkUusrnfjyKpOfu rnfodkUrS aMumufvefU
pdk;xdwfjcif; rjzpfcJUaom uRefawmfrSm xdktcgusrSyif MuufoD;arG;nSif;rsm; jzmíoGm;rdNyD;
&ifxJwGif xdwfueJjzpfí oGm;rdygonf/ vludk&efrrlwwfaom Zifa&mfiSufi,fu uRefawmfUudk
&efjyKonfuwcsuf? a&xJ tm;oGefusrnf jyKaomtcgwGif rjrif&aom vufrsm;u uRefawmfh
udkusa&muftUHaomtEÅ&,frS umuG,fvdkufonfuwcsuf? uRefawmfUpdwftm&kHaMu;rkHjyifudk
tufueJ oHo, aMumif;xifí oGm;apav&m uRefawmfUOD;aESmufrsm; qla0vmouJUodkU cHpm;
&ojzifh xdkae&mwGif MumMumraebJ armfawmfOD;ykdif;odkU xGufcJUrd jyefyg\/
rdk;OD;opfpukvm;wefjrpf\ t0Sef;onf jynfhwrf;aeoa,mif&Sdíae\/ a&uawmUa&0J?

a&oifjzL; usJusJcif;í xm;onfhtoGif aqmifíxm;aomaMumifh aea&mifpGJndaom ae&m
uGufMum;rsm;ü eef;yifvdrf a&TBudK;rQifwdkU a&m,Sufedrfhqif; aeonfhtvm; &Ijrif&avonf/
8
&GufzGifhum pkHqefoGm;vmMuaom avSBuD;avSi,f toG,foG,fwdkUudkvnf; rjywfatmifyif

awGUjrifae&mwGif &ckdifol &cdkifom;wdkU\ ta&mif&Tif&Tif BudKufwwfaom oabmonf 0geDjym
a&mifpkHusm;usm; qifjref;xm; wwfaom avS&Gufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;jzifh od&avonf/
jrpfyifv,fü ig;ydkufrsm;csíxm;NyD; avSi,fuav;rsm;u apmifhMuyfaeonf jzpf&m &GufavS
BuD;rsm;u tvdkufodpGm a&SmifuGif; vSnfhywfoGm;Mu&mwGif wOD;ESifhwOD; ac:iifEIwfquf
MuykHrSmvnf; &cdkufpdwf0rf; &kd;pif;pif;udk azmfjyaeouJUodkU xufjrif& avonf/ cyfrIefrIef
jrifíae&aom urf;ajcwdkUwGifum; tkef;ysKdawmwdkU pdk;rdk;ae[ef&Sd\/ wpdrf;pdrf; w,drf;
,drf;jzifh rdk;BudK;aw;wGif uoDaeonfhtvm; cyf0g;0g; awGU&ayonf/ "n0wDc&D;tpum;-
,if; odkU&Icif;vSvSawGjzifh a0qmvSyg\/ uRefawmfU&ifxJrSmrl-
]]xGef;Edkif..... rif;aeaumif;&JUvm;-}}
armfawmfOD;wGif avnSif;cHíaeaom uRefawmfESifhtwlwuG ygvmMuonfh tazmfwodkuf

twGif;rS oufBuD;ausmif;om; wOD;jzpfol udkBuD;atmifuzswfu eJar;vdkufrS &Icif;axG;axG;
udkai;um rIdifaqG;aqG;jzpfí aeaomuRefawmfonf rsufESmxm;udk jyefjyif rSifoufvdkuf&\/
]]rif;...ar,k&dyfomrSm wnf;MuwJUnu tdyfrufrufao;vm;......}}
udkBuD;atmifonf acR;pdkUíaeaom udk,fhrsufESmudk udk,fhvufudkifyk0gjzifh uRefawmf

okwfvdkufrd&mwGif yx0DawaZmaMumifh xGufaom acR;r[kwfaMumif; &dyfrdonfxifh-
,if;odkUar;\/ uRefawmfonf bm*smrIwfum vGwfvyfaysmf&TifpGm aeMuonfh useftzJGUom;
rsm;udk vSrf;Munfhvdkufrdjyefyg\/ uRefawmfygESifhqdkvQif tzJGUom;OD;a&rSm 7-a,muf&Sdonf?
ausmif;om;u 4-a,muf pma&;q&mu ESpfa,muf "mwfykHq&mu wa,mufjzpfay&m
ausmif;om;xJwGif jrefrmpm *kPfxl;wef;rS udkBuD;atmif/ ta&SUzsm; ordkif;vdkufpm;ol
udkwifxGwf? wuúodkvfemrnfausmf abmorm;pHoma&TESifh uRefawmfwkdUjzpfMuNyD;? pma&;q&m
xJwGifum; xkwfa0qJ r*¾Zif;wdkufBuD;wwdkufrS uAsmwm0efcH udkaqG0if;ESifh jrefpm*kPf
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q&mrSty tEkynmonf awmfawmfuav; pkHpkHvifvif ygvmonf[kqdk&rnfjzpf\/
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avab;BuD; usa&mufNyD;rnfrQyif rMumvdkuf&ao;cifwGif &cdkifwvTm;,Ofaus;rI tjym;jym;
udk avhvmvdkufpm;&if; avab;'Pf cHcJhMu&onfrsm;udkyg Munfh&IrSwfwrf;wif vdkMuaom
&nf&G,fcsufudk tajccHí ausmif;ysuf tvkyf ysufcHum c&D;xGufcJhMujcif; jzpfav&m
pdwfwloabmwlorm;rsm; jzpfMuonfESifhtnD pm;pm;oGm;oGm; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif &SdcJhMuav&mü
9
udkBuD;atmifum; uruxjyKol jzpfonfhtwdkif; aexdkifpm;aomufrI t00udk pDpOf

&aomaMumifh zwfoDzwfoD &SdíaeonfhtxJu uRefawmfUudk pdwfrcsEkdifbJ tNrJwap
apmifhMunfhrI vpf[if;jcif;rjzpfatmif *&kpdkufvSavonf/ *&kpdkuf&ef taMumif;uvnf;
&Sdyg\/
trsm;wumtwGuf &cdkifjynfc&D;onf taysmfc&D;jzpfayaomfvnf; uRefawmfUtwGufrl

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odolum; udkBuD;atmifjzpf\/ pdwfajyvufaysmuf c&D;xGufjzpfap&ef udkBuD;atmif zefwD;&
jcif;rSm uRefawmfUtwGuf oufouf vrf;xGifay;jcif;[kyif qdk&ygrnf/ udkBuD;atmifonf
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uRefawmfUtay:wGif wenf;ESifhr[kwfwenf;jzifh wG,fwmrI&SdMuolrsm; jzpfayonf/ &efukef
wuúodkvfodkU uRefawmfa&mufonfh aeUrSpí xdkolrsm;ESifh wa,mufNyD;wa,muf awGUqkH
oduGsrf;cJU&mwGif uRefawmfU b0oHo&mwGif wu@pD yg0ifcJUMuolrsm;[k qdkvdkuqdkEdkifyg\/
odkUaomfvnf; qifqdkonfrSm eH&HBuD;ygwum;[laom tqifhrQavmufxdom xGef;Ekdif\
taMumif;udk odMuolrsm;jzpfum udkBuD;atmifuJUodkU EIdufEIdufcsGwfcsGwf odjrifMuolrsm;
r[kwfacs? xdkodkUr[kwfonfESifh cifrifMuifemrIwdkUrwl uJGjym;jcm;em; avovm;[k ar;&ef
&Sd\? uRefawmfUwGif cspfarT;&Sdonf[k taygif;toif;rsm;u ,lxm;csufonf b,faomtcgrS
ajymif;vJwdrf;,Gif; oGm;vdrfhrnfrxifay/ (Little Boy Lost) vrf;rSm&yfvdkU rwfwwf idkaom
rdcifaysmuf uav;i,fuJUodkUaom toGifo@ef&Sdonf[kqdkum uRefawmfESifh enfenf;uav;
oduGSsrf;ola&m? trsm;BuD; cifrifol wdkUyg qwlrQwlcspfMuifemrIudk uRefawmf
cH,l&pNrJjzpfygonf/ uRefawmfUzufurl cspfcifolwdkU tm;rvdktm;r&jzpfp&m jypfcsufBuD;
wck&SdíaecJU\/ xdkjypfcsufaMumifhyif uRefawmfUudktrsm;u tif;acG;aygufuav;ESifhwlonf[k
&,fyJG-zJGUMujcif;jzpf\/ tif;acG; aygufpuav;rsm;onf tjcm;acG;i,fuav;rsm;ESifhrwl?
aumuf,layGUzuf ,k,onfudk oabmrus? &efp? &efaxmif a[mifwwf onfqdk\/
acgif;ykwfxdwfykwf em;&GufqGJ uefaMumufygrS cspfcifrIjyjcif;[k ,lqoabmusonf[kqdk\/
useftcsdefrsm;ü woD;wjcm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aeusifh&Sdojzifh uRefawmfonf vlpifppfu
tif;acG;aygufpuav; jzpf&jyefavonf? ,if;rSm uRefawmfUtrIudk olwdkUcspfMuaomfvnf;
uRefawmfUtaeudk olwdkUtjypfwifcsifMuaom oabmyif jzpfavonf/ olwdkUu tjypfwif
&kHomwifyg\/ wa,mufaom olurlum; uRefawmfUudk tjypf,lum 'PfvSvSay;íxm;\/
'Pfjyif;rmefwif;vSaom ol htmPmpufaMumifh puúLpMum uRefawmfAvmcsmrSm ywfcsmvnf
arGU&rf;NyD; ,ckuJUodkUa&ajrjcm;odkU vGifhívm&jcif;jzpfavonf...../ þonfudk udkBuD;atmifu
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10
]][ifhtif;..... &efukefu xGufvmuwJu wcgrS rrufbl;...}}
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udkBuD;atmifonf uRefawmftdyfrufqef; rufwwfonfudk odNyD;uGsrf;usif &Sdoljzpfí

rrufawmUbl; qdkaomtcgü 0rf;omoGm;\/
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xdkpum;udkajym&ef &nf&G,fNyD;rS uRefawmfonfvnf0rS jyefNrdKcsvdkuf&\/ xdkcPü bm*sm

orm;wdkUu oDcsif;oHNydKifqdkMujyefojzifh udkBuD;atmifyg a&mygoGm;av&m uRefawmfvnf;
jrpfjyifbufodkU wukd,fwnf;jyefvSnfhai;vdkuf&avonf/
ukvm;wefjrpfonf pdrf;ajzmUrSonf &ifhMunfí vmavonf/ Zifa&mfwdkUonfvnf; yifv,f

0ESifh twefa0;cJUNyD jzpfaomaMumihf toif;tzJGU[lí rjrif&awmUbJ wpfaumifp ESpfaumifp
om armfawmfESifh ,SOfvdkufaeMuonfudk awGUjrif&avonf/ rMumrSD olwdkUvnf; pm;usufa&
odkU pkefqif;Muavrnf jzpfonf/ ukefonfavSwdkUyif tjriftawGU enf;yg;vm&m NrdKUa[mif;
oGm;&m jrpfvufwufcJGodkU a&mufvkNyD[k uRefawmfcefUrSef;&ayonf/ wuúodkvfpmoifcef;r
xJwkef;u uRefawmfBudKwif awG;xifxm;aom &Icif;rsm;ESifh wxyfwnf;wlnDí aeaom
aMumifh uRefawmfUudk,fuRefawmf pdwful;aumif;vSonf[kvnf; usdwfíb0ifjrifhaerdonf/
urf;yg;ESifha&jyifwdkU wjyifwnf;orQ pyfíxm;ouJUodkU &Sdaeojzifh armfawmfonf &GmeD;
csKyfpyfwdkUudk pD;Munfhaeovdk cHpm;&ayonf/ w&dyf&dyfajy;íaeonfh v,fuGif;&kdif;rsm;wGif
BudK;Mumrsm;udkvnf; vSrf;jrif&avonf/ uRefawmfwdkUtzJGUxJu wa,mufu aoewf
rygvmonfudk emaMumif; nnf;nLaomtcg qvifu BudK;Mumudkypfaom olrsm;onf
cspfolESifhuJGwwf onfudkMum;bl;aMumif; ajym\/ abmorm;pHoma&Tu ]]cspfolESifhawmU
tuJGrcHEdkif? BudK;Mumom;cg;rSmyg}} [k &,fp&mpum;qdkavonf/
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a&Smifwcif vTwfueJxGufvdkufaom pum;jzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfUtoJA[dkypfrSwfodkU

wnfhwnhfrwfrwf pl;0ifoGm;ouJUodkUusifí oGm;ojzifh uRefawmf vnf;armfawmf0rf;odkU
jyef0ifcJU&jyef\/
11
armfawmfrSm uRefawmfwdfkUcsnf;pkí pif;vkH;iSm;cJUaom armfawmfjzpf&um; tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;

ryg&SdaomaMumihf wae&mwGif vlpkvdkufvQif wae&mü&Sif;í aeavmufatmif us,f0ef;
wwfay&m &moDuav;at;at;? aea&mifuav;azG;azG;aMumifh OD;ydkif;ü pka0;aeMucdkufwGif
armfawmf0rf;ü vlol&Sif;íaeojzifh uRefawmfvnf;ygvmaom tdyf&mvdyfudk jzefUcif;um
vJavsmif;vdkufrdavonf/ armfawmfonf acsmif;&kd;ajrmif;&dk;twdkif; 0ifvmNyDjzpfaomaMumifh
wtdtd ckwfarmif;p jyKaeNyDjzpfojzifh ykcufuJUodkUwNidrfhNidrfh&Sd&m pdwfvufayghyg;oltzdkU
tdyfaysmfjcif;udk jrefpGma&mufEdkifaom acsmUodyfjcif;toGif aqmifaeonf/ uRefawmfum;
tdyfraysmfEkdifay? uRefawmfonf rnfonfhtcgurS tvG,fwul tdyfarmusbl;onfr&Sday/
tdyfarmrusbJESifh aeUcif;tdyfrufwdkUudkum;- tNrJwap rufwwfoljzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh
uRefawmfonf tawG;orm;[laom bJGUxl;udkvnf; vG,fvG,fESifh&cJU\/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfU
ü bJGUxl;*kPfxl; wckwnf;&Sdonfum; r[kwf? r,fr,f&& ajymMupwrf;qdkvQif
uRefawmfonf vltrsKd;rsKd;pdwftaxGaxG qdkaompum;udk &kyfcEÅmwckwnf;ü aygif;&kH;
xnfhoGif;xm;oluJUodkU jzpfíaeavonf/ Oyrmjy&aomf ,ckuRefawmfESifh twlwuGygvmMu
olrsm;tm;vkH;\ 0goemADZwdkUonf uRefawmfUxHwGif wuefUpDwyg'pD aygif;pnf;
udef;atmif;vsuf&Sdonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ uRefawmfonf pHoma&TuUJodkU abmorm;uav;
wa,mufjzpf\/ udkwifxGwfuJUokdUvn;f Z&yftdkausmif;ysuf ordkif;tqufqufudk ESpfouf
vdkufpm;wwfolvnf; jzpf\/ jrefpm*kPfaZmfa0uJUokdU pum;ajyta&;tom;wGif ESUHpyf
odjrifNyD;vQif? uAsmorm; udkaqG0if;uJUodkU awGUu&mae&mwGif pmcsKd;uAsmcsKd; uav;rsm;
vkyfwwfavh&Sdayao;onf/ &kyfykHvTm"mwfykH&Sif udkwifOD;ESifhum; tarSmifcef;wGif;ü [dkufykdESifh
eyrf;vkH;avh&Sdygonf/ ,if;onfhwdkif uRefawmfonf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tv,fü
a&yef;pm;aom olr[kwfyg/ uRefawmfUyifudk,f obm0onf rdwfrsm;aom olr[kwfyg?
tb,faMumihf qkdaomf uRefawmfonf qdkcUJNyD;onfhtwdkif; cspfcifrIwefjyef&dyf enf;yg;vGef;
aomaMumifhjzpfyg\/
taMumif;rodolrsm;u uRefawmfUudkb0ifjrifhonf[kvnf; qdkMujyef\/
xdkolwdkUonf uRefawmf\ ypöuöo@efudkjrifí txifESihfrSef;qMunfhjcif; jzpfonf/

&efukefNrdKU wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;wGif jcHus,f0ef;us,fESifh aiGaMu;csrf;omaom rdbrsm;\
wOD;wnf;aomom;? acwfay: um;BuD;um;i,f toG,foG,fudk xnfvJpD;Ekdifaom wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;? a,musmf;wdkU &Sdoifh&Sdtyfaom &kyfa&udk,fcEÅm wdkUjzifh Munfhaumif;ygonf[k
qdkEkdifayaom tm;upm;ynmwwfudk ykH0wÅKxJrSty tjyifwGif jrifcJbdjcif; jzpfay&m
(olubmrdkUvdkUvJ) [laom jiLplpdwfwdkU\ a&mifjyef[yfrIudk uRefawmftpOf cH&avh&Sdygonf/
tazmftaygif;ESifh a&ma&maESmaESm aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif aeusifhenf;yg;jyefaom tcgüum;
12
(0uftlacsmif; wacsmif;jyKwf)aomazmf&Id; [konmay;onfudk cH&onfrSm rqef;[kqdk&ygrnf/

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aumif;pGm oabmayguf em;vnf&efrSm uRefawmfU trltusifhESifh vuf&Sdtqifhudk aumif;pGm
ausnufygrS oifhawmfayvdrfhrnf[k &dk;om;pGm ,lqaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfUtaMumif;udk twdkcsKyfyv’ifcH&jyefvQif.....
uRefawmfonf touf 18-ESpfom;u wuúodkvfodkUa&muf\/ ,ckwwd,ESpf 'óeduaA'

ausmif;om;jzpf\/ uRefawmfonf tm;upm;udk xl;csGefouJUodkU pmaytEkynmüvnf;
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0if;0gonfhzuf vkonfqdk\/ uRefawmfUrsufESmonf rZösdrwdkif;om;qefum? vlacsmvlvS[k
rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; a,musfm;yDoonf[k rdwfaqGrsm;u rSwfcsufcsyg\/ uRefawmfU
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uRefawmfU rsufvkH;rsm;onf tpdrf;a&mif&Sdyg\/ xdkUaMumifhyif uAsmqefaom rdef;uav;
tcsKdUu uRefawmfUudk ]]rsufvkH;pdrf;ouUJodkU ESvkH;om;vnf; pdrf;avrnfvm;}} [k
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vuf&Sd avmuBuD;ESifh wpdrf;jyifjyif aexdkifwwfí olwdkU\rdef;rpdwfu tuJcwfrdjcif;
jzpfEdkifonf[k ajymyg&ap...../
pdrf;onf.....[laom teufoabmrSm tb,fenf;...../
cspfoludk rMuifvdkaom trljyum? vufwurf;rS [efa&;jywwfonfudk ac:avovm;?

a,bl,s tm;jzifhum;.... ,if;zGifhqdkcsufrSm rSefonf[k xm;Muonfxufyg\/ odkUqdkvQif
uRefawmfUtwGuf ]]pdrf;}} [lonfrSm rSm;aomo'´gudk zGifhqdkjyjcif; jzpfayrnf/ uRefawmfonf
vufwurf;rSvnf; [efa&;rjywwf? cspfoludkrMuifrdouJUodkU? MuifoludkvJ rkef;&ef
pdwfrul;rdbJ....? wa,mufxJ aewwfolom jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfUcspfolu uRefawmfUudk
pdrf;íoGm;ygrS &ufpufjcif;[lonfrSm Oayuöm\ tqG,ftyGm;uav; ygwum;[k uRefawmf
od&jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfUcspfoluvnf; uRefawmfUudk pdrf;csifí pdrf;&&Smolr[kwfygay/
13
uRefawmfonf tcspftaMumif;udk waphwapmif;atmufarhrdonfESifh pdwfawGaemufusdvmrd&m?

