PROAKIS J. G. va SALEHI M. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY TRINH BAY THONG QUA SU DUNG MATLAB HA NOI- 2003NGUOI DICH: TS. NGUYEN QUOC BINH KS. NGUYEN HUY QUANProakis JG. va Salehi M CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY MUC LUC Loi ngudi dich Lai gidi thieu Lai noi ddu CHUONG 1. CAC TIN HIGU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 1.1 Gi6i thigu chung 1.2 Chudi Fourier” 1.2.1 Cac tin hiéu nudn hoan va céc he thong tuyéh tinh khéng biéh déi theo thot gian 1.3 Céc bign d6i Fourier 1.3.1 Dink I ldy maw 1.3.2 Phan tich trén mién tén s6 cdc hé thong LTT 1.4 Cong suat va nang long 1.5 Tuong duong thong thap cba cc tin hieu dai thong CHUONG 2. CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN 2.1 Gigi thieu chung 2.2 Tao cdc bién ngau nhien 2.3 Cfc qué trinh ngdu nhién Gauss va Gauss-Markov 2.4 Ph cong sudt ciia cc qué trinh ngdu nhien va céc qué trinh tring, 2.5 Loc tuyén tinh céc qué trinh ngau nhién 2.6 Cic qué trinh thong dai va thong thép CHUONG 3. DIEU CHE TUONG TU 3.1 Gidi thieu chung 3.2 Digu che bien do 3.2.1 DSB-AM 3.2.2 AM truyén thong 3.2.3 SSB-AM 3.3 Gidi didu ché céc tin higu diéu ché bien do 3.3.1 Gidi diéu che DSB-AM 3.3.2 Gidi diéu ché’SSB-AM 3.3.3 Gidi diéu ché AM truyén thong 3.4 Diéu ché géc CHUONG 4. BIEN DOI TUONG TU 6 4.1 Gigi thigu chung 4.2.DO do thong tin 4.2.1 Ma hod khong tap 4.3 Luong ti hod 4.3.1 Lutgng tit hod v6 hutdng 4.4 Diu ché ma xung (PCM) 4.4.1 PCM véi luong tic hod déu 4.4.2 PCM voi lwong tit hod khéng déu CHUONG 5. TRUYEN DAN T{N HIRU S6 BANG G6C 5.1 Gigi thiu chung 5.2 Truyén dan tin hieu nhi phan 5.2.1 Méy thu 16% unt d6i voi kénh AWGN 5.2.2 M6 phdng Monte-Carlo mot hé thong truyén tin nhi phan 5.2.3 Cac phutong phap truyén dan tin hiéu nhi phan khac 5.2.4 Biéu dé sao ciia tin higu adi véi cdc tin higu nhi phan 5.3 Truyén dan tin higu nhiéu bien do 5.3.1 Caéc dang sing vai 4 mite bién Ao 5.3.2 May thu t6i wu 46% voi kenk AWGN 5.3.3 Cde dang séng tin higu voi nhiéu mide bién dé "1 16 16 16 28 33 38 44 48 52 63 63 63 16 83 89 100 100 101 101 112 19 125 126 134 139 147 164 164 165 166 172 172 183 183 188 201 201 201 202 209 213 223 225 226 228 235 MUC LUCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 5.4 Cf tin higu nhiéu chiéu éu tryc giao nhiéu chiéu true giao adi CHUONG 6. TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 6.1 Gi6i thigu chung 6.2 Pho cong sust cia mot tin higu sé PAM 6.3 Dac trmg ca cdc kénh c6 do rong bang thong hitu han va méo kenh 64 Dac mmg cia xuyen nhiéu gitta cdc dau 6.5 Thiét ke he thong truyén tin d6i voi céc kénh c6 bang thong hi han 6.5.1 Thigh é tin higu dé ISI bang khong 6.5.2 Thiét ké tin hiéu dé cé ISI kiém sodt duoc 6.5.3 Tién ma hod doi vai cdc tin hiéu dap ting mot phan 6.6 Céc bd san bing wyén tinh 6.6.1 Cac bé san bang tuyén tinh thich nghi 6.7 Céc bo san bing phi tuyén CHUONG 7. TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 7.1 Giéi thigu chung 7.2 Diéu ché bien do song mang 7.2.1 Gidi diéu ché cdc tin higu PAM 7.3 Diéu ch€ pha song mang 7.3.1 Gidi didu ché pha va tach tin hiéu 7.3.2 Diéu ché va gidi diéu ché pha vi sai 7.4 Diéu ché bién do vung géc 7.4.1 Gidi diéu ché'va tach tin hiéu QAM 7.4.2 de sudt Idi doi voi QAM trong mét kénk AWGN 7.5 Diéu ché tin s6 séng mang 7.5.1 Khoa dich tdn 75.2 Gidi siéu ché va téch cdc tin higu FSK 1.5.3 Mic suai 1di déi voi tach khong két hop tin hiéu FSK 7.6 Ding b¢ trong cac he théng thong tin 7.6.1 Déng bo séng mang 7.6.2 Déng b6 ding hd CHUONG 8, DUNG LUGNG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 8.1 Gidi thigu chung 8.2 MO hinh kenh va dung lugng kenh 8.2.1 M6 hinh kénh 8.2.2 Dung lung kénh 8.3 Ma hod kénh 8.3.1 Ma khot tuyén tinh 8.3.2 Céc md chap CHUONG 9. CACHE THONG THONG TIN TRAI PHO 9.1 Gi6i thiéu chung 9.2 C&c hé thong trai ph chudi trye tiep 92.1 Gidi diéu ché tin higu 9.2.2 Xac sudt Idi 9.2.3 Hai ting dung ciia ede tin higu trdi phd DS 9.3 Tao ede chudi PN 9.4,Trai phé nhay vin 9.4.1 Xac sudt I6i adi vé% céc sin higu FH 9.4.2 Sit dung phn tap tin higu dé khdc phuc nhiéu mot phan bing Tai ligu tham khao 239 239 249 261 261 261 266 218 283 284 289 295 299 309 316 327 327 327 330 334 338 345 354 355. 357 362 362 364 370 315 376 382 393 393 394 304 395 406 409 423 447 447 44g. 451 453 455 462. 468 470 416 484 6 MUC LUCProakis JG. va Saleki Mt: CAC Hi, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY LOI NGUOI DICH hOng thong tin lin lac hién dang phat trién hét sttc nhanh chéng. Ngay & Viét nam, trong hor mudi nam qua ching ta da duge ching kién mot su bién 467 ngoan muc cc hé théng thong tin lién lac, véi viéc dua vao khai thdc trén dién rong mét co sé ha tang vién thong to dn, phuc vu rat nhiéu dich vu méi én co st cdc ing thong tin s6. Tuong ting véi diéu do, viéc dio tao mot thé hé céc can b6 ky thuat cé trinh do cao, cap nhat véi su phat trién cua cdc cong nghé méi da va dang dugc xtc tién mét cdéch c6 hé théng. Tuy nhién, mot trong cdc diém chung tai cdc tring dai hoc dao tao ky su va céin bo ky thuat chuyén nganh dién ti-vién thong hién nay cla nuGc ta 1a su thiéu thon cic tai liéu hoc tap chuyén nganh tot cho phép ngudi hoc cé duge cai nhin sau sac vio nhiing véin dé ky thuat phic tap clia céc hé thong thong tin, Chting toi da chon dich cuén séch nay trong s6 rat nhiéu cdc tai ligu tiéng Anh vé k¥ thuat thong tin khdéc nham bi dép phan nao su thiéu hut néi wén. Ban doc dang cé trén tay ban dich cia cuéin “Cac hé thong thong tin hién nay- ‘Trinh bay thong qua sir dung MATLAB” (Contemporary Communication Systems- Using MATLAB), nha xuat ban Brooks/Cole, MY, xuat ban lén thi nhat nam 2000. Cac téc gid clta cuén sdch nay 1a cdc hoc gia limg danh va la cdc gido su dai hoc day kinh nghiém cia My', Cudin sach nay, theo suy nghi cia ching toi - nhiing ngudi dang truc tiép nghién cfu va gidng day vé ky thuat vién thong — 1a mot cudn séch rét t vé noi dung, hién dai vé phuong phép trinh bay va phd hop voi nhiéu ' Proakis J. G. Ia téc gid cla cu6n “Thong tin s6” (Digital Communications) n6i tiéng, 43 duge tai bin & Mg t6i lan thd tw trong vong 10 nam gan day, LOI NGUOI DICH 7Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY d6i tugng, tir sinh vien dang theo hoc nhtng nam cuéi chuyén nganh dién ti-vién thong dén c4c ky su dang truc tiép nghién ctu va cng tc trén cdc hé thong vién thong. Cudn sdch cung cap nhimg t6m tét ly thuyét co ban nhat vé cdc hé thong thong tin hién nay - cd hé thong tuong ty lin hé thong s6 - mot cdch hét stic stic tich ma vin dé hiéu, déng théi cung c&p cho ngudi hoc kha nang dao sau vao cdc van dé ky thuat rat phttc tap von c6 vé nhu hét stic té nhat thong qua sit dung ky thuat m6 phong méy tinh. Noi mot cach khéc, cudn sch nay I6i cuén va goi len duge niém hing khéi doi véi ngudi doc trong qué trinh hoe tap va tap dugt nghién cutu. Hien tai, cdc thuat ngit ky thuat trong cdc tai li¢u 4n hanh 6 nudc ta cdn chua thong nat. Trong qué trinh bién dich, chting toi da c6 ging tham khéo cAch sit dung cdc thuat ngit ky thuat trong céc tai lieu tiéng Viet khdc va trong nhitng trudng hop cdn chua hoan toan thong nhat, cdc thuat ngi kV thuat duoc chuyén nghia sang tiéng Viet theo céc ty dién phé thong va chuyén nganh dang dugc lun hanh rng rai. Dé ngudi doc thuan tién trong tra cifu, rong hing trudng hop nay cdc thuat ngit ky thuat dugc chua théng nhdt bang tiéng Anh. Mot s6 thuat ngit da Viet hod rong rai duoc ding & dang phien am, hodc gan nhu di Viet hod thi duge dé nguyén thé tiéng Anh va in nghiéng (abu symbol, analog...). Vé phan cong bién dich, Ts. Nguyén Quéc Binh thudc Hoc vién ky thuat quan su dich c4c chuong 1-5 va 7-9, chuong 6 do Ks. Nguyén Huy Quan thudc Hoc vién Cong nghé buu chinh va vién thong dam nhiém. Ts. Nguyén Quéc Binh hiéu dinh ton b6 va chiu trach nhi¢m trinh bay sdch. Trong qué trinh bién dich va trinh bay sdch, chin chan cdn c6 nhiing thiéu sét. Moi ¥ kien gop ¥ véi nhimg ngud) dich xin giti vé dia chi: Ts. Nguyén Quéc Binh, Bo mén thong tin, Hoc vien KTQS, 100 Dudng Hoang Quéc Viét, Ha noi. HA noi, thang 10 nam 2002 Nhiing ngudi dich 8 LOI NGUGI DICHLOI GIOI THIEU “Muc dich cua tinh toan la dé thau hiéu van dé chit khong phai la cée con s6.”-R. W. Hamming, Cae phuong phdp tinh sé danh cho cdc ky su va cdc nha kkoa hoc, Nh3 xudt ban McGraw-Hill, Inc. 6 chinh 1a tinh thin trong suy nghi cia chting (Gi ma theo dé ching tdi cho ra Bookware Companion Series™. Cae cong nghé méi nhat va c4e phuong php hien dai ngdy cing duge nhdi nhét nhiéu hon vao cdc cua gidng von da day dac cdc ly thuyét quan trong. Hau qua la bay giv nhiéu gidng vién da phai dt cdu hoi rang “Chting ta don gian di day cho sinh vien vé cong nghé méi nhat hay ta day cho he cach suy Inan?”. Ching toi tin tuéng rang cd hai diéu cén thiét dé Khong foai trir Kin nhau. That vay, bo sdch nay dua trén niém tin rang cdc viéc gidi bing may tinh va ly thuyét cé thé déng thoi hd tro lan nhau. Khi duge sit dung mot cach dting din, viée tinh todn cé thé minh hoa cho ly thuyét va gitip cho sinh vien suy nghi, phan tich va suy Ian theo cdc cach day § nghia. No cling gitip cho sinh vien higu duoc cde moi quan hé va cdc lign két thong tin méi véi higu biét hién c6 va gitip cho ho trau déi céc ky nang gidi quyét van dé, kha nang true gidc cing nhu tu duy phé phdn. Bookware Companion Series da duge phat trién nhim d4p ting nhiém vu nay. Dac biét, bo séch nay duge thiét ké cho nhig ngudi lam cong tac tao muén tich hgp cdc cong cu hoc tap dua trén my tinh vao cdc cua giang cita minh va cho cée sinh vién mun tu minh di xa hon nifa ngoai khuon khé cita gido trinh. Cic gidng vién sé tim thay duge trong loat sch nay cdc phutong tién cho phép sit LOI GIGI THIEU 9Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY dung cac cong cy phin mém manh bé trg cdc hoat dong giang day cha ho ma khong can phai ty minh tao lay cdc ting dung. Cac sinh vién sé tim thay nhing van dé lién quan va cé thé nhanh chong va dé dang c6 duge cach truy nhap dién ti d6i véi cdc van dé dé. Diéu quan trong d6i véi cd hai doi tuong 18 tién dé xay dumg nén bO séch nay: cdc sinh vien hoc duge tot nhat khi ho dugc loi cuén vao mét cach tich cuc trong viéc hoc tap cla riéng minh. Bookware Companion Series sé thu htit ho, cho ho ném thir cdc van dé cia cudc sOng thuc, bay cho ho cdc ky thuat r5 rang dé giai quyét cdc van dé thyc té va théch thitc ho ty minh hiéu va 4p dung cdc ky thuat nay. Dé phue vu cdc nhu cau cia cdc ban tét hon, ching t6i [uén mong cé duoc cdc cdch thite cai tién bd sach nay, Nhim muc dich d6, céc ban hay vui long lién hé voi ching t6i trén trang Web cia ching toi: http://www. brookscole.com/enginecring/ee/bookware.html iam cho bé sach t Cae ban c6 thé cho cdc loi khuyén vé céch jon nila, chia sé cdc ¥ tudng cia céc ban vé cach str dung ciic cong nghé trong l6p hoc v6i cée déng nghiép cia céc ban, goi ¥ mot van dé dic bigt ho’ic mot thf du ndo d6 cho lan xudt bin sau hodc cho chting t0i biét suy nghi cba cdc ban. Chiing toi chi doi nhan duge phic dap cia cdc ban va cdm on céc ban vé nhiing tro gitip thuong xuyeén. Bill Stenquist Ngudi xuat ban bill. stenguist@brookscole.com Heather Woods Phy trach bién tap heather.woods@brookscole.com Nathan Wilbur Phu trach tigp thi nathan.wilbur@brookscole.com ChristinaDeVeto — Tro ly tip thi christina. deveto@brookscole.com 10 ~ LOI GIGI THIEUProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. Trén thi truéng hién nay rat nhiéu gido trinh dé cp téi nhimg van dé can ban trong cdc hé théng théng tin s6 va twong tu, bao gém cac thuat toén ma hod va giai ma cing nhu céc ky thuat diéu ché va gidi diéu ché. Vi su cdn thiét, hau hét cdc gido trinh nay déu chuyén chit vao cdc ly thuyét nhdn manh dén viéc thiét ké va phan tich hoat dong cia mot s6 khéi hinh thanh nén cdc phan tir co ban cia hé théng thong tin nhu céc bo ma hod va gidi ma, cdc bO diéu ché va giai diéu ché. Tuy vay, kha it gido trinh, dac biét 1a cdc gido trinh duge viét cho cdc sinh vien con dang theo hoc, lai chita dung mot loat c4c tmg dung duge thiét ké nhim thiic day ho trong hoc tap. Pham vi cia cudn sach Muec tiéu cita cuén sdch nay 1a phyc vu nhu mot séch huéng dan hay mot phan b6 sung cho bat ky mot gido trinh hén hop nao vé cdc hé thong thong tin. Cusn sdch nay cung c&p mot loat céc bai tap 06 thé giai dugc tren may tinh (dac biet thich hop véi cdc my tinh c4 nhan) bang c4ch sit dung phién bin MATLAB phé cap cho sinh vién. Cudn sdch duge chudn bi thoat tién nhim phuc vu cdc sinh vién dang hoc 6 nhing nam trén va cdc sinh vién dang lam t6t nghiép trong linh vuc ky thuat dién, ky thuat méy tinh va khoa hoc my tinh. Chting toi xem rang sinh vién (hay ngudi sit dung sdch) thi da dugc lam quen véi cdc van dé co sé cla MATLAB. Cc chii dé nay khong duge dé cap d&n & day nita do da c6 vo s6 sch trg gitip va cdc cdm nang vé MATLAB. Vé thiét tri ma n6i, viee dé cap t6i mot loat céc cha dé sé duge trinh bay van tat. Chiing t6i sé tinh bay dong co thtic dy van dé va mot din giai ngén gon vé ting chi dé mot, thie? lap cdc ghi chi céin thiét ri sau d6 minh hoa cé¢ khdi niém co ban LOINOI DAU MWiy J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TI thong qua mot thi dy. Chting toi mong doan dan giai co ban nay cing voi ngudi giang sé cung cap mot mifc hiéu biét su sac can thiét ddi voi cdc vain dé duge dé cap t6i. Thi du, chting toi dua ra bd thu loc phéi hep va bé thu tuong quan va xic nhan rang céc thiét bi nay dan dén vic gidi diéu ché t6i uu cdc tin hieu bi nhiéu bai tap am cong trang chudn (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise), song chting t6i sé khong chting minh diéu xdc quyét nay. Su ching minh nhu thé néi chung déu da ip trong hau hét cdc gido trinh vé cdc hé thong truyén tin. Két cau cia cuén sich Cudn sdch nay gém chin chuong. Hai chuong dau vé cdc tin hi¢u va cdc hé thong tuyén tinh cing nhu vé cdc qué trinh ngdu nhién dua ra cdc kién thite nén, néi chung cn thiét trong nghién cttu cc hé thong truyén tin. Mot chuong nia bao phi cae ky thuat truyén tin analog va sdu chuong con lai thi chuyén vao thong tin sd, Chuong 1: Cac tin hiéu va cdc hé thong tuyén tinh Chuong nay cung cap mot téng quan vé cdc cong cu va kf thuat co ban tir vige phan tich cdc hé thong tuyén tinh bao gém cA cae dac tinh mién tén s6 va mién thdi gian. Cac ky thudt phan tich trén mién tan s6 duge nhan manh do cdc k¥ thuat nay thuong dugc sit dung nhat trong khi dé cap t6i cdc hé thong truyén tin, Chuong 2: CAc qua trinh ngau nhién Trong chuong nay, ching t6i minh hoa cdc phuong phap tao cdc bién ngdu nhién va cdc mau cia céc qua trinh ngau nhién. Cac cht dé bao gém viéc tao cdc bién ngdu nhién cé mot ham phan bé x4 ¢ sudt nhat dinh nao dé, viéc tao cc mau cia cdc qua trinh ngdu nhién Gauss vi Gauss-Markoy, va dac trung cita cdc qué trinh ngdu nhién dimg trong mién théi gian cling nhw trong mién tan sé. Chuong 3: Diéu ché analog Viéc thuc hién céc kf thuat diéu ché va gidi diéu ché analog trong cdc dié kién cé va khéng c6 nhiéu cong duge dé cap trong chuong nay. Cac hé thong duge nghién cttu bao gém diéu ché bién d6 (AM), nhu diéu bién hai bang bién, diéu ché don bién va diéu ché bién do truyén thong; cdc so dé diéu ché géc nhu 2 . . LOINGI DAUProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THON diéu ché tn sé (FM) va diéu ché pha (PM). Chuong 4: Bién déi tuong tu-sé THONG TIN HIEN NAY Trong chuong nay chting toi khdo st mot sO phuong phdp dugc sit dung dé bién déi cdc tin hiéu nguén tuong ty thanh cdc chudi sé mot cach hiéu qua. Viéc bién déi cho phép ching ta truyén hay tr cdc tin hi¢u theo phuong phdp s6. Chting toi xem xét cA so dé nén dé liéu cé that thodt thong tin nhu diéu ché ma xung (PCM) lan nén di li¢u khong that thoat thong tin nhu m4 hod Huffman. Chuong 5: Truyén dan sé bang géc Trong chuong nay ching toi dua ra cdc kf thuat diéu ché va gidi diéu ché d6i véi truyén dan thong tin sO thong qua mot kenh AWGN. Ca ky thuat diéu ché nhi phan 14n nhiéu mttc déu duge xem xét. Gidi diéu ché t6i wu cdc tin hiéu nay duge mé ta va chat lugng ca bé gidi diéu ché duge danh gid Chuong 6: Truyén dan tin higu s6 qua cdc kénh cé bang tan han ché cde kénk c6 bang tan han ‘huong nay ching téi xem xét dac tinh ct ché va van dé thiét ké céc dang séng cho cdc kénh nhu vay. Chting toi sé chi cho ngudi six dung thay ring méo cia kénh tao nén xuyén nhiéu gitta céc symbol (ISI: InterSymbol Interference) ma ching gay nén céc 13i trong giai diéu ché tin higu. Sau d6 chiing ti sé dé cAp tdi viée thiét ké céc mach san bang kénh ma chting bi. khit méo kénh. Chuong 7: Truyén dan sé thong qua diéu ché song mang ‘Ching t0i thao luan 4 kiéu tin hiéu diéu ché séng mang thich hgp cho truyén din qua céc kénh cd bang tan han ché: cdc tin hiéu diéu ché bién 6, cdc tin hiéu diéu ché bien do vudng géc (QAM), diéu ché pha s6 (PSK) va diéu ché tin s6 s6 (FSK). Chuong 8: Dung lugng kénh va ma hoa Trong chuong nay chiing t6i xem xét céc mo hinh todn hoc thich hop d6i véi cae kénh truyén tin va dua ra mOt dai lugng ca sé, goi 1a dung lugng kénh, né cho chting ta gidi han vé lugng thong tin cé thé truyén qua duge trén kénh. Dac biét, chting toi xem xét hai mo hinh kénh: kénh d6i xtmg nhi phan (BSC: Binary LOINOI DAU BProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Symmet ic Channel) va kénh AWGN. Céc mé hinh kénh nay dugc sit dung trong vic dé cap t6i cac mA chap va ma khéi nham cé duge viec truyén tin tin cay thong qua c4c kenh nhu thé. Chuong 9: Cac bé thong thong tin trai phé Cée phan tit co ban cha mot h¢ thong thong tin trai phd duge dé cap tdi trong, chuong nay. Dac biét, cc hé théng trai phd chudi truc tiép (DS: Direct-Sequence) va trai phé nhay tan (FH: Frequency-Hopped) duge xem xét lién ddi vdi cdc so 6 diéu ché pha sé (PSK) va digu ché tin sd sé (FSK) mot cach tuomg tmg. Viée tao cdc chudi gid nhiéu (PN: Pseudonoise) dé sit dung trong cc hé théng trai phd ciing duge dé cap ti. Vé phan mém Cic file chuong trinh MATLAB cho cudn sdch nay ¢6 tai Bookware Companion Resource Center tren mang theo dia chi http://www.brookscole.com/engineering/ ee/bookware.html. Cac file nay bao gém cdc trink MATLAB duge sit dung trong, tai ligu nay. Trong hau hét cdc trudng hop, chting toi déu da kém thém vao dé nhiing chti gidi cho cdc file MATLAB dé lam cho chting dé hiéu hon. Tuy vay, cfing nén hn ¥ rang trong qué trinh phat trién cac file nay muc dich chi yéu cia chting t6i 14 su r6 rang trong ma nguén MATLAB hon Ia tinh hi¢u qua cia n6. Trong nhiing trudng hop khi ma nguén hiéu qua nhdt lai c6 thé 1am cho cac file td nén kh6 theo doi thi chiing ti da chon st dung ma ngudn kém hiéu qua hon song lai dé doc hon. Trung tam nguén Ic Bookware Companion Series Géi méi d6i v6i lan in méi nay 1 Trung tam nguén luc Bookware Companion Series, mot trang chi trung tam hé tro toan bd bd sdch. O dé cdc ban sé tim thay cdc file MATLAB c6 thé tai xu6ng dugc cho cuén sdch nay, Ching t6i du tinh gitt cho céc file nay dugc phé bign, nhd dé o6 duge hau hét cdc wu thé cita vide tdn phat trén mang. Tai Trung tam ngu6n luc, cdc ban ciing sé tim thdy duoc cdc nguén luc khdc nhu cdc thong tin phu vé bé sdch cla chting t6i, cdc két ndi t6i 4 ~~ LOINGI DAUProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY cAc trang chh MATLAB cé tac dung irg gitip, va cdc ¥ tudng vé cong nghé day hoc trong l6p tir cdc tc gid cla Bookware va tit nhiing ngudi 1am cong tdc dao tao ky thuat khdc. Vé lau dai, chting 10i c6 ké hoach mé rOng trang chi nay thanh mot ngan hang dé trao déi cdc ¥ tuéng tin cay vé giang day cling nhu dé tuéng thuat truc tiép. Ban c6 mot ¥ tudng déi voi mot van dé hay thf du doc nhat nao ma ban muén chiing toi xem xét dén trong lan xudt ban téi day cha cuén sdch nay khong? Néu c6, hay ddo qua trang chi cla ching toi va bém lén biéu tugng Mé ban thao dé tham du vao mot cudc thao luan truc tiép véi céc téc gid, v6i nhing ngudi nhu cdc ban, véi céc sinh vién ciing nhu véi nha xuat ban. Trung tam nguén luc duge 6 tri tai dia chi http://www.brookscole.com/engineering/ee/bookware.html. John G. Proakis Masoud Salehi LOINOI DAU 15Proakis J.G, va Salehi M.; CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY CHUONG 1 CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE TH! 1.1 GIO THIEU CHUNG Trong chuong nay chiing ta sé xem xét nhiing céng cu va cdc k¥ thuat ca ban tir viée phan tich hé thong tuyén tinh duoc sit dung trong phan tich cdc he thdng truyén tin. Cac hé thong tuyén tinh va cdc dac tinh cla chiing trong cdc mién thoi gian va fan s6, cling vi ly thuyét xdc sudt va viec phan tich cdc tin hi¢u ngdu nhién la hai chi dé can ban nhat thiét phai hi€u 56 tude khi nghién ctu cde hé thdng truyén tin. Hau het cdc kénh truyén tin va nhiév khdi con cha cdc may phat va méy thu cé thé mo hinh hod tt duge nhu 18 cdc hé thong tuyén tinh khong bién d6i theo thdi gian (LTE: Linear Time-Invariant) va do vay cAc cong cu va k¥ thuat néi ti€ng xvat phat tir viee phan tich cac hé thdng tuyén tinh cé thé dp dung duge trong viéc phan tich ching. Ching toi nhén manh cdc cong cu phan lich thoi gian-tan sé do day 1a cdc ky thuat duge sir dung thudng xuyén nhat. Ching ta khdi dau voi cdc chudi va cdc bién déi Fourier; sau d6 chung ta sé xét tat cd cac khdi niém vé nang lugng va cong suat, dinh ly lay mau, viéc biéu dién thong thap cdc tin hiéu dai thong. 