pdwfajymif;íoGm;ap&ef tdyf&mvdyftwGif; xnfhoGif;,lvmaom uRefawmfUrSwfpkrSwf&m
zdkifwJGBuD;udk aumuf,l vSefavSmrdjyefygonf/
yxrOD;pGm &cdkifoGm;rSwfwrf;[lí trnfxdk;íxm;NyD;? w&GufpESpf&Gufp pwifa&;rSwfxm;onfh

rSwfwrf;qefqef pmpkukd rsufvkH;a&mufíoGm;\/ &ckdifwvTm; tESUHavQmufoGm;NyD;vQif
uRefawmfUwGif rSwfwrf;wapmif aumif;aumif;a&;NyD;&Sd&rnf[k tMuHtpnf &Sdxm;aomaMumihf
BudK;BudK;ukwfukwf a&;jcpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ yxrqkH;aeUpGJ? tOD;qkH;rsufESmwGif ]]tp}} [k
acgif;pOf wyfíxm;\/ tp&SdvQif tqkH;&Sdrnfjzpfay&m? rSwfwrf;ESifhtwl uRefawmfUb0
onfvnf; qkH;cef;wdkifodkU a&mufoGm;aumif; a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnfvm; rajymwwfay..../
r*Fvm'kHavqdyfrSpwifí av,mOfBuD;aumif;uifodkU wdk;wufysHoef;vdkufonf qdkvQifyif

tpaumif;raumif; rajymwwf? uRefawmfU&ifrSmum; wvSyfvSyfjzpfívmcJU\/ þc&D;udk
xGufcsifolum; uRefawmf? MuHazmfMuHzuf tuGufqifay;olum; udkBuD;atmif? udkBuD;atmif
rSmvnf; nDi,fav;wrQ uRefawmfUtm; cspfcifvGef;vSí uRefawmfUpdwfrsm; nUHodyf
at;csrf;oGm;ap&ef MuHzefay;&onfom jzpfojzihf uRefawmfonfomvQif qE´&Sifjzpfí
aeay&m? rdrdqE´wdkU jynfh0ygvQuf? aysmf&TifrIwdkU tvkH;t&if;jzifh a&mufírvmEdkifbJ vnf0
rSmomwufwkHoufwkH &SdíaeonfrSm tUHMozG,fyifjzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifhtpc&D;onfum;-
]]c&D;wjzwf &ifwvSyfvSyf[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}} [k uRefawmf tpcsDxm;cJUyg\/ av,mOf
onfppfawGodkU wdkuf&dkufysHoef;aom av,mOf jzpfaomaMumifh c&D;onfrjynfhvSbJ
acsmifacsmifcsdcsdyif pD;eif;Edkif\/ uRefawmfwdkUonfvnf; tanmif;tnm ajyap&ef[lí?
[dkem;'Dem; a&GUíxdkifEdkifMu\/ uRefawmfwdkUrSty tjcm;ygvmaom c&D;onfrsm;rSmvnf;
vli,frsm; rsm;jym;vSonfhtwGuf aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif qlqlnH&Sdonfudk ruefUuGufbJ vdkufavsm
nDaxG tqifajyí aeEkdifMu\/ uRefawmfrSmrl pdwfwdkUonfudk,fyodkU a&muf&Sdaeoa,mif
cHpm;ae&ayonf/ uRefawmfonf udk,fwGif;rSxGufí uRefawmfUudk uRefawmfjyefMunfhum
tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfaeonf[laom xdodpdwf qef;qef;yif ay:íaeavonf/ aysmfaysmf
yg;yg;ae&if; jAKef;ueJ idkifvQifidkifoGm;wwfaom uRefawmfUtusifhudk odonfhrdwfaqGrsm;u
trIrJUtrSwfrJU xm;vdkufMuojzifh uRefawmfvnf; av,mOfjywif;rS tjyifzuf&Sd wdrf*Grf;ykH
rsm;udk ai;Munfh&if; vdkufygvmrdavonf/ *XKefe*g;ykHrjcm;vS pkHrsm;vS0dyÜv’m [laom
pum;&Sd\/ odkUaomfuRefawmfU rsufpdjrifuGif;üum; wdrf*Grf;ykHwdkUonf rxifr&Sm; o@efrsKd;
a&maxG;vsuf&Sd&mrS wjznf;jznf;wpp qifBuD;waumif\o@efodkU ajymif;oGm;onfudk
awGU&ygonf/ xdkrSwzef qiftaumif aygif;rsm;pGmonf qifpD;jrif;&H qifxdef;ygrusef
qifa&;jyxGufí vmaom &Icif;udkvnf; tUHMozG,f&m awGU&\/ aumif;uif,HwGif þuJUodkU
14
aom ykHo@efrsKd; wBudrfwcgrQ ay:bl;onfr&Sd&um;- uRefawmf Muufaoaojzpfí

aerdygonf/ uRefawmfUem;,HwGifvnf; qlnHaomav,mOfoHonf wjznf;jznf;wpp a0;í
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Mum;ívm&\/ uRefawmfU&ifxJüvnf; twdkif;rod Aavmifql vmawmUojzifh idkcsif&,fcsif
ovkdjzpfrdjyefí rsufpdudkwif;wif; rdSwfypfvdkufrdonf/ odkUwdkif- qifoHjrif;oH atmfoH
[pfoHrsm;um;- aysmufuG,froGm;ojzifh weifheifhweJeJ jzpfaerd\/ udkBuD;atmif\ toHjzifh
]]a[U- xGef;Edkif tdyfvScsnfvm;uG? ppfawGa&mufNyDxawmU}} [k vIyfEId;rS uRefawmfUrsufvkH;
zGifhí&\/ xdktcg tu,fyif av,mOfonf ppfawGavqdyfü qif;oufqdkufa&mufvmNyDudk
awGU&avonf/ taygif;tazmfrsm;yifvQif vufqJGtdwfudk,fpDqJGum qif;pjyKaeNyDjzpf\/
xdktcguvnf; wudk,fvkH; acsG;&TJum? aMumifawmifawmif jzpfíaeaom uRefawmfUudk
udkBuD;atmifu- ]]rif;tdyfrufrsm; rufao;vm;[if}} [kar;ao;\/ uRefawmfacgif;cg
jy&onf/ xdktaMumif;udk uRefawmfonfyxrOD;qkH; pmrsufESm wGifrSwfwrf; wifxm;vdkuf
ygonf/
'kwd,aeU/ / uRefawmfwdkUonf todrdwfaqGrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifvdkí

ar,k&dyfomü wnf;ckdMu\/ a&mufa&mufcsif;nrdkU uRefawmfwdkUonf apmapmyif tdyf,m
0ifMu\/ oefaumif,HtcsdefcefUa&muf aomf- udk0if;aqG\atmfoHaMumifh uRefawmfESifhwuG
tm;vkH;vefUEdk;Mu&m? udkaqG0if;u..... ]]xif;&l;yifudkMunfhprf;- xif;&l;yifudkMunfhprf;? rD;yGm;
awGjzmusaewJU tvkH;BuD;udkjrif&vdrfhr,f? a[m- ajym&if;qdk&if; ysHoGm;NyD? yifv,fxJ
a&mufoGm;NyD? ao;ao;av; jzpfoGm;NyD- aysmufoGm;NyD}} [k wwGwfwGwfajymNyD;? uRefawmf
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ar;Munfhaomtcg- udkaqG0if;u rdrdonf jywif;aygufwHcg;zGifhum- tdyfaMumif;? rsufESmudk
aea&mifxdk;onfhyrm ylylaEG;aEG; t&omudkcHpm;&ojzifh eHeufa&mufNyD trSwfESifh rsufvkH;zGifh
Munfhrd&m? uRefawmftdyfaom tdyfcef;twGif;rS &J&JeDeDaom ta&mifrsm;xGufí aeaom
aMumifh....? pyfpkcsifpdwf BuD;rm;aeaomaMumifh tdyf&mrS aigufueJ- xtMunfhü uRefawmfU
tdyfcef;twGif;rS rD;yGm;rsm; trQifwef;wef; jzmusaeaom tvkH;BuD;wck ysHxGufvmum
rdrdtem;rS jzwfoGm;NyD;? wnf;ckd&dyfom tjyifzuf&Sd xif;&l;yifwGif csdwfíaeojzifh tm;vkH;
jrifapvdkí atmfEId;rdaMumif; ajymjyavonf/ nut&ufawG cdk;aomufxm;ojzifh t&uf
aMumifaMumifí awGUu&mawG ajymonf[ktrsm;u pGyfpGJMuonf/ odkUaomfordkif;vdkufpm;ol
udkwifxGwfurl ]]yifv,fpkef; (Sea Witcg) qdkwm yifv,feUJ eD;wJUae&mawGrSm &SdowJUuG?
oabFmom;awGvJ cPcPawGUbl;owJU? yifv,fpkef;u ]]xGef;Edkif}} vlacsmqD vmrdwfquf
wmvm;rSrodwm....}} [k &,fp&majymí tm;vkH;&,f& avao;onf/ udkBuD;atmif
15
wa,mufom uRefawmfUudk pdk;&drfaom rsufESmjzifh vSrf;Munfh\/ uRefawmfu acgif;cg

jy&jyefonf/
aemufESpf&ufcefUtawmtwGif;... ppfawGNrdKUtESUH avQmufvnfum? bk&m;rsm; zl;Mu&müum;-

rnfodkUrQ xl;qef;aom tjzpftysufESifh rawGGU&bJ&Sdonf/ odkU&mwGif NrdKUa[mif;odkU xGufcGm
rvmrD naeapmif;u ppfawGNrdKUa'gifh ppfawG&SifrxH oGm;a&mufum? a&Tcs&müum; touf
ab;ESifh eD;uyfvSaom tjzpfysufESifh yufyif;yg wdk;Mu&jyefonf/ uRefawmfwdkUonf ppfawG
&SifrewfuGef; &Sd&modkU ajcvQifyif oGm;Muonfjzpf&m? xdkae&mü aea&mifuav; MunfMunf
pifpifjzpfvQif ae0ifonftxdxdkifNyD;? a&mufwwf&m&m pum;rsm;ajymNyD; tcsdefjzKef;&ef
&nf&G,fcsuf &SdcJUMu\/ a&TpuúLrsm; uyfjyKNyD;aemuf? uRefawmfuyift&if ausmufwkH;BuD;
ajc&if;ü xdkifcsvdkufrdonf/ ]]&Sifr}} ausmufwkH;BuD;onf ukef;jrifhav;ay:wGifwnf&Sd&m?
atmufajcü jrufcif;onf ql;NcKHrsm;uif;&Sif;NyD; ysUHysK;vsuf&Sdojzifh tazmfwodkufrSm
udk,fvufvIyf&Sm; tm;upm;[k taMumif;jyNyD; *sK'dku&maw;awG upm;Mu\/ uRefawmfut
jrifhü yJGMunfhorm; jzpfavonf/ olwdkUNydKifyJGum;..... &I;HxGuf*sL'dkjzpfav&m? ]]abxd}}
qdkonfESifh "gufykHorm;udkwifOD; ydefcsdcsduav; xGuf&um? ukefjrifhay:odkU wufvmNyD;
uRefawmfUab;wGif armarmESifhvm&yf&m? uRefawmfu xdkif&eftajymü ajray:wGif bk&m;
xkH;okwf&mrS <uif;usefcJU[efwlaom xkH;rIefUrsm;udk z,f&Sm;rnftjyKü vefUatmfvdkufrdjyef\/
jzLjzLrIefUrSm uRefawmfwdkU xifouJUodkU xkH;ykHr[kwfbJ a>rwpfaumif acGaeonfjzpf&m?
udkwifOD;u vuft&G,fü yg;jyifaxmifvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ a>rrSm xl;xl;qef;qef;
qGwfqGwfjzL azG;vsuf&Sdayonf/ uRefawmfxdkifae&mESifh qdkvQifum; -,SOfvsufom;&Sd\/
a>rjzLBuD;onf yg;jyif;udkajz;nSif;pGm jyefcsvdkufNyD;aemuf? wzufodkU avsmqif; aysmufuG,f
oGm;avonf/ uRefawmfwdkUvnf; arSmifpysKd;vmNyDjzpfojzifh xl;qef;aoma>rjzLtaMumif; udk
olwcGef; igwcGef;ajymum jyefcJUMu\/ Mum;bl;em;0&Sdaom udkwifxGwfu yifvQif
wGif;atmif;vGef;NyD; xkH;ajrESifhqufpyfaom ae&mjzpfvQif a>rwdkUonf jzLazsmUazsmU ta&mif
&SdwwfaMumif; &Sif;jyavao;onf/ nOD;ydkif;ü udkBuD;atmifu uRefawmfUudk tdyfaq;
vmay;ao;\/ uRefawmfraomufbJ tdyfygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf c&D;pxGuf
vmuwnf;u xdkuJUodkU tjzpftysufrsKd;rsm;ESifh MuHKawGU&aomfjim;vnf; uRefawmfudk,fwkdifu
rufvdrfhrnf[k arsmfvifhxm;aomfjim;vnf; uRefawmftNrJtpOfrufavh&Sdaom tdyfrufonf
vkH;0ay:rvmbJ &SdíaeaomaMumihf jzpfygonf/ vlUpdwfobm0onfqef;\/ tdyfrufudk
tqufrjywf rufívmcJUpOfu aemufwpfBudrfruf&rnfh ta&;udk awG;aMumufaecJUrd\/
vkH;0rrufawmUaom tcgüum;- rufygapOD;[k wrf;wrdoa,mifa,mif tlaMumifaMumif
jzpfvm\/ xdkUjyifxdkodkUrQ rSefrSefrrufawmUygvQif tjcm;pdk;&drfxdwfvefUzG,f&m trIudpöwckck
jzpfOD;awmUrvdkvdk pdwfu xifaerdao;\/ tawG;acgifonf[k qdkqdk pdwful,OfvGef;onf[k
16
ajymajym c&D;tqkH;wae&müum; uRefawmfUtwGuf qef;Mu,faom jzpf&yfwckESifh MuHKawGU

&vdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf,lqxm;vdkufojzifh rSwfwrf;ü pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;udk tjynfht0
a&;oGif;xm;vdkufygonf/
uRefawmfUrSwfwrf;um;-4-5 rsufESmwGifyif wydkif;wef;vef; jzpfaeavonf/ armfawmf

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udkwifxGwfuyif a<utHwdkUudk tpDtpOfvkyfí &SmazG,lcJUjcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfvnf;
tdyf&mxufü jyefvSJvdkuf&\/ NyD;aemuf rSwfpkrSwf&mzdkifwGJBuD;udk jyefvSnfhMunfhrdyg\/
xdktcg.... NyD;cJUonfh uRefawmfarG;aeUu þtzJGUom;rsm; wOD;csif; a&;ay;xm;Muaom
('dkUESpfa,muf) [laomacgif;pOfjzifh pmwef;rsm;udk wxyfBuD; awGU&avonf/
uRefawmfonf rMumao;rD &ufydkif;twGif;urS 21-ESpf jynfhajrmufarG;aeU r*FvmyJGudk usif;y

NyD;pD;cJUygonf/ ,cifh ,cifarG;aeUrsm;u xGef;Edkif\ {nfhcHyJGonf rsm;pGmrSyif cef;em;
BuD;us,fcJU\/ {nfhy&dowfpkHvifpGmjzifh ,rumrsKd;pkH aysmf&Tifp&mtzkHzkHjzifh *kPfyumoe
tvsm;us,fcJU\/ aemufqkH;arG;aeUürl- uRefawmfonf aowaeU- arG;waeU[k..... qdkpum;
&Sdonfhtwdkif; arG;aeUawGudk ypfy,fcsifívmum? aowaeUtwGufom crf;crf;em;em;
jyKvkyfygawmUrnf[k oHEédXmefcsvdkufrdonf/ xdktcg uRefawmfUrdzrsm;u4if;? udkBuD;atmif
u4if; tusOf;&kef;umrQESifh pwdoabm jyKvkyfMu&ef wdkufwGef;Muav&m? uRefawmfonf
uRefawmfESihf t&if;ESD;qkH; rdwfaqGrsm;udk a&G;xkwfNyD; oD;oefUzdwfMum;um arG;aeUyJGuav;
vkyfcJUavonf/ xdkolrsm;um;- ,ckc&D;twlwuG xGufvmMuaom olrsm;jzpf\/ odyfodyf
onf;onf; usif;yaomarG;aeUyJGü pum;pyfrdMu&if;- tMuHOmPfaumif;rsm; &Muí c&D;
xGufjzpfMujcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ xdkarG;aeUyJGü uRefawmfUrdwfaqGrsm;u uRefawmfUudk arG;aeU
vufaqmiftjzpf uRefawmfu wifBudKyefMum;xm;onfhtwdkif; wa,mufESifhwa,muf xdkaeU
txd rnfuJodkU cifrifwG,fwmrI &SdvmykHudk ('dkUESpfa,muf) [laom acgif;pOfjzifh pmwef;rsm;
toD;oD; a&;íay;avonf/ xdkpmwef;rsm;udk pkaygif;zdkifwJGvdkufaomtcg -xlxJ&Snf vsm;vS
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&;íxm;Muonfjzpf&m? uRefawmfUtwGuf 'dkif,m&Dwtkyf wf&ouJUodkUyif pkHvifwdusvSyg\/
odkUaomf..... olwdkUta&; olwdkUtjrifrsm;onf zwfNyD;vQif aomUcwfodrf;xm;&efom aumif;
awmUonf[k.... tMuHay;\/ olrnfonfh t"dyÜg,fjzifh ajymonfudk rodojzifh uRefawmfurl
rMumcPxkwfí zwfrdygonf/ ,ckvnf; xdkzdkifwJGBuD;udkyif vSefrdjyefojzifh jyefvnf
zwf&IpNrHKjyef&ef tMuH&vdkufyg\/
17
NrdKUa[mif;odkU OD;wnfoGm;aom armfawmfonfum; taES;tjref wdk;jcif;avsmUjcif; r&SdbJ

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usJíoGm;NyD jzpf\/ aea&miftkUHysrIum; rdk;OD;wdrfwdkufaMumifh rvSryjzpfí aeao;\/
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vSefum zGifhzwfvdkufyg\/
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oufaojyaeavonf/
uRefawmfonf pHoma&T\ 'dkUESpfa,mufudk t&ifqkH; zwfMunfhvkdufyg\/
______
oli,fcsif;xGef;Edkif-
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ajymwmyg? pmudkvJ pmvdkbJa&;a&;? pum;ajymovdkbJa&;a&;? jrefrmrI? jrefrm[ef aysmufr
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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31
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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47
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48
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49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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uRefawmfonf rmrmUudkwvSnfh ygygudkwvSnfh rrESif;udkwvSnfh Munhfumar;vdkufrd\/

ygygonf rrESif;udkwcsufrQ vSnfhíNyHK;jyvdkufNyD;rS.....
]]at;- 'DtaMumif;awGudk om;pmar;yJGatmifawmUrS ygygwdkUajymrvdkU qkH;jzwfxm;MuvdkU

ESif;a&mufaewm qdkygawmUuG,f....}} [kajymvdkufav\/
uRefawmfonfrrESif;\ rsufESmudk zsyfueJvSnfhMunfhvdkufrd\/
rrESif;um;.... &J&Jwif;wif;yif uRefawmfudk jyefMunfhayonf/ rrESif;udk uRefawmfonf

wuúodkvf abmvkH;uGif;ü ajcacsmfvJpOfu yxrOD;pGm jrifbl;cJU\/ jrifvQifjrifcsif;yif
uRefawmfUpdwfawG twdkif;rod wkefvIyfacsmufjcm; cJU&onfjzpf&m? xdkaeUrSpí rrESif;udk
rawGU&ef a&Smif;uGif;vdkpdwfonf w'*FtwGif; jynfhodyf tkyfrdk;vmojzifh wuúodkvf
abmfvkH;uGif;udk &kwfw&uf bmrajymnmrajymESifh tNyD;tjywfpGefUcGmcJUrd\/ uRefawmfonf
wuúodkvf\ rsufpdBuD;em;BuD; r[kwfapumrl wuúodkvfESifh tvSrf;rrSDao;bJ w&pf0J0J
tqifhwGifyif usifvnfae&apumrl olwdkUwawG rrar*sm[k ajymifaemuf ac:iifaeaom
rcifESif;aqG\ owif;pum;udkum;- wpGef;wprQru tcGef;t[ okHnrSt&mtaxmiftxd
odNyD;Mum;NyD; jzpfcJUyg\/ ,cktMum;ESifhtjrifudk ,SOfMunfhaom tcgüvnf; wpyf wnf;
wxyfwnf;yif awGU&\/ rrESif;onf vSaom rdef;uav;wa,muf jzpfouJUodkU tqdyf
jyif;aom rdef;rwa,mufvnf; jzpfaMumif;udk uRefawmf tvdkvdkodjrifcJUyg\/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomum;- rrESif;onf uRefawmfUudk yxrOD;pGm jrifjrifcsif; Munfhvdkufaom tMunfhonf
rD;usD;&JwGif Mum&Snfjyíxm;aom tyfoGm;jrjrESpfckudk,lNyD; uRefawmfUonf;yGwfudk xdk;qGvdkuf
onfhyrm tcH&cufaponfh xdodpdwfudk cHpm;apvdkufaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
uRefawmf rrESif;udk a0;a0;uyif a&SmifMuOfaomf aumif;\[k wrk[kwfjcif; ,lqcJUrdjcif;
jzpfygonf/ vlwOD;ESifhwOD; awGUvQifawGUcsif; cspfvQifcspf rkef;vQifrkef; pdwfcsif;acwÅrQ
eyef;vkH;pNrJ jzpfMuonfrSm tqef;r[kwf? ,ckaomfum;- rrESif;udkuRefawmfonf
emrf"mwfcsif;yif r,SOfrcsif;vdkbJ cGmzJvdkíaeonfuom qef;vGef;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/
taMu;tcGHawGwajymifajymif- wvufvufjzifhwGm;oGm;wwf aom owÅ0gudk vlwdkU
aemufwGefUwwfouJUodkU uRefawmfvnf; rrESif;udk aMumuf&GHUoa,mif jzpfíae\/ rdef;rESifh
54
a,mufsm; xDxifovm;As[k rmeftm;jyyifjy&aomfvnf; rpyf,Suf rywfoufvdkbJ vTJum

aoGum zDumaevdkonfrSmum;.... uRefawmfUudkuRefawmfyif todcufaom pdwfqef;rdk; [k
qdk&ygrnf/ ,if;odkUjzifh uRefawmfonf rrESif;qdkaom tvGefw&m vSyacsmarGUonfh rdef;r
wa,mufudk rjrifrawGUrdap&ef BuHzefaeumrS- uRefawmfUtdrfa*[modkU qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf
a&mufíaeonfrSmrl- pdwfrwlaom MuufoGefjzLBuD; jzpfíaeayawmUonf/ rrESif;onf
uRefawmfUaemufuG,fü uRefawmfUrdzrsm;ESifh qufoG,forI &,lcJUonfrSmum; uRefawmfU
tdrfodkU wHcg;r&Sd"m;r&Sd 0ifxGufEdkifonfu txift&Sm; oufaocHíae\/ odkUaomf..... xdkrQ
odMuuRrf;Mu cifrifMujcif; tqifhwGif wefUraebJ vQKdU0Sufcsufrsm; uwdu0wfrsm;jzifh
ya[Xd vkyfvmMujyefonfjzpfaomaMumifh rvGefvGef;bl;vm;Asm [laomtMunfhjzifh Munfhrd
jcif; jzpfygonf/ odkUaomfvnf; rrESif;um;- uRefawmfUtMunfhudk olUtNyHK;jzifh csKdcsKd&S&S
uav;yif BudKqdkvdkuf ayao;\/
]]'DtaMumif;awGudk om;pmar;yJGatmifwJUaeUrSm rsufESmpkHnD ajymjyzdkU ygygwdkU qkH;jzwf

xm;Muw,f? ighom; wuúodkvfra&mufcif ighom;twGuf b0&nfrSef;csuf ygygwdkU b,fvdk
owfrSwfNyD; &Sdw,fqdkwm odxm;ESifhrSaumif;r,fvdkU ,lqw,fav....? 'gaMumifhrdkU ESif;udkyg
ac:xm;&wmbJ? ESif;uvJ acwfa&SUajy; rdef;uav;rdkU &Sufp&m&GHUp&m r[kwfbl;qdkwJUtaeeJU
vmw,fqdkwmudkawmU om;em;vnfapcsifw,f.....}}
uRefawmfonf tr,fbkwfuJUodkU olUcsnfcifudk ygygtb,fykH trQiftpawG qJGxkwfjyrnftm;

tHUtm;BuD;oifhum em;axmifaevdkuf&ygonf/ rrESif;um; abmfvkH;uGif;wGif acwÅcPrQ
awGUvdkuf&NyD; tvG,fESifh arUazsmufypfEdkifrnfU rdef;rwa,muf r[kwfaMumif;um; xif&Sm;í
aeayNyD/ ygyg\pum;csD;ü uRefawmfUb0&nfrSef;csufwGif ygygwdkUESifhwuG- rrESif;yg yg0if
aeoa,mif pum;&dyfay;íxm;\/ uRefawmfonf acgif;udkikHUíxm;aom rmrmudk4if; ,ckrS
&Sufoa,mif rsufvTmpif;í xm;aom rrESif;udk4if;? pl;pl;0g0g;Munfh&if;- ]]uRefawmf-
uRefawmf a&cJa&aomufcsifw,f ygyg}} [k ajymvdkufrdyg\/
rmrmonf qwfueJuRefawmfUudk armfMunfhum? ygygtm;rsufvkH;0Jum ar;cGef;qdwfqdwf

xkwfvdkuf\/ uRefawmfonf tdyfrufqdk;BuD;udk ruf&wdkif;... (a&cJa&aomufcsifaMumif;)
ajymjywwfonfjzpf&m? ygygþrQ pum;OD;oef;onfESifh uRefawmfUpdwfvIdif;rsm; a0axG;um
oDu&Djzpfí vm&onfudk rmrmpdk;&drfrdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ ygygonfvnf; &kwfw&uf
pum;quf&ef cufíoGm;awmUonfhtvm; uRefawmfUudk pdk;&drfpdwfjzifh Munfhvdkufavao;\/
odkU&mwGif yg;eyfaomrrESif;u tdajE´rysufae&mrS xvdkufNyD; ]]ESif;a&oGm;cyfvdkufr,f-
tefu,f}} [kajymum? xrif;pm;cef;odkU aMumUaMumUuav; avQmufoGm;um? cef;qD;
55
aemufuG,fwGif aysmufuG,fíoGm;\/ ygygonf oufjyif;csum- ]]om; aeaumif;w,faemf}}

[k ar;vdkufavonf/
]]aeaumif;ygw,f....}}
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qdkvdk&if;rsm;tm; wdkwdkrdrd wdwdusus ajymjyygavonf/ uRefawmf um;.... umvajymif;jyef
aMumif;rwefvSonfh owif;pum;BuD;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD; Mum;vdkuf&awmUojzifh
rnfodkUrSwfcsufcs tmar#dwfjyK&rnfyif rodEdkifbJ tmap;xnfhxm;onfh tvm; aMumifí
aerdygonf/ rnfolawGtwGuf cufp&mjzpfNyD; rnfolawGtwGuf &Sufp&mjzpfonfudkvnf;
rajymwwfawmUyg/ onfacwfBuD;xJwGif onfuJUodkU tpDtrHrsKd; &Sdíaeonfudkyif uRefawmf
tHUMoírqkH; jzpfíaeyg\/
]]om;udk usef;rmoefpGrf;wJU vli,fuav;wa,mufjzpfatmif qdkNyD; ygygwdkUu arNrdKU

ausmif;rSm ydkUxm;w,fqdkwm om;todbJ? om;[m arNrdKUausmif;rSm- abmfvkH;uef&if;
abmfvkH;zrf;&if; *dk;wdkifeJUacgif;aqmifhrdvdkU arhvJoGm;awmU- aq;&kHudkydkUzdkU vrf;rSm
jzwfoGm;wJU um;udk zrf;wm;NyD; ausmif;oGm;oli,fcsif;awGu tultnDawmif;&mrSm vdkufydkU
wJU um;u ESif;wdkU&JUum;bJuGJU}}
ygyguxdkodkU ZmwfaMumif;jyefonfESifh uRefawmfvnf;arNrdKUwGif ausmif;aepOfu tjzpf

tysufrsm;udk 'ufueJjyefí owd&rdvdkufygonf? rSef\/ ygygwdkUu &moDOwk orrQwaom
arNrdKUü uRefawmfUudk ausmif;xm;MupOfu uRefawmfonf vlysKdazmf0ifpt&G,f jzpfay&m
trsm;wum a,mufsm;om; uav;rsm;xuf BuD;aumif0ifjcif; jrefqefvSonf[k qdk&ygrnf/
ololigig a,mufsm;&G,fuav;rsm; cE¨maA' BuD;xGm;ajymif;vJvmonfh umvü twufjref
txGm;jrefonfhEIef;xuf uRefawmfu ydkítqrsm;ayonf/ rsufpdatmufwGifyif udk,fcE¨m
ajymif;vJwdk;wufrI t&Sdefudk w'D'Djrifí aeonfhtvm; aeUcsif;ncsif;qdkovkd uRefawmf
xGm;BudKif;í vmcJUay&m? i,fpOfu MunfhcJUMu&aom buf*'ufNrdKUom; iwufjym; Zmwfum;
xJu ykvif;xJrSxGufvmaom bDvl;BuD;uJUodkU csufcsif;vufiif; BuD;vmonf[k uRefawmfU
oli,fcsif;rsm;u ajymjy&,farmMuavh&Sdonf? xdktxJwGif t&G,fESifhrrQatmif pmzwf
wwfaom ausmif;om;wa,mufurl trsm;wumxuf- Glands *vif;tusdwfrsm; tjzpf
odkUyif a&mufapwwfaMumif; ajymjyayao;\? xdkausmif;om; ajymjyonfhaeUüyif
noef;acgif ta&mufü ausmif;aqmifwckvkH; wkefvIyfoGm;avmufatmif uRefawmfxí
i,foHygatmif atmfvdkufrd\/ ,if;rSmum; uRefawmfUb0wGif yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf ]]rSefacgif;
56
twGif;rS rdef;rysKd}} udk rufvdkufaom tdrfrufaMumifhjzpfyg\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u uRefawmf

pdwftm;i,fatmif ajym&ygrnfvm;[k xdkausmif;om;udk qlylBudrf;armif;ao;\? odkU&mwGif
uRefawmfonf uRefawmfrufaom tdrfrufESifhyufoufí rnfolUudkrQ ajymrjycJUacs? ygygESifh
rmrmwdkUxHodkUom pma&;ajymjycJUayonf/ ygygutm;upm;udk wdk;oxufwdk;í vdkufpm;&ef
wdkufwGef;ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; pdwftm;i,frI yaysmufap&ef upm;ckefpm;zufü
tm;oGefcJUyg\/ uRefawmf\ BuD;xGm;rIrSmvnf; a'G;a&mOyg'fyg&Sufum a&SUuxuf tq
rsm;pGm ydkívmcJUygawmUonf/ odkUESifhyif uRefawmfonf arNrdKUü taumifxGm;uav;
waumiftjzpf emrnfwvHk;&í vmcJUum ]]abmo&J}} uav;vnf; jzpfvmcJU\/ waeUü
uRefawmfonf *dk;orm;aeraumif;í *dk;tpm;0ifzrf;&m ajcacsmfNyD; *dk;wdkifESifh acgif;ESifh
&dkufrdum owdarhajrmcJU&\/ uRefawmfwdkU abmvkH;orm;rsm;rSm xdkodkUtxdtcdkuf temw&
&onfrSm tqef;r[kwfMuaomfvnf; rdrdudk,ftav;csdefjzifh rdrd'Pfydkydjcif; cH&wwfavh
&Sdojzifh jzpfvdkufvQif uRefawmfu olrsm;xufroufrom cH&csufemwwfay&m xdkaeUu
vkH;0owdr&ojzifh oli,fcsif;rsm;u pdk;&drfwBuD;jzifh vrf;ay:rSjzwfoGm;aom um;wpif;udk
tultnDawmif;NyD; aq;&kHvdkufydkUMujcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkpOfu- rrESif;onf um;ay:ü
ygvmonfqdk\/ rrESif;wdkUonf rEÅav;rSaeíarNrdKUodkU rdwfaqGwodkufBuD;ESifh aysmfyJGpm;
xGufvmMu&m vrf;wGifawGUcJUMuaom tifMuif;yef;rsm;udkyif wum;vkH; azG;jynfhatmif cl;cJU
Muonf [kqdk\/ uRefawmfUudkum;ay: ayGUwifaomtcgü ae&mvyfr&Sdojzifh tifMuif;yef;
rsm; tv,fü vJavsmif;ap&av&m uRefawmfonf arharsmaevsufu ]]'DteUHawGudk uRefawmf
aMumufw,f....? uRefawmf raoyg&apeJU raoyg&apeJU}} [k ua,mufuwef; ajymcJU
ao;onfqdk\/ rrESif;rSm þrQvlaumifxGm;xGm;BuD; wG,f&mrJUozG,f tm;i,farharsm
aeonfudk *&kPmpdwf0ifcJU&onf [kqdk\/ wzef uRefawmfUoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh ar;jref;
ajymqdk&mrS uRefawmfonf ygygrmrmwdkU\ om;jzpfaMumif; od&aomtcgüum;....
rrESif;onf uRefawmfUudk woufvHk; jyKpk,k,oGm;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf qdkyg\/
]]woufvkH; jyKpk,k,oGm;zdkU qkH;jzwfowJUvm;ygyg....? olu? olu.....}} xl;axGonfh

tHU&maomf rdef;raemufydk; jzpfruJGUaemf[k rajym&kHwr,f uRefawmfu tHUMoaompum;udk
qdkrd&m wcsdefvkH;Nidrfí em;axmifaeaom rmrmyifvQif NyHK;a,mifoef;í oGm;onfudk
awGU&\/ ygyguvnf; ]]t[uf}} ueJ &,fvdkufavonf...../
]]&kwfw&ufqdkawmU ighom;rSm ESif;&UJpdwfxm;aMumifh tqef;wMu,f jzpfaumif;jzpfvdrfhr,f?

'gayrJU 'Dpdwfxm;[m rifh- rmrmpdwfxm;qdk,if ydkrSefvdrfhr,fom;&JU-}}
]]cifAsm.....}}
57
ygygonf acgif;wndwfndwf vkyfvkdufjyef\/
]]wdkwdkbJ ajymr,fom;&,f? ESif;&JUrdzrsm;[m ckrSomrEÅav;rSm aMu;&wwfawG jzpfvmMuwm?

tpuawmU ESif;&JUarar ]]jrjr}} [m tawmfuav; tajctaerJUcJUw,f qdk&r,f? ]]tJ'gudk
om;&JUrmrmu oli,fcsif;udk tdrfrSmwifac:NyD; auR;arG;jyKpk apmifha&Smufay;NyD; ausmif;twlwl
aeMuwJUtxd rcJGrcGmayghuGm? 'gayrJU om;rmrm&JUrdzrsm;u oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf wG,fwm
pdwf odyfBuD;rm;vGef;vm,if raumif;bl;qdkNyD; vlcsrf;omom; wa,mufjzpfwJU tck
ESif;&JUazaz udkarmifudkeJU ESif;ararjrjrudk uref;uwef;BuD; BuHzefay;pm; ypfvdkufw,f?
jrjr[m olUb0ckdudk;&mrJUrdkU pDrHorQudk rjiif;ombJ acgif;ndwfvdkuf&&SmwmrdkU om;rmrmu
pdwfraumif;jzpfNyD; vifom;&MuayrJU pdwfcsif;a0;uGmatmif raeygbl;.....? jrjrvdkbJ rdrd
tdrfaxmifus,if om;ay;orD;,l vkyfwmayghvdkU uwdu0wfjyKvdkufw,f? 'gayrJU jrjr
orD;uav;wa,muf&rS om;rmrmeJUygygwdkU tdrfaxmifuswmyg? om;udkarG;vmawmU
tifrwefcsLcsmwmbJ? om;i,fi,fu tla&mifief;zsm;a&m*g tBuD;tus,f jzpfvdkufao;awmU
vlvHk;rvS vlpOfrrSDbJ ydefcsdao;auG;aeavawmU tysKdazmf0ifp ra&mufwa&muf ]ESif;} u
jrifwJUtcgrSm oleJUqdk,ifawmU udk,fhudkukd,f owfaorSmbJvdkU uav;pdwfeJU ajymvdkufw,f?
om;rmrmuMum;awmU rdzcsif; cGef;BuD;cGef;i,f pum;rsm;wJUtxd oabmxm; uGJcJUMuw,f?
tJovdkESpfzufpvHk; &ifaoG;zufvdkufNyD; cspfvsufu rkef;vmMu&if; arNrdKUrSmom;udk tcsdefrSD
toufu,fvdkufovdk..... ESif;uaqmif&Gufay;rdwJU tcgusawmU ESif;[m pdwfxm;ajymif;
oGm;w,f? ESif;u pdwfxm;ajymif;NyD; olUararudkjyefajym? olUararu om;ararudk taMumif;
Mum;? ESif;aMumifh om;aq;&kHtcsdfefrSDa&mufNyD; OD;aESmufxJ aoG;a&mufrJUab;ua0;vdkU touf
csrf;om&m&wmudk om;rmrmu aus;Zl;wif? aemufqkH;awmU oHo&m wywfvnfNyD; tcsdef
wef&if crnf;cruf jzpfMupdkU&JUvdkU opömqdkvdkufMuwmygbJ.....}}
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uJUodkU &Sif;íae\/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfUtzdkU&mürl oDw*lzsef;ouJUokdU rcsrf;ajrUEdkfifbJ &if0ü
ylavmifuRrf;aiGU vmygonf/ þtaMumif;udk tpuwnf;u uRefawmfod&vQif þodkUcHpm;rI
&Sdaumif;&Sdygrnf/ arNrdKUwkef;u uRefawmfUudk aq;&kHvdkufydkUaom rrESif;tm;.. uRefawmf
jrifbl;cJUygvsifvnf; ,ckuJUokdU cg;oD;rI &Sdaumif;rS&Sdygvdrfhrnf? xdkpOfu vlysKduav;
udavomaoG; azG;azG;xaeqJ jzpfay&m rrESif;uJUodkU vSyaom rdef;rwa,mufudk jrifvQif
jrifcsif; cspfrdBudKufrdonfhpdwf w&dyf&dyfay:vmum wm;rEdkifqD;r&yif jzpfEdkifaumif;yg\.....?
odkU&mwGif rrESif;wdkUonf uRefawmfUudk aq;&kHvdkufydkUNyD; jyefoGm;Muav&m uRefawmf
owd&vmaomtcgü trsKd;orD;wpk um;jzifhvdkufydkUonf [líomodvdkuf&\/ b,folawG
58
b,f0gawG[kvnf; uRefawmfUwGifpl;prf;&ef tcsdefr&acs/ uRefawmfUezl;jyifwGif 'Pf&mrS

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jzpf\/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfUezl;BuD; rdkUarmufa&mif&rf;ae&m oli,fcsif;rsm;u ]]ezl;armufudkwJU
vSapcsif- yef; bJzdkrSmjyif- ayay:rSmwif wleJU&kduf- Nidrf;'kwfrsufjzLqdkuf}} [laom
a&S;oDcsif;jzifh oDqdkaemufajymifMuao;\/ xdkpOfu&ifxJrSm rnfodkUrSrjzpfrd? ,ckrStoJ
vTmudk- ayay:wif wleJU&dkufcH&ouJUokdU tcH&cufum emusnf;NyD; roufom jzpfíaerd
yg\/ þrQvSyacsmarGUNyD; tzufzufu MueftifjynfhpkHaom rdef;rwa,mufESifh &mxm;
cH&onfudk uRefawmf tb,faMumifh rvdkvm; cg;oD;aeonfudkvnf; rpOf;pm;wwfyg?
&ifxJwGif MuyfMuyfwnf;wnf;BuD; rsufjzLqdkufrwwf jzpfíaeonfrSmawmU {uef
jzpfygonf/
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uRefawmfutar;ESifh rrESif;a&cJ,ltvm wdkufqdkifae&mwGif uRefawmfonf rrESif; uRefawmfU

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ar;vdkuf&\/
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om;BudK;pm;NyD; &SmawmU- Muif,muawmU tqifoifh&SdNyD;om;vdkU owday;wmbJ jzpfae
wmaygh.....}}
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59
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60
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rdef;rwa,mufESifh tdyfcJU&rnfjzpfaMumif; rrESif;u pGyfpGJajymqdkavonf/ uRefawmfum;-
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NyD;vkNyDjzpf&m 'kwd,ydkif;usrS yg0if&\/ uRefawmfUb0wGif t&dyfyrm 0g;NrdKcs,fvS,fvdkaom
61
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aoaomfrSwnfh atmf- aumif;\[k zkHrIefUb0a&mufrS tvHvSJMurnf? rrar*smESifh uRefawmf

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]]xrif;qufpm;awmUAsm? 'gawGaemufrSajymawmUr,f.....}} [k ygawmydwf ajymvdkufavonf/
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62
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jzpf&r,f....}}
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qdk&rnfhtvm; xrif;vkyfBuD;BuD; acsmueJacsmueJ 0ifEdkfifavmufatmif cHwGif;awGUrdojzifh
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tMunfhcsif;qkHí oGm;cJUonf/ xdktcgqifBuD;onf &kwfw&uf a&pyfwGif wifyg;usxdkifvdkuf
NyD; a&SUajcESpfzufudk a&SUodkUqefUwef;xkwfvdkufNyD; ESmarmif;udkvnf; auG;aumufwifvdkufum
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jyKvkdufonf[k xifrSwfvdkufygonf/ ,if;onfhtjyif av,mOfay:ü pD;vmpOfu tjyifzufrS
wdrf*Gr;ykHwdkU o@efajymif; jzpfay:ouJUodkUyif qifBuD;\ ab;wzufwcsufü rD;cdk;vkH;o@ef
63
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a[mif;\ teHUtoufonf ae&mwumwGif vTrf;NcHKíaeayonf/ Z&yftdk ausmif;tdkwdkU\
64
ysif;&dzG,f&m vTrf;ajrUzG,f&m toGif@efuJUodkU jrifjrifu&m &Icif;wdkUrSm ajrUaqG;aeoa,mif