1.2 CHUOI FOURIER Quan hé vao-ra cla mét hé théng tuyén tinh khong bién déi theo thdi gian dude cho béi tich chap duge xdc dinh theo yD=x(0*h(t)= fron =t)dz (1.2.1) 16 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINAProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trong d6 A(s) ky hiéu phan tg xung cla hé théng, x(?) 1a tin hiéu 16i vao con y(t) 1a tin hiéu Idi ra. Néu tin hiéu 16i vao x(z) 14 mot ham mi phic duge cho béi x(t)= Ae? (1.2.2) thi tin hiéu 16i ra duge cho theo w= [ae nga) = 4 franca me (1.2.3) N6i mét cach khdc, I6i ra 14 mot tin hiéu mo phic cé cing t4n s6 voi tin hiéu 16i vao. Bién do (phtic) cia tin hiéu Idi ra, tuy vay, 14 bién d6 (phitc) cla tin higu I6i vao nhan véi Jace Pah ie Hay chi ¥ rang dai iuong wén day ia mot ham cta phan tng xung A(t) cla hé thong tuyén tinh LTI va tan s6 fy cia tin hiéu 16i phan ting cia cic hé théng LTI v6i cdc tin hiéu mii phite 16i vao la dc biét dé ©. Do vay, viée tinh todn dang. Hé qué 1a trong phan tfch cdc hé théng tuyén tinh LTI, mot cdch hoan toan tu nhién ngudi ta tim cach Khai trién cdc tin hiéu nhu mét téng cdc tin higu ma phttc. Chudi Fourier va c4c bién d6i Fourier 1a cdc ky thuat khai trién cdc tin hieu thanh céc tin hiéu mii phitc. Mot chuéi Fourier 12 mét khai trién truc giao cdc tin hiéu tudn hoan cé chu ky Ty khi tap tin higu {e”™'}" duoc sir dung lam co sé cita khai trién. Voi co sé nay, bat ky tin higu tudn hoan! x(t) c6 chu ky Ty ndo cing déu cé thé biéu dién dugc theo x= Ener trong d6 cdc hé sé x, duge goi 1a cdc hé sé chuéi Fourier cia tin hiéu x(t) va duoc cho béi 1) Mot diéu kign dit dé t6n tai chudi Fourier 18 x(¢) hod man diéu kién Dirichlet. ‘Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HB THONG TUYEN TINH 17Proakis J.G. va Sale E THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1h Darr: frO.e Pat (1.2.5) Dg © day a 1a mot hang s6 bat ky duoc chon sao cho viéc tinh tich phan tro nén don gian. Tan s6 fo=1/T, duge goi 1a tan s6 co ban cia tin hiéu tudn hoan con tan =n/T'y duge goi 1a hai tht n, Trong hau hét cdc trudng hop hoac a=0 hoace= -T,/2 la céch chon thich hgp. Dang nay cita chudi Fourier duoc xem 1a chuéi Fourier dang mii va cé thé Ap dung cho ca cdc tin hiéu x() thuc Jan phitc chimg nao ching con 1a cdc tin hiéu tudn hoan. Trong trudng hop téng quat, cdc hé s6 ciia chudi Fourier {.x,} 18 cdc s6 phite ngay ca khi x(r) 14 mot tin hiéu cé gid tri thuc. Khi x(¢) la mot tin hiéu cé gid tri thuc thi ching ta cé. A Tarn } fre?" adr “4 pme Par (1.2.6) Tir day, hién nhién ching ta thay rang Nhu vay, céc hé s6 chudi Fourier ciia mot tin hiéu thuc thi cé tinh déi ximg Hermit; nghia Ia phan thyc cita chting thi chan cn phén do cita chting thi lé (hoac tuong duong 18 bién d6 cla ching chan cdn pha cia ching Ie). Dang khdc cia chudi Fourier, dugc biét voi ten goi chuéi Fourier long gidc, c6 thé 4p dung duge chi déi v6i cdc tin hiéu thyc tudn hoan va nhan dude bang cach xdc dink (1.2.8) (1.2.9) ma theo cong thttc Euler eP™"™ = cos(2nt—) — jsin(2at) (1.2.10) qT, t 18, Chwong 1; CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE. THONG TUYEN TINHProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H&, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY tacd Ae ij x(t)cos(2nt)dt "ha qt, oe (1.2.11) b, -; J x(¢)sin(2nt pe va do d6 x(t) = 2 +32, cos(2nt) +b, sin(2m) (1.2.12) 20m qt, T, Dé ¥ rang d6i voi n=0, chiing ta ludn c6 by=0 nén ay=2xy. Bang cach dat c, =a; +b? b (1.2.13) 6, =—arctan— a, va sit dung quan hé acos¢ +bsing = Va? +5 cos($ — arctan 2) (1.2.14) a chiing ta c6 thé viét phuong trinh (1.2.12) & dang x)= 245 cos(2nt +0.) (1.2.15) 20m f ma day 1a dang thif ba ciia khai trién chudi Fourier d6i vdi cdc tin hiéu thuc va tudn hoan. Téng quét, c4c hé s6 chudi Fourier (x,} d6i véi cdc tin hiéu thuc lign hé véi a,, b,, c, Va 8, thong qua (a, =2Re[x,] (1.2.16) 0, =, Cac dé thi cla |x,| va Zx, theo n hay nf, dugc goi [a phé rdi rac cita x(¢). D6 thi cia |x,| thudng dugc goi la phd bién do cdn chia Zx, thi dugc goi 1a phé pha. Chuong I: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 19__Proukis J. G. va Salehi M.1 CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Néu x(1) 18 mot tin higu thuc va chin, nghia 18 néw x -x(1), thi bang cach Jay a=-T,/2, chiing ta c6 2% n = f x()sin(2nt hae (1.2.17) Ty iva ° bang khong vi ham dudi dau tich phan 1a mot ham 1é theo 1. Nhu thé, déi voi mot tin hiéu x(7) thuc va chan, moi hé s6 x, déu 1a sé thuc. Trong trudng hgp nay, chuéi Fourier lugng gidc bao gém tat cd cdc ham cosine. Tuong tu, néu (2) thuc va lé, nghia 1a néu x(-1)=-x(1), thi Rn a, -2 M()cos(2n0 7) (1.2.18) 0-7 cting bing khong va moi hé s6 x, déu 1a s6 ao. Trong truéng hop nay, chudi Fourier lugng gidc chifa toan cic ham sine. BAT TAP MINE HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.1 [chudi Fourier cia mot day tin hiéu hinh chit nhat] Cho tin hiéu tan hoan x(1) c6 chu ky Ty dugc xéc dinh theo (4, [lte Gi V6i |t] < 7, /2, trong 46 t)1/2 D6 thi cia x(s) duye vé trén hinh 1.1. Gid sirring A=1, Tp=4 con t=1: 1, Hay x4c dinh cdc hé s6 chudi Fourier cia x(1) & dang mf va luong gidc. .2. Hay vé phé roi rac cita x(1). 8 By 7 ehwong 1} CACTIN BIRU VA.CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH___ Proakis J. G.va Lai giai 1. Dé tinh ra cdc hé sO chudi Fourier trong khai trién cia x(2), ching ta 6 ae 1 ferPet _ pitminy (1.2.21) fe tS ime es a 1 = 5 sine(n/2) (1.2.22) trong dé sine(x) duge dinh nghia [2 sine(x) = x(t) -To2 t 1 i To ty tw To Hich 1.1 Tin higu x(#) cla bai tap minh hoa Lt Dé thi ham sine duge cho trén hinh 1.2. Hién nhién 18 moi hé s6 x, déu thuc (do x(s) thue va chan) 1 a, = sino( sine) 6, =0 (1.2.24) Chi ¥ ring véi céc n chén, x,=0 (ngoai tri n=0, khi 46 ay=co=1 va xo=1/2). Bang cach sit dung cac hé sO nay, chting ta c6 => painet Sperm =F + Disine(%cos(aar (1.2.25) me ™ Mot d6 thi cia céc xap xi chudi Fourier d6i véi tin hiéu nay vé trén mot chu ky vdi n=0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 duge trinh bay trén hinh 1.3. Hay chi y rang khi n tang thi x4p xi tro nén gan hon v6i tin hiéu goc x(0). T2 ~ Chuong I: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYENTINH 21Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1-——~ Hinh 1.3 Mot s6 x4p xi chudi Fourier di v6i tin hi¢u ché nhat cia bai tap mink hoa 1.1. 2. Hay chi ¥ rang x, lu6n lun thuc. Do vay, tuy theo du cia né pha sé hoac 1a khong hodc m. Dd I6n cita cfc x, 1 shiny. Phé rdi rac dugc trinh bay trén hinh 1.4. 22 Chitong 1: CAC TEN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN MIEN NAY MATLAM script dé vé phé ri rac cita tin higu nay duoc cho dudi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem I, Chapter 1. 20:1:20}: x=abs(sinc(n/2)); stem(n,x); “pout 0 > S20 Hinh 1.4 Phé réi rac cita tin higu trong bai tap minh hoa 1.1 Khi tin hiéu x(7) duge m6 ta trén mot chu ky gitta a va b, nhu duoc trinh bay trén hinh 1.5, va tin hieu trong khodng [a, b] duoc cho trong mot m-file, cdc hé s6 chudi Fourier co thé nhan dug bang cach sit dung m-file fseries.m duoc cho duéi day. Hinh 1.5 Mét tin hiéu tan hoan. Chuong I: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 23Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY m-file function xx=fseries(funfcn,a,b,n,tol,p1,p2,p3) %FSERIES Returns the Fourier series coefficients. % XX=FSERIES(FUNFCN,A,B,N,TOL,P1,P2,P3) % ‘funfen=The given function, in an m-file % Jt can depend on up to three parameters % pl p2, and p3. The function is given % over one period extending from ‘a’ to ’b’ % xx=vector of length n+ of Fourier Series % Coefficients, xx0,Xx1,...,Xxn. % pl p2,p3=parameters of funfcn. % tol=the error level. al({‘1/C,num2str(1),").*quad(funfen,a,b,tol,[},args}) : for i=1:n new_fun = 'exp_fnct' ; args=[',', num2str(i), ',', num2str(t), args0, ')’ 1; xx(i+ i)=eval(('1/(num2str(t),’).*quad(new_fun,a,b,tol,[],funfen',args}); end BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.2 [Phé bien do va phé pha] Hay xéc dinh va vé cdc phé bien do va phé pha cita tin higu tudn hoan x(1) véi chu ky bang 8 va duge xdc dinh theo x()=A() d6i v6i <4. Lai gidi Do tin higu duge cho bing mot m-file lambda.m, chting ta c6 thé chon khoang [a, b}-I-4, 4] va xc dinh duge cdc he s6, Hay chi ¥ ring mile fseries.m xéc dinh céc he 80 clia chudi Fourier d6i véi céc gid tri khong 4m cita n, song do 6 day x(#) 1a thue nen 24 ~~ Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIRU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH_Proakis J. G, va Salehi M. CAC HE THONG THONG JIN HIEN NAY ching fa 66 x,=x,. Trén hinh 1.6 cae phé bien 40 va phd pha fia tin higu nay duge vé doi véi n duoc chon bing 24. ons ——4 | on I | 1 | { 1 | oF TT rapaneetiog I 0 » 30 Lr a4 i a oe 0 10 Hinh 1.6 Phé bien dd va phé pha trong bai tap minh hoa 1.2. MATLAB script dé xéc dinh va vé phd bién d6 va phd pha duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 2, Chapter 1. echo on Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 25Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hfi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY n=24; tol=0.1; xx=fseries(fnct,a,b,n,tol); x(t b:- 1:2); ‘conj(xx1),xx]; absxx1=abs(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the magnitude spectrum nl=(-n:n); stem(n1,absxx1) title(‘The Discrete Magnitude Spectrum’) phasexx1=angle(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the phase stem(n1,phasexx1) title(The Discrete Phase Spectrum’) BAI TAP MINH HOA duge cho theo An, x() = 1 Von trong khong [—6, 6]. D6 thi tfn hiéu nay duge cho trén hinh 1.7. 02 os on os Hinh 1.7 Tin higu tun ho’n trong bai tap minh hoa 1.3. 26 ‘Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHProakis J. G. va Salehi M.; CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Lii gidi Tin higu nay chinh tring v6i ham mat do xac suat cha mot bién ngdu nhien Gao-x¢ (normal-chuan) c6 ky vong khong va phutong sai bang 1 dugc cho trong m-file normal.m, File nay can hai tham so 1a m va s 12 ky vong (tri trung binh) va 49 Iéch quan phuong cita bién ngdu nhién dé ma trong bai tap nay ching an Iuot la 0 va 1. Do vay, chiing ta cé thé sir dung MATLAM script sau day dé ¢6 duoc cdc dé thi phé bien do va phd pha nhu duoc thé hién trén hinh 1.8. (409 pr 0108 0.06 00s sot 03, oa oon 3 ° 2 1 ° ocoscennconscanaenacenennn| ~ “1 r 2 3 a dS -30 20 -10 0 to 2 30 Hinh 1.8 Phé bien do va phé pha trong bai tap minh hoa 1.3. Chucong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINA 27Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 3, Chapter 1. echo on fnct='normal’; eries(fnct,a,b,n,tol,0,1); xxl=xx(n+L:-1:2); xx1=[conj(xx1),xx]; absxx1=abs(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the magnitude nl=[-n:-nJ; stem(n{,absxx1) title(‘The Discrete Magnitude Spectrum’) phasexx I=angle(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the phase stem(n1,phasexx 1) title('The Discrete Phase Spectrum’) 1.2.1. CAC TIN HIBU TUAN HOAN VA CAC Hf THONG TUYEN TINH KHONG BIEN DOI THEO THOI GIAN (LT) Khi mot tin hi¢u tudn hoan x(f) duge cho qua mot hé thong tuyén tinh khong bién déi theo thdi gian (LTI) nhu duge thé hién trén hinh 1.9 thi tin hieu 16i ra y(0) cfing 14 mot tin higu tudn hoan, thudng thudng cé cing mot chu ky nhu cia tin hiéu 16i vac? (tai sao?), va do 46 né c6 mot Khai trién chuéi Fourier. ¥ He thong LT! Hinh 1.9 Céc tin higu tun hodn qua céc hé thong LTT. Néu 2(2) va y(¢) duge khai trién theo 2) Chiing ta n6i thucdng thudng c6 cing chu ky voi tin higu 16j vao. Ban c6 thé dua ra mot thf du nio ma chu ky tin hieu 16t ra khdc v6i chu ky tin hiéu {61 vao Khong? ® Chuwong 1: CAC TEN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHProakis J. G.va Salehi M.. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY x= Sore" (1.2.26) y(t) = S ye 2 (1.2.27) thi quan he gitta céc hé s6 chudi Fourier ca x(1) va y(¢) c6 thé nhan duge bing cach sir dung tich chap y(t) = fxle=a)h(n)de = [Exje2mern Dh(vdt 2 “ee (1.2.28) yx, Jane ROM deygi ti y eitenit Tir quan hé trén day, ta c6 Va = Xb (1.2.29) trong 46 H() 1a ky hiéu cita ham truyén’ cla hé thong LTH, 1a bign déi Fourier cia ham phan ting (hay dap tng) xung A(d) ctta nd: H(f)= June? at (1.2.30) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.4 [Viéc loc cac tin hiéu tun hoan] Mot chudi xung tam gidc x(0) 6 chu ky Ty=2 duoc xdc dinh trén mot chu ky theo ttl, -lsts0 A(@) =4-141, OStS1 (1.2.31) 0, VGi cde gid tri rkhéc 1. Hay xac dinh cac hé s6 chudi Fourier cia x(1). 2. Hay vé dé thi phé rai rac cita x(1). 3. Gid sir tin higu nay di qua mot hé thong LTI c6 dap tmg xung duc cho theo t Ost0 sgn()=40, 1=0 (1.3.15) La reo con 31) ky higu cho dao ham bac » cita tin hiéu xung. D6i voi mot tin hiéu x(¢) tudn hoan véi chu ky Ty ma cdc hé sé chuéi Fourier cia né duge cho 1a x,, nghia 1a x())= Sixermin thi bin d6i Fourier nhan duge theo Xf) = Fx = FLD cP] = Dox, Fle] =D x,8F -p (1.3.16) had fee — 0 NGi mot cach khdc, bién déi Fourier cia mot tin hiéu tudn hoan bao g6m cdc xung tai cdc tan s6 14 bi ciia tan 6 co sé (cdc hai) cia tin hiéu g6c. Ciing c6 thé biéu dién cdc hé s6 chudi Fourier thong qua bién déi Fourier cha tin hiéu dugc cat ngdn (truncated signal) theo 1 n uty 1.3.17 nae FAC z ) ¢ ) trong 46, theo dinh nghia, X,,(f) 1a bién déi Fourier ca x;,(t) 1a tin higu dugc cat ngan x4c dinh theo pec h x,a{ “7 S459 (1.3.18) 0, Véi céc gid ti 1 kh Bién d6i Fourier cia mot tin hiéu duoc goi 1a phé cia tin hi¢u. Phé cia mot tin Chuong I: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HB THONG TUYEN TINH 35Proukis J. G. va Satehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY _ hiéu néi chung 1a mot ham phitc X(f), vi vay dé vé 6 thi phd, thudng thudng phai vé hai dé thi: phé bién do |X(f)| va phé pha ZX(f). Bang 1.1 Bang cév cap bign d6i Fourier xO) _ ae ~ 7 a ; 1 ;% ° | UF ~ fo) cos2af, 1 - scr cos2nft Sb - fo) +8 + fol 2: Lis 0 sin2xf,t gp OS ~ fa) BUF +fol TH) Soe sinc(?) jn A(t) sine*(f) sinc’() Mp eu (0), a>0 — | a+ jaf teu (1), a>0 i (a+ jaf)? et, aso 20 a? + (2xf)? e a e we sgn(t) a inf 440 Lape <8 2 OF nO Saxp 5) (2nf)" © XdC-nT,) n=-0 BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.5 [cdc bién déi Fourier] Hay vé céc phé bien do va pha cia cdc tin higu x/(f) va x,(t) dugc cho nhv trén hinh 1.14. 36 Chuong 1: CAC TEN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHProakis J.G. v@ Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY And t l L >t al 1 1 2 Hinh 1.14 Céc tin higu x/(0) va x0). Loi gia Do céc tin higu nay tong tw nhau chi khdc 1a dich vé thdi gian, ching ta c6 thé dodn duge ching cé cing phé bien do. Phé bién do chung va hai phd pha duge vé chung trén cing m6t hé truc duge trinh bay mdt cach tuong tmg trén cdc hinh vé 1.15 va 1.16. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay cho 6 duéi day. Trong muc }.3.1, ching ti sé chi che thay lam thé nao dé 06 duge bién déi Fourier cia mot tin hiéu nho sit durrg MATLAB. m-file % MATLAB script for Ilustrative Problem 5, Chapter 1. df=0.01; x1=zeros(size(t)); )=t(41:51)41; -ones(size(x 1(52:61))); x2=zeros(size(t)); x2(51:71)=x1(41:61); (XI «11 dflJ=fftseq(x1 13,0), (X2,x21 ,df2]=fftseq(x2,ts,df); Xll=X ifs; X21=X2/fs; f=[0:df1 :df1*(length(x11)-1)]-fs/2; plot(f,fftshift(abs(X11))) figure plot(f(500;525), fftshift(angle(X1 1(500:525))),f(500;525), fftshift(angle(X21(500: 525))),--') Chuong 1: CAC TiN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 7Proakis J.G_va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY r 7 i | " | uh | . | \ | ene | rr re a Hinh 1.15 Phé bien dé chung cita cae tin higu x,(4) vax,(0. reqency Hinh 1.16 Cac phé pha ciia cdc tin higu x,(0) va x,(0). 1.3.1 DINH LY LAY MAU Dinh ly Idy mau la mot trong cdc két qué quan trong nhat trong phan tich cc hé thong va én higu; n6 tao ra co sé cho m6i quan hé gitta cdc tin higu c6 thoi gian lien tuc va cdc tin higu cé thdi gian rdi rac. Dinh ly ly mau noi rang mot tin hi¢u c6 bang tén han ché ~ nghia 1a mot tfn hiéu ma bién déi Fourier cia no 38 Chong I: CAC TEN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINAProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. bang khong véi |f/]>W v6i mot gid tri W nao dé — c6 thé mo ta duge mot cach day di théng qua cdc gid tr) mAu cia né lay qua cdc khoang 75 mién 1a T5<1/2W. Néu viéc lay mau duge thuc hién qua cdc khodng 7,=1/2W, duge goi la khoang Nyquist (hay ldy mu véi tc do Nyquist), tin hiu x(s) c6 thé khoi phuc Iai dugc tir céc gid tri m&u cha minh {x{7] = x(n7;)}*_ theo x(t) = Yox(n7,)sind2W(¢-nT,)) (1.3.19) Ket qua nay dua trén su kién ring dang song sau lay mau x(t) xdc dinh bdi x= Exearyee-nt) (1.3.20) thi c6 bién d6i Fourier dugc cho theo KN EY AS -B) vei moi tin so : 3 ae =F) vwilslew (13.21) 3 nén khi cho né qua mot mach loc thong thép c6 do rong bang 1a W va 6 tang ich 1a T; trong bing théng sé cho ra lai tin hi¢u ban dau. 3 nd Hinh 1.17 1a mot biéu dién ciia (1.3.19) doi voi Ts=1 va {x{n}}*__= (1, 1-1, 2, -2, 1, 2}. N6i céch khac, x(f)=sine(t+3)+sinc(t+2)-sine(t+1)+2sine(t)—2sine(t-1)+sinc(¢-2)+2sinc(t-3) Bién 46i Fourier rdi rac (DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform) cia chudi roi rac theo thdi gian x[n] duge biéu dién theo Xf)= Dain (1.3.22) So s4nh cdc phuong trinh (1.3.22) va (1.3.21), chting ta cé két \uan rang X(P)=TEXS) voi lf|, trong d6 W<W chting ta o6 X(/)=0. Tuong ting voi mdt tin hiu dai thong x(2) ching ta c6 thé xdc dinh tin higu gidi tich 2(t) c6 bién d6i Fourier dugc cho theo 2=2. PM) (5) 52 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC Hf THONG TUYEN TINHProakis I. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trong dé w_,(/) 1a ham bac thang don vi. Trong mién thdi gian, quan hé nay dugc viét theo 2(t) = x(t) + JRA) (1.5.2) trong dé 2(r) 1a bién déi Hilbert cita x(0) dugc x4c dinh theo £(t) =x(0)*(I/nt); trong mién tan s6, diéu nay duge cho bai Af) = ssa NX) (1.5.3) Ta hay chii ¥ ring ham bién déi Hiltbert trong MATLAB, dugc ky higu 1a hiltbert.m, tao ra day phiic 2(#). Phan thyc cla 2(i) 1a day tin hiéu goc (ttc 1A x(2)), cdn phan do clia n6 chinh 1a bién ddi Hilbert clia day g6c. Tuong duong thong thdp ciia tin hiéu x(1), duoc ky hiéu 1a x(0), biéu dién duoc thong qua z(t) theo x,() = 2(the PX (1.5.4) Ti quan hé nay, chiing ta c6 fe = Re[x,()e*"} (1.5.5) X(t) = Im[x, (te? J Trong mién tan s6, chting ta cé XN=Z(Ftfo)=2U Af) MP0) (1.5.6) va XP=Xfo)+X (-f-fo) (1.5.7) N6i chung, tuong duong thong thap cia mot tin hiéu dai thong thyc 1a mot tin higu phiic. Phan thyc cia né, ky higu la x,(), duge goi Ia thanh phan cing pha cia x(t) cdn phan do cita né dug goi la thanh phan vuong géc clia a(f) va duge ky higu la x,(0), nghia Ia x(O= x4) x (0 (1.5.8) Biéu dign thong qua céc thanh phan cbng pha va vung géc chiing tac x(t) = x, ()cos(2nfyt) — x, ()sin(2nf,t) (1) = x,(f)cos(2afyt) + x, ()sin(2nfet) Néu chting ta biéu dién (1) trong hé toa do cuc thi chting ta cd (1.5.9) Chuong I: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 53x(D=V(De? (1.5.10) trong d6 V(t) va ©() duge goi 1A dudng bao va pha cila tin higu x(@). Biéu dién thong qua hai ham nay, chiing ta c6 x(Q= V(Neos[2mft+O(0)] (1.5.11) Dudng bao va pha c6 thé biéu dién duge theo | ie ) (1.5.12) [eee = arctan. x, hay tong duong v6i vw ve (+e (t) (1.5.13) jow- = aren —2nft Tir cdc quan hé trén day, hién phién 12 dung bao thi doe lap voi éc lua chon f, trong khi d6 pha thi phu thudc vao viée Iva chon nay. Chiing toi da viet mot vai file MATLAB don giim dé tao ra tin higu giai tich, biéu dign thong thap cla mot tin higu, cdc thanh phin cing pha va vudng géc, duong bao va pha. Cac ham MATLAB tuong img 1 analytic.m, loweq.m, quadcomp.m va env_phas.m, Cac him nay dust liet ra dudi day. m-file function z=analytic(x) % z=analytic(x) %ANALYTIC Returns the analytic signal corresponding to signal x. z=hilbert(x); m-file function xl=loweq(x,ts,f0) % xl=loweq(x,ts,f0) %LOWEQ Returns the lowpass equivalent of the signal x. % 0 is the center frequency. ts is the sampling interval. t=[0:ts:ts*(length(x)-1)]: z=hilbert(x); xl=z. “expt: H2*pi“fO*s 54 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHm-file function {xc,xs]=quadcomp(x,ts,f0) % [xc,xs]=quadcomp(x,ts,f0) JoQUADCOMP Returns the in-phase and quadrature components of the % signal x. fO is the center frequency. ts is the sampling interval. z=loweq(x.ts,f0); xc=real(z); xs=imag(z); m-file function [v,phiJ=env_phas(x,ts,f0) % [v,phi]=env_phas(x,tsf0) % v=env_phas(x,tsf0) JoENV_PHAS Returns the envelope and the phase of the bandpass signal x. % SD is the center frequency. ts is the sampling interval. if nargout == 2 z=loweq(x,ts,t0); phi=angle(z); end v=abs(hilbert(x)); BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.9 [Bién déi tir dai thong thanh thong thap] Tin hieu x(t) duge cho theo x(t)=sine(100/)cos(2nx2002) (1.5.14) 1. Hay vé dé thi tin hiéu nay va dé thi phé bien do cia nd. 2. Véi fi=200 Hz, hay tim tuong duong thong thdip va vé dé thi phé bién d6 cha 1nd. Hay vé dé thi cdc thanh ph4n cling pha va vudng géc, dudng bao cia tin hiéu nay. 3. Lap lai phan 2 vai gid thiét f.