&Sdvmavonf/ rMumrD NrdKUa[mif;odkU a&mufayawmUrnf? ra&mufrDuyif yx0D
taetxm;onf a0;uGmcJUaom twdwf\ t&dyfxdk;rIudk jynTef;íae\/ a&S;rif;wdkU
tmPmpufjy&m þajrcsmü wBudrfwcgu NrdKU&Gmwdkif;um; pnfyifom,mcJUayvdrfhrnf/ vlol
AdkvfajcwdkU pm;okH;aexdkifum b0c&D;qkH;xd avQmufNyD;&if; avQmufcJUMuayvdrfhrnf/ olwdkU\
&kyfcE¨mrsm; csKyfNidrf;cJUaomfvnf; emrf"mwf0dnmOfwdkU ,aeUxd0JvSnfhaeavovm;? xdkj'yfrJU
0dnmOfwdkUonf a&S;wkef;u ykHjyifawGudk jyefajymjyEdkifrnfhtvm; uRefawmfonf pdwÅaA'orm;
pdwfynmudkvnf; vkdufpm;ol wa,mufjzpf&um;.... awmifawmiftDtD ryD0dk;0g;tawG;
prf;w0g;jyKrd&m tawG;MuL;vQift&l;[k onmjyKjcif;udk cH&rnfpdk;aomaMumifh awG;vufpudk
jzwfypf&NyD; vSJaeusae&mwGif wzefjyefvSJvdkuf&jyefyg\/
tzJGUom;rsm;um; upm;cef;jyef0ifíaeNyD jzpfjyefyg\/
uRefawmfu zdkifwJGBuD;udk aumufudkifvkdufaomtcgwGif- ]]MuufuG- 0ufuGi&SIOfUuG}} [laom

toHrsm;udk Mum;vkduf&ygonf/ þuJUodkU &kd;&dk;upm;enf;rS avmif;upm;enf;odkUul;ajymif;&ef
vIHUaqmfay;olrSmvnf; udkwifxGwfyif jzpf&rnf[k- uRefawmf wGufvdkufrdygonf/
udkwifxGwf um; txdef;tudkifr&SdvQif wuJUavmif;upm;orm; wa,muf jzpfoGm;Edkifol
jzpfonf/ rnfonfh taMumif;csif;wdk hESifh ywfoufonfjzpfap ]]avmif;rvm;}} [k pum;p
wwfol jzpfay&m ordkif;vdkufpm;jzpfonfrSmvnf; AdóEdk;rdzk&m; wu,f&Sdr&Sd tavmif;tpm;
jyKcJU&mu ponf[k qdkay\/ uRefawmfESifh udkwifxGwf pwifoduRrf; cJUonfrSmvnf;
udkwifxGwf\ tavmif;tpm;xufoefrI jzpf&yfwckESifh trSwfrxif BuHKBudKufcJU&aom
aMumifhjzpfonf/ xdktaMumif;udk jyefvSefajymwdkif; udkwifxGwfonf tm;&yg;&
&,farmwwf\/ tjzpftysufrSmvnf; olUzufu awG;vQifawmU &,fp&myifjzpfayonf/
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif jzpf&aomudpördkU uRefawmfUtzdkU&müvnf; NyHK;rdp&mjzpfygayonf/
]]ykZGefokH;aumifuGm....? [m- i&SOfUr[kwfbl;a[U- ttdyfBuD;wJU umve*g;a[U? ckxufxd udk

ay:rvmawmUbl;....? olUxdk;orQt&IH;csnf;bJ aoygNyDi&SOfU&m .....}}
"mwfykHq&m udkwifOD;u olxdk;aomi&SOfUudk- umve*g;ESifh ykHcdkif;vdkuf&m- uRefawmf

&,fcsifí oGm;ayonf/ tavmif;tpm;orm;ESifh umve*g;wdkU wuúodkvf\ arSmifrdkufaom
nwnwGif awGUMuykHudkvnf;..... &kwfcsnf; jyefowd&vdkufrdygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
('dkUESpfa,muf) pmwef;ygaom zdkifwJGBuD;udk aumufvSefvdkuf&\/ pHoma&T\
65
pmwef;NyD;onfhaemuf udkwifxGwfu uRefawmfUarG;aeUtwGuf a&;íay;aom ('dkUESpfa,muf)

udk awGU&ayonf/
uRefawmfonf ..... udkwifxGwf\ 'dkUESpfa,mufudk zwfvdkufjcif;jzifh ypöKyÜefrS xGufajy;rd

jyefyg\/
udkwifxGwf\ ('dkUESpfa,muf) um;- pHoma&T\ ('dkUESpfa,muf) ESifh uGmjcm;vS\/

udkwifxGwfonf ordkif;avhvmoljzpf&m tao;pdwfwdusrI uav;rsm;txd rSwfwrf;
wifcsifykH&\/ odkUaomfvnf; oef&moa0xdk;- pmcsKd;pmcs jrefrIaMumifh olUtjrifonfvnf;
olUtjrifom jzpfíaejyefyg\/ rnfodkUyif jzpfapumrl udkwifxGwf\ pmwef;onf-
&Ia'gifhwauGUrS tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk pDumpOfum jc,fa&;xm;onfjzpf&m uRefawmfUtwGufum;
twdwf\ ay;pmrsm;tjzpf toHk;0ifvSygonf/ twdwf\ ay;pmwdkUrnfonfrSm vSyaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pNrHKUjyefjcif;wrsKd;[k ac:qdkEdkfifu ac:qdkEdkifyg\/ udkwifxGwfonf
t&m&mudk vSvSyy jrifíxm;\/ olUrsufpdxJwGif tvSqkH;um; rrar*smyif jzpfownf;/
xGef;Edkif owd&apvdkyg\/
udk,fonf xGef;Edkifu olUarG;aeUü olESifhudk,f rnfonfhtcsdeftcgu pNyD; awGUqkHcifrif

cJUonf? rnfodkUqufqHcJUMuonf? rnfodkUtwlwuG b0udkusifvnfcJUMuonf rsm;tm;....
pmyef;csDcs,fNyD;vQif vufaqmiftjzpfay;yg[k xl;xl;qef;qef; awmif;vmí tywfwukwf
pmwyk'fa&;vdkuf&ygonf/ þpmudkzwfwdkif; xGef;Edkifudk,fhudk owd&apvdkyg\/
udkwifxGwfonf ol\pmwef;udk þodkUwnfwnfcefUcefUyif tpcsDvdkufayonf/ odkU&mwGif

udkwifxGwfu rnfrQwnfcefUapvdkumrl taMumif;t&m ueOD;tprSmrl &,fzG,f&myifjzpf\/
udkwifxGwf\ pmwef;udk *CeP zwf&avaomf-
xdkaeUu- udk,fuom qwfqwfaqmUaqmU aemUrdjcif;r&Sdygu xGef;EdkifESifh qkHqnf;cifrifp&m

taMumif;ray:ay/ udk,fonfum;- [kqdkvQif tjcm;[kwfyg&dkvm;? wuúodkvfe,fwvTm;ü
zdk;pyfpkuav; trnfwGifcJUool jzpfonf/ t&m&mwGif- tnrnudk tuGufcs
xif[yfMunfhwwfoolvnf; jzpfonf/ ]]Zpfjrpfudk rvdkufu trdkufeifhjyif &Sdvdrfhavvm;....}}
[k jypfwif&IHUcswwfolvnf; jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;zufrS &yfwnf0HU&rnf [laom w,loef
66
0g'udk vufudkifxm;aom tjiif;tckH oefolvnf; tjzpfBuD;jzpfvSygacs\/ udk,fuom

rSefonfxifvQif tmabmiftm&if; rdk;BudK;cGif;vnf;rrIbJ twkr&Sd zdzdjyif;jyif; pum;csif;
ppfxdk;&rSvnf; auseyfrdpNrJjzpfygonf/ xdkaeUu jyóemwckonf uRefawmfwdkU urm&Gwf
t0dkif;BuD; vzuf&nfqdkifü ay:aygufcJU\/ xdkjyóemudk ,laqmifvmolrSm enf;jy
q&mrsm;csnf; pkíaeaomtaqmifrS enf;jyaygufp zdk;om*d jzpf\/ zdk;om*donf wnoü
tdyfraysmfojzifh vrf;rxGufum vrf;avQmuf\/ xdkrSwqifh- wuúodkvfwyf&if; wnf&Sd&m
vrf;usOf;uav; twGif;odkU va&mifudk tazmfjyKum vSnfhcJUrd\/ va&mifatmufwGif
acsmifBudKufvSonfh trdkufZmwf cif;avolrsm; awGUavrvm;[laom txifjzifh oa0xdk;jcif;
[k qdkurrSm;ay/ odkU&mwGif- zdk;om*dtwGuf tacsmifvdkuf&mrS &vdkufonfh oifcPf;pm
um;- vdyfjymvGifhrwwf cHpm;vkduf&aom oifcPf;pmw&yfjzpfí oGm;ayonf...../ zdk;om*d
url jzLjzLBuD;[kqdk\/ jzLjzLBuD;onf- vufudkqefUwef;um arSmif&dyfwGif;rS rdrdxH xGufí
vmonfqdk\/ vufOD;ü zdk;om*du ]]vmava&mUo&J- tem;usaysmufoGm;&rSmbJ}} [k
BuHUBuHUcHum Munfhaeonf jzpfaomfvnf; xdkjzLjzLBuD;rSm- eD;vmavav? jrifhvmavav
BuD;vmavavjzifh zdk;om*dteD;xd a&mufvmav&m zdk;om*donf wcsK;dwnf; vpfajy;cJU&onf
[kqdk\/ zdk;om*du xdkodkUjrifNyD;í rnfrQrMumrD yk*Hvrf;ESifh ,cifbDtdkpDaumvdyf trnf&Sd-
ausmif;cef;rBuD;odkUtoGm; vrf;usOf;usOf;uav;wGif- acgif;jywfo&J aomif;usef; ae
aMumif;rSm wajz;ajz;wpp vlodrsm;um oljrif&onfudk,fjrif&onf[k tjiif;yGm; Mu
onftxd jzpfcJU&ayonf/ xdkaeUuvnf; o&J&Sdr&Sd jyóemudk zdk;om*d vzuf&nf0dkif;em;
a&mufvmonfrSpí aqG;aEG; jiif;ckHrdMujcif; jzpfonf/ udk,furl rjzpfEdkifonfhzufu
ajymrdonf/ udk,fhudkqdkvQif tjiif;oefol[k ,lqxm;Muaom wa,mufESifh trsm;qdkovkd
jzpfcJU&\/ aemufqkH;ü udk,fESifh udk,fhqefUusifzuf ausmif;om;av;a,mufwdkUonf zdk;om*d
ajymjyonfh oefaumifausmf wcsufwD;ü jzpfyGm;&mae&modkU- oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMurnf/
vufawGUwGif &IH;olEdkifoludk av[mjyifü xrif;t0a<u; &kyf&SifjyaMu;jzifh ax&rnf[k
owfrSwfMuum nwGif;csif;yif pDrHudef;cscJUMuayonf
&,fzG,f&mvnf; aumif;ayonf/ tHUMozG,f&mvnf; aumif;ayonf/
xdkaeUnu udk,fom owdvufvGwf jzpfvdkufrdvQif wpkHwa,mufuawmU ,ckae ajrBuD;xJ

a&mufum t&dk;aqG;aeaya&mUrnf/
udk,fhudk,fudkazmf rolawmfvkyf&vQifum; udk,fowdaumif;vdkufaomaMumifh [kqdkcsifygonf/

udk,fowdÅaumif;íum; r[kwfyg/
67
udk,fwdkUonf.....
udk,fwdkUonf[kqdk&mü zdk;om*dum; aemufwcgrygvdk[kqdkí olUtjzpfoepfudk ajymqdkNyD;vQif

NyD;csif; vzuf&nfwcGufarmUum wcsKd;wnf; jyefcsoGm;ojzifh udk,fwdkUig;a,mufom [k
qdk&rnf/ xdkig;a,mufxJrS trnfrsm;udk azmfjyvdkaomfvnf; udk,fa&;rnfh ('dkUESpfa,muf)ESifh
tBuHK;0ifonf r[kwfojzifh omreftm;jzifh udk,fESifholwdkU[kom qdkvdkufyg&ap/ odkUaomf
vnf; olwdkUxJrS wa,muf\ trnfemrudkum; udk,fazmfjy&ef 0wÅ&m;&Sd\/ taMumif;rSm
olUaMumifhomvQif udk,fESifh xGef;EdkifwdkU aemiftcgü ordkif;olawoe t&mwdkUwGif wyl;wGJwJG
jzpfívmjcif;[k qdkEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ olum;.... wnifuRef;rS ]]cifvGef;}} jzpf\/
rSefyg\/ olUemrnfum;.. wu,fyif udkcifvGef;[kjzpfygonf/ odkUaomfvnf; wuúodkvf
a&mufaomtcgü uAsmqHqH jzpfapvdkí cifvGef;udk- (cifvGrf;)[k pmvkH;aygif;um vufrSwf
a&;xdk;avh&Sdoljzpfonf/ olaeaomae&yfum; oHvsifwGifjzpfav&m wnifuRef;u cifvGef;
[líom trnfwGifavawmUonf/ xdkaeUnu t"duZmwfvdkufZmwfaqmifae&mwGif cifvGef;
vnf; ygay\/
udk,fwdkUonf t0dkif;BuD;ü wnvkH;xdkifNyD; awGUu&m&Spfaomif; ajymqdkaeMuNyD;- ckESpfpOf

Mu,fajymif tNrD;axmifNyD;umrS wuúodkvf&dyfom vrf;BuD;twdkif; avQmufívmcJUMuonf/
vrf;us,fBuD;wGif avQmufMupOfu vrf;rD;awG wxdefxdef&SdíaeNyD; olwcGef;igwcGef; ajym
rqkH;aygif awmokH;axmifawGuvnf; rsm;cJUaomaMumifh o&JjzLBuD;ESifh eifvm;igvm;
awGU&rnfhta&;udk rsm;pGmtav;rxm;vSbJ at;at;vSvS tylyifuif;í aecJUMu\/ tm;vkH;
nSdíxm;bdonfhtvm; EIwfqdwfí oGm;MuayawmUonf/ avuav;rQyif rcRefawmUbJ
rD;udka&ESifh owfvdkufonfhES,f tNidrfBuD;Nidrfoufum uRef;wkH;aMumifavQmuf ajcaxmufawG
abmufqwfazmUeif; nSif;nSif;omomuav; jzpfukefMuonf/ vrf;uav;rSmvnf;
avtvmwGif ,drf;tdrdkUqdkif;aeaom yifapmufBuD;rsm;jzifhom &Hwm;ywfNcKHvsuf&Sday&m
va&mifrpdk avrcdkEdkifbJ tkHaEG;aEG;BuD;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ udk,fwdkUonf tat;xJrS vmMuolrsm;
jzpfav&m tylaiGU"mwf&Sdae&modkU jAKef;ueJ 0ifvdkufaomtcgü yx0DaMum&IHUum MuufoD;
azG;ueJ xoGm;Mu\/ udk,fESifhavmif;xm;Muaom a&Tbdkom;BuD;rsm;um; wa,muf rsufESm
wa,muf MunfhvdkufMuonf[k- udk,f&dyfrdvdkufonf/ udk,fyifvQif o&JESifhywfoufí
tavmif;tpm;vkyfu ab;'ku©wckckESifh BuHK&pNrJjzpfonf [laom trsm;ajymMuonfh pum;udk
Mum;a,mifrdum pdwfxifhíoGm;rdao;\/ odkUaomfvnf; wuúodkvf0ifwJU ,ckusrS o&J
ay:onfqdkonftm; vufrcHEdkifojzifh ]]udk,fhvlwdkU aMumuf,ifapmapmu t&IH;ay;Muaemf-
udk,fuawmU rsufjrif'dVawGUrS yef;ay;EdkifrSm'gbJ....}} [k ajymvdkufrdonf...../
68
]]&SL;......wdk;wdk;As? o&JqdkwmrsKd;[m- qlqlnHnHvkyf,if b,fvmyghrvJ}}
wnifuRef;u cifvGef;onf olUaq;NrD;wdkt,ltqudk ajymjyojzifh tm;vkH; usdwf&,fvdkuf

Mu&ao;onf/ udk,fuv1nf; tm;usrcH udk,fhoabmxm;udk xkwfjyefausnm&jyef\/
]]o&JqdkwmrsKd;[m...... vludkacsmufvSefUcsifwJU trsKd;qdkavawmU tvpfrSm vmpNrJygAsm-

bmvkyfvkyf bmajymajym olurIrSmr[kwfygbl; usKyfwdkUarhoavmuf&SdrS vmrSmygpdwfcs?
t,f-t,f..... [dk[dk}}
udk,fhpum; vrf;ckvwfwGif &yfíoGm;\/ pum;&yfoGm;onfESifh udk,fwdkU ajcvSrf;rsm;vnf;

wkHUueJjzpfoGm;um rsufESmodkU a&cJa&jzihf jAef;ueJyufjcif;udk cHvdkuf&ouJUodkU at;ueJ
jzpfoGm;um MuufoD;arT;nSif;rsm; wrk[kwfcsif; axmifxvmMuavonf/ udk,fwdkU jrif&
onfum;.... abmfvkH;uGif; zufqDrS wa&GUa&GU vmíaeaom jzLjzLo@mefwck jzpfav\/
va&mifuGufwduGufusm;wGif taotcsmMunfhumrS xdkjzLjzLo@mef onfvufESpfzufudk

a&SUodkUqefUwef;um wvSrf;csif;a&SUodkU avQmufvmaeonfudk awGU&avonf/
]]awGU-awGU-awGUvm;.... cif-cif-Asm;&IH;NyDr[kwfvm;....}}
udk,fhtazmfwpkonf udk,fhudkþodkU xpfxpfaighaigh tEdkifpum;ajymum aemufodkU okwfueJ

vSnfhajy;Muav\/ udk,fum;- olcdk;aoazmfnSdcsifonfh vQyfwjyufpdwfaMumifh teD;rS
udkcifvGef;udk vSrf;qJGxm;vdkuf&\/ olaumifhom;rsm;\ zdeyfoHrsm;um; wzsyfzsyfjzifh a0;í
oGm;avonf/ udkcifvGef;rSmvnf; vufzsm;ajczsm;rsm; at;pufaeonfudk awGU&avonf/
xdkUaMumifh- ]]o&Jqdkwm vlxufedrfhuswJU owÅ0grsKd;ygAs- udkcifvGef;&? vlMurf;awmU
ewfMurf;rcHEdkifbl; qdkwJUpum; t&Sdom;eJU[m? ewfxufo&J edrfhawmUraygh....}} [k tm;ay;
pum; ajym&\/ ,if;onfhwdkif udkcifvGef;u bk&m;pmudk wdk;wdk;&Gwfíae\/ udk,fonf
o&Judk ae&mrSra&TUbJ apmifhMunfhaevdkufonf....? o&Juvnf; udkf,fwdkUxHodkU
wef;wef;rwfrwf vufudkqefUwef;um vmqJ&Sdayonf/ zdk;om*d ajymouJUodkUyif
eD;vmavav t&yfBuD;jrifhí vmavavjzpfvmaomaMumifh udk,fvnf;a,mifí aemufwvSrf;
qkwfvdkufrd\/ xdktcg usKd;usaeaom opfudkif;ajcmufwckESifh ajcaxmufxdcwfoGm;rd&m...
jAKef;ueJ aumufudkifvdkufNyD; eD;uyfvmaom o&Judk wtm;&dkufrnf[k tm;,lum
&Jaq;wifvdkí ]]a[;}} [k &SdorQtoHNyJBuD;jzifh BuHK;atmfum..... opfudkif;ajcmufpjzifh
&G,fvdkufrdonf/ xdktcgo&Jonf wkHUíoGm;NyD; ae&mwGif &yfíaevdkuf\/ udk,fvnf; eudk
69
aMumuf&if;pJGu &SdaomaMumifh opfudkif;ajcmufudk udkifvsufwef;vef;jzifh jyL;aMumifum