=100 Hz. Bang cach chon khoang lay mAu 1a 1=0.001 s, chting ta cé mot tén sé ldy mau 1a f,=1/f=1000 Hz. Bang c4ch chon mét do phan giai tan sé mong muén 1a df=0.5 Hz, chting ta cé nhu sau. 1. Céc dé thi cia tin hiéu va phé bien do cita n6 duge cho trén hinh 1.26. Cac ‘Chucong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 55_Proaki (G TIN HIEN NAY _ dé thi duoc tao ra bang MATLAB. | | 00 100 2) 3H AK 500 Frequency —— Hinh 1.26 Tin hieu x() va phé bien do cia n6 2. Bang cach chon fj=200 Hz, ching ta tim tuong dong thong thap voi x(1) bang cach sir dung ham loweg.m. Sau d6, bang céch sit dung fftseq.m, ching ta nhan duoc phé cla n6; dé thi phé bien do cla né trén hinh 1.27. Ta c6 thé thay duge ring phé bién do la mot ham chan trong trudng hop nay béi vi chting ta c6 thé viet x(}=Re[sinc(100r)e?"?"] (1.5.15) So sdnh v6i_x(f) = Re[x,(¢)e?”°"'] (1.5.16) 56 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY oor oo 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.002 ol. 4 500 =400 300-200 1009 100 200 309 4m) seKr Frequency Hinh 1.27 Phé bien d9 cia tin higu tuong dong thong thaip yp minh hoa 7 chting ta két luan duge rang x(O=sinc( 1002) * (1.5.17) ma diéu dé cé nghia 1a trong trudng hop nay tin hiéu tuong duong thong thap 1A mot tin hiéu thuc. Diéu nay, dén luot minh lai cé nghia 1a x,(N=x,(1) con x,()=0. Chiing ta ciing két luan duge ring VO =|x.) aw -{ x,(t)20 (1.5.18) nm — -x,(t)<0 Cac dé thi cia x,(1) va V() duge cho trén hinh 1.28. Hay dé y rang viéc chon fy lam tan sé ma X(P) d6i xing qua d6 dn dén cac hinh vé nay. 3. Néu fx=100 Hz thi cdc két qua trén ndi chung sé khong cn ding nifa va 4,(t) sé 1a mot sé phttc. Phé bién dé cia tin hiéu tong duong thong th4p duoc vé trén hinh 1.29. Nhu cé thé thay 6 day, phé bién do thiéu tinh déi ximg hién hou trong bién déi Fourier cia cdc tin hiéu thuc. Céc dé thi cia thanh phan cing pha cia x(t) va dudng bao cha né duge cho trén hink 1.30. ~ Chuang I: CAC TEN HIBU VA CAC HB THONG TUYEN TINH 37Proakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1s as ass peas) “os 005. tS Time Hinh 1.28 Thanh phin cing pha va duémng bao cita x(0) CAC BAI TAP 1.1 Hay xét tin hiéu tudn hoan cia bai tap minh hoa 1.1 duge thé hién tren hin LL. Gia sir A: To=10 va =1, hay x4c dinh va vé phé rdi rac cita tin higu nay. Hay so sénh cdc két qua cia ban vdi céc két qua 64 nhan duge trong bai tap minh hoa 1.1 va hay chiing minh ring cfc sai khac d6 1a ding. 1.2 Trong bai tap minh hoa 1.1, gid sit ring A=1, Ty=4 va g=2, hay xéc dinh va vé 58 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINHoa Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY phé ri rac clia tin higu. Hay so sénh cdc két qua cia ban véi céc ket qua da nhan dugc trong bai (4p minh hoa 1.1 va hay chiing minh rang cdc sai khéc dé 1a dting. 1.3 Sir dung mr-file fseries.m, hay xdc dinh cdc hé s6 chu6i Fourier ciia tin hiu da cho trén hinh 1.1 v6i A=1, Ty=4 va t5=1/2 véi -24< n <24. Hay vé dé thi phd bien do ciia tin higu. Bay gid, bang cach sit dung phuong trinh (1.2.5), hay xéc dinh cdc he s6 chuéi Fourier va vé phé bién do. Tai sao cdc két qua khong tuyét déi giéng nhau. 0.012 pg 001 0.008 006 son om ol. 500-400-300 200 —100 0 Frequency Hinh 1.29 Phé bien dé cita tin hiéu tuong duong thong thap vdix(1) trong bai tap minh hoa 1.9 khi fi=100 Hz. “400 "$00 1.4 Lap lai bai tap 1.3 véi T)=4.6 va so sdnh cdc két qua véi cdc két qua nhan dugc bang cach sit dung phuong trinh (1.2.5). Ban c6 quan sét thay & day cé cing su khong nhat quén gitta hai két qua khong? Tai sao? 1.5 Sit dung MATLAB script dis_spet.m, hay xdc dinh va vé cdc phé bién dé va phd pha cia tin hiéu tan hoan x(/) c6 chu ky 7)=4.6 va dugc m6 ta trong khoang [-2.3, 2.3} bang quan hé x()=A(@). Hay vé cdc phd d6 véi -24< n <24. Bay gid, hay xc dinh mét cach giai tich cdc hé 56 cia chudi Fourier cia tin hiéu va hay ching minh rang moi hé s6 d6 déu 1a cdc s6 thuc khong 4m. Phé pha ma ban da vé trudc dé cd thong nhdt véi két qua nay hay khong? Néu khong thi hay giai thich tai sao. 1.6 Trong bai tap 1.5, hay dinh nghia x()=A() trong khoang [--1.3, 3.3]; chu ky bay ~~ Chuong I: CAC TIN HIRU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 59Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY gid van la Ty=4.6. Hay xac din va vé cdc phd bien do va pha MATLAB script dis_spet.m. Hay cht ¥ rang tin hiéu nay thi gidng nbu tin hiéu trong bai tap 1.5. Hay so sénh phd bien d6 va phé pha v6i cde phd bién do va pha nhan duoc trong bai tap 1.5. Phé bien do hay phé pha cho thay mot sai biet dang ké hon? Tai sao? oy 08} orf 06 as os 1 IS Hinh 1.30 Thanh phan chng pha va dudng bao cita tfa hieu x(0) khi f;=100 Hz. 1.7 Lap lai bai tap minh hoa 1.2 vi [a, b}=[-4, 4] va x()=cos(mt/8) d6i v6i is4. 1.8 Lap lai bai tap minh hoa 1.2 véi [a, b]=[—4, 4] va x(6 =sin(m/8) doi véi |r] < 4 di 60 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE. THONG TUYEN TINHJ THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY so snh cdc két qua cla ban véi két qua nhan dugc trong bai tap 1.7. is J.G. vd Saiehi Mx CAC 1.9 Hay xac dinh bang s6 va vé cdc phd bién do va pha cla mot tin higu a(1) 66 chu ky 1a 10° giay va dugc xc dinh theo {-10°r+05, O<1<5x107 O=4 0, VGi cdc gid tri t khéc trong khoang |i|< 5x10. 1.10 Mot tin hiu x(1) 6 chu ky T;=6 duge xéc dinh boi x()=11(1/3) d6i v6i |r < 3. Tin higu nay di qua mot hé thong LTI cé phan tg xung dude cho béi 2 gere wots ; Os 0, VGi cde gid tri tkhde hay tinh bing s6 va vé phé rdi rac cia tin higu I6i ra. 1.11 Lap lai bai tap 1.10 voi x()=e” Adi voi |e] <3 va 4, Osr<4 A(t) = q ; 0, V6i cde gid tri ekhdc 1.12 Hay kiém ching dinh ly tich chap cia bién déi Fourier bing tinh todn s6 déi véi cdc tin higu x()=T1(1) va y()=A(, mot lan 1am bing céch xéc dinh truc tiép ich chap, mot lin bing céch sit dung céc bién déi Fourier ca hai tin hiéu d6. 1.13 Hay vé cac dé thi phé bien do va phé pha cia mot tin higu cho boi 1, -2<1S-1 ait Wel Om Ists2 0, V6i cac gid tri t khée 1.14 Hay xdc dinh va vé phé cia mot tin higu chin x() ma déi véi cdc gid tri duong ctia ¢né duge cho béi t+1, O2 nbu duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.4(b). Ching ta tao mot bin ngdu nhién phan b6 déu A va dat F(C)=A. Do dé, (2.2.6) Giai tim C, chiing ta duge C=2VA (2.2.7) Nhu thé, chting ta tao ra mot bién ngdu nhién C cé ham phan b6 xdc sudt F(C) nhu duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.4(b). Trong bai tap minh hga 2.1, anh xa nguge C=F*'(A) 1a don gian. Trong mot 56 trudng hop thi nh xa nguge nay lai khong don gian. Van dé nay nay sinh khi 6 gang tao cdc bin ngdu nhién cé ham phan b6 chudn (Gauss). Hinh 2.5 Ham mat d6 x4c suat Gauss va ham phan b6 xéc suat tuong mg. Tap am gap phai trong cdc hé thong vat ly thudng duoc dac 14 bang phan bd xdc sudt chudn (Gauss) duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.5. Ham mat do xdc suat duge cho béi £0) ao 0 8 Ta hay xdc dinh ham ty tuong quan cia nd. Tit (2.4.1) chiing ta c6 ' N. sin 2nBt R es = a 4.9 = [te af = NBA (2.4.9) 5 Hinh 2.12 minh hoa R,(2). KA Panny -o4 + 1 3 ' Hinh 2.12 D6 thi ham turtuong quan R,(7) duge cho bdi (2.4.9) v6i B=No=1. TS Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN BiProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY MATLAB cé thé sir dung duge dé tink R,(7) tir S,() va ngugc lai. Thuat ton FFT cé thé sit dung duge cho viéc tinh toan nay. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.5 [Ham ty tuong quan va phé cong suat) Hay tinh ham tu tuong quan R,(z) déi v6i qué trinh ngdu nhién ma phé cng sudt cha né duge cho bdi (2.4.8). Lai gidi ; é thyc hién tinh toan nay, ching ta biéu dién Sf) bang N mau trén dai tin s6 |f|< B, véi méi mét mau dugc chudn hod vé 1. Két qua ciia viéc tinh tofn FFT nguge v6i N=32 dugc minh hoa trén hinh vé 2.13. Hay cht ¥ rang ching ta chi nhan dugc mot biéu dién thé cita ham tu tuong quan R,(z) bdi vi chting ta da chi lay mau $,(f) trong dai tan s6 |f|< B. Phan céch tin s6 trong thi du nay 1A Af2B/N. Néu ching ta gitt nguyén Af va tang s6 mau bang céch lay cé céic mau véi [f|> B, ching ta sé nhan duge cdc gid tri trung gian cla R,(7). Hinh 2.14 minh hoa két qua tinh toan FFT ngugc voi N;=256 mau trong dé N=32 mu bang 1. 1S OSS Hinh 2.13 FFT ngugc cita phé cong sudt cila qué trinh ngdu nhién v6i bang han ché trong bai tap minh hoa 2.5 vi 32 miu. 82 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN_Proakis J. G. va Salehi M. HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY "| | 104} | . | | | oon "wll we 0 [so see eee 50 ese a0 SEE ERENT 110) Hinh 2.14 FFT nguge cia phé cong suat cha qué trinh ngau nhien véi bang han ché trong bai tap minh hoa 2.5 v6i 256 mau. MATLAB script thyc hién cdc bién déi Fourier nguoc ké trén duoc cho dudi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Hlustrative Problem 5, Chapter 2. echo on. % first part $x 1=[ones(1,32)]; Rx1=ifft(Sx 1,32); % second part nes(1,16),zeros(1,224),ones(1,16)]; fft(Sx2,256); % plotting commands follow 2.5 LOC TUYEN TINH CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN Gia sir ring mot qu trinh ngdu nhien X() duge cho qua mot mach loc tuyén tinh khong bién déi theo thdi gian duge dic ta tren mién thdi gian bing ham dap tg xung /(¢) cia né va trén mién tan s6 béi dép img tan s6 cha nd H(fy= [ane Pmar (2.5.1) Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN $3Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. | THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Do d6 sn pham Idi ra ca bd loc tuyén tinh 14 qué trinh ngdu nhién rO= [rome oae (2.5.2) Gia tri wang binh cia ¥() 1a m, = ELY(O|= fELX (aCe 2)de =m, [i(e-r)de =m, fi(e)de =m, H(0) (2.5.3) trong 46 H(0) la dap tng tin s6 H(f) cita bd loc duge danh gid tai f=0. Ham tu tuong quan cla Y(1) la R(t) = ELY()¥(t4+ 9] 4 ffax@xoone — Dit +1 —o)drdo, (2.5.4) J JR -ophte- pny +1 -a)dido. Trén mién tin s6, phd cong suat cha qué trinh ngdu nhién Idi ra ¥(2) duoc lién hé voi phé cong suat ciia qué trinh ngdu nhién Idi vao X(0) va dap tng vin s6 cita bé loc tuyén tinh theo biéu thttc 5,1) = S NAS 2.5.5) Diéu nay dé dang thy dugc nhi lay bién d6i Fourier cita (2.5.4). BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.6 [Tap nhiéu duoc loc] Gid sit ring mot qué trinh ngdu nhién trang X(‘) c6 phé cong suat S()=1 voi moi f kich thich 4 Idi vao mot bd ioc tuyén tinh cé dap ting xung Ht) Kr nm 02.5.6) Hay xc dinh phé cong suat $,() ca sin phdm I6i fa clia bd loc. Loi giai Dép ting tin s6 cla bd loc nay dé dang thy duge 1a 84 ‘Chuwong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN_Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H. 1 © 1+ j2nf __ THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Hf) (2.5.7) Do dé, 5,1) =|HU = a 2.5.8) Dé thi cla S,(f) duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.15. MATLAB script 4é tinh S,(/) d6i véi S.() va H(/) da xc dink duce cho duéi day mn-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 6, Chapter 2. echo on f=F_min:delta:F_max; nes(1,length(f)); J+(2*pi*f) 42); x. HA2; we Hinh 2.15 Dé thj cla S,(f) duge cho bdi (2.5.8) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.7 [Ham tu tuong quan va phé céng sudt) Hay tinh ham tu tuong quan R,(z) tmg v6i S,(f) trong bai tap minh hoa 2.6 d6i voi phé cong Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHTEN 85Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY suat di dinh S,f=1. Lai giai Trong trudng hop nay, ching ta cd thé sir dung thuat toan FFT ngugc trén céc mau cia S,(/) da cho bai (2.5.8). Hinh 2.16 minh hoa tinh todn nay voi N=256 miu tan sé va khoang phan cach tin sé Af=0.1. MATLAB script cho tinh todn nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Ilustrative Problem 7, Chapter 2. echo on N=256; % number of samples deltaf=0.1; % frequency separation leltaf:(N/2)*deltaf, -(N/2-1)*deltaf:deltaf:-deltaf]; % swap the first half (1+ (2*pi*f).42); % sampled spectrum % Autocorrelation of ¥ % plotting command follows plot(ffishifi(real(Ry))); a a or | ans 0 SS 20 a0 Hinh 2.16 D6 thi cia R,(f trong bai tap minh hoa 2.7. Bay gi chiing ta hay xét van dé thdi gian ri rac tuong duong. Gia sir rang mot qué trinh ng4u nhién dimg X() dugc lay mau va cdc mau da lay duge cho qua mOt bd loc tuyén tinh rdi rac vé thdi gian vGi ham dap tg xung h(n). San phdm 86 Chagong 2:; CAG QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN_Proakis J.G_ va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY I6i ra ciia bO loc tuyén tinh nay duce cho béi cong thifc tng chap ¥(n) = SA) X(n—k) (2.5.9) es trong dé X(n)=X(s,) 1a cc gid tri thdi gian rdi rac cia qué trinh ngdu nhién loi vao cOn ¥(n) Ja sin phdm Ii ra cia bd loc rdi rac vé thei gian. Gid tri trung binh cia qua trinh 16j ra la = BLY (n= SHEEN —ky= m, Yk) =m,H(0) (2.5.16) cord = trong dé H(0) la dap img tan s6 H(A) cha b6 loc duge tinh tai /=0 va H(f)= Sane fn (2.5.11) m Ham tu tuong quan cua qué trinh I6i ra la Ry (mn) = BLY (AY (a+ m)] = OY HGOHDELX (2 KX (a m =D] i oe oon = YY AAR, m1 + k) 0 Biéu thie tuong img trén mién tin sé 1a SN=S NIP (2.5.13) 6 day cdc phé cong suat duge xdc dinh theo Sf)= ye (mer? (2.5.14) va S(A= SR (me (2.5.15) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.8 [Tap 4m trang dugc loc] Gia sit rang mot qué trinh ngdu nhién trang véi cdc mau {X(m)} duge cho qua mét mach loc tuyén tinh cé dép img xung 0, n 8. Tham sé B duoc goi 1a 46 rong bang cla qua trinh ngau nhién do. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.9 (Céc qua trinh thong thap] Hay xét van dé tao cdc mau ciia mot qué tinh ngdu nhién thong thap bing cdch cho mot day tap 4m tring (X,] qua mot bd loc thong thdp. Day 16i vao Ia mot day céc bién ngdu nhién iid. phan b6 déu trong khodng (-1/2, 1/2). BO loc thong thap c6 dép ting xung inp = {C090 n20 “lo, n<0 va duge dac ta bang m6t phuong trinh (sai phan) lap vao-ra Yn= 0.9 Yn + Kas n21, y1=0 Hay tinh day Idi ra (y,} va hay x4c dinh céc ham ty tuong quan R,(7) va (a) nh da duge chi ra trong (2.4.6). Hay xac dinh cdc ph6 dng suat S,(f) va S,(/) ~ Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN "89Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY bang cach tinh DFT cia R,(m) va R,(m). Lai giai Céc MATLAB script cho cdc tinh todn nay dugc cho duéi day. Cac hinh 2.18 va 2.19 minh hoa céc ham ty tuong quan va cdc phé cong suat. Chiing toi luw ¥ rang cdc dé thi cia ham ty tuong quan va cdc phé cong sudt 1a cdc trung binh qua mudi lan thuc hién qué trinh ng4u nhién. m-file % MATLAB script for Mlustrative Problem 9, Chapter 2 % The maximum value of n ros(1,M+1); Ryav=zeros(1.M+1); 7 % take the ensemble average ove 10 realizations nd(i,N)-(1/2); % Generate a uniform number sequence on (-1/2,1/2) 2N, Y(n)=:0.9*Y (n-1)+-X(n); end; % note that ¥(n) means ¥(n-1) x_est(X,M); % Autocorrelation of {Xn} _est(Y,M); % Autocorrelation of {Yn} Sx=ffishift(abs(ff(Rx))); e % Power spectrum of {Xn} Sy=fftshift(abs(fft(Ry))); % Power spectrum of {Yn} Rxav=Rxav+Rx; Ryav=Ryav+Ry; & echo off ; end echo on ; Rxav=Rxav/10; Ryav=Ryav/10; Sx xav/10; Syav=Syav/10; % Plotting commands follow m-file function [Rx]=Rx_est(X,M) % [Rx] =Rx_est(XM) 90 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIENProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY % RX_EST Estimates the autocorrelation of the sequence of random % variables given in X. Only Rx(0), Rx(1), ... , Rx(M) are computed. % Note that Rx(m) actually means Rx(m-1). N=length(X); ros(1,M+1); for m=1:M+1, for n- -m+1, Rx(m)=Rx(m)+X(n)*X(n+m-1); end; Rx(m)=Rx(m)/(N-m+1); end; 0.09 |p a ey 0.08 oor 02s Rim “Is 2 25=*« SSS SO Hinh 2.18 Céc ham tu tuong quan R,(m) va R,(m) trong bai tap minh hoa 2.9. ‘Chueong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN 91Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H&. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY aw OS 04 -03 02 01 0 Hinh 2.19 Cac phé cong suat $,(/) va S,(f) trong bai tap minh hoa 2.9. Dinh nghia: Mot qué trinh ngdu nhién dugc goi 14 thong dai néu phé cong suat cla né 16n trong mot bang tan sé tap trung quanh mOt tan sé trung tam +f, va khd bé ben ngoai bang tn s6 nay. Mot qué trinh ngdu nhien dugc goi 1a bing hep néu dO rong bing clia no Bef. Cc qué trinh thong dai thich hop cho viéc biéu dién cdc tin hi¢u da duoc diéu 2 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIENProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY ché. Trong mot hé théng truyén tin, tin higu mang thong tin thudng 1a mét qué trinh ngdu nhién thong thdp ma tin hi¢u nay diéu ché mot song mang 4é truyén din di trén mot kénb truyén tin thong dai (bang hep). Do dé, tin higu da qua diéu ché la mot qué trinh ngdu nhién thong dai. Ciing nhu trong trudng hop cdc tin hiéu tat dinh, mot qué trinh ng4u nhién thong dai X(1) c6 thé biéu dién dugc theo XD=X,(Neos2nfyt— X(Osin2nfye (2.6.1) trong dé X.(2) va X,(0) duge goi 1a cdc thanh phan cing pha va vu6ng géc cia XO. Céc qué trinh ngdu nhién X(#) va X() 1 cée qué trinh thong th4p. Dinh ly sau day, digc tuyén bé ma khéng chimg minh, cho chiing ta mét m6i quan hé quan trong gitta X(0), X.(0) va X,(). 2M) 12 mot fa Me) 12 mot qué trinh ngdu ahitn dimg, kv pong, thi cdc qué trinh XO va X(0) cling IA cdc qué trinh cé ky vong bing khong va dimg cing nhau. That vay, cé thé dé dang ching minh duge (xem [1]) rang céc ham ty tuong quan cla X(1) va X,(0) 1a nhu nhau va 6 thé biéu dién duge theo RA) = R(t) = R, (2) cos 2afgt + R(x) sin 2afyt (2.6.2) trong d6 R,(d 1a ham ty tuong quan cia qué trinh thong dai X(1) cdn R(x) la bién d6i Hilbert cha R,(z) ma né duge xdc dinh theo Aw@=t Ou (2.63) matt Cling vay, ham tuong quan chéo cia X(t) va X(t) duge biéu dién theo R,,(t) = R, (2) sin 2afgr — R, (1) cos 2afyr (2.6.4) Cuéi cing, ham ty tuong quan cita qué trinh thong dai X(0) biéu dién duge thong qua ham ty twong quan R,(z) va ham tuong quan chéo R.,(7) theo R,(e) = R,(7) C08 Zafer — R., (tr) sin 2afyr (2.6.5) BAI TAP MINH HOA. Bai tap minh hoa 2.10 [Tao cac mdu cia mot qua trinh ngdu nhién thong ‘Chntomg 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAUNHIEN 93Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HXEN NAY dai] Hay tao cdc mau cia mot qué trinh ngdu nhien thong dai bang cach trude hét tao cc mau cita hai qué trinh ngdu nhién déc lap thong ké X(#) va X,(1) r6i sau d6 sir dung céc qué trinh dé diéu ché cdc song mang vudng pha nhau cos2zfot va nhu duoc thé hién tren hinh 2.20. cos 2mfit BO loc XO WGN — thong thdp — + ——_—— X(O.sin 2nfyt BO loc XO), - - X().cos 2mfit WGN —®] thong thap ~~ sin 2nft Hinh 2.20 Viée tao ra mot qué trinh ngiu nhién thong dai. ‘Trén mot may tinh sO, cdc mau cita cdc qua trinh ngdu nhién thong thap X,(r) va X(1) duoc tao ra nhé loc hai qué trinh tap nhiéu tring doc lap bang b6 loc thong thap nhu nhau. Nhu thé, chting ta nh4n duge céc mu Xn) va X,(n) tuong ting v6i cdc gid tri lay mau cia va X(z). Sau dé X(n) diéu ché séng mang duoc lay mau cos2nf,nT con X,(n) thi diéu ché séng mang vudng géc sin2nf,nT, trong d6 T 1a khoang lay mau thich hgp. MATLAB script cho cc tinh toén nay duge cho duéi day. Nham muc dich minh hoa, chting t6i di chon b6 loc thong thap cé mot ham truyén nhu sau H(z) 1-092" Ciing nhim muc dich d6, chting ti da chon T=1 va f=1000/n. Phé cong suat tinh duge cia qué trinh thong dai duge thé hién trén hinh 2.21. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 10, Chapter 2. N=1000; % number of samples 94 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIENProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY [X1() X1(+1)]=gngauss; [X2(i) X2(i+1)]=gngauss; echo off ; end; % standard Gaussian input noise processes echo on ; A=[1 -0.9]; % lowpass filter parameters Bel; Xc=filter(B,A,X1); Xs=filter(B,A,X2); fc=1000/pi; % carrier frequency for i=1:N, band_pass_process(i)=Xc(i)*cos(2*pi*fc*i)-Xs(i)*sin(2*pi*fe*i); echo off ; end; % T=! is assumed echo on; % Determine the autocorrelation and the spectrum of the band-pass process M=S50; bpp_autocorr=Rx_esi(band_pass_process,M); bpp_spectrum=fftshift(abs(fft(bpp_autocorr))); % plotting commands follow BS f Hinh 2.21 Phé cong suat cia qué trinh thong dai trong bai tap minh hoa 2.10. AC BAI TAP 2.1 Hay tao mét tap gém 1000 sé ngdu nhién phan bé déu trong khoang [0, 1] bang ‘Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN 95Proakis J. G. va Salehi M. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN NAY cach sit dung ham MATLAB rand(1, N). Hay vé biéu dé (cot) tan sust (histogram) va ham phan b6 xéc suat cho day nay. Bigu dé tan suat c6 thé xéc dink duoc bang céch chia khoang néi trén thanh mudi khodng con c6 do rong nhu nhau, Idp day dai (0, 1} va ém cc $6 roi vio méi khodng. 2.2 Hay 1g0 mot tap gém 1000 s6 ngdu nhién phan b6 déu trong khoang [- +, +] bang cach sit dung ham MATLAB rand(1, N). Hay vé biéu dé tin suat va ham phan b6 xac suat cho day nay. 2.3 Hay tao mot tap gém 1000 s6 ngdu nhién phan b6 déu trong khoang [-2, 2] bang céch sé dung ham MATLAB rand(1, N). Hay vé biéu dé tan suat va ham phan bé xac suat cho day nay. 2.4 Hay tao mot tap gdm 1000 s6 ngau nhién cé ham mat do xdc suat tuyén tinh eee Ost) P@)=42 0, x [0,2] Hay vé dé thi biéu dé tan suat va ham phan b6 xac suat. 2.5 Hay tao mot tap gdm 1000 sé ngdu nhién Gauss 6 ky vong bang khong phuong sai bang 1 theo phuong phap da duge mé ta trong muc 2.2. Hay vé biéu 46 tn suat va ham phan b6 xéc sudt cho day nay. Trong viéc x4c dinh biéu dé tin suat, dai cla cdc sO ngdu nhién cé thé duoc chia thanh cdc khong con cé dé rong @/5, bat dau v6i khoang thir nhat phi cd dai -c°/10 P, =01P, = OP, = 0.00247 108 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TUONE py ap ao vot v.00 Bon 8.004 002 heeedih ee 500-400-300 -200 -100 9 100 200-0 400 500 Frequency (I) - | =500 ~400 300-200-100 G10 200. 340” 400 500 Frequency Hinh 3.3 Céc phé cia céc tin higu ban tin va sau diéu ché trong bai tap minh hoa 3.2. MATLAB script d6i v6i bai tap nay nhu sau m-file % dsb2.m % Matlab demonstration script for DSB-AM modulation. The message signal % is m(t)=sinc( 1001). echo ¢ on ; % signal duration ts=0.001; % sampling interval fc=250; % carrier frequency Chuwong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 109Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC snr_lin=10(snr/10); inc( 100*t); c=cos(2*pi*fe.*t); u=m.*c; (M.m.df1]=fftseq(m,ts,df); M=M/fs; [U.u,dt1J=ffiseq(u,ts,df); df 1 :df1 *(length(m)-1)]-fs/2; signal_power=spower(u(1:length())); noise_power=signal_power/snr_lin; noise_std=sqrt(noise_power); noise ise_std*randn(1,length(u)); r=u+tnoise; [R.r,df! |=fftseq(r,ts,df); HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY % SNR in dB (logarithmic) % sampling frequency % required freq. resolution % time vector % linear SNR % the message signal % the carrier signal % the DSB-AM modulated signal % Fourier transform % scaling % Fourier transform % scaling % frequency vector % compute modulated signal power * % compute noise power % compute noise standard deviation % generate noise sequence % add noise to the modulated signal % Fourier transform % scaling pause % Press a key to show the modulated signai power signal_power pause % Press any key to see a plot of the message df subplot(2,2,1) plot(t,m(1:length(t))) xlabel(Time') title("The message signal') pause % Press any key to see a plot of the carrier subplot(2,2,2) plot(t,c(1:length(t))) xlabel(‘Time') title(‘The carrier’) pause % Press any key to see a plot of the modulated signal subpiot(Z,2,3) plot(t,u(1:length(t))) xlabel(‘Time’) title(‘The modulated signal’) pause % Press any key to see a plot of the magnitude of the message and the % modulated signal in the frequency domain. subplot(2,1,1) plot(f,abs(fftshift(M))) 110 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TUProakis J.G. va Salehi M: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY xlabel('Frequency') title(‘Spectrum of the message signal’) subplot(2,1,2) plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(Spectrum of the modulated signal’) xlabel(‘Frequency') pause % Press a key to see a noise sample subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,noise(1:length(t))) title(‘noise sample’) xlabel(‘Time’) pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise subplot(2,1,2) plot(t,r(1:length(t))) tile(‘Signal and noise’) xlabel(‘Time') ause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise in freq. domain otk2,1,)) plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(Signal spectrum’) xlabel(Frequency’) subplot(2,1,2) plot(f,abs(fftshift(R))) title(‘Signal and noise spectrum’) xlabel(‘Frequency’) Cai gi sé néu... Diéu gi sé xay ra néu nhw thdi gian t6n tai cia tin higu ban tin % thay déi; ndi riéng, viéc c6 fy 16n hay nhé thi co anh hudng gi? Anh hudng t6i cong suat cia tin hieu ban tin va tin hiéu sau diéu ché 1a gi? Mfile dsb_mod.m duc cho dudi day 1a mot b6 diéu ché DSB téng quat véi tin hiéu ban tin duge cho trong véc-to m trén mot tan sé f.. m-file function u=dsb_mod(m,ts,fc) % u=dsb_mod(m,ts,fe) %DSB_MOD _ takes signal m sampled at ts and carrier freq. fe as input and % returns the DSB modulated signal. ts << 1/2fc. The modulated % signal is normalized to have half the message power. % The message signal starts at 0. Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU TelG THONG TIN HIE t=[O:length(m)-1]*ts; u=m.*cos(2*pi*t); 3.2.2 AM TRUYEN THONG Vé nhiéu khia canh, AM truyén théng hoan toan tuong ty voi DSB-AM; sut khac biét duy nhat 1A 6 chd trong AM truyén théng thi m(1) duce thay thé bang U+am,()], trong dé m,(s) 1a tin hiéu ban tin chuan hod (tic 1 |m,(9| <1) con a 1a chi s6 digu ché ma né 1a mot hang s6 duong nim gia 0 va 1. Do vay, chting ta c6 nft= 4,{1+ am, Qlcos(2af,1) (3.2.14) va Uf) = [6 - f+ 4M, (f - f+ 6S +f) +aM, (f+ {1 (3.2.15) 2 Tac dung thuc su ciia viée thay déi thang ty i in hicu ban tin va cOng them vao né mot hang s6 nim 6 ché s6 hang [1+am,(1)] thi luon ludn duong. Diéu nay lam cho viée giai diéu ché cdc tin higu nay tr nén dé dang hon nhiéu nha viée ap dung céc b6 tach song dutmg bao. Hay chi ¥ dén su tén tai cia thanh phan hinh sin tai tan s6 f, trong U(). Diéu dé c6 nghia 1A mét phan (thudng la ding ké) cia cong suat duoc phat di thi nam trong séng mang tin hiéu ma né thi khong thuc su phuc vu viéc truyén théng tin. Viéc nay cho thay rang so v6i DSB-AM thi AM truyén thong 1a mot so dé diéu ché kém kinh té hon vé phuong dien tan dung cong suit. D6 rong bang, tat nhién, bang véi d6 réng bang ciia DSB-AM va duge cho béi By=2W (3.2.16) Cc d6 thi mién tan s6 tieu bidu cia tin higu ban tin va cia tin hitu AM truyén thong tuong tmg duoc thé hién trén hinh 3.4. Cong sudt cba tin hiéu sau diéu ché, khi gid thiét ring tin hiéu ban tin la mot tin hiéu cé ky vong bang khong, duge cho béi 2 p= Aneae,] (3.2.17) ma no gém hai phan: 4? /2 didu thi cong suit song mang vA A? /2.a’Pm, La 112 Chuong 3. DIEU CHE TUGNG TUProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. cOng sudt trong phén mang ban tin cita tin hiéu sau diéu ché. Day 1a cong suat ma né thuc su duge ding dé truyén ban tin di. TY lé gitta cong sudt dugc sit dung cho truyén ban tin va cong sudt téng cng trong tin hiéu sau diéu ch€ dugc goi 1a hiéu suat diéu ché va duoc xdc dinh béi aP,, 7 (3.2.18) “Tea'P,, n Do |m,(#)| <1 va aS, chting ta lu6n 06 750.5. Trong thuc t6, gid tri cha 7 tuy vay thudng nim quanh 0.1. Ty s6 tin trén tap duge cho béi Se (#), 7 (3.2.19) trong d6 7 Ia higu suat diéu ché, Chéing ta thay ring so véi DSB-AM, SNR bi gidm di theo mét hé s6 bing 7, Su stit gidm vé chat lugng hoat dong nay 1a mot hé qua truc tiép cia viéc mot phan dang ké trong cong sudt téng cong lai nim & song mang (céc ham delta trong biéu thitc phd), ma né khéng mang thong tin gi va bi loc bo di tai may thu. te fe Hink 3.4 Cac phé cita tin hi¢u ban tin va tin higu AM truyén thong. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 3.3 [AM truyén théng] Tin hieu ban tin Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 113|ONG THONG TIN HEN NA. _Proakis J. is Ost, 100, 4 |= ol fs] 10 116 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TYProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Fr 210 hay TW Thay 7=0.2314 va P,=P,=0.5088 vao ta dugc p= 7% - oo 10 Binh luan Trong khi tim cOng suat tin hiéu sau diéu ché trong bai tap nay, chiing ta da khong thé sit dung quan hé P az =Fu+eR,] bdi vi trong bai tap nay m(1) khong phai JA mot tin hiéu co gid trj trung binh bing khong. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay dugc cho dudi day. m-file % am.m % Matlab demonstration script for DSB-AM modulation. The message signal % is +1 for 0 < t < 10/3, -2 for t0/3 << 2100/3 and zero otherwise. echo on 10=.15; % signal duration ts=0.001; % sampling interval % carrier frequency % SNR in AB (logarithmic) % Modulation index % sampling frequency % time vector df=0.2; % required frequency resolution snr_lin=10%(snr/10); % SNR % message signal =[ones(1 ,t0/(3*ts)),-2*ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),zeros(1,t0/(3*ts)+1)]; c=cos(2*pi*fc.*t); % carrier signal m_n=m/max(abs(m)); % normalized message signal [M,m,df1]=fftseq(m,ts,df); % Fourier transform M=M/fs; % scaling f=[0:dfl:df1*(length(m)-1)]-fs/2; % frequency vector u=(1+a*m_n).*c; % modulated signal ‘Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 117__Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. [U,u.dfl J=fftseq(u.ts,df); % Fourier transform UsUlfs, % scaling signal_power=spower(u(I:lengthit))); __-% power in modulated signal % power in normalized message pran=spower(m(I:length(t)))/(max(abs(m)))2; eta=(a"2*pmn)/(1+a*2*pmn); % modulation efficiency noist_power=eta*signal_power/snr_lin, — % noise power rt(noise_ power); % noise standard deviation (d*randn(1 length(u)); % generate noise % add noise to the modulated signal (R.ndflJ=fftseq(r,ts,df); % Fourier transform R=R/fs; % scaling pause % Press a key to show the modulated signal power signal_power pause % Press a key to show the modulation efficiency eta pause % Press any key to see a plot of the mess subplo(2.2,L) plot(t.m(1:slength(t))) axis({0 0.15 -2.1 2.1) xlabel(‘Time’) title(The message signal’) pause pause % Press any key to see a plot of the carrier subplot(2,2,2) plot(t,c(1:length(t))) axis((0 0.15 -2.1 2.1]) xlabel(‘Time’) title(‘The carrier’) pause % Press any Key to see a plot of the modulated signal subplot(2,2,3) plot(t,u(1:length(t))) axis({0 0.15 -2.1 2.1)) xlabel(‘Time’) title(The modulated signal’) pause % Press any key to see a plots of the magnitude of the message and the % modulated signal in the frequency domain. subptot(2,1,1) plot(f,abs(fftshift(M))) xlabel(‘Frequency') title(‘Spectram of the message signal’) subplot(2,1,2) ge 8 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TUProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(Spectrum of the modulated signal’) xlabel(‘Frequency’) pause % Press a key to see a noise sample subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,noise(1:length(t))) title(‘noise sample’) xlabel(‘Time') pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise subplot(2, 1,2) plot(t,r(1:length(t))) title(‘Signal and noise’) xlabel(‘Time’) pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise in freq. domain subplot(2,1,1) plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(‘Si, ay ne slabel('Proqi subplot(2,1,2) plot(f,abs(fftshift(R))) tifle(Signal and noise spectrum’) xlabel(‘Frequency’) MATLAB 7-file am_mode.m duge cho duéi day la mét bo diéu ché AM truyén thong téng quat. m-file function u=am_mod(a,m,ts,fc) % u=am_mod(a,m,ts fc) %AM_MOD takes signal m sampled atts and carrier freq. fe as input and returns % the AM modulated signal. "a" is the modulation index and ts << 1/2fe. t=[0:length(m)-1]*ts; c=cos(2*pi*fe.*t); m_n=m/max(abs(m)); u=(1+a*m_n).*c; 3.2.3 SSB-AM SSB-AM bat nguén tit DSB-AM bang céch loai bd mot trang cdc bang bién. Do 46, né chiém mot nita do rong bang nhu cia DSB-AM. Tuy theo bang bien nao Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 119Proakis J. G. va Salehi M: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY hai kiéu SSB-AM: USSB- AM va LSSB-AM. Biéu dién trén mién théi gian ciia cdc tin hiéu nay duge cho béi con lai, hode bang bién tren hodc bang bién dugi, m u(t) = ime cost2ay.t) F Anna sina. (3.2.21) trong dé déu trir img vi USSB-AM con dau cong ting véi LSSB-AM. Tin higu duge ky ing (2) 1a bin ddi Hilbert cia m(Z), duce xe dinh boi (0) =m(_)* Lat hay trong mién tan s6 A1() = —/sgn(/) M(/) . N6i mot cach khac di, bign d6i Hilbert cla mot tin hiéu biéu thi mot su dich pha 7/2 d6i véi moi thanh phéin cia tin hiéu do. Trén mién tan s6, ching ta cé [MU ~fI+MU +f. Sf. Sif] Gus D =} 4 (3.2.22) voi moi gid tri khéc ciia f [MUf-SI+MS+f. WSS. (0, véi moi gid tri khéc cia f va Ui ssalS) (3.2.23) Cae dé thi phé tieu biéu cua mot tin higu ban tin va tin hi¢u USSB-AM tuong ting duoc thé hién trén hinh 3.7. Hinh 3.7 Céc phé cia tin higu ban tin va tin hieu USSB-AM. D6 rong bang cia tin hi¢u SSB 1A mot nita dé rong bang cia DSB va AM truyén théng va do vay bang véi d6 rong bang cia tin hiéu ban tin; nghia 1a B.=W (3.2.24) Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TUProakis J. G_ va Sulehi M.: CAC ti THONG 1 Cong suat cia tin hi¢u SSB duge cho béi a £. P. 2. ee Pe (3.2.25) Hay chu ¥ ring cong suat nay bing mot nita cia cong suat cita tin hiéu DSB- AM tuong ting do mot trong hai bang bién da bi loai bd. Mat khac, do tin hiéu sau diéu ché co do rong bang bang mot nita so véi tin higu DSB-AM tuong ting nén cong suat tap nhiéu tai dau cudi may thu céing 14 mot nita so véi truéng hop DSB- AM, va vi thé SNR trong ca hai hé thong nhu nhau; nghia 1a (8) Pe i) "WF AP MINH HOA (3.2.26) BAI Bai tap minh hoa 3.4 [Thi du don bién] Tin hicu ban tin i O—> 3 m(t) Hinh 3.9 Giai diéu ché cdc tin higu DSB-AM. 126 ‘Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU_ Proakis J. G.vé Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 3.5 [Giai diéu ché DSB-AM] Tin hiéu ban tin m() dugc xéc dinh theo fi, Ost" ), Inlsr 0.0125e°*F-™ sin f0.05(f —500)](1-2e "9, ff. sf 2h, . 0.01252 °°" sin {0.05(f +500)](1-2e "5, -2f. < f <-f, 0, vi cdc gid tri khéc cla f Aug fo | Ny ew AY a oo LY ~ fy ff | Ny Ny Ww W Ge yaw Hinh 3.13 Giai diéu ché céc tin higu USSB-AM. 0.03 ~——— ons 02 ons oo! o.os | 0 be TTT | “80 a 400-2000. 2) AW) GRO Frequency Hinh 3.14 Pho bien do cita tin hieu 16i ra bo tron trong bai tap minh hoa 3.7. Mot dé thj cha ¥(f) dugc cho trén hinh 3.14. Tin hiéu y(¢) duge loc bing mot b6 loc thong thap véi tan s6 cat 150 Hz; phé cia tin hiéu I6i ra duoc thé hién trén hinh 3.15. Trén hinh 3.16, tin hiéu ban tin g6c dugc so s4nh v6i tin hiéu sau giai diéu ché. Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 135Proakis 1 G.v wa ou] 9.06 oon ol Md 800-600-4200 200A) Frequency Hinh 3.15 Phé cia tin hiéu [Gi ra b6 gidi diéu ché trong bai tap minh hoa 3.7. Dui day la MATLAB script cho bai tap nay. m-file % Issb_demm % Matlab demonstration script for LSSB-AM demodulation. The message signal % is +1 for 0 p(=)log p(x) (4.2.1) xf, trong dé 7 ky higu cho bang chit cdi cia nguén cdn p(x) 1a xéc suat cha chit cai x. Co s6 cila logarit thutmg dugc chon bing 2 din dén entropy duge tinh bing bit. D6i voi bang chit cdi nhi phan vGi cdc x4c suat p vA p-1, entropy digs ky hiéu bang H,(v) va duge cho béi H,(p) = —plogp-(1-p)log(-p) (4.2.2) Mét dé thi cha ham entropy nhi phan duge cho trén hinh 4.1. 1 —— 09 | ob 0 01 02 03 04 OS 06 07 0&8 09 1 ° Hinh 4.1 D6 thi cba ham entropy nhi phan. ‘Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO 165Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY _ Entropy cia mot nguén cung cap cho chting ta mot giéi han chan co ban vé sO bit can thiét dé biéu dién mot nguén dé khoi phuc dugc day di. Noi mot cach khac, s6 bit trung binh trén mot san phdm Idi ra ca nguén dé ma hod mot nguén nhim khéi phuc lai dugc khong cé 14i 6 thé 1am cho gan t6i H(X) tuy ¥ ta muon song khong thé ft hon H(X). 4.2.1 MA HOA KHONG TAP Ma hod khong tap 1a thuat ngtt chung cho moi so dé lam giam s6 bit can thiét dé biéu dién mét san phdm cia ngudn nham khéi phuc lai duoc mot cdch hoan hao. Dinh ly m& hod khong tap do Shannon phat biéu tuyén b6 rang dé kh6i phuc lai hoan hao mot nguén cé thé sit dung mét ma vdi mot téc do gin voi entropy cha nguén mot cach tuy ¥ song khOng thé sit dung mét ma c6 téc dé bé hon entropy cia nguén. N6i mot cach khdc di, d6i voi bat ky mot sé €> 0, chting tac thé cé mot ma vdi téc dé nho hon //(X)+¢, song ta khong thé cd duoc mot ma v6i téc dé H(X), bat luan do phitc tap cla b6 ma hod va bo gidi ma thé nao. Cd mot loat cdc thuat toan déi voi ma hoa nguén khong tap: ma hod Huffman va ma hod Lempel-Ziv 1a hai thf du. Chting ta thao luan 6 day thuat toan Huffman. Ma hod Huffman Trong ma hod Huffman, chting ta gan cdc ttt ma dai hon cho céc I6i ra cha nguén c6 kha nang xuét hién it hon va céc tir ma ngin hon cho cdc I6i ra cia nguén cé kha nang xudt hién 1én hon. Dé 1a diéu d6, chting ta bat dau bing viée hop nhat hai 16i ra cha nguén co kha nang {ft nhat dé tao nén mot loi ra da hop nhat mdi c6é xdc suat 1a ting cla cdc xdc suat tuong tng. Qua trinh nay duoc lap lai cho téi khi chi cdn lai mot 16i ra hop nhat. Theo céch nay, ching ta tao ra mot cay ma. Bang cdch khéi dau tir géc cla cay va gan cdc digit 0 va 1 cho hai nhénh bat ky hop nhat tir clng mét ntit, chting ta tao ra dugce ma. Cé thé chi ra duge rang bang cach nay chting ta tao ra mét ma véi do dai trung binh nho nhat trong s6 cdc 166 Chuong 4: BIEN DO] TUONG TU:Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY ma ny do prefix! (prefix-free codes). Thi du sau day sé cho thay lam thé nao dé thiét ké mot ma Huffman. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.1 [Ma hoa Huffman] Hay thiét ké mot ma Huffman cho mot nguén véi bang chit cdi y ={x1, 4,..., %9} va véc-to x4c sudt tuong ing p=(0.2, 0.15, 0.13, 0.12, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06) : Hay tim do dai tir ma trung binh cia ma duge tao ra va so s4nh né voi entropy cla nguén. Lai giai Ching ta theo thuat todn d duoc néu ra trén day dé c6 duge cay ma nhu trén hinh vé 4.2. D6 dai tir ma trung binh doi voi ma nay 1a L = 2x0.2+3x(0.15+0,13+0.12+0.1)+4x(0.09+0.08+0.07+0.06) = 3.1 bit trén mot 16i ra cla nguén. Tuma oo xy AA _______. 00 100 x, 218 _______109 oa? ———— 0 110 0.13 * 110 Xée sudt = 1 0.12 Wed 10 010 x, ——$__________“,010 ae on = of oss}, Ox, 01 0.26 u 1010 x6 0 ig 0.17 E 101 tol x, 208 __tion 110, 2% 1110 eal MW xy 206 iit Hinh 4.2 Cay ma Huffman. 1) Céc ma tu do prefix Id cfic ma trong dé khong mot tit ma nao Ia tiép dau cia mot tit md Khéc ‘Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TUSO 167Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Entropy cia nguén duge cho theo 3 H(X) = -> p; log p; = 3.0371 bit/san phdm Idi ra cua nguén. Ching ta thay, nhu c6 thé dodn duge, ring Z> H(X). Ham MATLAB entropy.m cho du6i day thuc hién tinh entropy cla mot véc-to xdc suat p. m-file function h=entropy(p) % | H=ENTROPY(P) returns the entropy function of the probability vector P. if length(find(p<0))~=0, error('Not a prob. vector, negative component(s)') end if abs(sum(p)-1)>10e-10, error(‘Not a prob. vector, components do not add up to 1") end h=sum(-p.