Munfhaerdavonf/ o&Jonf qefUwef;xm;aom vufrsm;udk wajz;ajz; atmufodkU
csvdkufum uRefawmfwdkUxH ',D;',dkifavQmufí vmjyefojzifh udkcifvGef;u ]]rvmeJU- r-r-
r-r.... rvmeJU}} [k aMumufvefUwMum; atmfvdkufavao;\/ o&Jonf &yfoGm;jyef\/
]]uRefawmf-uRefawmf b,fa&mufaewmvJ....[if}}
xdkpum;oHrSm o&JxHrSvmaom pum;jzpfavonf/
]]Asm....}}
]]uRefawmf.... b,fa&mufaewmvJ....}}
þrQESifhyif o&J&SmazGcef;BuD; NyD;qkH;íoGm;ygavownf;/ uRefawmfESifh udkcifvGef;vnf;

&,fEdkifarmEdkif vmownf;....? nBuD;oefaumif vufESpfzufudk qefUwef;í tdyfrufxJ
vrf;avQmufwwfoludk odk;aqmif;bmomt& (Somnambulist) [k ac:\..../ trsm;u o&J[k
xifrSwfcJUMuolrSm nnxí a,mif,rf;avQmufol jzpfíaeonf/ xdkolrSmvnf; udk,fwdkU
wuúodkvf abmfvkH;avmurS tem;,loGm;aom xGef;Edkifjzpfownf;/
]]uRefawmfUemrnf- xGef;EdkifygcifAsm....}}
n0wftuFsDzmvsm;jzifh tdyfcsifpdwfrajyao;aom xGef;Edkifu udk,fwdkUudk rdwfquforIjyK\?

udk,fwdkUvnf; teD;uyfvmrS ykHo@mefyDovmNyD; t&yf&Snf&Snf rsufvkH;pdrf;pdrf; abmrif;om;
xGef;EdkifrSef; odMuojzifh ]]awmfao;&JUAsm awmf ao;&JU....}} [k &,fyJGzJGUypfMu&ao;onf/
t&if;ppfvdkufaomtcg xGef;Edkfifonf acgif;wGif'Pf&m&NyD;aemuf abmvkH;avmurS tem;

,l&av&m abmvkH;udk tpJGtvef; BuD;vSoljzpfojzifh nwdkif; tdyfarmusaomtcgwGif
a,mif,rf;xvmcJUNyD; abmvkH;uGif;zuf tdyfvsufESifh vrf;avsmufcJUjcif; jzpfavonf/
þuJUodkU (Sleepwalk) tdyfrufxJvrf;avQmufoltcsKdUonf vufudkqefUwef;í rsufvkH;
ydwfum avQmufoGm;wwfaMumif;? tcsdefwefvQif rdrdtdrfrdrd qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf jyefa&muf
wwfolvnf;&Sdí? wpkHwckudkjrifrS vefUEdk;NyD; tdrfjyefwwfMu&olrsm;vnf; &SdaMumif;udk udk,f
pmtkyfawGxJü zwfzl;cJU\/ xpfueJjzpf o&J[k ,lqcsifpdwfjzifh eyef;vkH;ae&ojzifh
xdktcsufudk arhaerdjcif;jzpfavonf/ xGef;Edkifum; t&SufBuD;&Sufaeav&m- udkf,hfudkrnfolUrS
70
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73
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76
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Mur,fvdkU ajymxm;wJUOpöm}} [k ar;cGef;xkwfovdk tjypfwifovdk ajymavonf/ udk,fwdkUrSm
xGef;Edkifu rnfodkUrS rSmMum;oGm;jcif;r&Sdojzihf pum;BuD;q,fcGef;xJrS t&l;BuD; vkyfaevdkuf
&avonf/ ,if;onfhwdkif- rrar*smrSm rauseyfpdwf raysmufEdkifao;bJ vIdif;ykwfojzifh
wvIyfvIyf wtdtd jzpfíaeaom udk,fwdkU&GufavSudk ESpfywfokH;ywfrQ avSmfcwfypf
MunfhvdkufNyD;rS uef;pyfzufodkU pdwfysufvufysufjzifh xGufcGmoGm;avonf/ xGef;Edkifum;....
a&xJü a&o&Jb0odk Uwrk[kwfcsif; ul;ajymif;oGm;avovm;[k xif&avmufatmif
aysmufcsufom; aumif;íaeonf/ rrar*smwdkUwodkuf avSqdkufNyD;aemuf.... ukef;ay:odkU
tajy;wufoGm;um ta0;wGif aysmufuG,foGm;rS udk,fvnf;oufjyif;udk csvdkuf&um
]]atmf.... 'Dvdkudk;....}} [k qdkvdkuf&ygawmUonf/
]]'DvdkbJAs.....}}
&GufavSaemufNrD; a&xJrS bGm;ueJay:vmNyD;vQif..... a&pdk&TJvsufu avSay:cdkwufvdkufaom

xGef;Edkifu &,fumarmum pum;qufajymvdkufojzifh ,ckrS oufrcsEdkifaom udkcifvGef;u
]]tHrmav; zdk;xGef;Edkif&m.... &kwfw&uf csufcsif;rsm; a&csKdydkifOD;&Sifuav; jzpfoGm;ovm;vdkU
pdk;&drfaerdw,f....? uRefawmfwdkUrSm atmufyJGpm; jzpf&awmUrvdkvdk bmvdkvdkeJU awmfawmf
txdwfwvefU vkyfEdkifw,fAsm.....}} [k qD;íajymavonf/
77
xGef;Edkifu- ]]uRefawmfwdkUuvJ rdef;rvSuRef;em; &GufvTifhoGm;rd oudk;As-}} [k &DusJusJjzifh

aemufajymifaeav\/ NyD;rS uRefawmfUzuf vSnfhum- ]]uRefawmf&Sif;jyzdkU rvdkawmU
ygbl;aemf.....}} [k qdkavonf/
udk,fu a,mifuef;uef;jzihf acgif;qwfjyvdkufaomf xGef;Edkifonf [uf[ufyufyuf

&,favonf/ olu&Sif;jyp&m rvdkygbl;qdkaomfvnf; wu,fwef;ü udk,fhrSm vkH;axG;vkH;axG;
jzpfqJyif &Sdygonf/
av[mjyifwGif xrif;pm;pOfu rrar*smu csufcsif; jyefvTwfvdkufygrnf[k ydkifpdk;ydkifeif;

ajymoGm;\/ tcsdefwefaomfvnf; xGef;Edkifay:rvm udk,fwdkUom olUaemufvdkufcJU&\/
olwa,mufwnf; &GufvTifhaeonfudk awGU&\/ xdkae&mwGif oJvGefpaysmufí oGm;rnfvm;
[k atmufarhaeqJwGif rrar*sm vmí a&xJikwfvQKd; qif;ajy;&onfh tjzpfudk...... awGU&
aom tcg wa,mufaomolu tjcm;aomoludk vlvnfacgif jyefay;qJGjcif;jzpfonf[k
,lqrdojzifh ]]atmf 'Dvdkudk;....}} [k qdkrdjcif;jzpf\/ xGef;Edkifuvnf;- ]]'DvdkbJAs......}} [k
yJUwifvdkufao;\/ pifppfü wae&mwGif uGufausmfrIwck &Sdíae&rnfum;..... uvl\odkU
jrSL\odkU jzpfíaeaom xGef;EdkifESifh rrar*smwdkU\ xdkoHo,onf xGef;EdkifESifh udk,fwdkU
cifrifqufqHaeonfh umvywfwavQmufvkH; tNrJwef; ay:íaernfudkum; xdkpOfu udk,f
owd rxm;cJUrday/
oHo,qdkonfrSm tvum;/
rnfrQyif xdkpum;pkjzifh apwodwfudk ajzodrfhaomfvnf;- tom;wGif jrKyfonfxuf jrKyf

0ifoGm;onfh temUyqkyfuJUodkU xGef;EdkifESifh pyfqdkif,SufoG,forQ oHo, tpdkUtanSmifh
wdkUonf b,faomtcgrS aysmufysufvdrfhrnf rxifacs/ aepMu0VmN*dKvfudk N*dKvfBuD;tm;vkH;
rcJGEdkifrcGm&uf vSnfhywfoGm;vm aeMu&ouJUodkU udk,fwdkUrSmvnf;..... xGef;Edkif\ qJGaqmifrI
puf0ef;xJrS cJGrxGufEdkifojzifh olUb0 udk,fhb0 a&m,SufzvS,frd zvS,fcJUMuonfrSm ,aeU
txdyif jzpfygawmUonf/
78
udk,fonf t&m&mwGif trdkif;tajctjrpfudk vdkufpm;wwfolyDyD wdwdusus qpfydkif;

Munfhwwfol jzpfaomfvnf; xGef;Edkifudkrl trsKd;tpm; cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifjzpf&\/
xGef;EdkifonfykHpH wdwdusus r&Sdaomoljzpfonf[k udk,fxifonf/
odkUqdkvQiftokH;rwJU? t&mr0if? vlpOfrrSef? vl[efrayguf? Muuf ]]ajymuf}} OuJUodkU txkcH?

trmcHo@mef ryDoaom vlUtE¨[k qdk&ma&mufrnfvm; rajymwwfay/ udk,f þuJUodkU
&nf&G,fajymqdkjcif; r[kwfygxGef;Edkif...../
þolum; þodkUwnf;/ þES,fwnf;/ þrQwnf;[laom 0daooe *CeP xyfjyí

r&ojzifh teD;uyfqkH;Oyrmudk ay;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ ]]acwfpum;ESifh qdk&ygvQif xGef;EdkifESihf
ywfoufvmu cspfp&maumif;aom pdwfnpfrIuav;rsm; tNrJBuHK&onf}} [k ajym&ygrnf/
cspfp&maumif;aom pdwfnpfp&m uav;rsm;wGif &Sif;r&aom jyóemrsm;vnf; tNrJuyfí

ygvmwwfpNrJjzpf\/ udk,fonf ae&mwumü trsm;em;vnfap&ef pDumywfukH; &Sif;jy
wwfaom ordkif;okawoDwa,muf jzpfaMumif;udk wuúodkvfordkif; uGif;qufuav;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufírlum; udk,fuvnf; em;rvnf? um,uH&Sifudk,fwdkifuvnf; r&Sif;r&Sif;
tNrJtpOf vdyfcJwif;vif; jzpfcJU&onfcsnf; jzpfonf/
udk,f þpmwef;udk a&;onfrSm udk,f\ tjrifESifhtxifrsm;udk a&mpyfí pum;wefqmqif

xm;jcif;omjzpfonf/ tcsuftvufrsm; rSm;onfrSefonfudkrl xGef;EdkifomvQif odayvdrfhrnf/
udk,fwdkUzufu odorQjriforQudk tefcsjy&vQifum;....
wnifuRef;u cifvGef;udk ajy&GmodkUc&D;xGufcJU&mrS pcJUaom arwÅmbJGU oD;jcm;Zmwfvrf;udk

0uGufcsefxm;í rjzpfaMumif; a&;jy&ayvdrfhrnf/
udk,fwdkUonf uDvDurf;em;qdyfwGif t&Hoifhxm;&SdtyfESHxm;aom xGef;Edkif\ *Refqif 35-

yJUcsdwf pufwyf armfawmfbkwfi,f (Specd Boat) jzifh aeomaom paeaeUwaeUwGif oHvsif
wzufurf;odkU ul;cJUMuygonf? pydbkwfuav;rSm avumrSefckH;? vufudkifpwD,m&if?
qdkzmxdkifckHwdkUjzifh aooyfvSypGm wnfaqmufxm;avNyD; vlav;ig;a,muf acsmifcsdpGm pD;Edkif
atmif us,f0ef;\? udk,fwdkUrSm &kyf&SifawGxJwGifom rMumrMum jrifbl;NyD;? ayghayghyg;yg;
a&ay:wGif &Syfwdkufajy;aom þtrdk;zGifh armfawmfbkwfuav;rsKd;udk ,ckrS udk,fwdkif udk,fus
pD;&ojzifh wrsKd;aomt&omudk cHpm;Mu&\/ xGef;Edkifu &,fum- ]]&Srf;jynfe,f tif;av;rSm
79
qdk,if 'grsKd;awG aygygoAsm? yJUcsdwfqdkwmrsKd;[m tif;om;awGtwGuf &kd;aeNyD....}} [k

ajymygrS rdrdudk,frdrd a'oEÅ& A[kokw acgif;yg;onfudk &Sufvdkufrdygonf/ udk,fonf.....
yk*HanmifOD;? oa&cwÅ&m? AdóEdk;? [efvif;BuD; ponfwdkUavmufom ordkif;okawoejyK&if;
a&mufbl;oljzpf\? &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; yif;',vdkPf*ludkum; ,ckxd ra&mufbl;ao;
aomaMumifh tif;av;ESifhvnf; a&pufrqkHEdkif jzpf&\? xdkUaMumifh- &[wfwyf avSi,frsm;jzifh
oGm;vmbl;jcif; r&SdjzpfcJUonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap &efukefü udk,fykdifpydbkwf wckwfw&
xm;Edkif&efrSm vG,fulonf r[kwfay&m..... xGef;Edkifonf vlUrvdkif? vlUa&ay:qDpm&if;
0ifNyD;&if; 0ifíaeayawmUonf/ vluav;uom cspfp&mraumif;vQif &efolawG ywfvnf
0dkif;aomoludk xGef;Edkif[kac:onf- [k pmcsKd;&ayrnfjzpf\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap- xGef;Edkifum;
yif'dk&mESif hc&D;oGm; 'wfcsftrsKd;om; ykHjyifxJu c&D;onfuJUodkU vSnfhywfoGm;vm ae&vQifyif
aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrh aeykH&onf/ rsufESmae rsufESmxm; pdkajyvef;qef;íae\/ odkUaomf xlqef;
onfrSmum; xGef;Edkifonf oDcsif;rqdkwwfjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;qdkonfrSm
ololudk,fudk,f tdrfoma'0aomw&Sif vdk&mtcef;wGif uefawmUyef; qifbl;olcsnf;
jzpfaomfvnf; xGef;Edkifum; *DwESifhywfoufí avcRefjcif;? nnf;jcif;rQyifr&Sdacs/ xGef;Edkif
onf em;axmiform; oufouf tai;orm;oufouf[k ac:&ygrnf/ xGef;Edkif em;axmif
vdkaom aw;*Dwrsm;rSmvnf; pl;pl;&S&S us,fus,favmifavmif toHaMumifrsm;om rsm;
ayonf/ (High Frequency) wkHcgrItrsm;qkH; toHvIdif;wdkUudk xkwfvTifhonfh toHpl;- toH&S
rsm;tm; xGef;EdkifBudKufESpfoufaMumif; oltNrJ,laqmifxm;onfh &Daumfwm uav;wGif
xnfhoGif;xm;aom taemufwdkif; aw;*DwoHrsm;udk em;axmifMunfhjcif;jzifh odom
Edkifavonf/ oHNydKifwa,mrsm;xdk;oH twuftus oHpkHrsm; em;uJGrwwf BudK;wyfwl&d,m
wufoHrsm;udk a&G;cs,foGif;xm;NyD; tm;tm;&SdvQif.... zGifhíem;axmifwwfol jzpfavonf/
wcgw&HwGifvnf; iSufqdk;xdk;oH- acG;tloH- rdef;rwa,muf pl;pl;0g;0g; atmfoHrsm;udk
zGifhjywwf\/ olonf xdktoHrsm;ESifh oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGrsm;udk vefUatmif aemufajymif
wwfavh &Sdonf qdkayonf/ udk,fwdkU &efukefjrpf0 ta&mufüyif rdef;ratmfoHygaom
wdyfacGudk tus,favmifqkH; zGifhvSpfvdkuf&m qdkufuyfxm;aom wyfrawmf(a&)oabmFrsm;rS
wyfom;rsm;uyif wpkHwckjzpfavoavm[k xMunfhMuonftxd uoduatmuf jzpfvdkuf&
avao;onf/ udk,fu twif;t"r® ydwfypfygrS xGef;Edkifonf acgif;udkvSefum [uf[uf
yufyuf &,farmavonf/ xdktcg a&wyfom;rsm;um; EdkifiHjcm;oH&kH;w&kH;rS trsKd;om;rsm;
jrpfwGif;qif;í ujrif;aMumxonf[k ,lqoGm;avovm;rod? vleD&dkif;rsm;toHjyKvkyfí
uckefjyavonf/ xGef;Edkifuvnf;.... tm;usrcH pydbkwfudk ywfcsmvnf okH;av;csD armif;
jyNyD;rS wvsifzufodkU xGufcJUavonf/
80
]]t,ifwkef;uqdk,if uRefawmfwa,mufxJbJ pD;wwfw,fAs- olwdkUu uRefawmfUudk

rsufrSef;wef;rdNyD;om; jzpfaew,f/ pydbkwfpD;&if EdkifiHjcm;om;vdkU xifMuwmbJ? NyD;awmU
olwdkUu rSefajymif;awGeJUvJ MunfhMuao;w,f/ uRefawmfU&kyfuvJ tm&yfvdkvdk bmvdkvdk
rsufvkH;pdrf;eJUr[kwfvm;.... [m;[m;....}}
xGef;Edkifonf ol hudk toGiftrsK;drsKd; jrifjcif;tm; ESpfNcdKufauseyfykH&ayonf/ tod&cufonf

[laom tcsufwGif *kPf,lcsifykHvnf; &ayonf/ odkUaomf wrifuvm [efaqmifyefaqmif
tlaMumifaMumif aexdkifjyjcif;um; r[kwfay/ xGef;Edkifonf [efaqmifonfqdkaom pum;
udkvnf; em;rvnfjyefay/ Oyrmjy&aomf oHvQifqdyfurf; txufwGif udkcifvGef;\ a&mif;
&if;rsm; jzpfMuaom abmfvkH;oif; woif;vkH; vmíBudKMu\/ udkcifvGef;u xGef;Edkifudk
enf;jyq&m vkyfcdkif;um NrdKUe,f'dkif;BuD;udk qGwfcl;rnf[laom pDrHudef;BuD;rSm rnfolrQrodap
vdkbJ wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf pDrHudef;w&yfjzpfí? toif;om;rsm;rSty rnfolrQ raygufMum;
ap&atmif vQKdU0Sufxm;umrS toifha&mufíaeaom owif;axmufuav; wOD;u emrnf
ausmf xGef;Edkifudk rSwfrdod&Sdonfhtwdkif;..... ]]udkxGef;EdkifwnifrSm toif;acgif;aqmif vkyfrvdkU
vm;As}} [k a&Smifwcif ar;vdkuf&mwGif ]]r[kwfygbl;As- enf;jyavhusifhay;&kHavmufyg}} [k
tm;yg;w& ajzMum;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ udkf,fhrSm idktm;xuf&,ftm;oef&um udkcifvGef;
rSmvnf; yufvufvefrwwf pdwfysufvufysufjzpfí oGm;&&Smavonf? odkUaomf xGef;Edkifum;
t&dyfokH;yg;em;rvnf tm;em&rSef;vnf; rodonfhMum;uyif tem;r,lbJ abmfvkH;uGif;odkU
awmufavQmufoGm;um oluRrf;usiforQ enf;aumif;enf;qef; uav;rsm;udk rqdkif;rwG
jyooifMum;jyefaom tcgüum;- tjypftemawGuif;pifí aejyefNyD; cspfp&muav;toGif
jrif&jyefavonf/ oHvsifwGifvnf; a&mufa&mufcsif; ausmfMum;xif&Sm;jcif;udk xGef;Edkif
&vdkufavonf/ xdkUaMumifh..... abmfvkH;ueftNyD;ü auR;csifarG;csifolawG aygrsm;íaeav&m
udk,fu Mum;0ifí jyóemajz&Sif;ay;&onf/ udk,fhtaMumif;jycsufum; wcsufckwf ESpfcsuf
jywf abmfvkH;toif;ESifhvnf; rdwfquf&if; udk,fwdkU0goemygonfh ordkif;okawoevnf;
jyKvkyf&if;qdkovdk 0efBuD;ya'o&mZm oif;csKdif;&Sd&m oHvQifusKdufacgufbk&m;wGif ntdyf
A[kokw &SmrSD;&ef udpö&SdaMumif;udk &Sif;jy&\/ ,if;onfhtcgwGifvnf; abmfvkH;wzJJGUvkH;u
olwdkUyg waysmfwyg; vdkuftdyfMurnf[k qdkvmjyefojzifh xGef;EdkifrSm a&SUwdk;&tcuf aemuf
qkwf& tcufjzpfíaejyefum rawmfwq nBuD;rif;BuD; uRefawmf tdyfrufrufNyD;
vrf;avQmuf xoGm;rd,if uRefawmfUtaMumif; olwdkU odukefMuawmhrSmbJAsm Munfhvkyf
ygtkH;....}} [k udk,fhudk wdk;wdk;ajymum tultnD awmif;avonf/ udk,f uvnf;
wnifuRef;u cifvGef;udk wqifhwdk;wdk; ajymjy&jyef\/ NyD;aemuf.... udk,fwdkUokH;a,muf
twefMum..... acgif;csif;&dkufvdkufMuNyD;rS usKdufacgufbk&m; ajcawmf&if;&Sd bkef;BuD;
81
ausmif;wGif pwnf;csMurnf? ntcgü tvSnfhus bk&m;ay:wufMurnf[k- cJGa&;wJGa&;

pDrHudef;jyKvkyfum bwfpfum;rsm;jzifh c&D;qufcJUMuavonf/
ewfpifw&m/
usKdufacgufbk&m;tvGef ausmufwef;oGm;um;vrf;ü ewftrsKd;rsKd; ewftaxGaxG pwnf;cs-

aysmfpH&m ewf&dwfomBuD;wck &Sdavonf/ rdrdudk,fudkrdrd aovQifewfjzpfrnf[k ,lqygu
ewfuGef;wae&mpm (&DZmwf) ,lxm;vQifvnf; &onf[k ajymxm;aom abmorm;
wa,mufu tpazmfay;onfESifh yxrOD;pGm oGm;a&mufMuayonf/
]]ewfpifw&m}} [k a,bk,stm;jzifh ac:Muaomfvnf; &maygif;rsm;pGmru a&wGufí rukef

avmufatmif tao;tBuD;pkHpGm pkNyHKpHy,fí aeMuonfudk awGU&\/ oa&cwÅ&m ayguúH&mrrS
pNyD;vQif raeUwaeUu um;wdkufí aooGm;aom ]py,f,mzdk;cspf} ewftxd udk,fwdkUodaom
rodaom ewfrsKd;pkHudk jrifawGUrSwfom;&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ay\/ pmayokawoD
wOD;u arSmfbDq&modef;BuD;ewf &Sdonf[k- twnfaygufajymojzifh xdkewf&kyfwkudk &SmMu
aomfvnf; rawGU&ojzifh wu,f[kwfr[kwf rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifay/ aemifjzpfvmvw¦HUaom
ewfrsm;twGuf- BudKqdkonfh ewfuGef;opf trnfopfuav;rsm; xm;&Sdonfudkvnf;
tHUMozG,f&m awGU&onf/ udk,fwdkUrSm rnfrQtouft&G,f&Sdapumrl ausmif;om;[laom emrH
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]]wae&mpm &Smxm;Mua[h-}} [k ajymumajymumjzifh rdrdESifhvdkufzufrnfh ewfaqGewfrsKd;rsm;
vSnfhvSnf&SmazG aeMurdygonf/ wae&mwGifum; udk,fwdkUtm;vkH; &,f&awmUrvdk tHUMo
&awmUrvdkjzifh xl;qef;aom wdkufqdkifrIw&yfudk awGUBuHK&avonf/ rnfol xkvkyfoGm;onf
rod? trnfrwyf&ao;aom ewf&kyfw&kyfonf r*dkbk&if (0g)ukvm;r[m&mZm aygif;xkyf
t0wftpm;jzifh "m;aumufBuD;udkifum cefUwnfpGmawGU&onf/ xdkt&kyfrS EIwfcrf;arT;
aumUaumUBuD;rSm tvG,fwul jzKwfEdkifwyfEdkifonfjzpf&m aysmfwwfaom abmvkH;orm;uyif
trSwfrxif vufaqmUrdonfü EIwfcrf;arT;jzKwfMunfhaom&kyfonf xGef;EdkifESifh wax&mwnf;
wlíaeonfudk awGU&avonf/ vufOD;ü xdktjzpfudk aMumifpDpD MunfhíaeMuNyD;rS
wa[;a[;- w[m;[m; &,frdMuonftxd wa,mufESifhwa,muf tlcsOf"mwfrsm; ul;puf
ukefMuonf/ xGef;Edkifum; aemufydwfqkH;rS a&mufvmonfjzpf&m &kwfw&uf t"dyÜg,fudk
em;rvnfojzifh ]]bmawGawGUvdkU &DaeMujyefwmvJAs-}} [k ea0wdrfawmifjzifh ar;avonf/
udk,fu vufnSKd;nGefjy&\/
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82
udk,fhtxifrSm xGef;Edkifu udk,fwdkUudk aemufwwf&efaum[k &,foGrf;aoG;vdrfhrnf[k

,lqcJU\/ xGef;Edkifum; xdkodkUr[kwfacs/ ewf&kyfudk jrifaomtcgwGif rsufESmwGif aoG;r&Sd
avmufatmif jzLzwfjzLa,mf jzpfíoGm;um ai;aMumifum Munfhaeavonf/ NyD;rS oufjyif;
&Snf&SnfBuD;wcsuf rIwfxkwfvkdufum- ]]wlp&m&Sm;vGef;vdkUAsm- 'Dyef;ykq&m uRefawmfUudkrsm;
jrifbl;ovm; rodygbl;}} [k nnf;wGm;vdkuf\/ udk,fwdkUvnf; 0dOmOfwdkUewfwdkUESifh ywfouf
vmvQif pyf,SufajymifavSmifjcif;udk cHcsifykHr&aom xGef;Edkif\ trlt&maMumifh qufí
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88
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96
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98
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99
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100
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101
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qkH;&IH;ukefwmuvJukefMueJU ae&mtESHUtjym; aysmufqkH;aewJU b@modkufawG &Sdaew,fwJUAs-
tJ'gawGu usefwmvJ jzpfEdkifwmbJ-}}
102
omausmfa0u vufawGUaumufcsufjzifh apm'uwufygrS t&m&mudk &mZ0if<uif;

jzpfysufjcif;[k ,lqwwfMuonfh olrsm;tzdkU vwfwavmwGifEIwf Nidrfaq;auR;NyD;jzpfí
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vdrfhrnf/
103
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104
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105
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106
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107
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108
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109
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110
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111
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112
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113
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120
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125
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126
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142
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146
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149
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152
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245
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246
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247
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248
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249
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250
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251
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252
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253
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254
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255
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256
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257
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259
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260
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261
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rdef;rrsm;yg ausmufwl;? ausmufxk? ausmufo,f? acR;yifv,fa0atmif rem;wrf; jyKvkyf
aeolrsm;udk awGU&\/ a,mufsm;rsm;rSm tay:ydkif;udk,fcRwf ausmrJGrsm;jzihf jzpfaeMuum
rdef;rrsm;um; &ifvsm;xrDrsm;udkom qifjref;xm;onfudk awGU&avonf/ xdkolrsm;\
tom;ta&um; vlomrmefuJUodkU ajynDacsmarGUjcif;r&SdyJ zkxpfMurf;axmfvsuf &Sdonfudk
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wpkESifhwpk rwlaomwm0efrsm;udk cJGa0aqmif&GufMuonftm; awGU&jyefonf/ tcsKdUu
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ausmufwkH;ausmufcsyfrsm;udk acsmrGwfap&ef ppfa&GMu\/ tcsKdUum; av;vHaom ausmydk;tdwf
BuD;rsm;jzihf4if;? jcif;awmif;BuD;rsm;? ',fBuD;rsm;jzifh4if;....? EdkiforQo,fydk;um ausmufvSnf;
BuD;rsm;ay:odkU wifay;jcif;rsm;udk yifyef;wBuD; jyKvkyfay;Mu&avonf/ yljyif;aomaeatmuf
wGif yljyif;aomajrudkd zdeyfrygyJeif;ausmfum tvkyfvkyfMu&onfrSm &ifeihfzG,f&myifjzpf\/
uav;oli,futp vli,fvl&G,fygrusef tzdk;tdktr,ftdktxd.... yg0ifvkyfaqmifMu&jcif;
jzpfay&m rnfuJUodkUaom tvkyfjzpfavoenf;[k awG;awmzG,f&myif jzpfíaeayonf/
uRefawmfMunfhaeckdufwGif ausmufurf;yg;,HrS t&SdefoGufoGufuav; qif;ajy;vmaom
rdef;rysKdwa,mufudk awGU&onf/ xdkrdef;rysKdonf wd&pämefom;a&wckckjzihf csKyfxm;aom
tdwfBuD;wckudk vG,fydk;vmum tvkyfMurf;vkyfaeolrsm;xHodkU avQmufívm&mü tvkyf
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Al;qdkUzGifhNyD; EIwfcrf;wGifwyfvkdufavonf/ xdktcgusrSyif rdef;rysKdo,faqmifvmaom
om;a&tdwfrSm a&tdwfjzpfaMumif; od&avonf/ rdef;rysKdonf tzdk;BuD;udkomru tjcm;
eD;pyf&mvltrsm;udkyg a&Munfa&at; wdkufauR;NyD;vQif wzufodkUavQmufoGm;\/ ae&mum;-
ausmufpGef;tuGuf jzpfavNyD;? apmifhaeolum; uRefawmfyif jzpfaejyefygawmUonf/
334
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rsufESmjzihf wl&IodkU avQmufívm\/
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qifxdef;jzpfaom uRefawmfESifh pG,fpkHqifBuD;udkawGU&\/ uRefawmfu qifBuD;tm; a&tdkif
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335
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av\/ uRefawmfonf xdktojymprsm;udk a&tdkiftwGif;odkU ypfaygufBuJcsvdkufonfudk
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vQKdajrmifvrf;wckwGif uRefawmfESifhndKwdkUonf cJcJ,Of;,Of; yifyifyef;yef;jzihf ajy;vTm;aeMu
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jzpfavonf/ xkdtckduf bk&iftBuD;tuJwdkU\ ppfom;rsm;[k ,lq&aom "m;vSHvufeufrsm;
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jrif;ay:odkU wifaqmifum ac:,laysmufuG,foGm;Muav\/
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ay:rvmaomtcg taemufpl;pl;odkU wjznf;jznf;avQmufum aysmufíoGm;avonf/
336
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ovm;/ taxmuftxm;um; &Sm&ayvdrfhrnfjzpf\/ uRefawmfonfrD;ykHrS xif;wkH;BuD;rsm;udk
av0ifEdkifap&ef ydkícsJay;vkduf\/ odkUcsJay;vkdufumrS xif;wkH;rsm;ay:wGif uyfNidwif&Sdum
usefíaeao;aom &aohBuD;\aq;rIefUjymrsm;onf ,ckrSxyfrHí rD;pGJavmifMuonfhtvm;.....
wzspfzspfjrnfoHjyKum vufueJvufueJ jzmíoGm;Muavonf/ jrifuGif;rsm;udk pl;pdkuf
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What is happening
uRefawmfonf omausmfa0udk4if;? &aohBuD;udk4if; wrf;wum wausmfausmfatmfac:

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rMum;&awmUacs/ uRefawmf\em;,HwGifvnf; qlaq;rStjrKyfxGufouJUodkU wpDpDjrnfoHrsm;
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a&aiGU &dkufcwfjcif;udkom cHvdkuf&avonf/ csKdtDxkH&pfaom &eHUBuD;um; woif;oif;&D&mrS
wtDtDjyefUum arT;onfxufarT;vm&mwGif uRefawmfha&SUwnfhwnfh rJeufíaeaomtarSmifxk
337
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338
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jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/ uRefawmf,lqonfhtwdkif;vnf; rSefyg\/ uRefawmfwdkUonf
ausmuftkwfrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom tHUcsD;MunfndKzG,f&m apwDawmfjrwfBuD;wql
ab;rS...... jzwfoef;vmcJUMu&\/ xdkapwDawmfjrwfBuD;rSm ukef;jrifhwckay:ü wnf&Sdíaeum
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uEkwfyef;wdkUjzifh wefqmqifxm;aom trdk;atmufwGifxm;&Sdonfh aMu;acgif;avmif;BuD;
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339
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eifhueJ.... eifhueJ jzpfaom a0'emudk cHpm;ae&ygonf/
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uRefawmfvnf; 'l;wkwf&yfvJusoGm;ygawmUonf/ uRefawmftm;,lí armfMunfhvkdufaom
tcgürlum; ausmufjcaoFhrsm; &Híxm;onfh Adkvf&IcH eef;jyom'f taqmifawmf0udk awGUjrif
vdkuf&yg\/ [l;&m;jzL? [l;&m;ndK ?rif;q&m? ykPÖm;wdkUrStp 0efrif; rSL;rwf &Ha&TwdkUyg
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ajymEdkifjcif;r[kwfyg.....? uRefawmfawGUjrif&onfh bk&if? rdzk&m;? rSL;rwfwdkU\ tqif
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taoG;wdkU uJGjym;jcm;em;rIaMumifh4if;? [efyeftrlt&mwdkUaMumifh4if;? qdkcJUonfhtwkdif;
rnfolurSL;? rnfolurwf? rnfolubk&if[lí xifjrif,lqjcif; jzpfygonf/ bk&ifrif;jrwf
rSmrl jrefrmbk&ifrsm;ESifhrjcm;.... rudk#fo&zludk aqmif;íxm;um vufwGifvnf; oHvsuf
udkifí xm;avonf/
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oHvsufudkwifvkdufNyD;? uJGtufaqG;ajrhaomtoHjzihf onf;tlwkefvSzG,f&m trdefUawmfudk
csrSwfyg\/
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cJU&mü uREfkyfonf oifhtm; oem;Muifemtyfaom pdwft[kefjzifh toufab;rS csrf;om&m
340
&apum- bk&ifhtrIawmfxrf;jzpfaom ZD0Zdk;trnf&Sdqifawmfudk xdef;&onfh qifxdef;uav;

tjzpf csD;ajrSmufcJUonf/
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usdefqdkoGm;onfh orD;awmfpE´ma'0D\ usdefpmuJUodkUyif uREfkyfuvnf; xyfwlxyfrQ
qifhavmif; usdefqdkvdkufygonf/
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BuD; ay:vGifíaeonf/ tapmifhppfom;rsm;u uRefawmfhudk csKyfudkifxm;aom vufrsm;udk
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341
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avSum;xpfrSrwufao;yJ &ifwvSyfvSyfwkef&if;u...... idkifawGpGm aevdkufrdygonf/
odkUaomf......
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rnfodkUrQ &kef;uefEdkifjcif;rjyKEdkifawmUyJ awmifylpm\xdyfay:odkU cPcsif;a&mufí
oGm;&ygonf/
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wckonf tzkH;w0ufyGifh[um- uRefawmfhudk apmifhBudKíaeayonf/
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vlrJBuD;rsm;u.... uRefawmfhudk ajzvTwfay;vkdufNyD;vQif azsmif;zspum;ajymMu\/
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pvif;ausmufudk xGif;azmufxkvkyfxm;aom twGif;tjyif 'dk;,dkaygufjrif&onfh acgif;onf

tzkH;w0uf yGifh[vsuf&Sd&mwGif acgif;twGif;ü oEÅmaoG;uJUodkU eD&JawmufyvSonfh
urÁvmBuD; cif;íxm;avum xkdurÁvmay:wGif vlaoavmif;wavmif;onf jiifompGm
vJavsmif;vsuf&Sd\/ tavmif;wckvkH;rSm yGifhzufwxyfwnf;om&Sdaom yef;yGifhrsm;jzifh....
zkH;vTrf;xm;&mü rsufESmwuGufwnf;udkom azmfjyíxm;ayonf/ vlaotavmif;onf
342
us,f0ef;vSaom acgif;twGif;ü wzufeH&HwGifuyfí wnf&SdaeaomaMumifh...... uRefawmf&Sd&m

zufü vlwa,mufpm vpfvyfíaeavonf/ uRefawmfacgif;em;odkU wdk;uyfoGm;avav-
arT;&eHUwdkUrSm oif;ysHHUpl;&Svmavav..... jzpfavonf/ uRefawmf\ajc'l;tpkHwdkU acgif;ESifh
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vsuf&Sdaom ae&monfvnf; uRefawmfhudk zdwfac:aeouJUodkU xifrSwf&yg\/ uRefawmf
em;vnfvdkufayNyD/
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jrnf[nf;ívmyg\/
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aMujyKef;uJGtufcJU&aom rdef;rwa,muf\qEáMumifh[k qdkyg\/ tMuifa,mufsm;
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343
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wvufvufjzmíaeaom Mu,fyGifhuav;rsm;udk vSrf;arQmfMunfh&if; tcsdefrSwf a&wGufum
aevdkufrdygonf/ odkUaomf..... tarSmifxkonf wjznf;jznf;yif jrifuGif;rSeforQudk
0g;rsKdoGm;awmUum- uRefawmfhrSmvnf;..... touf&SLMuyfoxuf MuyfívmNyD;onfhaemuf
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r[kwfawmUacs/ uRefawmfum;.... wuúodkvfausmif;om; armifxGef;Edkifb0wGif jyefí
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orÜZOfwnfae\/ 4if;onfhtcgusrS uRefawmfjrif&Mum;& udk,fwdkifawGU&BuKH&ouJUodkU cHpm;
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344
uRefawmfha&SUrSrD;ykHum; rSefrSefyifawmufavmifvsuf&Sdonf/ uRefawmfhESm0wGifvnf; xif;prS

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345
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346
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396
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400
]]ajymav-ajymygAs? usKyfudk 'gavmufawmif ndKeJUuGJuGmapcsifwJUvl? bmtaMumif;aMumifh

vdkufNyD; cavmufqefae&ovJ qdkwmajymyg}}
zdk;om*drSm wHawG;weifeifjzifh wkefwkefcsdcsdjzpfae&m uRefawmfhrSm ydkrdkí pdwft[kef jyif;xef

vm&awmUum oGm;Mum;xJrS xGufaomavoHjzifh avmaqmfvdkuf&ygonf/ zkd;om*donf
wHawG;udkuGwfueJ NrdKcsvkduf\/ NyD;rS....
]]cifAsm;- cifAsm;[m- ndKeJUb,fenf;eJUrS reD;pyfoifhbl;? eD;pyfvkdUvJrjzpfzl;? cifAsm;

vljzpfr&IH;apcsifbl;.....}}
zdk;om*donf xdkpum;rQomajymNyD; a&SUrqufyJ aMumiftt jzpfaejyefojzifh- ]]a&S;a&S;u

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Anm;EJGU[m ,kHwrf;pum;vm;? 'DacwfrSm rwlbl;rwefbl;qdkwm r&SdawmUbl;? xm;ygavh
'gawG&Sdw,fyJ xm;yg...../ cifAsm;u rqDrqdkif bmaMumifh uRefawmfhtwGuf aMumifhMu
ae&wmvJ? yef;o,fudk ,lwmeJUyJ vljzpf&IH;&a&mvm;? usKyfvljzpf&IH;awmUaum usKyf&IH;wmyJ....?
cifAsm; bmylp&mvdkvJ}} [k a'gojzifh zdajymvkdufygonf/
zdk;om*dum;.... &kwfw&uf pum;twGefUrwufEdkifyJ idkifawGíaeavonf/
]]ajymavAsm usKyfar;aewmudk}}
zdk;om*dum; MuufBuD;vnfvdrf xm;ouJUodkUyif tajzray;EdkifyJ jzpfaeavonf/
]]'DrSm-OD;zdk;om*d-usKyf pDumpOfumyJ ar;yghr,f? wpf-cifAsm;[m ndKudk awGUawGUcsif;

rdwfaqGzJGUw,f? NyD;awmU usKyfurac:yJeJU twif;vdkufvmw,f? usKyfaemufuG,frSm rsufrjrif
tzdk;tdkeJU 'kwfwjywf "m;wjywf jzpfw,f? 'gawG[m bmoabmaMumihfvJ ajzyg......}}
zdk;om*donf rajzEkdifyJ aycHaeavonf/
]]ESpf-rrESif;udk 'Dtwdkif;awmU xGef;Edkifudk vTwfxm;vdkUrjzpfbl;....? tjrefodrf;ydkufrS

aumif;r,fvdkU oHawmfOD;wifwmuaum bmaMumihfvJ}}
zdk;om*dum; wkwfwkwfrQrvIyfacs/
401
]]okH;- usKyf[mndKudk tMuifvifr,m;tjzpf aygif;oif;aewmudkyJ &mZ0wfrI usL;vGef

xm;ovdk rsufuvJqefjymeJU rrESif;em; aygufMum;atmif a&Tem;awmfoGif;wmuaum
b,fvdk cdkifrmwJUqifajcawG &SdaevkdUvJ? usKyfaqmufwnfxm;wJU urÇmudk cifAsm;wdkU b,fvdk
tEkjrLvufeufeJU NzdKzsufrvdkU BuHpnfwmvJ ajymprf;ygtkH;As.....}}
uRefawmfhtoHonf ajym&if;ajym&if;rS us,favmifjrnf[def;oGm;&m apmif;wef;wavQmuf

qdkifeD;em;csif;wdkUu waphwapmif; vSrf;MunhfMuonftxd vIyf&Sm;oGm;avonf/ zdk;om*d
rSmvnf; rsufESm&JueJ jzpfoGm;Nyd;rS tdajE´jyefqnfvkdufonfudk awGU&onf/ NyD;rStoHudk
tedrfhqkH;xm;um ]]ndKwdkUZmwd[m oHvsifr[kwfbl; udkxGef;Edkif? yk*HanmifOD;u jzpfygw,f?
uRefawmf olwdkUZpfjrpfudk tm;vkH;odw,f}} [k ajymavonf/
]]yk*HanmifOD;qdkawmU bk&m;uRefausmif;uRefwdkUtydkif;u xGufajy;vmNyD; oHvsifrSm vlaumif;

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vljzpf&IH;p&m taMumif;r&Sdbl;}}
uRefawmfonf t"dyÜm,frJUaeaom zdk;om*d\qifajcrsm;udk &GHU&SmpufqkyfvmaomaMumifh

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]]r[kwfao;bl;..... r[kwfao;bl;......}} [kajymavonf/
]]r[kwfao;&ifvJ [kwfwmudkajymygvdkU qdkaewmudk cifAsm;bmtlaMumifaMumifvkyfaewmvJ?