*log2(p)); Dai lugag q=—= (4.2.3) duoc goi 1 hiéu suat cia ma Huffman. Hién nhién, ching ta lu6n lun c6 7 < 1. N6i chung, c6 thé chi ra dugc ring do dai tit ma trung binh d6i véi mot ma Huffman bat ky déu thoa man cdc bat ding thite HX)< LT 10e-10, error(‘Not a prob. vector, components de not add up to 1’) end n=length(p); mG,:=[1(L:n-i+1),zeros(1,i-1)]; q=[q(1)+4(2),q:n),1); end (nei, (f+1)*n+1 :(§+2)*n)=c(n-i+1,.. n¥(find(m(n-it 1,:)==j+ 1)-1)+1:n*find(m(n-it 1,:)==j+1))s -¢(1,n*(find(m(1,: Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-S6 169_Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 11@)=length(find(abs(h(i,:))~=32)); end J=sum(p.*11); BAL TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.2 [Ma hoa Huffman] Mot ngudn tin rdi rac khong nho c6 bang chit cdi 7 =(x,, xy... 6) va cde xAc suat tuong ting p= {0.1, 0.3, 0.05, 0.09, 0.21, 0.25} cdn ma bang cach sit dung ma hod Huffman. 1. Hay xéc dinh entropy ciia nguén nay. 2. Hay tim mot ma Huffman cho nguén nay va xéc dinh hiéu suat cia ma Huffman dé. 3. Bay gid, hay thiét ké mot ma Huffman cho céc day cia nguén c6 do dai bing 2 va hay so sdnh hiéu suat cita ma nay voi hiéu sudt ma cia ma da tim duge trong phan 2. Loi gidi 1. Entropy cia nguén xéc dinh duge bing ham entropy.m va tinh duge bing 2.3549 bit/symbol cla nguén. 2. Sir dung ham huffman.m, ching ta cé thé thiét ké mot ma Huffman cho nguén nay. Céc tir ma fim dug 18 010, 11, 0110, 0111, 00 va 10. Do dai tit ma trung binh d6i véi ma nay tim duge 1a 2.38 symbol nhi phan/mot sin phdm cia nguén. Do dé, hiéu suat cha ma nay 1a 2.3549 7 = 0.9895 1938 3. Mot nguén méi, ma cdc sn phdm cia n6é 4c cp chit cdi cla nguén ban dau, c6 36 chit cdi I6i ra 6 dang {(x,, x,)}!,... Do nguén nay 1a khong nhé nén xdc suat cia mdi mot cap la tich cla cdc xéc suat cia timg chit cdi riéng 1é. Nhu thé, dé nhan duge véc-to x4c sudt d6i voi nguén da mé rong nay, ching ta phai tao ra mot véc-to v6i 36 thanh phén, méi mot thanh phén Ia tich cia hai xéc sual trong véc-to 170 Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SOProakis J. G.va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY xéc sudt g6c p. Diéu nay co thé lam duoc bang céch 4p dung ham MATLAB kron.m dudi dang kron (p, p). Cac tit ma Huffman dug cho nhu sau 1110000, 01110, 10110111, 1011001, 111001, 00201, 01111, 000, 011010, 00111, 1001, 1100, 11202110, 011011, 111011110, 111011111, 1110001, 001000, 1011010, 01100, 10110110, 1011000, 101110, 111110, 111010, 1010, 1110110, 101111, 11110, 0100, 00110, 1101, 001001, 111111, 0101, 1000 DO dai ti ma trung binh déi véi nguén mé rong nay 1A 4.7420. Entropy cha nguén mé rong tim duge bang 4.7097, do vay hiéu suat cla ma Huffman nay ia _ 4.7097 4.7420 th = 0.9932 ma né cho thay cé mot su cai thién so v6i hiéu suat cia ma Huffman da duge thiét ké trong phan 2. BAL TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.3 [Mot ma Huffman voi hiéu swat cue daiJ Hay thiét ké mot ma Huffman cho mét nguén cé véc-to xdc suat pipe arr a a 2°4°8'16'32764'128'256' 256 Loi giai Chiing ta sir dung ham huffman.m dé xdc dinh mot ma Huffman va do dai ti ma trung binh tuong ting. Céc tir ma két qué cia tinh todn 1a 1, 01, 001, 0001, 00001, 000007, 6000001, 00000000 va 00000001. Ho dai tir ma trung binh tinh duoc 1a 1.9922 symbol nhi phan/san phdm Idi ra cata nguén. Néu ching ta tim entropy cia nguén nay bang céch sit dung ham entropy.m, ching ta sé thay ring entropy cha nguén nay cing 1a 1.9922 bit/san phdm Idi ra ca nguén; do dé hi¢u suat cla ma nay bang 1. Cau hoi Ban cé thé n6i duge trong cdc diéu kién nao thi hiéu suat cla mot ma Huffman. bing 1 khong? Chuong 4: BIEN DOL TUONG TUSO imProakis J. G. va Satehi M CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 4.3 LUNG TU HOA Trong muc trudc ching ta da nghién ctu hai phuong phdép nhim ma hod Khong tap-d6 1a nén san phdm dau ra cla nguén sao cho viée kh6i phuc day di tir cdc dit ligu da nén 1a c6 thé dugc. Trong cdc phuong phap nay, dif lieu da nén Ia mot ham xc djnh cia s4n phdm I6i ra cia nguén va sin phém I6j ra cla nguén 1 mot ham xéc dinh cla dit ligu da nén. Su tuong ting mot-mot nay gitta dif lieu da nén va san phdm 16i ra cua nguén nghia 1a c4c entropy cha ching bang nhau va khong c6 thong tin nao bj mat trong qué trinh ma hod-gidi ma. Trong nhiéu tmg dung, nhw trong xir ly so céc tin hiéu tuong ty, trong 46 bang chit cdi cla nguén khOng phai 1a rdi rac, thi s6 cdc bit cn thiét dé biéu dién méi mot san phdm 16i ra cla nguén 1a khong hitu han. Dé xir 19 san phd Idi ra cha nguén theo phuong phdp sé, nguén phai duoc luong tit hod thanh mot sé cdc mitc héu han. Qué trinh nay gidm sé bit xuéng thanh mot sé hitu han song d6ng thdi lai mang vio mot lugng méo nao do. Lugng thong tin mat trong qué trinh lugng tit hod c6 thé khong bao gid khéi phuc lai duge. Noi chung, cdc so dé lugng tir hod cé thé phan loai thanh cdc so dé luong tr huréng va Inong tit hoa véc-ta. Trong hiomg ti Idi ra cla nguén duge lugng tit hod riéng ré, trong khi d6 véi Luong tit hod véc-to thi viec hugng tit hod dugc thyc hién trén cdc khéi sn phdm Idi ra cia nguén. Cée b6 Iuong tit hod v6 huéng cdn cé thé phan loai hon nifa thanh cdc b6 Iuong tir hod déu va cdc b6 Ivong tit hod khong déu. Trong Iugng tt hod déu, cdc mién lugng tir duge chon cé dé dai nhu nhau; trong lugng tir hod khong déu, cdc mién véi nhiéu do dai khéc nhau 1a duoc phép. R6 rang rang, néi chung, céc bd lugng tir hod khong déu thi tét hon cdc bé Iugng tir hod déu. 4.3.1 LUONG TUHOA VO HUGNG Trong lugng tit hod vO huéng, dai gid ti cha bién ngdu nhién X dugc chia thanh N mién R; khong chéng lan Jén nhau vi 1 < i c) error(‘The leftmost boundary too large.’); return. end args=[]; for j=t:nargin-7 args=largs,',p',int2str(y)}; end args=(args,’)'); a(1= for i=2:n a(i)=s-+(i-2)*delta; end a(n+1 ly.dist. |=eval(['mse_dist(funfcn,a,tol',args}); BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.4 [Xa4c dinh cac trong tam] Hay xéc dinh cdc trong tam cla cdc mién luong tit hod d6i voi mét phan b6 Gauss c6 ky vong bang 0 va phuong sai bing 1, trong d6 cdc bién cua cdc mién luong tit hod duge cho bdi (-5, -4, -2, 0, 1, 3, 5). Loi giai Phan b6 Gauss dugc cho trong m-file normal.m. Phan b6 nay 1a mot ham cé hai tham 86, 1a ky vong va phuong sai, duoc ky hiéu 1a m va s (hay @) mét céch tuong tig. Mién x4c dinh cia phan b6 Gauss 1a (—c0, 00) song dé 4p dung cc thi: Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TUS6 7Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY tuc tinh todn s6 thi sir dung mot dai rong bing nhiéu [dn d¢ lech quan phuong ola phan b6 18 68. Thi du dai (m-JO-V/s, m+10Vs) 06 thé sir dung dugc. M-file sau day xéc dinh cdc trong tam (cdc mite lugng tir t6i wu). m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 4, Chapter 4, echo on ; a=[-10,-5,-4,-2,0,1,3,5,10]; jength(a)-1 ntroid(‘normal',a(i),a(i+1),0.001,0,1); echo off ; end Viec tinh to4n nay dan dén cdc mitc lugng tk hod sau: (~5.1865, —4.2168, ~2.3106, -0.4599, 0.7228, 1.5101, 3.2827, 5.1865). BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.5 [Sai sé trung binh binh phuong] Trong bai tap 4.4, hay x4c dinh sai 86 trung binh binh phuong. Loi giai Cho a=(-10, -5, 4, -2, 0, 1, 3, 5, 10) va sit dung mse_dist.m, ching ta nhan duge sai s6 trung binh binh phuong 1a 0.177. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.6 [Méo cua bé luong tir hoa déu] Hay xc dinh sai sé binh phuong trung binh d6i voi mot bé luong ti hod déu voi 12 mic lugng th cd do dai bing 1 dugc thiét ké cho mot nguén Gauss cé ky vong bing 0, phuong sai bang 4. Gia sir rang cdc mién Iuong tit hod déi ximg qua ky vong cla phan bé. Loi giai Do gid thiét vé tinh d6i ximg, cdc bién cha cdc mién luong tir hod 18 0, +1, 42, +3, +4 va +5 con cdc mién lugng tir hod 14 (-<0,—-5), (-5, -4], (4, -3], (-3, —2), (-2, -1], 1,0], ©, 1], 1, 2], (2, 3], (3, 41, (4, 5] va (5, +00). Diéu nay cd 178 Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SOProakis J.G.va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY nghia 1a trong ham uq_dist.m, ching ta cé thé thay 6=-20, c=20, A=I, n=12, s=-5, tol=0.001, p,=0 va p)=2. Thay cAc gid tri nay vao uq_dist.m, chting ta nhan dulce mét méo sai sé binh phuong bang 0.0851 va cdc gid tri lugng tir bing +0.4897, +1.4691, +2.4487, +3.4286, +4.4089 va +5.6455. m-file uq_mdpnt.m xéc dinh méo sai sO binh phuong déi véi mot ham mat 40 doi xtmg Khi céc mic luong tit duge chon 1a diém gitta cia céc khodng luong ti. Trong trudng hop nay, cdc mtic lugng tir wong ung voi cdc mién luong tit hod déu tién va cudi cing duoc chon nam cdch hai bién luong tit ngoai clng mot khoang A/2. Diéu d6 nghia 1a néu s6 cdc mic lugng tit ma chan th} cdc bién [uong tir hod 1a 0, +A, +2A, 4(N/2-1)A con cdc mite luong tir duge cho boi +A/2, +3A/2,..., #(N-1)A/2. Néu s6 cdc mite luong tit ma lé thi cdc bién lugng tit hod 1 +A/2, $3A/2,.... 4(N/2-1)A cdn cdc mic luong tir dugc cho bdi 0, +A, +2A...., +(N-1)A/2. M-file uq_mdpnt.m duoc cho dudi day. mn-file function dist=uq_mdpnt(funfen,b,n,delta,tol,p1,p2,p3) %UQ_MDPNT Returns the distortion of a uniform quantizer % with quantization points set to the midpoints. % DIST=UQ_MDPNT(FUNFCN,B,N,DELTA TOL,P1,P2,P3) % —— funfcn=source density function given in an m-file with at most three parameters, % — pl.p2,p3. The density function is assumed to be an even function % —— [-b,b]=The support of the source density function. % — n=number of levels. %. delta=level size. % pl ,p2,p3=parameters of the input function. % dist=distortion. % tol=the relative error. if (2*bedelta*(n-1)) error(‘Too many levels for this range.'): return end args=(args,',p'.int2str()}; end Chutong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO “179Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CACHE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY args=(args,')']; a(1)=-I a(n+1)=b; a(2)=-(n/2-1)*delta; y(1)=a(2)-delta/2; for i=3:n a(t) y(i-1)=a(i)-delta/2; end y(n)=a(n)+delta, dist=0; for i=1:n newfun ='x_a2_fnct' dist=dist+eval([‘quad(newfun, a(i),a(i+1),tol,[},funfen,', sum2str(y(i)), args); end BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.7 [B6 luong tir hoa v6i céc mitc duoc dat tai cac diém gitta] Hay tim luong méo khi sit dung mét b6 Iuong tir hod déu dé Luong tir hod mot bién ngiu nhién Gauss cd ky vong bang khong va phuong sai bang mot. 6 cdc miic luong tit hod 12 11 va do dai cla méi mién Iuong tir hod 12 1. Loi giai Trong uq_mdpnt.m, chting ta thay ‘normal’? cho tén ham mat d6, p,=0 va P:=1 d6i véi cdc tham s6 cia ham mat 46, n=11 cho s6 cdc mifc Iuong tir va A=1 cho d@ dai cila cdc mic lugng ti. Déi voi tham s6 b, ma né x4c dinh dai tinh cha ham mat 40, chting ta sit dung gid ti b=10p;=10 va chon 49 phan gidi (‘tol’: tolerance) \& 0.001. Luong méo tinh duge 1a 0.0833. Luong tit hod khéng déu Trong luong tit hod khong déu, yeu cau vé céc mién lugng tit hod déu c6 a6 dai nhu nhau, ngoai tr¥ céc mién dau va cudi, sé khong ddi hdi nita va mdi mot mién cé thé c6 mot d6 dai bat ky ndo d6. Do trong trudng hop nay viéc téi uu hod duge thuc hién véi nhing diéu kien gidm nhe hon, két qua 1a su vuot trdi hién nhién 2) Ten ham cfin phai duge thay bing ‘normal’ véi c& céc dau nhéy. 180 Chuong 4: BIEN BOY TUONG TUSO__ Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY so v6i lugng tit hod déu. Céc diéu kién t6i uu d6i v6i truémg hop nay, goi 1a cdc diéu kién Lloyd-Max, c6 thé biéu din dugc theo he de ff fr@ae (43.7) Tir nhing phuong trinh nay, ching ta két luan rang céc mttc lugng tit hod téi uu 18 trong tam cua cdc mién lugng tit hod va cdc bién t6i uu gifta cdc mién lugng tir hod 1a cc diém gitta gitta cdc mttc Iugng tit hod. Dé o6 dutge Idi gidi déi voi cdc phuong trinh Lloyd-Max, chting ta bat ddu véi tap cdc muic luong tit hod ¥,. Tir tap nay, chting ta c6 thé tim duoc mot cdch don gidn tap cdc bién mién lugng tit hod a;. Tir tap cdc a; nay, c6 thé nhan duoc mot tap mdi cdc mitc lugng tit hod. Qué trinh nay duge tiép tuc cho dén khi viée cdi thién vé méo tir bude lap nay sang buéc lip khdc khong thé nhan ra dugc. Thuat toan nay bao dim duoc 1a sé hoi ty t6i mot tr] t6i thiéu cyc bd song noi chung thi khong bao dam c6 duge tri t6i thiéu toan bd. Thi tuc thiét ké mot bo lugng ti hoa téi uu dude trinh bay trong m-file loydmax.m dugc cho dudi day. m-file function (a,y,dist]=lloydmax(funfen,b,n,tol,p],p2,p3) %LLOYDMAX Returns the the Lloyd-Max quantizer and the mean-squared quantization error for a symmetric distribution. [A,Y DIST ]=LLOYDMAX(FUNFCN,B,N,TOL,P1,P2,P3) funfon=The density function given in an m-file. It can depent on up to three parameters, pl ,p2,p3. a=The vector giving the boundaries of the quantization regions. [-b,b] approximates support of the density function. ‘he number of quantization regions. y=The quantization levels. pl.p2,p3=Parameters of funfcn. KK KK LKKKexw TIO Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO 181Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY % tol=the relative error. nargin-4 args=[args,',p’,int2str(j)]; end args=[args,’)']; veeval(['variance(funfen,-b,b,tol’,args]}); a(1)=-b; d=2*b/n; for i=2:n a(i=a(i- +d; end a(n+1)=b; dist=v; [y.newdist}+eval(['mse_dist(funfen,a,tol’,args]); while(newdist<0.99*dist), for i=2:n a=(y(i- ry G2, end dist=newdist, {y. newdist]=eval(['mse_dist(funfcn,a,tol',args]); end BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.8 [Thiét ké bo luong tir hod Lloyd-Max] Hay thiét ké mot bd lugng tir hod Lloyd-Max 10 miic cho mot nguén Gauss c6 ky vong bang khong va phuong sai bang 1. Loi giai Sit dung b = 10, n = 10, tol = 0.01, p,= 0, p,= 1 trong Hoydmax.m, chting ta nhan duge véc-to cdc bien luong tit hod va mic luong tir hod a va y 12 a= +10, +2.16, +1.51, +0.98, +0.48, 0 y = £2.52, £1.78, £1.22, +0.72, 40.24 va lugng méo tinh duge 14 0.02. Céc gid tri nay la cdc gid tri x4p xi rat gan v6i cdc gid tri da duc Max cho trong bang (2]. 182 Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUNG TU-S67. vd Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 4.4 DIEU CHE MA XUNG (PCM) Trong diéu ché ma xung, mot tin hiéu tuong tu trudc hét duge lay mau voi mét téc do I6n hon téc do Nyquist réi sau dé cdc mau duoc lugng tir hod. Gia str rang tin hiéu tuong ty duge phan b6 trén mot khoang ky hiéu 18 [—Xnaxy max) Va 86 cdc mite Iuong tit lon. Céc mite lugng tit c6 thé céch déu nhau hodc cach nhau khong déu. Trong trudng hop thit nhat ching ta lam viéc voi mét PCM luong th hod déu cOn trong trudng hop sau thi véi mot PCM long tit hod khong déu. 4.4.1 PCM VGI LUONG TU HOA DEU Trong PCM luong tir hod déu, khoang [—Xpuqs Xi} CO dO dai 2x;noq dttoc chia thanh N khoang con bing nhau, mdi khoang c6 d6 dai A=2x,,,,/N. Néu N di lon thi ham mat do cita tin hiéu 16i vao trén méi mot khoang con 6 thé gid sit duge 1a him mat dO xéc sudt phan b6 déu, din dén mot lugng méo D=A/12. Néu N la mot lug thita cia 2, hay N=2" thi cn dén v bit dé biéu dién (ma) mdi mot mic. PCM t0i thiéu 1a WW. (Trong thuc té, 1.5 WW 1a sat véi kha nang hién thuc). Luong méo duge cho béi Diéu nay cé nghia la do rong bang dé truyén dan tin hi av x, Daa 2 Sm 12) 3N 3x4” (4.4.1) Néu cong suat cia tin higu tuong tu duge ky higu béi_X? thi ty sO tin hieu tren tap am lugng tir (SQNR) duoc cho bai i Fa = SONR = 3N? © = 3x4" X23 xa? (4.42) Xrrax ‘max trong d6 X ky hiéu cho tin hiéu 16i vao chudn hod duge xéc dinh theo SQNR tinh theo dB duge cho béi SQNR |g 4.8464 X? hos (4.4.3) Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO 183Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. Sau Jugng tir hod, cdc mite lugng tit dugce ma hod bang v bit d6i voi mdi mot mife da lugng ti hod. So 46 ma hod thudng dugc 4p dung 14 ma hod nhi phan tr nhién (NBC: Natural Binary Coding), cé nghia 1a mttc thép nhat duge 4nh xa thanh mot day gém toan bit 0 va mitc cao nhat duge anh xa thanh mot day gém toan bit 1. Moi mic kh4c dugc 4nh xa theo thit ty tang din cia gid tri da luong tl hod. M-file u_pem.m duge cho duéi day nhan lam sé ligu dau vao cia minh mot chuéi cdc gid tri da ldy mu va sé mitc lugng tir hod mong mu6n r6i tim day da duoc lugng ti hod, chudi bit da ma va SQNR hau qua (tinh theo dB). m-file function [sqnr.a_quan,code]=u_pem(a,n) %U_PCM Uniform PCM encoding of a sequence. % [SQNR,A_QUAN CODE]=U_PCM(A,N) % a=input sequence. % — n=number of quantization ieveis (even). % sqnr=output SONR (in dB). % a_quan=quantized output before encoding. % — code=the encoded output. amax=max(abs(a)); a_quan=a/amax; b_quan=a_quan; d= q=4.*(0:n-1}; ve T)i2y*d; for a * quan(find((qi)-A/2 <= a_quan) & (a_quan <= q(i)+d/2)))=. q(i).*ones(1,length(find((q(i)-d/2 <= a_quan) & (a_quan <= q(i)+d/2)))); b_quan(find( a_quan==q(i) ))=(i-1).*ones(Ilength(find( a_quan==q(i) ))); end a_quan=a_quan*amax; nu=ceil(log2(n)); code=zeros(length(a),nu); if ( fix(b_c quan(i/(2N)) == 1) code(i,(nu-j)) = 1; b_quan(i) = b_quan(i) - 24j; end 184 Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SOProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY end end sqnr=20*log]0(norm(a)/norm(a-a_quan)); BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.9 (PCM luong tir hoa déu) Hay tao mot tin hiéu hinh sin c6 bién dO bing 1 va tin s6 w= 1. Sit dung so d6 PCM luong tit hod déu, hay luong ti hod né mot Jén thanh 8 mic va mot lan thanh 16 mitc. Hay vé dé thi tin hiéu g6c va cdc tin hiéu da lugng tir hod trén cing mét hé toa d6. Hay so s4nh SQNR hau qua trong hai truéng hop. Lai giai Chiing ta chon mot cach tuy tién thdi gian tén tai cha tin hiéu 1a 10 s. Sau d6, sit dung m-file u_pem.m tao ra céc tin hiéu da lugng tt hod cho hai trudng hop 8 va 16 miic luong tit. Céc SQNR tinh duge 1a 18.90 dB déi voi PCM luong tit hod déu 8 mitc va 25.13 dB déi voi PCM luong tir hod déu 16 mitc. Céc dé thi dugc trinh bay trén hinh 4.5. Hinh 4.5 PCM Iutong tir hod déu 463 v6i mot tin hieu hinh sin ding 8 va 16 mute. Mot MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duoc cho duéi day. Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO 185Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 9, Chapter 4 echo on [sqnr8,aquan8,code8]}=u_pem(a,8); [sqnr16,aquan16,code16]=u_pem(a,16); pause % Press a key to see the SONR for N = 8. sqnr8 pause % Press a key to see the SQNR for N = 16. sqnr16 pause % Press a key to see the plot of the signal and its quantized versions. plot(t,a,'-",t,aquan8, -.’,taquan 16,'-',t,zeros(1,length(t))) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.10 [PCM hong tir hoa déu] Hay tao mot day c6 do dai 500, gém céc bién ngdu nhien Gauss cé ky vong bing 0 va phuong sai bang 1. Sit dung u_pem.m, hay tim SQNR hau qua khi s6 mtic lugng tit hod 1a 64. Hay tim 5 gid tri dau tien cia day, cdc gid tri da luong tir tuong ting va cdc tir ma tuong tmg. Lii gidi Mfile sau day cho ching ta dap an. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 10, Chapter 4 echo on a=randn( 1,500); 4: [sqnr.a_quan,code]=u_pem(a,64); pause % Press a key to see the SQNR sqnr pause % Press a key to see the first five input values. a(1:5) pause % Press a key to see the first five quantized values. a_quan(1:5) pause % Press a key to see the first five codewords. code(1:5,:) 186 Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SOProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 000. aod ow 002 “004 =006, no at pte Wil AME t Mh HT an uA \ I AAW WRAY TMT WH RN \ HA | } a “30 1) 150 200 280 30 3s) AO 45000 Hinh 4.6 Sai s6 lueg tir trong PCM luong tit hod déu v6i 64 miic lugng ti. Trong mot lan chay dién hinh cia file nay céc gi tri sau day da quan sét duge: SQNR = 31.66 dB Tin hiéu 16i vao = [0.1775, -0.4540, 1.0683, -2.2541, 0.5376] Cac gid tii sau lugng tir = (0.1569, -0.4708, 1.0985, -2.2494, 0.5754} Cac tit ma = 100001 011011 101010 001010 100101 “Ciuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TUSOProakis J. G. va Salehi M:: CAC Mi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Hay chél y rng cdc lén chay khdc nhau ciia trinh nay cho ra cdc két qua khdc nhau d6i véi tin hiéu dau vao, cdc gid tri sau Luong tit hod va céc tir m4. Tuy vay, cdc SQNR tinh duge déu rat sat nhau. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.11 [Sai s6 Iwong tit] Trong bai tap minh hoa 4.10, hay vé d6 thi sai s6 lung tir duge xac dinh nhu sai léch gitta gia tri tin higu du vio va gid tri sau lugng tit hod. Hay vé ca dé thi cia gid tri da lugng tir hod nhu mot ham clia gid tri 16i vao. Loi gi Hai d6 thi cn vé duoc trinh bay trén hinh 4.6. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.12 [Sai sé lwong tir] Lap lai bai tap minh hoa 4.11 véi sO cdc mitc luong tit mot lan duge dat bing 16 va mot In duge dat bing 128. Hay so sdnh cdc két qua. Loi giai Két qua doi voi 16 mtic Iuong tit duge thé hign tren hinh 4.7 cn két qua déi voi 128 mic luong tir thay duoe ten hinb 4.8, Ty céc hinh vé 4.6, 4.7 va 4.8 10 rang la nhu ta da nghi, sO mite Iuong tir cing Gn thi sai sO lugng tir cang nhd. Cang cht § ring d6i v6i 86 cde mic Iugng tir hod Ion, quan he gitta tin higu 16i vao va cdc gid tri da hong tir hod tién t6i mot dudng thing e6 4 doc bing 1 chay qua g6c toa do; nghia la tin higu Idi vao va cdc gid tri da Iuong tir hod wr nén hau nhu bang nhau. Déi voi sO cdc mite Iugng tit hod bé (thi du 1a 16) thi quan hé nay Ja khde nhau xa abu thay duoc tren hinh 4.7. 4.4.2 PCM VG1LUONG TU HOA KHONG DEU Trong PCM luong tit hoa khong déu, tin hiéu Idi vao trudc hét duge cho qua mot phan tit phi tuyén nham giam bot dai dong cia né réi tin hiéu Idi ra due dua vao mot hé thong PCM véi lugng tir hod déu. Tai dau thu, tin hiéu 6i ra duge cho qua bO nghich dao cla phan tr phi tuyén da duge sit dung 6 phan phat. Tac dong 188 ~~ Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUNG TU-S6Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY téng cong thi tuong duong voi mot hé thong PCM cé céc mitc Iuong ti duge dat cAch nhau khong déu. N6i chung, dé truyén tin higu tiéng ndi, cdc dac tinh phi tuyén dugc Ap dung 18 cac dac tinh phi tuyén hoac luat A hode hat yw. bd S010) 15) 200250 3K 350 JOD 450. 300 spo oe ere Hinh 4.7 Sai sO lugng tit 46i véi 16 mic lugng tit hod. M6t dac tinh phi tuyén luat w duoc xéc dinh béi quan hé Jog + ala) ein sgn(x) (4.4.4) trong dé x 1a tin higu 16i vao chudn hod (|x| $1) cdn 1a mot tham sé ma d6i Y= E(x)= Chwong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO 189Proakis J.G.va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY véi dac tinh phi tuyén luat yw tiéu chudn thi bang 255. Mot dé thi cia dac tinh phi tuyén nay véi cdc gid tri khéc nhau cba x thdy duge trén hinh 4.9 002s -001s om ons 100° 150200 250 W350 aon ASD 500 4 ee | | | | | re en) > Hinh 4.8 Sai s6 luong tit d6i v6i 128 mite lugng tir hod. Nghich dao cia dac tinh phi tuyén luat 4 duge cho boi pl u Hai m-file mulaw.m va invmulaw.m duge cho duéi day thi hanh dac tinh 1 sen(y) (4.4.5) phi tuyén luat «va nghich dao cita n6. 190 Chitong 4: BIEN BOI TUONG TUSOProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1-08 -06 -O4 -02 0 02 04 06 08 1 Hinh 4.9 Bo nén lat 4 m-file function [y,a}=mulaw(x,.mu) %MULAW mu-law nonlinearity for non-uniform PCM. % =~ Y=MULAW(X.MU) % — X=input vector. ax(abs(x)); og(1+mu*abs(x/a)) /log(1+mu)).*signum(x); m-file function x=invmulaw(y,mu) %INVMULAW The inverse of mu-law nonlinearity %X=INVMULAW(Y,MU) — Y=Normalized output of the mu-law nonlinearity x=(((1+mu).M(abs(y))-1)./mu).*signum(y); M-file mula_pem.m thi tuong duong voi m-file u_pem.m khi sir dung mot so dé PCM luat yz. File nay duoc cho duéi day. m-file function [sqnr,a_quan,code}=mula_pem(a,n,mu) Chong BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO 191Proakis J.G. vé Salehi M.: CAC Hi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY %MULA_PCM mu-law PCM encoding of a sequence. % [SQNR,A_QUAN ,CODE]=MULA_PCM(A,N,MU) % — a=input sequence % — n=number of quantization levels (even). % — sqnr=output SONR (in dB). % = a_quan=quantized output before encoding. % code=the encoded output. {y,maximum |=mulaw(a,mu); [sqnr,y_q.code]=u_pem(y,n); a_qual wmulaw(y_q,mu); a_quan=maximum*a_quan; sqnr=20*log10(norm(a)/norm(a-a_quan)); BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.13 [PCM lwong tir hod khong déu] Hay tao mot day 500 bién ngdu nhién theo mot phan bé N(O, 1). Khi sit dung 16, 64 va 128 mic lugng tit va mét dic tinh phi tuyén luat y voi z=255, hay vé dé thi sai sé va quan hé vao-ra d6i vdi bd lugng tir hod trong timg trudng hop. Hay xac dinh cd SQNR trong timg trudng hop. Lai giai Dat véc-ta a 1a véc-to cd do dai 500 tao dugc theo N(O, 1); nghia 1a ta hay lay a=randn(1, 500) Sau d6, bang cach sit dung [dist,a_quan,code] = mula_pem(a, 16, 255) chiing ta c6 thé nhan duoc day da luong tir hod va SQNR d6i véi luong tir hod 16 mttc. SQNR sé 1a 13.76 dB. Doi voi trudng hgp 64 mic ching ta nhan duge SQNR=25.89 dB cdn doi véi 128 mifc ta c6 SQNR=31.76 dB. So sdnh cdc két qua nay vdi PCM luong tu hod déu ching ta nhan thdy rang trong moi trudng hop chat lugng déu kém hon PCM luong tit hod déu. Cac dé thi cha quan hé vao- ra d6i vdi bd lugng tir hod va sai s6 lugng tir duge cho trén c4c hinh vé 4.10, 4.11 va 4.12. 192 Chong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SO__ Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Viéc so sénh quan hé vao-ra d6i voi PCM lugng tit hod déu va lung tit hod khong déu, thay duge trén cdc hinh vé 4.7 va 4.10, cho thay 16 tai sao loai thir nhat lai duge goi 1a PCM wong tit hod déu con loai sau thi dugc goi !& PCM luong tir hoa khong déu. ee io 1 | o 02 SO 1008800 250 KK) x ANY ASSO) | J Hinh 4.10 Sai s6 Iuong tit va quan he vao-ra b6 Iuong tit hod doi véi mot PCM Tuat jx 16 mite Tw vi du trén day, chting ta thay rang chat luong hoat dng ctia PCM lugng th hod khong déu, trong truéng hop nay, lai khong tt bang PCM luong wt hod déu. Ly do 1a & ché trong thi du dé dai dong cia tin hiéu 16i vao khOng rat 16n. Chuong 4: BIEN DO! TUONG TU-S6 “193Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. ‘Thf du tiép theo sé khao sat trudng hop trong dé chat Iugng cla PCM lugng tit hod kh6ng déu thi vuot tri so voi chat Luong cila PCM luong tit hoa déu. ee ot | 0.05 ° os oo -015 02 maybe © 50 1K 150. 200-250 300 350 4K) 450. SOK, a Hinh 4.1} Sai so fugng tir va quan hg vao-ra bo lugng tir hod 46i voi mot PCM luat 64 mite BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 4.14 [PCM luong tit hoa khong déu) Day khong ding a do dai 500 bao gém hai phan. Hai muoi mau dau tién dugc tao ra theo mot bién ngdu nhién Gauss véi ky vong bang 0 va phuong sai bing 400 (o=20), 480 mau 194 Chuong 4: BIEN BOI TUONG TUSOProakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY tiép sau duge dé ra theo mot bién ng4u nhién Gauss voi ky vong 0 va phuong sai bang 1. Day nay duge long tir hod lan dau bang mot so dé PCM luong tir hod déu va lan sau sit dung mot so dé PCM luong tit hod khong déu. Hay so s4nh két qua SQNR trong hai trudng hop do. NS me on nos 4 | 1 | . HONS Lk ee te td @ 50 1 150 200 250 300 350 400 4505 | \ | | | Hinh 4,12 Sai sé Twong tit va quan hé vao-ra bo Iwong tit hod doi v6i mot PCM luat 4c 128 mite Loi giai Day tin hiéu duac tao ra bang lenh MATLAB. a=[20*randa({, 20)randn(1, 480)] Chuong 4: BIEN DOL TUONG TU-S6 195va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Bay gid chting ta cé thé 4p dung cc file u_pem.m va mula_pem.m dé xéc dinh SQNR. Cac SQNR 1a 20.49 dB va 24.95 dB mot cach tuong ting. Trong trudng hop nay, chat lugng cla PCM luong tit hod khong déu 16 rang vuot hon chat lugng cla PCM luong tir hoa déu. CAC BAI TAP 4,1 Hay thiét ké mot ma Huffman cho mot nguén thong tin véi cdc xdc suat p= {0.1, 0.05, 0.21, 0.07, 0.02, 0.2, 0.15} Hay xc dinh hiéu suat cia ma nay bang céch tinh d6 dai tir m4 tung binh va entropy cia nguén. 4.2 Mot nguén thong tin kh6ng nhé rdi rac duge mo ta bang véc-to xdc sudt p= {0.2, 0.3, 0.1, 0.4} a. Hay viet mot file MATLAB dé tinh cdc xdc suat cia mé rong thit K cia ngudn nay ddi voi mot K da cho. b. Hay thiét ké c4c ma Huffman cho nguén nay va cho cdc mé rong thit K cia nd, v6i K=1, 2, 3, 4, 5. c. Hay vé dé thi do dai tir ma trung binh (tinh trén mot san phdm Idi ra cla nguén) nhu Ia mot ham cia K. 4.3 Cac xc suat cla cdc con chit cia bang chit cai xuat hién trong tiéng Anh an loat dugc cho trong bang 4.1. a. Hay xéc dinh entropy ciia ting Anh dn loat. b. Hay thiét ké mot ma Huffman cho tiéng Anh 4n loat. c. Hay x4c dinh do dai tir ma trung binh va hiéu qua cia ma Huffman d6. 4.4 Lap lai bai tap 4.2 cho mot ngudn khong nhé di rac v6i mot véc-to x4c sudt p = (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.125). Hay gidi thich tai sao két qua trong trudng hop nay lai khdc két qua nhan dugc trong bai tap 4.2. 4.5 Mot nguén thong tin lién tyc cé phan b6 Gauss voi ky vong bang khong va phuong sai bing 1. Nguén nay duge Iwong tit hod bing cach sit dung mét bd 196 : Chuong 4: BIEN DOI TUONG TU-S6Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY luong tit hod déu d6i xing, trong d6 do dai ciia céc mién Ivong tit hod bang 1. S6 cdc mitc luong tit hod 14 N. D6i voi N=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, hay x4c dinh entropy cha 16i ra nguén da dugc lugng tit hod va vé né nhu mot ham cia N. Trén mot dé thi khdc nao 6, hay vé log,N theo N va hay giai thich tai sao hai dudng cong dé thi trén lai khac nhau. Bang 4.1 Céc x4c suit ctia c&c chit c4i trong tigng Anh An lodt. 2 ranmmoawS|s Xac suat 0.0642 0.0127 0.0218 0.0317 0.103) 0.0208 0.0152 0.0467 0.0575 0.0008 0.0049 0.0321 0.0198 0.0574 0.0632 0.0152 0.0008 0.0484 0.0514 0.0796 0.0228 0.0083 0.0175 0.0013 0.0164 0.0005 Khong trong gifta cdc tir 0.1859 3 es N0 1a mot hang $6 cho truéc. a. Hay chimg t6 réing phuong sai cla m6t bién ngdu nhién Laplace thi bang 2/7’. b. Gia sir A=1, hay thiét ké cdc b6 lugng tt héa déu voi N=2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8 mitc cho nguén nay. Nhu thong 1é, hay Idy khoang quan tam 1a [-10o, 100}, trong d6 o 1a do léch quan phuong ciia nguén d6. c. Hay vé dé thi entropy cua nguén da lung ti hod va log, nhu céc ham cia N trén cing mot hinh vé. 4.10 Lap lai bai tap 4.9 song thay bd lugng tit hod déu bang bé Iuong tir hod khong déu toi uu. 4.11 Hay thiét kE mot 66 lugng tir hod t6i uu 8 mttc cho mot nguén Laplace va vé d6 thi lugng méo trung binh binh phuong tinh duoc nhu mot ham cha A khi A thay déi trong khoang [0.1. 5}. 198 Chuong 4; BIEN DOI TUONG TU-SOProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf, THONG THONG TIN HIBN NAY 4.12 Hay thiét ké cc bd lugng tir hod khong déu t6i wu voi N=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 cho nguén Laplace da cho trong bai tap 4.9 voi A= 4/2 . (Hay chi ¥ rang viée chon nhu thé sé din dén mot nguén Laplace cé ky vong bang khong va phuong sai bang 1). Hay vé dé thi sai so trung binh binh phuong nhu mot ham cia N d6i voi nguén nay. Hay so sinh cdc két qua nay véi cdc két qua nh4n dugc tix viée lung té hod mot nguén Gauss ciing c6 ky vong bang khong va phuong sai bang 1. 4.13 Tin hiéu tudn hoan x(t) c6 chu ky bang 2 va trén khodng [0, 2] duge x4c dink theo nel? Osrr, va mot con | d& dugc truyén di néu r\>ry. Hay xc dinh xéc suat 14i. Lai gidi Khi s9(¢) 1a dang song da dugc truyén, xdc suat 16i sé 1 P, = P(r,>r9) = P(n,>E+ng) = P(ny-ng>E) (5.2.19) Do nm, va ny 1a cdc bién ngdu nhién Gauss c6 ky vong bang khong nén hi¢u cua chting x=n,—ny cing 1A mét bién ngau nhién Gauss cé ky vong bang khong. Phuong sai cla bién ngdu nhién x 1a (2?) = El(71,-1p)"] = E(n? HE(n} )-2E (MyM) (5.2.20) Song E(m,nq)=0 do céc dang song tryc giao nhau, tite Ia Chwong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU SO BANG GOC 207Proakis J. G, va Salehi M.. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Th E(rng)= EL f [so(e)s,(e)m(e)n(e) dtd] N, Bh => J foots, ()5(¢- 2)dede a0 awe Joss, (ae =0 (5.2.21) Do dé, E(?)=2( me )=ENg=02 (5.2.22) Do vay, xdc suat 181 1a P 1 JePtare * sf aad FE) (5.2.23) Vix, 5 Vin jeim TY s6 E/Ny duoc goi la ty sé tin/tap (SNR). Viéc din dén chat lugng hoat déng cla b6 tich tin hiéu da cho trong thf du nay 1A dua trén viéc truyén din dang song tin higu s)(?). Ngudi doc c6 thé ching minh ly duge rang xdc suat 16i nhan dugc khi s,() dugc truyén di thi giéng y nhu xac suat 16i da nhan duge khi s(t) dugc truyén di. Do cdc bit 0 va I trong day dit ligu IA déng xéc suat_nén xéc suat 16i trung binh diing bing xéc suat 16i da duge cho bdi (5.2.23). Biéu thitc nay déi v6i xc suat 16i dugc danh gid bang MATLAB script duge cho dudi day va dugc vé trén hinh 5.7 nhu mot ham cia SNR, trong d6 SNR duoc hién thi trén thang logarit (10log(£/No)). Nhu dodn trudc, xdc suat 16i gidm theo ham mii khi SNR tang. m-file % The MATLAB script that generates the probability of error versus the signal to noise ratio initial_snr=0; final_snr=15; snr_step=0.25; in_dB=initial_snr:snr_step:final_snr; jength(snr_in_dB), snr=104(snr_in_dB(i)/10); 208 ~~ Chwong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: PHONG THONG TINHIENNAY Pe(i)=Qfunct(sqrt(snr)); echo off; end; echo on; semilogy(snr_in_dB,Pe); w? — . tot ae 10? ——e 10 1 1 ord 1? 10 0 5 0 Is 10 tonya EINo Hinh S.7 XAc suat 16i d6i voi cac tin hieu truc giao, 5.2.2 MO PHONG MONTE-CARLO MOT HE THONG TRUYEN TIN NHI PHAN Cac mo phéng Monte-Carlo bing my tinh thung duoc tién hanh trong thc té nhim udc lugng xdc suat 16i bit cha mot hé théng truyén tin s6, dac biét 18 cdc trudng hop trong dé kh6 thuc hién viéc phan tich chat luong bé tach tin hiéu. Ching t6i sé trinh dién phuong phdp udc lugng xdc sudt 16i déi voi hé thong truyén tin nhi phan da duge mé ta trong phan truéc. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai t4p minh hoa 5.4 [M6 phéng Monte-Carlo] Hay sit dung mé phong Monte-Carlo dé uéc lugng va vé dé thi P, theo SNR d6i véi mot hé théng truyén tin nhi phan 6 4p dung c4c bd tuong quan tin hiéu hay céc mach loc phéi hop. Mo hinh cia hé thong duge minh hoa trén hinh 5.8. Loi gi Chiing ta m6 phong viéc tao ra cdc bién ngdu nhién rp va r; tao thanh tin hiéu Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 209Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf: THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY I6i vao cia bO tach tin higu. Ching ta bat dau bang viéc tao mot day nhj phan g6m céc bit 0 va 1 xuat hién véi xc sudt nhu nhau va doc lap thong ké v6i nhau. Dé thuc hién nhiém vu nay, ching ta sir dung m6t bé tao sé ngdu nhién tao ra mot s6 ngdu nhién phan b6 déu trong khoang (0, 1). Néu con sé duge tao ra nam trong khoang (0, 0.5) thi 16i ra cia nguén nhi phan 1A mét bit 0. Cdn khong thi Idi ra cha nguén 1a bit 1. Néu mot bit 0 duge tao ra, thi re=E+n va r=n,. Cdn néu mot bit 1 duge tao ra thi rg=mp va 7,=E+n. BO tao s6 ngau BO tao sé ngdu nhien phan b6 nhien phan b6 déu Gauss Ngu6n dit lieu Oe 70 Ea Dé lieu I6i ra whi phan >| ve f tin _ )}——>}hiew nm BO ta0 sO ngdu nhién phan b6 Gauss Bo dém 16i Hinh 5.8 Mo hinh mo phéng cho bai tap minh hoa 5.4. C&c thanh phén tap 4m cong ip va n, duoc tao ra bang hai b6 tao tap 4m Gauss. Céc ky vong ciia ching bang khong cdn céc phuong sai cia chting 1a o@=EN,/2. Dé thuan tién, ching ta c6 thé chudn hod nang luong tin hiéu E thanh don vi (E=1) va cho o” bién thién. Hay dé ¥ rang SNR, duge dinh nghia 1a E/No, khi nay bang 1/20”. Tin hiéu Idi ra b6 tach tin hiéu duge so sanh voi chudi nhi phan da duge truyén di va mot bo dém 16i duge sit dung dé dém s6 cdc 16i bit. Hinh 5.9 minh hoa cdc két qua cita viéc mo phéng nay déi véi vie truyén dura cia N=10 000 bit tai céc mite khdc nhau cha SNR. Hay chit ¥ dén su khép 210 ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY nhau gitta cic két qua mo phing va gid wi ly thuyét cla P, cho béi (5.2.23). Ching ta cing cén phai lu y ring mot mo phong v6i N=10 000 bit di ligu cho phép chiing ta ude Iwong mot cach tin cay x4c sudt 16i xudng téi P, vao cd 103, NG6i mét céch khdc di thi vi N=10 000 bit dé ligu, chting ta c6 it nhat 10 16i di véi mot ude lugng tin cay cia P,. Cac MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho dudi day. 10° wo |) o 2 4 6 8 10 2 WO Lop et !My Hinh 5.9 Xéc suat 16i tir m6 phéng Monte-Carlo so sanh véi xée suat 16i ly thuyét d6i véi viée truyén tin bang céc tin higu truc giao, n-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 4, Chapter 5. echo on SNRindB1 SNRindB2: 12; for i=1:length(SNRindB1), % simulated error rate smld_err_prb(i)=smldPe54(SNRindB1(); echo off ; end; echo on 5 for i=1:length(SNRindB2), SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG G6C zuProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hit THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY _ % theoretical error rate theo_err_prb(i)=Qfunct(sqrt(SNR)); echo off ; end; echo on; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1 ,smld_err_prb,"*); hold semilogy(SNRindB2.theo_err_prb); m-file function [p]=smldPeS4(snr_in_dB) % ip}=smldPeS4(snr_in_dB) 4. finds the probability of error for the given snr_in_dB, signal to E: SNR=exp(snr_in_dB*log(10)/10); % signal wv noise ratio *SNR); % sigma, standard deviation of noise for i=1:N, temp=rand; if (temp<0.5), dsource(i)=0; % with probability 1/2, source output is 0 else dsource(i)=1; % with probability 1/2, source output is 1 end end; % detection, and probability of error calculation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % matched filter outputs if (dsource(i)==0), 10=E+gngauss(sgma); rl=gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "0" else rO=gngauss(sgma); rl=E+gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "1" end; % detector follows if (rO>rl), decis=0; % a uniform random variable over (0,1) % decision is "0" 212 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HUEN NAY % decision is "}" end; if (decis~=dsource(i)), % if it is an error, increase the error counter numoferr=numoferr+1; end; end; p=numoferr/N; % probability of error estimate Cau hoi Trén hinh 5.9, céc két qua mo phéng va ly thuyét hoan toan khép nhau tai cdc ty s6 tin/tap kha nho, trong khi tai céc SNR cao thi ching kém khop nhau hon. Ban cé thé gi thich tai sao lai nhu thé duoc khong? Ching ta sé céin phai thay déi thé nao qué trinh m6 phong dé cé duge két qua khdp véi gid tri ly thuyét tai cdc ty s6 tin/tap cao? 5.2.3 CAC PHUGNG PHAP TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU NHI PHAN KHAC Phuong phdp truyén dan tin hi¢u nhi phan da duge mo ta trén day dua tren viéc sit dung cc tin hiéu truce giao. Tiép theo day ching toi sé mo 12 hai phuong phap khac ding dé tuyén thong tin nhi phan qua mot kénh trayén tin. Mot phuong phap thi 4p dung cdc tin hiéu déi cuc con phuong phap kia 4p dung tin hi¢u kiéu dong-ngat (on-off-type signal). Cac tin hiéu déi cuc ding cho truyén dan tin hiéu nhi phan Hai dang sOng tin hiéu duge néi 1a d6i cue néu dang séng tin higu nay bang am ctia dang s6ng tin hiéu kia. Thi du, mét cap tin hiéu déi cuc duge minh hoa trén hinh 5.10(a) va mot cap thtt hai duge minh hoa trén hinh 5.10(b). 0) Aso Ast) Aso ol ™ 0 0 an 7 A “AL “A Hinh 5.10 Céc thi du vé cdc cap tin hi¢u d6i cuc. Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GC 213Proakis I. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Gia sit chting ta sit dung cdc dang song tin hiéu déi cute so(=s(t) va \(Q=-s(t) dé truyén dan thong tin nhi phan, trong dé s(¢) 1a mot dang séng tuy nao d6 c6 nang luong la E. Dang s6ng tin hiéu thu duoc tir mot kenh AWGN cé thé biéu dién dugc theo Mh=t()tn), OStST, (8.2.24) May thu t6i uu dé khoi phuc thong tin nhi phan sit dung chi mot bé tinh tuong quan hoac chi mot bd loc phéi hop, phdi hgp voi s(), mac néi tiép véi mot b6 téch tin hi¢u nhu duge minh hoa trén hinh 5.11. Ta hay gia str rang s(¢) da duge truyén di, vi vay tin higu thu duge 1a r(O) = s(t) + ni) (5.2.25) L6i ra cla bé tuong quan hay b6 loc phéi hop 6 thoi diém lay mau 1=T;, a r=E+n (5.2.26) trong dé E 1a nang Iuong tin hiéu con n Ja thinh phan tap am cong biéu dién duoc theo 1 n= r(as(ode (5.2.27) 3 ‘Tin hiéu thu BQ loc phdi hop BO tach Quyét dinh duge (4) PsP yt) Lay mau wi tin hieu Ioira t=T, (@) Tin hiéu thu Quyét dinh duge r(t) |p Idira Hinh 5.11 May thu t6i mu &6i vai cdc tin hieu d6i cuc. (a) BO giai diéu ché ding mach loc phéi hyp; (b) BO giai diéu ché ding 66 tinh twong quan 214 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Do qué trinh tap 4m cOng c6 ky vong bing khong nén E(n) = 0. Phuong sai cia thanh phan tap am n 1a ih, 5 o = i JEln@n(a))s()s(e)dede a OO 5 NE (5.2.28) => Joe -2)s Ostrander = a fs? @at=—2 3 3 Do dé ham mat do xdc suat ctta r khi s(¢) da duge trayén di la p(ri s(t) da duge truyén di) = p(o| 0) = E20 (5.2.29) van Tuong tu nhu vay, khi dang séng tin hiéu —s(f) duoc truyén di, tin hiéu 16i vao bé tach tin hiéu sé 1a rs-E+n (5.2.30) va ham mat d6 xdc suat ctia r 1a P(r s(¢) da duoc trnyén di) = p(rl 1) = 1 gree) tot (5.2.31) 220 Hai ham mat d6 xac suat nay duge minh hoa trén hinh 5.12. pinoy € Hinh 5.12 Ham mat do xéc sudt d6i véi tin hiéu 16i vao bo tach tin hiéu. D6i vi cdc dang séng tin hiéu déng xac suat, bo tach tin hiéu toi uu thuc hién so sénh r véi nguOng bang 0. Néu r>0, nd sé quyét dinh ring s(f) da duge truyén di. Néu r<0, bé tach tin hiu sé quyét dinh rang —s(2) da duge truyén di. Tap am gay r6i tin hiéu thi gay nén cac 16i tai bO tach tin hiéu. X4e suat cha mot Idi t4ch tin hiéu tinh duge dé dang. Gia sir ring s(¢) da duge truyén di. Khi do xdc suat 18i bang v6i x4c suat dé r<; nghia 1a Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 215Proakis J. G. va Satehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY P.