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,cktcsdeftxd rxdwxdvkyfíaeaom zdk;om*d\ trlt&maMumifh uRefawmfhrSm bk&m;

ajcawmf&if;wGif [laomtodudk arhavsmhoGm;rdum zdk;om*dtm; vnfyif;twif;nSpfí
ar;vdkufrdyg\/ zdk;om*dum; eudku vlAvHuav; jzpf&onfhtxJwGif a'goaMumifh....
ESpfqwif;íaeaom uRefawmfhtm;rmefü r&kef;ruefEdkif&SmyJ tnf;tnf;tJtJjzpfíaeavonf/
þwGif ulNyD;zsOfay;MuygtkH;? aoygawmUr,fawmf}} [k atmfavawmUonf/ usm;ukyfusm;cJ
toJtrJBuD;wwfaom uRefawmfhtzdkU&mum;..... ydkrdkí aoG;rsm;qla0vmawmUojzifh tr,fBuD;
atmfavrS xyfwdk;íyif zkd;om*d\vnfyif;udk zspfnSpfxm;rdyg\/
]]nDav;owdxm;- nDav;owdxm;....}}
402
udkBuD;atmif\ atmfoHMum;&NyD; vlESpfa,mufokH;a,mufu 0dkif;0ef;qJGz,fMurSyif uRefawmf

vnf; zdk;om*dudk vTwfvdkufEdkif\/ zdk;om*dum; ao;auG;aomfvnf; toufjyif;avonf/
vJNydKarharQmoGm;jcif; r&Sdacs? olUvnfyif;udkol rcsdw&dESdyf&if;u ]]udpör&Sdygbl;cifAsm?
'guRefawmfhtjypfrdkU jzpf&wmyg.....? udkxGef;Edkifudk awmif;yefp&m&Sd&if uRefawmfu awmif;yef&
rSmyg}} [k ajymavonf/ uRefawmfvnf; oufjyif;udk [if;ueJcsvdkuf&NyD; eD;&muGyfyspfwGif
tm;avsmhxdkifcsvdkuf&yg\/ uRefawmfhab;wGifum;- udkBuD;atmifa&m udkaqG0if;a&m
ydwfjzL0wfrsm;a&m? aps;onfrsm;yg 0dkif;tkHvsuf&Sd&m zkd;om*du xdktjzpfudk armfMunfhNyD;
ydkrdk&SufoGm;awmUonfhtvm;- ]]rdwfaqGcsif; pdwftcefUroifhvdkU jzpfMuwmygAsm? bmrS
r[kwfygbl;}} [k xyfqifhawmif;yefav\/ xdktcgusrS qdkifeD;em;csif;wdkUvnf; t&nfvnf
oGm;awmUum...... udk,fUae&mudk,f jyefoGm;Mu\/ udkBuD;atmifurl...... wjzpfawmufawmuf
jzifh rdrdpdwfudkrdrd csKyfwnf;xdef;odrf;oifhaMumif; qkH;rrqkH;jzpfaeavonf/
]]uRefawmfhb0wckvkH; uajymif;ujyefjzpfatmif vkyfwmrsKd;jzpfaeawmU uRefawmfvJ b,fvdkrS

xdef;vdkUodrf;vdkUr& jzpfrdw,f udkBuD;atmif? ckxufxd uRefawmfvdkcsifwJU tajzr&wmudku
rcHcsdp&mygAsm.....}}
uRefawmfvnf; ab;bDudkyif r&SufEdkifawmUyJ? tHcJxm;&if;u qdkUepfepfjzifh ajymvdkufrd

ygonf/
xdktcg wcsdefvkH; ab;uem;axmifaeNyD; &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfrS atmf[pf&Smaom qdkif&Sif

tr,fBuD;u ]]a':a':rodvkdU ar;yg&apighwl&,f? ckeu armif&ifwdkUajymaeMuwJU ndKqdkwmu
usKdufacgufbk&m;u yef;onfrav; rdndKvm;.....}} [k Mum;0ifar;vdkufavonf/
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odyfwlaMumif; rdndKwdkUajymajymaewm a':a':Mum;cJU&w,f? 'gaMumifh ckeuxJu a':a':
aoaocsmcsm Munfhaerdwm? aeygtkH;-ighwlwdkU r*Fvmaqmifwkef;u a':a':a&mufygw,fuGJU?
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403
qdkif&Siftr,fBuD;um;..... ta&;xJt&may: aqGrsKd;pyfum pum;zGmíaeav&m wpxufwp

vlodrsm;vmNyD; w&SufrSESpf&Suf jzpfvmrnfh ta&;aMumifh uRefawmfvnf; pum;qkH;atmifyif
rapmifhyJ ae&mrSxxGufvmcJU&ygawmUonf/ uRefawmfonf apmif;wef;ab;jzwfvrf;rS
jzwfum "mwfavSum;ajc&if;&Sd uRefawmfum;xm;&modkU avQmufvmcJU&m jAKef;ueJ a&SUrS
wpkHwa,mufu vSr;fwm;í &yfvkduf&jyef\/
rrESif;yif jzpfygonf/
rrESif;onf tcsdefusí ausmif;oifcef;odkU uRefawmfvmBudKjcif; rjyKaomtcgwGif

uRefawmfoGm;vmwwfonfh ae&mrsm;udk vdkufvHar;jref;&if; zdk;om*dudk &efowÅ&kjyK&ef
xGufoGm;aMumif; udkaZmfa0wdkUxHrS odk;odk;oefUoefU Mum;&onfESifh BuKH&mum;jzifh trSD
vdkufvmjcif; jzpfavonf/ uRefawmfonf rrESif;\vufudk ykwfz,fvdkufNyD; ]]uRefawmfuyJ
pzGifhajymawmUr,f-rrESif;? rrESif;rar;yJ ta,mifaqmifae&wJU 0#f'ku©u uif;a0;atmif
uRefawmfuyJ zGifhajymawmUr,f}} [kqdkum uRefawmfrnfuJUodkU ndKUudkvufxyf,lcJUum
oHvsifzuful;NyD; rif;eE´mZmwfcif;cJUykH tvkH;pkHudk AvkH;AaxG;jzifhyif ajymjyvkdufyg\/
rrESif;onf olUEIwfcrf;yg;uav;rsm;udk aoG;pdkUavmufatmifyif udkufxm;&if;rS uRefawmfh
txkyÜwÅdudk em;axmif&Sm\/
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ar;ayawmU......}}
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jzpfaMumif; ajymNyD; um;ay:twif;wufMuavonf/ pdwfrkefwdkif;BuD; w[nf;[nf;wdkufcwf
vmvQif xif&mvkyfwwfaom uRefawmfhOmOfudk odojzifh ab;rSMuyfrwfxdef;odrf;&ef vdkufyg
vmMujcif;yif jzpf\/ uRefawmfvnf;.... um;udkw[kefxdk; armif;xGufcJU\/
uRefawmfonf rrESif;udk vufxyf,l&pOftcgu t&ufaq;rwifyJ r*FvmyGJ0ifcJU\/ xdkpOfu

uRefawmfhowdorÜmZOfrSm vQKdU0SufaompDrHudef;u xdef;csKyfxm;jcif; cH&aomaMumifh cdkifusnf
aejcif;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ ,ckrlum;- xdkodkUr[kwfawmUay? uRefawmfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;um;-
wkdif;ausmfjynfausmfwrQ jzpfcJU&\/ uRefawmf pdwful;,OfpGm wnfaqmufcJUaom avxJrS
cspfedAÁmefBuD;onfvnf; w,drf;,drf;wEJGUEJGU yJUusawmUrnf [efjyifíaeayNyD...../ vlu
404
acsmifydwf&dkufcH&aom acG;i,fonf usm;jzpfvmonf....[kqdk\/ uHw&m;\ acsmifydwf

&dkufjcif;cH&aom uRefawmfum;.....
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trsm;wumxuf oefrmxGm;usKdif;aom olwa,mufjzpfonfhjyif tm;tifvnf; oefpGrf;ol
jzpf\/ pdwf"mwfcufxefaomtcgü xdktm;rSm ESpfqwdk;vm\/ ao&nfwefcdk;jzifh EId;qGaom
tcgüum;- usm;rEdkifrif;om; jzpfvmygawmUonf/ uRefawmfonf w&kwfa[mfw,frS
ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk &dkufcsKd;ypf\/ yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;udkvnf; &dkufcJGypf\/ aomufvdkuf
pm;vkduf &rf;vkdufjzifh uRefawmftcsdefrJUumv jyKvkyfumae\/ udkBud;atmifESifh udkaqG0if;
wdkUu ab;rSxdkifapmifhMuavonf/ w&kwfa[mfw,fydkif&Sifum; uRefawmfhygygESifh aus;Zl;cH
aus;Zl;pm; jzpfcJUbl;onfhtjyif- usaemhfukdvnf; oaX;om;wa,muftjzpf rqGuyif
oduRrf;xm;ol jzpfaomaMumihf onf;cH&,farmíom aeavonf/ tcsdefwefvQif
aemufydkif;u vdkufvmNyD; aiGxkyfaiGaMu;csrf;omol ESvkH;om;wkdufyGJjzpfaomtcgü &IH;&IH;EdkifEdkif
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taMumif;w&m; wckyif[k qdk&rnfxifygonf/ aiGrsufESm Munfholrsm;um; twGuftcsuf
awmfvSygayonf/
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uRefawmfh&ifxJrS uGJtufaeaom toJESvkH;om;twGufudkrl rmrmu rodusKd;MuOfjyKonf[k
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uRefawmf[m a,mufsm;wefrJUeJU avSmifcsKdifhxJrSm aeae&olyg? rmrmhrsufESmwckxJeJU
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oHa,mZOfe,fu vGwfxGufoGm;NyDav...? uRefawmfhtoJESvkH;awG[m tEdkifusifhwm cH&zef
405
rsm;awmU ausaeNyD? ysufaeNyD? uRefawmfhudk toJESvkH;eJUywfoufvdkU avsmfaMu;ay;MurS

uRefawmfjyefvmyg&apawmU rmrm&,f.......}}
uRefawmfonf arG;ordcif aus;Zl;&Sifudk þodkU tausmuftuef jiif;qefjcif;jzifh

pdwfESvkH;nId;NcKH;atmif vkyfcJUrdygonf/
rmrmonf acsmharmhac:r&aomtcg rsufa&pufvufjzifh jyef&&Smavonf/
om;qkd;om;npf? vlykHb,faomtcgrS- ropfEdkifonfh olb0odkU uRefawmf a&mufawmUrnfh

ab;rS umuG,folum;-zdk;om*dyif jzpfjyefygayonf/
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]]uRefawmf- udkxGef;EdkfifodcsifwmawG tukefzGifhajymzdkU vmcJUwmyg}}
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zdk;om*donf ajz;nSif;pGm acgif;cgjyavonf/
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usrS zkd;om*donf uRefawmfwa,mufwnf;om odoifhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pDum
ywfukH; ajymjy&Smayonf/
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atmf......
406
onf]atmf}udk uRefawmf zspfzspfnSpfnSpf r]atmf}Edkifyg/
Mum;&Mum;&? em;0rSmrcsrf;ombl; armifrif;-[lí yGJxJwGif Zmwfrif;om;rsm; idkcsif;csumeD;ü

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oGm;ygavawmUonf/
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uRefawmfonf rMumcifyif od&yg\/ xdkodkUod&aom tcgüum; uRefawmfh b0onf
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409
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410
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411
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412
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413
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414
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415
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416
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417
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418
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419
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420
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421
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423
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424
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426
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427
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428
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429
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431
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432
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433
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444
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445
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447
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pkHrufvsuf&Sdaom uREfkyf\om;i,fum;-*l&f&SefESifh xdk[dE´LtrsKd;om;wdkU &&SdcJUaom ujym;
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jzpfíaeonfudk oifrodavoavm? r*dkvfw0uf [dE´Lw0uf aoG;csif;qufíaeaom
&SmrmudkrS pkHrufjcif;um;..... &SufzG,f&mraumif;ayavm}} [k jyefvnfajymqdkrdyg\/ xdktcg
448
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toG,foG,fwdkUrSm þtcsdefrS pwifcJUygavawmU\/
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twefuGmaom ae&mjzpfav&m uREfkyfrSm jrif;wpD;udkiSm;í c&D;Murf;ESifcJU&avonf/
&Smrmudkum;awGU&yg\/ jzpfysufykHtvkH;pkHudkvnf; ajymjyEdkifcJUyg\/ odkUaomf- uREfkyfwkdUum;
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uREfkyfpD;eif;vmaom jrif;waumifudk ESpfa,mufom;twl pD;eif;NyD;vQif ta&SUpl;pl;odkU
uqkefpdkif;um xGufajy;cJUMuyg\/
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449
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ajy;jcif; jzpfavonf/
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jyefavonf/
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jyefayonf/
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450
&Sdavonf/ xkdrD;vkH;BuD;rsm;onf aemufrSvdkufívmaom ppfom;wifavSBuD;rsm;ay:odkU

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451
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jzpfonf/
452
pE´ma'0DrSm &Smrm\tay:wGif wdrf;nGwfNyD;jzpfíae&m? ajrmufOD;wGifaevQif ajrmufOD;om;yif

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ylyefonfh ylyefrIrsKd;um; uREfkyfvnf; vwfwavm cHpm;vkduf&onfrSm {uefjzpf\/
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uREkfyfwdkU\wlawmfarmif r*dkvkvifuav;ESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&myifjzpfavonf/
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udk,fudk bk&ifrif;jrwfom appm;EdkifonfrSm MumvSNyDjzpf\/ ,cktcg vltrsm;ESifhzJMuOfNyD;
woD;wjcm;xm;aom ukXElemonfwdkUESifhrS &SmrmqufqHrdonfqkdvQif uREkfyfwdkUtzdkU pkd;&drf
vsuf &Sd&awmUonf/ xkdUaMumifh wlt&D;ESpfa,mufrSm tNrJtpOf pdwfMunfvifvef;qef;rI
r&SdawmUyJ? waeUrawGU waeUawGU&rnfh ab;tEÅ&m,fBuD;udk rnfodkUuGif;a&Smif &ygrnf
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454
O,smOfawmftwGif;ü ZD0Zdk;qifawmfudk a&rdk;oefUpifíay;aeckdkufwGif bk&ifhorD;awmf pE´ma'0D

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abmfaiGywfwdkUwGifvnf; bk&ifhorD;awmfu ay;oem;onf[laom pmwef;rsm;xGif;íxm;
avonf/ &Smrmum; vufOD;ü 0wfqifjci;frjyKyJ odrf;qnf;íxm;aomfvn;f bk&ifhorD;awmf
\ trdefUt& tNrJwap 0wfqifxm;&rnfqkdí uREkfyfudk,fwdkifyifvQif &Smrm\ vufaumuf
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þabmfaiGvufywfrsm;onfum;- N*dKvfqkd;Mur®marTvmaom vufywfrsm;yifjzpfMuygonf/
ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGif rkd;BuD;onf;xefpGm&Gmum acsmif;ajrmif;rsm;twGif;odkU awmifusa&rsm; 'v

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tvkyfrsm;Mu\/ uREkfyfwkdUrSmvnf; qifrsm;xm;&mae&mudk a&TU&ajymif;&jzihf tvkyfrsm;
Mu&\/ &Smrmonfum;.... i,fpOfu r*dkwdkif;jynfwGif a&BuD;aomtcgü avSwpif;ESifh [dk[dk
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455
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awmif;&ef pdwf&if;&Sdíxm;cJUonfrSm MumjrifhygNyD....? orD;awmf\ Muifbufavmif;udk
oem;Muifemaomtm;jzifh tjrefvTwfawmfrlygbk&m;.....}} [laom rsufa&toG,foG,fjzihf
awmif;yef avQufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfyg\/
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tvS,f vkyf&ojzihf rausreyfBuD;jzpfí aeayawmUonf/ uREkfyfu ayghapvdkí aMumif&kyf

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457
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vSypGmaoqkH;aeaom pE´ma'0Dudk awGU&aomtcgü aMuuGJ0rf;enf;rI jzpfMu&jyefayonf/
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458
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tiftm;jzifh tcgcg qkawmif;íaeygonf/
465
aemifwcwfvlom;rsm;onf uREkfyf\ aMu;0gyk&ydkufudkjzpfap? &Smrm\ ykHwl&kyfwkudkjzpfap?

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qifjcifrdaomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/
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uREkfyfawGU&ayonf/
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ayvdrfhrnfxif\/ ta&;BuD;onfum; uREkfyf\ aMu;0gyk&ydkufcsyfrsm;jzpfayonf/
466
uREkfyfonf aMu;0gcsyfrsm;udk wcsyfNyD;wcsyf wGif;0odkUausmfí &dSorQtm;jzihf ypfwifcJUygrnf/

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jyefa&mufawmUrnf jzpfonfwum;...../
467
NrdKUa[mif;um;- aemufwGifusef&pfcJUNyDjzpf\/
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468
NrdKUa[mif;odkUtoGm;ü udkBuD;atmifwkdUtzJGUonf umvHa'oESifh vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdap&rnf

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NyD;jynfhpkHaom tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdíaeNyDjzpfyg\/
469
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vm;..../
470
tprS jyefvSefcif;í &Sif;jy&jyefavaomf.....
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BuD;rm;vmygoenf;[lrl touf(16)ESpft&G,fü uRefawmfonf t&uf6ayeD;yg; jrifhrm;í
aeum xdkt&yfESifh vkdufzufnDaom udk,fcE¨mtcsKd;tpm;udkvnf; ykdifqdkifíxm;ayonf/
uRefawmf\ rsufvkH;rsm;rSmrl- arG;uwnf;u pdrf;vJUvsuf&Sdonfjzpf&m xkdodkU xGm;usKdif;
oefpGrf;vmaomtcgü rZösdrwdkif;om;wa,muf\ toGifoP²mefodkU wrk[kwfcsif; a&muf&Sd
oGm;cJUyg\/
471
4if;odkU wrk[kwfcsif;[k qdkavmufayaom taMumif;&if;cHaMumifh wnoü uRefawmfwdkU

ausmif;om;oli,fcsif;wodkufonf ausmif;a&SUrdk;rcyifBuD;atmufü pka0;xdkifum.... pum;
pjrnf ajymíaecJUMu&mwGif wa,mufu ]]xGef;Edkif aeUcsif;ncsif;BuD;xGm;vmwm jrif&awmU
'dkUMunfhbl;wJU buf*'ufNrdKUom; iwufjym; Zmwfum;xJrSm ykvif;xJu xGufvmwJU
bDvl;BuD;udk oGm;owd&&,f}} [k ajymvkdufojzifh 0g;ueJyJGusoGm;&ayao;\/ odkUaomf-
pmBuD;ayBuD;tNrJzwfaom pm*sydk;wa,mufu (trsm;wumxuf *vif;tusdwfrsm; tvkyf
vkyfrI azmufjyefolonf omrefxufBuD;xGm;aom vlUbDvl;uav;rsm; tjzpfodkUyif a&mufap
wwfaMumif;) ajymjyaomtcgürl- uRefawmfh&ifxJü 'dwfueJckefíoGm;cJU\/ xkdUaMumifhxdknü
tdyf&modkU apmapm0ifcJUrdonf/ odkUaomf..... nOfheufBuD;üyif uRefawmf jyefEdk;cJU&\/ &dk;&dk;
Edk;cJUjcif;um;r[kwf? tdyfrufqkd;BuD;wckaMumifh aMumufvefUwMum; i,foHygatmif atmf[pf
&if;rS vefUEdk;vmcJU&jcif;jzpfonf/ woufrSwcgqdkouJUodkU tHUMozG,f&m tdyfrufqkd;BuD;[k
xdkpOfu uRefawmf uifyGef;wyfcJUrd\/ odkUaomf uRefawmfhtwGuf woufwcg[k rqkdEdkif
awmUyJ woufwGif tcg&maxmifru tBudrfBudrftzefzef wxyfwnf;wax&mwnf;
rufcJUonfh tdyfrufBuD;jzpfcJUyg\/ xkdtjzpftysufum; ,ckuRefawmf zwf&Iod&SdcJU&onfh
r*dkvkvif&Smrm\ taMumif;t&m aMu;0gyk&ydkufwGif &Smrm\Zmwfodrf;tjzpfjzihf xyfwlxyfrQ
qifwlíaeaMumif;udk uRefawmfawGU&ayawmUonf/
yk&ykdufrS pmwef;rsm;\t"dyÜm,ft& r*dkvkvif&Smrmonf tb0ed*kH; tqkH;owf&mü

bk&ifhorD;awmf pEá'0DESifhtwl t&Sifvwfvwf acgif;oGif;owfcHcJU&\/ uRefawmf\
tdyfrufrSmvnf; xdkenf;4if;yifjzpfonf/ uRefawmfonf tdyfrufrufawmUrnfqkdvQif
arT;ysHUcsKdtDaom &eHUwrsdK;udk &SL&Iduf&um tqkH;ü awmifylpmwvkH;a&SuokdU a&mufoGm;\/
awmifylpmay:okdUwufonfh vrf;zkHzkHuav;udk ai;MunfhaepOfwGif uRefawmfhudk aemufzufrS
oefrmaomvufBuD;rsm;u awmifylpmay:odkU twif;wGef;wifí a&mufoGm;&\/ &Smrm\
txkyÜwÅdwGifvnf; xkdenf;4if;yifjzpfouJUodkU ausmuf*ltwGif;ü &aohBuD;ESifh qkHawGUpOfu
rD;ykHxJwGif aq;jymrIefUrsm;jzL;um t&dyfrsm;xifapNyD;? jyo&müvnf; xdkenf;4if;jzpf&ykHudk
uRefawmf jrifawGUod&Sd&ygonf/ &Smrmonf rJeufaomvloefBuD;rsm;\ wGefUydkUrIaMumifh
awmifylpmay: a&muf&SdoGm;aomtcg tzkH;w0uf yGifh[vsuf&Sdaom 'dk;,dkaygufazmuf
jrif&onfh ovif;tMunfausmufjzifh xGif;xkxm;onfhacgif;wckudk jrif&onfqdk\/
uRefawmfonfvnf; tdyfrufxJü awmifylpmxdyfwGif tzkH;yGifh[vsuf&Sdaom rSefacgif;wvkH;udk

jrif&onf/ uRefawmfwkdUacwfjzihfqdkvQif ovif;ausmuf[lí rxifjrifrdyJ rSef[líom omref
,lqrdjcif; jzpfwef&mayonf/ xdkrSefacgif;twGif;ü vlESpfae&mpmrQ us,f0ef;aeonfudk
awGU&um wzufü wudk,fvkH; yef;yGifhrsm;jzihfzkH;vTrf;xm;NyD; rsufESmuav;rQom azmfjy
472
xm;aom rdef;rysKdwOD;\tavmif;udk awGU&avonf/ uRefawmfapmapmu &SL&Iduf&aom

yef;&eHUrsm;um; xkdrdef;rysKd\udk,fay:ü zkH;vTrf;xm;aomyef;rsm;rS vmonfudkod&\/
rdef;rysKd\rsufESmudk rSwfrdatmifMunhfvkdufrnf[k BuH&G,fcdkufwGifyif uRefawmfhaemufrS
vufBuD;rsm;u uRefawmfhukd acgif;twGif;odkU xdk;oGif;Mu&m uRefawmfvnf; aMumufvefU
wMum; &kef;uefatmf[pfvdkufrdyg\/ uRefawmf\tdyfrufum; xdkodkUatmf[pf vefUEdk;&
onfcsnf; jzpf\/ r*dkvkvif&Smrm\ b0ZmwfaMumif;üum; bk&ifhorD;awmf pE´ma'0D\
aovGefESifhNyD;&Sdaom &kyfuvmyfab;odkU xdk;oGif;jcif;cH&um acgif;zkH;BuD;usvmNyD;vQif t&Sif
vwfvwf ydwfowfjcif;txd a&mufoGm;&ayonf/ uRefawmfonf r*dkvkvif&Smrm\
ajrmufOD;bk&ifrsm; vufxufu jzpfysufcJUaom taMumif;t&mudk tb,fhaMumifh xyfwl
xyfrQ tdyfrufxJwGif jrifawGU&ygoenf;/ þum; uRefawmfhOD;aESmuftwGif;odkU yxrOD;qkH;
a&muf&Sdvmaom ar;cGef;jzpfygonf/
qufvufí okH;oyfa0zefavav uRefawmfhOD;aESmuftwGif;odkU 0ifa&mufvmaom ar;cGef;wdkU

rSmvnf;..... ra&rwGufEdkifatmif yGm;rsm;vmavav jzpfyg\/
uRefawmfonf arNrdKUü qufvufíausmif;aecJUav&m wvwGif wBudrfESpfBudrfqdkovdk

xdktdyfrufudk tqufrjywf rufcJUonfrSmum; ,aeUwdkifyif jzpfyg\/
xdktdyfrufonf uRefawmfhrodpdwftm; uRefawmftqifhqifh ul;ajymif;vmcJU&aom b0

a[mif;udk jyefajymif;owd&ap&ef edrdwfay;cJUavovm;? odkUr[kwf þtcsdef? þtcg?
þae&mtxd a&muf&SdvmNyD; &aohBuD;ESifh awGUqkHjcif;jzihf4if;? aMu;yk&ydkufudk zuf&Ijcif;jzihf
4if;? trQifwef;vsufyif&Sdao;aom oHo&m0#frsKd;udk jrifawGUapcsifaomaMumifh wefcdk;&Sif
wkdUu zefwnf;aejcif; jzpfavovm;? acwfa&SUajy;olESifh acwfaemufusefolwkdU tajctwif
tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mjzpfí uRefawmf tus,frcsJUvdkawmUyg? odkU&mwGif uGif;qufozG,f jzpfí
aeaom b0Espfck wlnDaerIrsm;udkrl t&if;twkdif;yif xkwfEIwfjy&ayvdrfhrnfjzpf\/
i,fpOfarNrdKUüausmif;ae&if;- uRefawmfonf abmupm;cJU&mwGif *dk;wdkifESifh acgif;aqmifhrdNyD;

arhajrmoGm;cJU\/ xdkarhajrmaecJU&mü uRefawmfonf trsKd;trnfrodaom rdef;uav;
wa,muf\ vufudk udkifqJGum awmBuD;rsufrJtwGif;ü ajy;vTm;íaeonfhtjzpfudk
cHpm;&\/ armyef;aomtcg yifvkH;uRwfyGifhíaeaom tifMuif;yifBuD; wyifatmufwGif
xdkifvdkufrdMu\/ xdktcgwGif owdorÜZOfwkdUrSm csmvnfvGifhajrmum..... euf&Idif;aom
acsmuftwGif;odkU usa&mufoGm;ouJUodkU cHpm;&ayonf/ tpyxrü uRefawmfonf
xdktjzpfrSm ESpfy&dapä' MumjrifhcJUonfjzpfonfhtwGuf arhavsmhaecJUrd\/ &aohBuD;u
473
rD;vQHrsm;Mum;wGif r*dkvkvif&Smrm\ tjzpftysufrsm;udk t&dyfjyouJUodkU jrifaprS wcgu

rdrdarhajrmaecdkuf xkdodkUjzpfysufcJUbl;aMumif; trSwf&vkdufrdjcif; jzpfygonf/ tmZd(pf)\
aMu;yk&ydkufudk zwf&aomtcgüum; xdktcsufrSmvnf; udkufnDaejyefaMumif; oufaoavmif;
ouJUodkU jzpfoGm;jyefay\/ wzef wdkufqdkifrIwckrSmvnf; &Sdao;\/ uRefawmfonf *dk;wdkifESifh
acgif;aqmifhrdí arhajrmoGm;aomtcg tazmfausmif;om;rsm;u vrf;rSjzwfoGm;aom um;
wpif;udk zrf;xm;í aq;&kHydkUMu&mü arNrdKUodkUaysmfyGJpm;xGufvmMuaom rrESif;\um;ESifhrS
BuKHBudKufcJU&\/ um;ay:wGifvnf; rrESif;wkdU vrf;ab;wae&mrS cl;,lvmcJUaom tifMuif;
yef;rsm; jynfhíae&m xdkyef;rsm;tay:wGif uRefawmfhudkodyfcJU&jcif;[k ,lq&ygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf..... wcsdefu wl;wl;cg;cg;jiif;y,fcJUaom rrESif;onf yef;arGU&may:ü
arhajrmaeaom uRefawmfhudk jrif&aomtcg4if;? uRefawmfu ]]'D&eHUawGudk uRefawmfaMumuf
w,f? uRefawmfraoyg&apeJU}} [lí ua,mifuwef;awG ajymaomtcgü4if;? uRefawmfonf
ol\t,kt,atmufü woufvkH; aeoGm;rSjzpfawmUrnf[laom todqef;BuD;udk &cJUonf[k
qkdaomaMumifh jzpfay\/
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arNrdKUüjyefvmac:aomtcgwGif ausmif;q&m0efESifh twefMumrQ aqG;aEG;Muao;\/ xdk
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udkum; uRefawmfrod&acs/ vlaumifyif BuD;xGm;aomfvnf; ntcgwGif
tdyfrufaMumifh vefUatmfum Ekd;wufavh&SdaomaMumifh uRefawmfhtwGuf (Glands) *vif;
tusdwfrsm; azmufjyefrI qufvufjzpfrjzpf *&kpdkufMunfh&I&ef rSmMum;jcif;jzpfrnf[k uRefawmf
,lqayonf/
uRefawmf &efukefokdUa&mufvmaomtcg rrESif;um; wuúodkvfokdUa&mufESifhNyD; acsmarm

vSyaom rrar*sm[k olrwlaom emrnfausmfMum;rIudk &&SdaeNyDjzpf\/ uRefawmfum;
xdktcsdefxd rrESif;udk udk,fwkdifudk,fus jrifawGUcJUbl;jcif;r&SdcJUay/ uRefawmf\ &Sd&if;pGJ
0goemaMumifh wuúodkvf0ifoifwef;üyif &Sdao;aomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdUaexdkif&mt&yfESifh
eD;pyfaom wuúodkvfabmvkH;uGif;odkU ra,mifrvnf a&mufoGm;aomtcgusrS rrESif;udk
jrifbl;jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfonf abmvkH;uGif;ü rrESif;\ya,m*aMumifh ajcacsmfvJ&m
rrESif;\ajczsm;wGif acgif;usrdojzihf armftMunhfü rrESif;u txufpD;rS tEkdif,l ikHUpD;Munfh
aeoa,mif cHpm;cJU&\/ þrdef;rum; vSy\/ odkUaomf pdk;rdk;wwfayonf[k uRefawmfh
pdwfwGif;rS zsyfueJ ,lqcsufxm;&SdNyD; jzpfoGm;cJU\/ rdef;rwa,mufudk yxrqkH;tBudrf
jrifawGU&NyD;aemuf? aemifwGif b,faomtcgrS jrifawGUvkdonfhqE´ r&SdawmUjcif;rSm rrESif;
ESifh usrS uRefawmfh&ifwGif;ü ay:xGef;cJUbl;ygavonf/ odkUaomfvnf; vufawGUü a&Smifí
474
r&acs/ rrESif;onf uRefawmf\ txGwftjrwfrsm;jzpfaom ygygESifhrmrmwkdUbufrS vSnfhí

uRefawmfhudk tEkdif,lvmavonf/
þae&mü rrESif;onf ajrmufOD;bk&ifhorD;awmf pE´ma'0Du r*kdvkvifuav; &Smrmudk

oufOD;qHydkif EkdifcJUonfhoabmtwkdif; xyfwlxyfrQ usifhBuHonfudk uRefawmfawGU&yg\/
rrESif;um; pE´ma'0Dyif jzpfayonfvm;..../
rrESif;um; wa&GUa&GUwGm;oGm;aeaom c&kaumifi,f\udk,fay:rS cGmcsjcif;iSm rwwfEdkifaom

tcGHrmozG,f yJGv,fwifhcJUygayonf/
uRefawmfhudk cs,fvS,fpdk;rkd;EkdifcJUygayonf/
uRefawmfonf rrESif;udk rqufqHvdkyJ qufqHvmcJU&\/ xdkUjyif oifhjrwf aom

tcgawmfaeUwaeUwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfMu&rnfh Muif,mavmif;tjzpfvnf; rSwf,lcJU&\/
uRefawmf\toJESvkH;um;.... uRefawmf\ rsufvkH;rsm;uJUodkUyif rrESif;tay:wGif arwÅmpdwf
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þrQvSyacsmarGUNyD; rufarmbG,f&mjzpfcJUaom rdef;rwa,muftay:ü uRefawmf rdef;rl;
nGwf,dkifrdjci;f r&SdonfrSm txkHtqufygcJUaomaMumifh qkdyg\/ [dkpOfu uRefawmf
vufcHEdkifcsifrSvufcHEdkifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckrl b0aygif;rsm;pGmu a&pufaMumifhayyJ[k
,kHMu&ra,mifjzpf&yg\/ rrESif;onf uRefawmfhudk yl;uav;? ,kefuav;ozG,f owfrSwf
qufqHEdkifcJUonfhf pdwfxm;rSmvnf; omreftm;jzihf &,fp&m[k ac:Edkifapumrl yk&ydkufrl
t&um; pE´ma'0D\ usifhxkH;eSifh waoGrwdrf; wlíaeyg\/
uRefawmfhbufu MunfhMuygOD;pdkU...../
uRefawmfonf &G,fEkcsdefr[kwfygyJvsuf? r,Gif;rrSm; pOf;pOf;pm;pm;jzihfyif bk&m;aps;rS

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tay:ü arwÅmouf0ifcJUykHESifh udkufnDaejyefyg\/ ndKESifhuRefawmf &nfiHrdMuaomtcgü
rrESif;onf trsKd;rsKd;aomenf;jzihf uefUuGufqE´jyayao;onf/ odkUaomf uRefawmfu
tcsdefwefvQif ]]xGef;Edkifonf rrESif;twGuf}} [laomaqmifyk'fudk emem&GwfcJUíomvQif
rrSnfhrDu a<u&rnfhab;rS uif;a0;cJUjcif;jzpfonf/ pE´ma'0Du &Smrmtay: arwÅmawmf
awmifxk apvdk&mapyg jyKvSmaomtcgüvnf; &Smrmonf 4if;uJUodkUyif usifhBuHcJUonf
qdkay\/
475
uRefawmfum; avSeHESpfzufudk wufrudkifrxm;? yJUeif;r&Sd? udk,fcsnfhavSolBuD;ES,fyif usifhBuH

cJUav&m? ypöKyÜefuHü rnfrQyif [def;[def;nHcJUayaomfvnf; twdwfuH\ t&dyfxdk;rIaMumifh
]]uH-rwef rmefcs}} ESvkH;om;Zmwfvrf; rvSryBuD;udk ujycJUrdyg\/
uRefawmfonf rrESif;udk jypfjypfcgcg ta&cGmum ork'´&mwGif;odkU vTifhypfpGefUBuJvdkcJUyg\/

okdkU&mwGif rdzarwÅm a&Munfcsrf;jraMumifh ESvkH;vSrIudk apmifhxdef;um acG;aoaumifykyfudk
vnfqGJonfhyrm ]]rEdkifíonf;cH}} cJU&jyefonf/ xdef;íxm;aom a'gowdkU aygufuGJaom
tcgü wkefcgrIt&Sdef jyif;xefvSay&um;- eD;em;ywf0ef;usifrS ESvkH;om;rSeforQ aMutuf
Mu&\/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tzkdUum; rGrGpifpif&ifrqHUatmif jyefESHUMu&wwfonfqdk\/ þae&m
ü jrefrmpmpkjrefrmrIudk oiftH&olrSeforQ ]]b,folrjyK? rdrdrI}} [laom pum;yrm rnfrQ
Bud;rm;xda&mufonfudk od&SdNyD;jzpfMu\/ okdUygvsuf-uRefawmfhusumrS b,folrjyKaomf
vnf; rdrdrIawGteEÅ? rdrdrjyKwmawGAvyGjzihf uHao-uHr[k ajym&cufavmufatmifyif
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;wkdUudk cHpm;&aomtcg oHo&m0#f qif;&Jqdkaom twdwfrSt&dyfudk
0dwÅm&csJU&rnfuJUodkU jzpfvmjyefyg\/
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&SmrmuJUodkUaom jzpfykHysufykHuifrGef;NcKHay:wGif aemufqkH;wif&Sd umusefae&ygoen;f..../
vuf&Sdb0ü uRefawmfxGef;Ekdif\ &lyu©E¨mESifh trltusifhudkvnf; qifjcifapvdkygao;\/
uRefawmf\&kyfa&oGifjyifonf &SmrmESifh tyfcsrwfcs wlvdkufvSonf[k rqkdomaomfvnf;

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pdwf0ifpm;rI t00wdkUaMumifhvnf;jzpfwef&mayonf/
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wlnDxif&Sm;íaeaom tcsufrsm;onf jywfom;pGm ay:vm&ay\/
uRefawmfonf tm;upm;0goemyg\/ abmvkH;uefupm;&mrS OD;acgif;wGif ESpfBudrfrQ 'Pf&m

temw& &&Sdaomtcg tMurf;ywrf; enf;vrf;awGudk pGefUypf&aomaMumifh tEkynmydkif;odkU
476
0goemudkif;qufum ul;ívm&\/ xkdtcgüvnf; uRefawmfonf tHUMobG,f&myif &Sifoef

xufjrufcJUyg\/ uRefawmfonf b0\tqiftaoG;udk &J&J&Sm;&Sm; jrifwwfae\/ uRefawmf
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wapännf;oHudk wNydKifwnf; BudKufjcif;rsKd;jzpfygonf/ taMumif;t&m jzpfpOfwkdUüvnf;
vQKdU0Sufqef;Mu,frIESifh vGrf;aqG;rIudk a&marTESpfoufwwfayao;\/ arSmfbDrESif;pdef? Ewfpif
w&mESifh pkHeHUomNrdKifwkdUudk a&m,SufvufoifhcHjcif;rSm om"u[k qdknTef;&ayvdrfhrnf/
qef;tvuFm pmayt&müvnf; nufanmrIESifh awmifhwJwGefUudk or0HUcJU\/ uRefawmf
a&;aom (armifhtdyfruf) ESifh armif;ruefoJjyifrS pmwef;wkdUudk oufaocHygvdrfhrnf/
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478
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479
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480
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481
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484
wu,fawmU uRefawmfhtajz[m pdwful;,Ofxuf ydkrkdqef;Mu,faMumif;udk udk0if;OD;

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vm;cifAsm/
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bmwJU......
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uRefawmfBudKwifNyD; awmif;yefcJUygw,f/ uRefawmfhtjzpftysufawG[m qef;vGef;vkdU udk0if;OD;
tprStqkH; zwfrdapcsifvkdU pum;yv’ifcHcJUjcif;om jzpfygw,fcifAsm/
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485
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rxifcJUygbl;? xifvkdU awmif;&ifvJ b,folrS uRefawmfvdkcsifwJU tultnDrsKd;udk ay;vdrfhr,f
r[kwfygbl;? usaemhftawG; uRefawmfhtjrifawG[m uRefawmfhywf0ef;usifu vlawGeJU
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486
udk0if;OD;zwfcJUorQ taMumif;t&mawGxJrSm uRefawmfhtaMumif; aomif;ajymif;[m rsufpd

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qDudk ydkU&ovJ..../
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487
'gayrUJ uRefawmfhudk tdyf&muxcGifhray;Mubl;? uRefawmfhrSm xEdkifwJUtiftm;vJ r&Sdygbl;av?

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ppfMuaq;Mu vkyfNyD;wJUaemuf uRefawmfhudk t&ifuvkd oGm;oGm;vmvm rvkyfapawmUyJ?
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pmzwfr,fqkdygpdkU? em&Daygif;rsm;pGm qufwdkufzwfcGifh r&ygbl;? 0goemt& pmuav;
ayuav; a&;csif&ifvJ 'DoabmygyJ? bmvkyfvkyf 0efeJUtm;? jrm;eJUav; oifhwifhatmif
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csKdU,Gif;aew,fqkdwm uRefawmfawmU rajymwwfawmUygbl; udk0if;OD;a&..../
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488
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udk0if;OD;? 'gayrJU r&awmUbl;? uRefawmfhtzdkU tcsdefqdkwmvJ r&SdwmUbl;vkdUxifygw,f?
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489
pma&;olonf armifxGef;Edkif\ udk,fawGUtjzpftysufudk uifyGef;wyfíxm;aom taMumif;

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490
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492
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493
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494
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495
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497
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498
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499
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