= Pd) = — fee ar vino aro =of FE) (5.2.32) Mot két qua tuong ty ciing sé nhan dugc khi —s(t) duoc truyén di. Hé qua 1a khi hai dang song tin hi¢u déng xac suat thi xc suat 16) tung binh dude cho béi (5.2.32). Khi so s4nh xdc suat 16i doi véi cdc tin hiéu d6i cuc véi xdc suat 16i déi v6i cAc tin hiéu true giao dugc cho bai (5.2.23) ching ta thay ring d6i voi cing mot nang luong tin hiéu dugc truyén di E thi cae tin biu déi cuc cho mot chat luong hoat dong tt hon. Hoac theo mot cach khac, chting ta c6 thé ndi rang cdc tin hiéu doi cuc sé c6 cling mot chat lugng hoat dong (cé cing xdc suat 16i) nhu cac tin hiéu truc giao bang cach sit dung mot nang luong tin hiéu truyén di bang mot nita nang long tin hiéu duge trayén di déi vai cdc tia hiéu truc giao. Do vay, cdc tin hiéu déi cuc hiéu qua hon cac tin hiéu truc giao 3 dB. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 5.5 [M6 phong hé théng tin hiev 46% eye nhi phan} Hay sir dung m6 phong Monte-Carlo dé udc lugng va vé dé thi chat lugng x4c suat 16i cia mot hé thong truyén tin sit dung tin hiéu doi cue nhj phan, Mo hinh cia hé thong nay duoc minh hoa trén hinh 5.13. BO ta0 56 BO tao sé ngau ngdu abien nhién phan b6 Gaus: han bd déu Nguén dir Da lieu 1igu nbi phan Wira So sérih Bo dém 16i Hinh 5.13 Mo hinh cia mot he th6ng truyén tin nhj phan 4p dung c4c tin higu 86% cuc. 216 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU S6 BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Lai giai Nhu da dugc cho thay, chting ta sé m6 phéng viéc tao bién ngdu nhién r 1 tin hiéu dau vao cla bo tach tin hiéu. Mot bé tao s6 ngdu nhién phan bé déu duge sit dung dé tao ra chudi thong tin nhi phan tit nguén dit liéu nhi phan. Chuéi cdc bit 0 va 1 nay duoc dnh xa thanh mot chudi gém +E, trong d6 E biéu thi nang luong cia tin hiéu. E cé thé dugc chudn hod thanh don vi. Mot b6 tao tap 4m Gauss duge sit dung dé tao ra chudi cdc sé ngdu nhién Gauss cé ky vong bang 0 va phuoung sai bing 0”. Bd tach tin hiéu so sénh bién ngdu nhién r voi nguong 0. Néu r>0, quyét dinh duge dua ra 1a bit di dugc truyén di 1a bit 0. Néu r<0, quyét dinh duge dua ra 1a bit da duge truyén di 1a bit 1. L6i ra cla bo tach tin hiéu duge so sdnh véi chuéi bit thong tin da dugc truyén di va Idi sé duge dém. Hinh 5.14 minh hoa chudi cdc két qua cla m6 phéng nay déi véi viéc trayén din 10 000 bit tai mt sO gid tri khdéc nhau cia SNR. Gié tri ly thuyét cha P, diye cho bii (5.2.32) cling duge vé trén hinh 5.14 dé so sanh. Cac MATLAB script cho bai tap nay dugc cho tiép sau day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrated Problem 5, Chapter 5. echo on for i=1: length SNRindB1), % simulated error rate smld_err_prb(i)=smldPe55(SNRindBI(i)); echo off; end; echo on; for i=1:length(SNRindB2), SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); % theoretical error rate theo_err_prb(i)=Qfunct(sqrt(2*SNR)); echo off; end; echo on; % Plotting commands follow Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIGU SO BANG GOC 217Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC UB THONG TI IN HIEN NAY semilogy(SNRindBI1 smld_err_prb,*"); hold semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); m-file function {pl=smldPe55(snr_in_dB) % {p}=smldPeS5(snr_in_dB) % — SMLDPESS simulates the probability of error for the particular % value of snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in dB. =1; SNR=exp(snr_in_dB*log(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio sgma=E/sqrt(2*SNR); % sigma, standard deviation of noise N=10000; % generation of the binary data source follows for i=1:N, temp=rand; % a uniform random variable over (0,1) if (temp<0.5), dsource(i)=0; % with probability 1/2, source output is 0 % with probability 1/2, source output is 1 end; % the detection, and probability of error calculation follows numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % The matched filter outputs if (dsource(i)==0), r=-E+gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "0" else r=E+gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "1" end; % detector follows % decision is "0" % decision is "1" end; if (decis~=dsource(i)), % if it is an error, increase the error counter numoferr=numoferr+1; end; end; p=numoferr/N; % probability of error estimate 218 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Cac tin hiéu déng-ngat ding cho truyén dén tin hiéu nhi phan Mot chudi thong tin nhi phan ciing cé thé truyén déin dugc nhd sit dung cdc tin higu dong-ngat. Dé truyén mot bit 0, khong tin hiéu nao duge truyén di trong khoang thdi gian tén tai tin hiéu 7;. Dé truyén mot bit 1 thi mot dang sdng tin hiéu s(f) duoc truyén di. Hé qua 1a, dang sng tin hiéu nhan duge cd thé biéu dién duge theo n(t), néu mét 0 duge truyén di r= 1 s(t)+n(t), néu mot 1 duge truyén di 6.2.33) trong d6 n(¢) biéu thi tap am Gauss cng trang. Giéng nhu trong trudng hop cdc tin hiéu d6i cuc, may thu t6i uu cing g6m mot b6 tuong quan tin hiéu hay mOt mach loc phéi hyp, phoi hyp vdi s(A), c6 dau ra duge lay mau tai t=, ri mac n6i tip t6i mot bé téch tin hi¢u ma né so sdnh tin hiéu dau ra di dugc lay miu d6 véi gid ti nguéng ky hieu 1a a. Néu r>a@, mot bit 1 duoc tuyén bé la da duge truyén di, trdi lai thi m6t 0 duge tuyén bé 1a da dugc truyén di. Tin hiéu 16i vao b6 tach tin hiéu c6 thé biéu dién dugc theo ny néu mot 0 duge truyén di * fi +n, néu mot 1 duge — di oa ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU S6 BANG GOC 219Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trong d6 n Ja mot bién ngdu nhién Gauss ky vong bing 0 voi phuong sai @=EN,J2. Do dé cdc ham mat d6 xéc suat diéu kién cha bién ngdu nhien r 1a Lyrae? : on dj p(lO)= =e", nnéu mot 0 duge truyén di Vv210 pl Y= a e-FF 2 ney mot 1 duge truyén di no C4c ham mat d6 xdc suat nay dugc minh hoa trén hinh 5.15. Hinh 5.15 Cac him mat do xc sudt d6i v6i tin higu nhan duge tai Wi ra cia bo tuong quan déi véi céc tin hidu déng-ngat. Khi mot 0 duge truyén di, x4c sudt 16i 1a P.,(a) = P(r >a) = ae fe P12 dy (5.2.35) trong dé @ 1a nguéng. Mat khdc, khi mot 1 dugc truyén di, xdc suat 16i 1a ta 2/262 P, (a) = P(r 5)(f) Ol s(t) 10> s,(t) 11> 80) M6i mot cap bit thong tin {00, 01, 10, 11} dugc goi 1a mot ky hiéu hay mot dau (symbol) va thdi gian tén tai T dugc goi 1a khoang thdi gian cha symbol. Hay dé ¥ rng néu t6c d6 bit 1a R=1/T,, thdi gian cia mot symbol T=2T,,. Do t&t c& cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu déu 1a cdc phién ban ty 1é cla ham co sé cha tin hiéu g(t) nén Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TEN HIEU SO BANG GOC 227Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY cdc dang s6ng tin hieu nay cé thé biéu dién duge mot cdch hinh hoc nhu cdc diém trén dudng thang truc thuc. Nhu vay, biéu dién hinh hoc cita 4 tin higu PAM 1a biéu dé sao cita tin hiéu (signal constellation diagram) dugc thé bién tren hinh 5.20. 00 o1 Ml 10 3d -d 0 d 3d Hinh 5.20 Biéu dé sao cia tin hi¢u déi véi 4 dang song tin hi¢u PAM. Ciing nhu trong trudng hgp cdc tin hiéu nhi phan, chting ta ciing gia si rang céc dang s6ng tin hi¢u PAM duoc truyén qua mot kénh AWGN. Hé qua 1a, tin hiéu thu duge biéu dién dugc theo r(t) = s(t)+n(d), i=0, 1,2, 3, Od. Tuy nhién, khi mic bién do +3d va 3d thi Idi chi c6 thé xdy ra vé mot phia. Do bén mtic bién dé déng kha nang, x4c suat 16i m6t symbol trung binh la P, =3Pr- A,]> 4) = ee? ay : 2 Mra (5.3.11) steele ie) dle | Ching ta thay rang binh phuong khoang céch gitta céc mtic bién do ké nhau 1 Qd)'= &. Do d6, xac suat 16i trung binh c6 thé biéu dién dugc theo 3g [= anid F| (5.3.12) Mot cach khdc, xdc suat 16i trung binh cé thé biéu dién duoc theo nang luong tin hiéu. Do tat cd cdc mite bién dé 1a dong kha nang nén nang lugng tin higu trung binh duge truyén di trén mét symbol la at = > foi at = 5a? (5.3.13) ma He qua la d?= E,,/5 va do vay 3 [| (5.3.14) Do méi m6t symbol duge truyén di g6m hai bit théng tin, nang lugng phat trung binh trén mét bit 1a E,,/2=E,,,. Xéc suat 16i trung binh P, duoc vé tren hinh 5.21 nhu mot ham cla SNR duge dinh nghia 18 10log,9(E,,,/No)- BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 5.8 (M6 phong tin hiéu nhiéu bién do] Hay thuc hién mot m6 phéng Monte-Carlo cla hé théng truyén tin PAM bon mutc cé sit dung mot b6 tuong quan tin hiéu, nhu da dugc m6 ta 6 trén, mac ndi tiép voi mot bo 230 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TEN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY __ tach bién do, Mé hinh di v6i hé théng duge dua vao mé phong nay dugc thé hign tren hinh 5.22, ot ° 5 10 15 10 Jopj97:/Nq Hinh 5.21 XAc suat 16i symbol ddi voi PAM bon mitc. ‘BO dém 16i So sink Tl ave 4, M (econ Ba 7 r — nn RNG X jah xa thanh A BO tach phan bé déu mic bién do tin hieu ne (0, ) BO tao so ngau nhien Gauss Hinh 5.22 So dé khoi cla PAM bén mic dé mo phong Monte-Carlo. Lai giai Nhu da hudng dn, ching ta m6 phong viéc tao bién ngdu nbien r 1a 16i ra cha b6 tuong quan tin higu va 18 16i vao cila bé tach bién do. Chting ta bat dau bang vide tgo ra mot day cdc symbol bOn mife ma chting réi sé duge anh xa thanh Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANGGOC 21cdc bién dé tuong img {A,,}. Dé hoan thanh nhiém vu nay, chting ta sir dung mot bO tao sO ngdu nhién tao ra mot s6 ngdu nhien phan bs déu tren dai (0, 1). Dai nay duoc chia nhé thanh 4 khodng bang nhau (0, 0.25), (0.25, 0.5), (0.5, 0.75) va (0.75, 1), trong d6 cdc khoang con lin luot ting voi cdc symbol (céc cap bit mang tin) 00, 01, 10 va 11. Nhu thé, san phdm dau ra cia b6 tao s6 ngdu nhién phan bo déu duoc nh xa thanh cdc mite bién dO tin hi¢u tuong tng (-3d, -d, d, 34). Thanh phan tap am cong c6 ky vong bang 0 va phuong sai o? dugc tao ra bang mot b6 tao sé ngdu nhién Gauss. Dé thuan tién, ching ta cé thé chudn hod tham s6 khoang cach d = 1 va cho o” bién thién. BO tach bién dé quan sat r = A,,+n va tinh khoang céch gitta r va bén mite bién do duge truyén di c6 thé 6. Léi ra A, cla n6 1 bién do tng voi khodng cach nhé nhéat. 4, dugc so s4nh véi bien 46 tin hiéu thuc su da truyén di va mot bd dém 146i duge stt dung dé dém cdc 146i sinh ra do bé6 tach bién do quyét dinh nhdm. Hinh 5.23 minh hoa cdc két qua cia mo phéng véi viée truyén N = 10 000 symbol tai cdc gid tri khac nhau cia SNR bit trung binh duge xdc dinh theo (5.3.15) Hay dé ¥ mitc do sat hop gitta cic két qua mo phong va cdc gid tri ly thuyét cia P, duge tinh tir (5.3.14). Céc MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrated Problem 8, Chapter 5. echo on SNRindB 12; SNRindB: 12; for i=1:length(SNRindB1), % simulated error rate smld_err_prb(i)=smldPeS8(SNRindB1(i)); echo off; end; 232 ~~ Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY echo on; for i=1:length(SNRindB2), % signal to noise ratio SNR_per_bit=exp(SNR indB2(i)*log(10)/10); % theoretical error rate theo_err_prb(i)=(3/2)*Qfunct(sqrt((4/5)*SNR_per_bit)); echo off; end; echo on; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1 ,smld_err_prb,'*'); hold semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); m-file function [p]=smldPe58(snr_in_dB) % |p} =smldPeS8(sur_in_dB) % SMLDPES8 simulates the probability of error for the given % —— snr_in dB, signal to noise ratio in dB. d=1; SNR=exp(sir_in_dB*tog(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio per bit sema=sqrt((5*d*2)/(4*SNR)); % sigma, standard deviation of noise N=10000; % number of symbols being simulated % generation of the quarternary data source follows for i: temp=rand; % a uniform random variable over (0,1) if (temp<0.25), dsource(i)=0; % with probability 1/4, source output is "00" elseif (temp<0.5), dsource(i)=1; % with probability 1/4, source output is "01" elseif (temp<0.75), dsource(i)=2; % with probability 1/4, source ouput is. "10" else dsource(i)=3; % with probability 1/4, source output is "11" end end; % detection, and probability of error calculation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % The matched filter outputs if (dsource(i)==0), Chuang 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 233Proakis J. G.va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY r=-3*d+-gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "00" elseif (dsource(i)==1), d+gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "01" elseif (dsource(i)==2) r=d+gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "10" else r=3*d+gngauss(sgma); % if the source output is "11" end, % detector follows if (r<-2*d), decis=0; % decision is "00" elseif (r<0), decis=1; % decision is "01" elseif (r<2*d), decis=2; % decision is "10" else % decision is "11" cis~=dsource(i)), % if it is an error, increase the error counter numoferr=numoferr+ 1; end; end; p=numoferr/N; % probability of error estimate 10° wt 10? el wot reer Opener oe 4 6 8 0 2 JO Wp eI) Hinh 5.23 Xéc suét 16i d6i voi mo phong Monte-Carlo so sah v6i x4c sudt 16i ly thuyét d6i v6i 4-PAM. 234 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC_Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 5.3.3 CAC DANG SONG TIN HIEU VOI NHIEU MUC BIEN DO Viéc xay dung cdc tin hiéu nhiéu hon b6n mic bién do thi tuong déi don gian. Noi chung, mét tap g6m M = 2 dang s6ng tin hieu nhiéu mtic bien d6 biéu dién duge theo Sm) = AmB), O< eT, m=0, 1, 2,...,M-1 trong d6 M gid tri bién do dugc phan cach déu va dugc cho theo A,= (2m-M+1)d, m=0,1,2,...,M-1 (5.3.16) con g(t) 1a mét xung hinh chit nhat da duoc dinh nghia trong (5.3.2). Méi mot dang song tin hiéu tai k = log,M bit thong tin. Khi t6c d6 bit 1a R = 1/T, thi t6c do symbol tuong tmg 1a 1/P = 1/KT,. Gidng nhv trong trudng hop PAM b6n miic, may thu cing gdm mot bo tuong quan tin hiéu (hay mOt bd loc ph6i hop) mac néi tiép \6i mot bd tach bién do thuc hién tinh cdc khodng cdch Euclide duce cho béi (5.3.10) déi véi m = 0, 1, 2,..., M-1. Déi voi cdc mic bién dé déng kha nang, quyét dinh dugc biéu quyét cho mite bién do nao ting véi Khoang cdch nhé nhat. 10 bopy(ycn No Hinh 5.24 Xéc sudt 16i symbol (SER) ddi vi M-PAM, véi M=2, 4, 8, 16. XAc sudt 16i d6i v6i bd tach tin hiéu t6i uu trong hé thong PAM M mite (M- PAM) dé dang chi ra dugc 1a Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 235Proakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY 2M ~1) d M War Py = (5.3.17) trong do E,,,, la nang long trung binh cia tin hiéu tinh trén mot bit mang tin. Hinh 5.24 minh hoa x4c suat 16i symbol di voi M=2, 4, 8, 16. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 5.9 [Mo phéng PAM] Hay thuc hién mot mo phéng Monte- Carlo cia mot hé thong truyén tin s6 PAM 16 mite va hay dénh gid chat Iuong ty Ie 16i cha nd. Loi gi: So d6 khéi co ban duoc trinh bay trén hinh 5.22 dugc 4p dung mot cach téng quat. Mot bd tao sé ngdu nhién phan bO déu duge sit dung dé tao chudi caéc symbol mang théng tin ma chting duge xem nhu cdc khdi 4 bit thong tin. Cac symbol 16 phan c6 thé tao dug mét cach truc tiép bang cach chia nhé khoang (0, 1) thanh 16 khodng con rong nhu nhau réi sau dé dnh xa céc symbol 16 phan thanh cac bien dé tin hin 16 méc. Mot chudi tap am Gauss tring dugc cong vao chudi symbol mang tin 16 mic va tin higu cong tap Am thu duge dugc c4p vao bo tach bién do. B6 tach bién dé tinh cdc metric khoang c4ch duge cho theo (5.3.10) va chon ra bién d6 tg v6i metric nho nhat. L6i ra bd tach bién do duge so sénh v6i chudi symbol thong tin da dugc truyén va cic 18i sé duge dém. Hinh 5.25 minh hoa ty lé 16i danh gid duge déi véi 10 000 symbol duge truyén va ty 1é 161 symbol \¥ thayét tinh theo (5.3.17) voi M=16. Cac MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Hlustrative Problem 9, Chapter 5. echo on SNRindB SNRindB =5:0.1: 25; % simulated error rate 236 ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY __ smld_err_prb(i)=smldPe59(SNRindB1(i)); echo off; end; echo on ; for i=1:length(SNRindB2), SNR_per_bit=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); % theoretical error rate theo_err_prb(i)=(2*(M-1)/M)*Qfunct(sqrt(6*log2(M)/(M42-1))*SNR_per_bit)); echo off; end; echo on; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1,smld_err_prb,'*’); hold semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); a ee 10 15 20 2s LO log /N) Hinh 5.25 Ty le Idi ti mo phéng Monte-Carlo so sdnh véi xéc suat Idi ly thuyét di v6i 16-PAM. m-file function [p]=smldPe59(snr_in_dB) % [p]=smldPe59(snr_in_dB) % ~~ SMLDPES9 simulates the error probability for the given snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in dB. 6; % 16-ary PAM Chuang 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIRU SO BANG GOC 237,_ Proakis J. G, va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY SNR=exp(snr_in_dB*log(10)/10): % signal to noise ratio per bit sgma=sqrt((85*d*2)/(8*SNR)); % sigma, standard deviation of noise N=10000; % number of symbols being simulated % generation of the quarternary data source for i= 1:N, temp=rand; % a uniform random variable over (0,1) index=floor(M*temp); % the index is an integer from 0 to M-1, where % all the possible values are equally likely dsource(i)=index; end; % detection, and probability of error calculation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % matched filter outputs % (2*dsource(i}-M-+1)*d is the mapping to the 16-ary constellation t=(2*dsource(i}-M+1)*d+gngauss(sgma); % the detector if (r>(M-2)*d), decis=15; elseif (r>(M-4)*d), decis=14; elseif (r>(M-6)*d), decis=13; elseif (r>(M-8)*d), decis=12; elseif (r>(M-10)*d), decis=11; elseif (r>(M-12)*d), decis=10; elseif (r>(M-14)*d), decis=9; elseif (r>(M-16)*d), decis=8; elseif (r>(M-18)*d), decis=7; elseif (r>(M-20)*d), decis=6; elseif (r>(M-22)*d), decis=5; elseif (r>(M-24)*d), decis=4; elseif (r>(M-26)*d), decis=3; 238 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU 86 BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Satehi M.: CAC H&: THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. elseif (r>(M-28)*d), decis=2; elseif (r>(M-30)*d), decis=1; else decis=0; end; if (decis~=dsource(i)), % if it is an error, increase the error counter numoferr=numoferr+ 1; end; end; p=numoferr/N; % probability of error estimate 5.4 CAC TIN HIEU NHIEU CHIEU Trong mye trude ching ta da xay dung cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu nhiéu bién 46 cho phép ching ta truyén nhiéu bit trén mot dang séng tin hi¢u. Nhu thé, v6i cdc dang song tin hiéu cé M = 2' mitc bién dO chiing ta cé thé truyén duge k = log,M bit théng tin trén mét dang sdng tin hiéu. Chung ta cing da thay duoc rang céc tin hiéu nhiéu mitc bién 46 cé thé biéu dién mot cdch hinh hoc duge nhu M diém tren dudng thang truc thuc (xem hinh 5.20). Cac dang séng tin hiéu nhu thé duoc goi la cdc tin higu mot chiéu (one-dimensional). Trong muc nay, chting ta sé xét viéc xay dung mot Iép gm M = 2* dang song tin hiéu ma chting cé biéu dién hinh hoc nhiéu chiéu. Nghia 1a, tap cdc dang song tin hiéu cé thé biéu dién hinh hoc duge bang cdc diém trong mot khong gian N chiéu. Chting ta ciing da thay duge rang cdc tin hiéu true giao nhj phan biéu dién duge mot cach hinh hoc nhu céc diém trong khong gian hai chiéu. 5.4.1 CAC TIN HIBU TRUC GIAO NHIEU CHIEU C6 nhiéu cach dé xay dung cdc dang séng tin hiéu nhiéu chiéu_v6i nhiéu tinh chat khac nhau. Trong muc nay ching ta sé xem xét viéc xay dung mdt tap gom M = 2 dang s6ng s(t), 46i vi i = 0, 1, 2,..., M-1, ma ching cé céc tinh chit (a) tinh truc giao lan nhau va (b) cé cing nang lugng. Hai tinh chat nay c6 thé biéu dién Chong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG G6C 239_Proakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY dugc mét cdch c6 dong nhu sau r fs,.@s, ae =Eb,, ik =01,2,05M~1 (5.4.1) trong dé £ 1a nang lugng cla méi mot dang song tin hiéu con 6, duge goi la delta Kronecker, duge dinh nghia theo if, ik 5 “ft aah (5.4.2) Gidng nhu trong thao luan trudc day cia ta, ching ta gia sit rang mot nguén thong tin cung cap mot chudi cdc bit thong tin ma chting thi duoc truyén qua mot kenh truyén tin. Cac bit thong tin xuat hién voi mot tc d6 déu R bit/giay. Nghich dao cita R 1a khodng thdi gian cla mot bit T,. BO digu ché nhan k bit mot lén va 4nh xa ching thanh mot trong M = 2 dang song tin hi¢u. Mdi mot khdi & bit dé duge goi 1a mot symbol. Khoang thdi gian c6 dugc dé truyén méi mét symbol 1a T =K1,, Do vay T 1a thdi gian cla mot symbol. C&ch don gian nhat dé xay dung mot tap gém M = 2‘ dang song truc giao cing nang Iugng trong khodng (0, T) 1a chia nhd khoang thi gian nay thanh M khoang con déu nhau co thdi gian tén tai A 7/M va gén mot dang song tin hiéu cho méi mot khoang con d6. Hinh 5.26 minh hoa mot cdch xay dung nbu vay déi v6i M = 4 tin hiéu. Tat cA cdc dang song tin hi¢u dugc xay dung theo cdch nay c6 cing nang lugng dugc cho theo r E= [si (oat, 7=0,1,2,....M-1 o (5.4.3) _AT -S / Tap cdc dang sng truc giao nhu thé cé thé biéu dién dugc nhu mot tap g6m M véc-to truc giao, tite 1a s9=( VE , 0, 0,..., 0) 5,=(, VE ,0,..., 0) aot 0, 0,..., VE) (5.4.4) Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Asoo) A sii) A AL 1) 44 boy Tia T ke T4 TID T oa A s(t) ar 4 i me 14 | : 72 37/4 «oT a 37/4 oT Hinh 5.26 Mot thi du vé 4 dang s6ng tin higu truc giao cling nang Luong. Hinh 5.27 minh hoa cdc diém tin hiéu (cdc biéu dé sao cia tin hiéu) trong img voi M=2 va M=3 tin hieu true giao. Ta hay gi ir rang cdc dang sng tin hiéu truc giao nay duge str dung dé truyén thong tin qua mot kenh AWGN. He qué a, néu dang song da truyén 1a s,(¢) thi dang song thu duge 1a r(N=s()+n(), OstsT, i=0, 1, M-1 (5.4.5) trong d6 n(¢) a mot ham mau cia mot qué trinh tap am Gauss trang véi phé cong sudt No/2 [W/Hz]. May thu quan sat tin hiéu r(s) va quyét dinh xem dang séng nao trong M dang song da dugc truyén di. VE a a JE kyE-! * M=3 Hinh 5.27 Cac biéu dé sao tin hiéu d6i véi cdc tin hi¢u truc giao véi M=2 va M=3. May thu toi un déi voi kénh AWGN May thu tdi thiéu hod x4c suat 16i truéc hét cho tin higu r() qua mot day song song gdm M bé6 tuong quan. Do cdc b6 tuong quan tin hiéu va cac b} loc phéi hop TI3 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 241Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 06 duge cing cdc tin hiéu 16i ra tai thoi diém lay mau nén ta hay xét trudng hop cdc bd tuong quan tin hiéu dug sit dung, nhu duge thé hién trén hinh 5.28. ri re Joat- é BO is 7 B Quyét dinh Joae} 7} tact | cia 3 Tin. [| HIEU Jo pH y| Hinh 5.28 May thu t6i uu d6i véi céc tin higu tryc giao nhiéu chiéu. Cac b6 tuong quan tin hiéu Tin higu thu dugc r(¢) dugc tinh tong quan chéo véi timg dang song trong M dang song tin hiéu va cdc Idi ra cla cdc b6 tuong quan dugc lay mau tai f=T. Nhu vay, M Iéi ra cla cdc bo tuong quan 1a r n= fs (Odt, 1 =0,1,2,..,M=1 (5.4.6) 3 ma ching c6 thé biéu dién duoc dudi dang véc-to: r=[7o, Fr)... Gia sit rang dang song tin hiéu sy(¢) di duge truyén di. Khi 6 r= Jss(odr + Jn(t)s,()dt = E+ ny (5.4.7) con n= Jou(t)s,(e)at + Jats, ae . ° (5.4.8) = Juce)s, dt =n,, 7=1,2,3...,M-1 trong d6 r n= Jrte)s,(nat (5.4.9) 242 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY __ _ Nhu vay, 16i ra ro g6m mot thanh phan tin hiéu E va mot thanh phan tap 4m np, M--1 16i ra khéc chi c6 thanh phan tap 4m. M6i mot trong cdc thanh phan tap am déu 1a bién ngdu nhién Gauss voi ky vong bang khong va phuong sai E(n?) = Thos, Etmeon(ey|tedr oe (5.4.10) N oT Not 5 J Jaosense = t)dtde == Js (dt = Ban doc hay manh dan chimg minh ring E(n,7)) = 0, trong dé i # j. Diéu d6 dan dén cdc ham mat dO xdc sudt doi véi cdc I6i ra cha cde bO twong quan la - A Lig 8)? /207 P(rd So(t) da duge truyén di)=———e“ on ee Daaa 1 wp Ita? ela P(r] so(t) da dugc truyén di)= 20 B6 tach tin hiéu Bo tach tin hiéu téi uu quan sat M 16i ra r; cha cdc bo tuong quan, trong dé i=0, 1, 2,.... M-1, va chon ra tin hi¢u tuong tng vi I6i ra b6 tuong quan cé tri 4c sudt quyét dinh ding don 16n nhdt. Trong trudng hgp s(t) duoc truyén di, gian la xdc suat dé ry> r; d6i voi i = 1, 2,..., M-1, hay Po= Plrer ry, Fo> Pa, TPT Mer) (5.4.11) va xdc sudt ca mot 16i symbol don gian 1a Py 1-Po= I= Plrg>ry, ro>Fayeess Po>T ua) (5.4.12) Cé thé chiing minh duoc ring Py o6 thé biéu dién duoc duéi dang tich phan theo 1% 2 p, =. fh-n- to ARETNG 2 5.4.13 , re it 1-00)" dy (5.4.13) D6i v6i trudng hop dic biet M=2, bigu thitc (5.4.13) nit lai con 4 ma no chinh Ja két qua ching ta da thu dugc trong muc 5.2 d6i v truc giao nhi phan. Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU 86 BANG GOC 243Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Cing mot biéu thitc vé xdc suat 16i nhan dugc khi bat ky mot trong M-1 tin hiéu khdc dugc truyén di. Do tat cd M tin hiéu 1a déng xdc suat, bidu thttc d6i voi Py duc cho béi (5.4.13) chinh IA xdc suat 16i symbol trung binh. XAc sudt nay c6 thé dénh gid dugc bang phuong phdp tinh sd. D6i khi ching ta mu6n bién déi xdc sudt cha mot 16i symbol thanh mot xéc sudt tuong duong cua mot 16i digit nhi phan (bit). Déi véi cdc tin hiéu truc giao déng xdc suat, moi 16i symbol 1a déng kha nang va xy ra véi x4c sudt Pu Py M 2F-1 (5.4.14) Hon thé nita, c6 ca thay (+)” cdch trong 46 n bit trong k bit cia mot symbol 6 thé bi 16i. Do vay, s6 lung trung binh cdc 16i bit tren mot symbol k bit bi 16i 1a & (5.4.15) va xdc suat 16i bit trung binh thi chinh 18 két qua trong (5.4.15) dugc chia cho k 1a s6 bit cia mot symbol. Nhu vay, (5.4.16) Céc dé thi cha x4c sudt ca mot 16i digit nhi phan nhu mot ham clia SNR tinh theo bit, £,/No, duge thé hién trén hinh 5.29 doi voi M=2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, trong dé £,=E/k la nang luong tinh trén mot bit. Hinh vé nay cho thay ro ring bang cach tang s6 M cac dang song ta c6 thé gidm SNR theo bit cén thiét dé dat duge mot xéc suat 16i bit di cho. MATLAB script dé tinh xdc suat 16i trong (5.4.13) dugc cho dudi day. m-file % MATLAB script that generates the probability of error versus the signal to noise ratio initial_snr=0; final_snr=15; ” (4) 1a ky higu t6 hop chap » cia k phén tt, duge xéc dinh theo ({ )= “ i(k =n) (ND.) 244 ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIERN NAY snr_step=1; % Tolerance used for the integration % This is practically -infinity plus_inf=20; % This is practically infinity snr_in_dB=initial_snr:snr_step:final_snr; for snr=104(snr_in. _ dB(i)/10); Pe_2(i)=Qfunct(sqrt(snr)); Pe_4(i)=(2/3)*quad8(‘bdt_int’ ,minus_inf,plus_inf,tolerance,[],snr,4); /7)*quad8(‘bdt_int',minus_inf,plus_inf,tolerance,[],snr,8); (8/15)*quad8(’bdt_int’,minus_inf,plus_inf,tolerance,[],snr,16); Pe_32(i)=(16/31)*quad8(‘bdt_int’ ,minus_inf,plus_inf,tolerance,{],snr,32); Pe_64(i)=(32/63)*quad8(‘bdt_int’,minus_inf,plus_inf,tolerance,{],snr,64); echo off; end; % Plotting commands follow 10 bog ote /Nq) Hinh 5.29 Xéc sust I6i bit d6i v6i céc tin higu truc giao. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 5.10 {M6 phéng truyén dan bang tin hiéu truc giao] Hay thuc hién mot mo phéng Monte-Carlo vé mot hé thong truyén tin s6 4p dung M=4 tin hiéu truc giao. M6 hinh ciia hé théng dua vao mo phéng dugc minh hoa trén hinh 5.30. ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIRU SO BANG G6C 245Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY RNG Gauss i r RNG Gauss a 0 n BO TACH| Quyéi dink RNG Gauss TEN HrBU | 272 5, fh RNG phan Goh xa thinh eke] © n bo déu digm tin higu RNG Gauss m5 0 rs 5 So sénih L_* BO fg 5; v6i 3, BO dém 1di Hinh 5.30 So dé khdi cita hé thong voi M=4 tin higu truc giao ding cho m6 phong Monte-Carlo. Lai giai Nhu da huéng dan, ching ta m6 phong viée tao cdc bién ngdu nhién ro. r,, ro, Py A tin hiév 16i vao bd tach tin hiéu. Chuing ta trudc hét tao ra mot chudi nhi phan cdc con s6 0 va 1 ma ching xuat hién véi x4c sudt nhur nhau va doc lap thong ké voi nhau nhu trong bai tap minh hoa 5.4. Chudi nhi phan nay duge nhém thinh céc cap bit ma ching sau d6 duoc 4nh xa thanh cdc thanh phdn tin hi¢u tuong tng. Mot cdch khac d6i véi viée tao cde bit riéng ré 1a tao nén cdc cap bit nhu trong bai tap minh hoa 5.8, Trong bat ky trudng hop nao, chting ta cing c6 duoc viee anh xa céa 4 symbol thanh cic diém tin higu VE ,0,0,0), 01» s,=(@, VE, 0,0) 0, VE.0); 00> 5=(0,0,0, VF) (5.4.17) 246 ~~ Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU SO BANG GOC 00> 5, 10 > s.=(Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H&. THONG THONG TIN HIBN NAY Céc thanh phan tap 4m céng io, m;, M2, n; dugc tao ra bang b6n b6 tao tap am Gauss, mdi mot trong ching déu c6 ky vong bing 0 va phuong sai bing o°=NoE/2. Dé thuan tién, ching ta c6 thé chudn hod ning luong cita mot symbol thanh E=1 va cho 0” bién thién. Do E=2£, nén E,=1/2. L6i ra bé tich tin hiéu duoc so sénh véi chudi bit d4 dugc truyén di va mot b6 dém 16i duge sir dung dé dém s6 cdc 16i bit. Hinh 5.31 minh hoa céc két qua m6 phéng déi véi viéc truyén din 20 000 bit tai cdc gid tri khdc nhau cita SNR E,/Np. Hay dé y t6i su thong nhat gitta cdc két qua mo phéng va gid tri ly thuyét cita P, dugc cho trong (5.4.16). 10° ar 10 t 107 e 10 10 io NN o 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 W WO logioC FIN) Hinh 5.31 Xéc svat 16i bit déi v6i M=4 tin hiéu truc giao nhan dugc tir mo phong Monte-Carlo, so sinh v6i x4c suat 161 ly thuyét. Cac MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 10, Chapter 5. echo on SNRindB=0:2:10; for i=1:length(SNRindB), % simulated error rate smld_err_prb(i)=smldP510(SNRindB(i)); echo off; end; Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU 86 BANG GOC 247Proakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY echo on; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB,smld_err_prb,*); m-file function [p]=smldP510(sns_in_dB) % (p]=smldP510(snr_in_dB) % — SMLDPS510 simulates the probability of error for the given % — snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in dB. M=4; % quarternary orthogonal signalling E=1; SNR exp(snr_in_dB*log(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio per bit s rt(E*2/(4*SNR)); % sigma, standard deviation of noise N_10000: % number of symbols being simulated % generation of the quarternary data source for i=1:N, temp=rand; % a uniform random variable over (0,1) if (temp<0.25), dsource1(i)=0; dsource2(i)=0; elseif (temp<0.5), dsourcel (i dsource2(i elseif (temp<0.75), dsource1(i)=1; dsource2(i)=0; else dsource1(i)=1; dsource2(i)=1; end end; % detection, and probability of error calculation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % matched filter outputs if ((dsourcel (i)==0) & (dsource2(i}==0)), r0=sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma), rl=gngauss(sgma); 12=gngauss(sgma); 13=gngauss(sgma), elseif ((dsource1( r0=gngauss(sgma); 0) & (dsource2(i)==1)), 248 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G, va Salehi M: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY rl=sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma); r2=gngauss(sgma); r3=gngauss(sgma); elseif ((dsource I (i}==1) & (dsource2(i)==0)), 10=gngauss(sgma); rl=gngauss(sgma); r2=sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma); 13=gngauss(sgma); else rO=gngauss(sgma); rl=gngauss(sgma); 12=gngauss(sgma); 13=sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma); end; % the detector -max((r0 rl 12 13]); ax_I), decis1=0; decis2=0; decis2=0; else decis1=1; decis2=1; end; % count the number of bit errors made in this decision if (decis1~=dsource 1(i)), % if it is an error, increase the error counter numoferr=numoferr+1; end; if (decis2~=dsource2(i)), % if it is an error, increase the error counter numoferr=numoferr+1; end; end; p=numoferr/(2*N); % bit error probability estimate 5.4.2. CAC TIN HIRU TRUC GIAO DOI (BIORTHOGONAL) Nhu chiing ta da xem xét trong muc truéc, m6t tap g6m M = 2* dang séng truc Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 249Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY giao cing nang lugng cé thé xay dung duge bang céch chia nho khoang théi gian symbol T thanh M khoang con bing nhau c6 do dai T/M va gén mot xung chit nhat cho méi mot khoang con d6. Mot bién phdp tuong ty c6 thé 4p dung duge dé x4y dung mot tap khéc gém M = 2! tin hiéu nhiéu chiéu cé tinh chat truc giao doi. Trong mot tap tin hiéu nhu thé, mot niza s6 céc dang séng Ja truc giao cdn nita kia la cdc dang s6ng d6 song v6i d4u nguoc lai; nghia 1a, 56(2), 51(D),-.-5 Sai 1a cdc dang s6ng tryc giao. M/2 dang s6ng con lai don gian 18 sigyn(t) = -5(0), d6i V6 i=0, 1, 2,..., (M/2)-1. Nhu thé, ching ta cé duge M tin higu ma méi mét trong ching c6 M/2.chiéu. M/2 dang song truc giao c6 thé xay dung dugc mot cach dé dang bang céch chia nhé khoang thi gian symbol T = kT, thanh M/2 khoang con khong chéng lan lén nhau, mdi khoang con cé dd dai 27/M, va gén cho méi mét khoang con mot xung hinh chit nhat. Hinh 5.32 minh hoa mot tap gém M = 4 dang song truc giao doi duoc xay dung theo cdch nay. Biéu dién hinh hoc cila mot tap M tin higu duge xay dumg theo cach nay dugc cho béi cdc diém tin hiéu c6 M/2 chiéu nhu sau: so=(VE , 0, 0,..., 0) s,=(0, VE, 0...., 0) (5.4.18) Supi=C, 0,...,0, VE) Sun=(-VE .0, 0,...,0) sya=O, 04... 0,-VE ) salt) ( sod) s(t) 4 a * o i 2 ' m7! ol nz Ld | mT? o ma ‘ i 0 va chon ra~s(0) néu 7;<0. Dé xéc dinh xéc suat 10i, gid sir ring so(?) da dugc truyén di. Khi 46 xéc suat cia mot quyét dinh ding bang voi xc sudt dé ry= E+m> 0 val rol >I 7; d6i voi £51, Zen (M/2)-1. Nhu vay, ef NaF be P.= [|= ede! p(r,)dr, (5.4.24) trong dé P(r) = ROS: (5.4.25) 10° 10? wt Med wr = 0+ 04 \ or? wen ww wo — ° 2 4 ‘ $ 0 2 10 bog yoy No) Hinh 5.33 Xéc suat 16i symbol d6i vi cc tfn hiéu truc giao doi. Cudi cing, x4c sudt cha mot 16i symbol thi don gidn 1 Py=l-Pe (5.4.26) Po va Py c6 thé dénh gid dugc bang s6 46i voi c4c gid tri M khdc nhau tir (5.4.24) va (5.4.25). D6 thi tren hinh 5.33 minh hoa P,, nhu mot ham cita ty sé tin tren tap Ey/No, trong &6 E=kE,, d6i vi M=2, 4, 8, 16, va 32. Ching ta thay ring d6 thi nay tuong ty v6i dé thi tuong tng d6i v6i cdc tin hiéu truc giao. Tuy nhién, 252 Chuong 5; TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU S6 BANG GSCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY d6i voi cdc tin hiéu truc giao déi, ta hay chi ¥ ring P,> P;. Diéu nay 1 do ching ta da vé trén dé thi hinh 5.33 xdc suat 14i symbol Py. Néu chiing ta vé d6 thi xdc suat 18i bit tuong duong, ta sé thay ring cdc dé thi d6i v6i M = 2 va M = 4 thi tring nhau. MATLAB script dé tinh xdc suat Idi trong (5.4.24) va (5.4.26) duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script that generates the probability of error versus the signal to noise ratio. initial_snr=0; final_snr=12; snr_step=0.75; tolerance: eps; % Tolerance used for the integration % This is practically infinity nr:snr_step:final_snr; iclength(snr in_dB), snr=104(snr_in_dB(i)/10); Pe_2(i)=]-quad8(‘bdt_int2',0,plus_inf,tolerance,[],snr,2); Pe_4(i)=1-quad8(‘bdt_int2',0,plus_inf,tolerance,[],snr,4); ii inf,tolerance,[],snr,8); Pe_32(i)=1-quad8(‘bdt_int2',0,plus_inf,tolerance,[],snr.32); echo off; end; % Plotting commands follow BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 5.11 [Mé phéng truyén tin bang tin hiéu truc giao d6ij Hay thuc hién mét m6 phéng Monte-Carlo adi v6i mot hé théng truyén tin so dp dung M=4 tin hiéu tryc giao doi. M6 hinh cia hé théng dé mo phdng duge minh hoa trén hinh 5.34. Loi giai Giéng nhu da duge chi din, ching ta mo phéng viée tao cdc bién ngdu nhién 7y var, 14 cdc 161 vao bé tach tin hiéu. Ching ta bat dau bang viéc tao ra mot chudi nhi phan céc con sé 0 va 1 ma ching xuat hién véi x4c suat nhut nhau va doc lap thong ké v6i nhau, ging nhur trong bai tap minh hoa 5.4. Chudi nhi phan nay duoc nhom thanh cdc cap bit ma sau dé chting dugc anh xa thanh cdc thanh phdn tin hiéu Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIU SO BANG GOC 253Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY tuong img nhu sau: 00 > so=(VE , 0); 01 > s,=@, VE) 10 > s,=(0, - VE); 11 > s;=(-VE , 0) Mot céch khdc, chting ta c6 thé sir dung phuong php trong bai tap minh hoa 5.8 dé truc tip tao ra cac symbol 2-bit. RNG Gauss n RNG +VE f phan b6 déu BO Quyét dink RNG Gauss tac [lira nh xa thanh céc| _° n Bea 4 diém tin higu . ‘So sinh —ae Te rl 5, Vi 8 ‘Bé dém 16i symbol in higi tye giav dO GE m6 phony Monie-Calo, Do 5,25, va 532-5, Vide gidi diéu ché chi cdn hai bo twong quan tin hiéu hay 2 mach loc ph6i hop, véi cdc dau ra ciia ching a ry va r,. Cac thanh phan tap am cOng ny va n, duige tao ra bang hai bd tao tap 4m Gauss, m6i trong ching c6 ky vong 0 va phuong sai o’=EN,/2. Dé thuan tién, ching ta cé thé chudn hod nang long symbol thanh E=1 va cho o? bién thién. Do E=2E, nén £,=1/2. Léi ra bO tach tin hi¢u dugc so sdnh v6i chudi bit da dugc truyén di vA mot bo dém 1di duge sit dung dé dém s6 16i symbol va sé 16i bit. Hinh 5.35 minh hoa c4c két qua cla mo phéng nay d6i véi viéc truyén din 20 000 bit tai céc gid tri khdc nhau cia SNR E,/No. Hay chi ¥ dén su thong nhat gita -cfic két qua m6 phong va gid tri ly thuyét cla P, duge cho boi (5.4.26) va (5.4.24). 254 ‘Chutong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY VO? pt a 10 ~ 10? aw wo ws wool o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 9 Ww TO tog io tA) Hinh 5.35 Xéc sudt 1di symbol d6i voi M=4 tin higu truc giao doi nhan duge tir mo phéng Monte-Carlo, so sanh v6i xc suat 161 1F chuyét Céc MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem i, Chapter 5. echo on SNRindB=0:2:10; for i=1:length(SNRindB), % simulated error rate smld_err_prb(i)=smldP51 1(SNRindB()); echo off; end; echo on ; % Plotting commands follow m-file function {p]=smldPS1 I(snr_in_dB) % ip]=smlaP511(snr_in_dB) % SMLDPSII simulates the probability of error for the given % snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in dB, for the system % described in illustrated problem 11, Chapter 5. M=4; % quarternary orthogonal signalling E=]; Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 255Prookis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY SNR=exp(snr_in_dB*log(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio per bit sgma=sqrt(E42/(4*SNR)); % sigma, standard deviation of noise N=10000; % number of symbols being simulated: % generation of the quarternary data source for i=1:N, temp=rand; % uniform random variable over (0,1) if (temp<0.25), dsource(i)=0; elseif (temp<0.5), dsource(i)=1; elseif (temp<0.75), dsource(i)=2; else dsource(i)=3; end end; % detection, and error probability computation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % The matched filter outputs if (dsource(i )) 10=sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma);, rl=gngauss(sgma); elseif (dsource(i)==1) 10=gngauss(sgma); r1=sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma); elseif (dsource(i)==2) r0=-sqrt(E)+gngauss(sgma); rl=gngauss(sgma); else gauss(sgma); qrt(E)+gngauss(sgma); end; % detector follows if (rO>abs(r1)), decis=0; elseif (rl>abs(r0)), decis=1; elseif (r0<-abs(r1)), decis=2; else decis=3; end; 256 ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOCProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. if (decis~=dsource(i)), % if it is an error, increase to the error counter numoferr=numoferr+ 1; end; end; p=numoferr/N; % bit error probability estimate CAC BAI TAP 5.1 Gié sir rng hai tin hiéu truc giao cho tren hinh 5.2 dugc sit dung dé truyén théng tin nhi phan qua mot kénh AWGN. Tin hiéu thu dugc trong timg khodng thdi gian t6n taj cha mét bit T, duoc cho bdi (5.2.1). Gia sit rang dang séng tin hiéu thu dugce duge ldy mdu véi téc dé 10/T,, nghia 1a voi 10 mAu trén mot so(t) véi bien dO A dugc biéu dién bing 10 mau (A, A,..., A) va dang séng tin hieu s,(¢) khodang thdi gian mot bit. Do 46, trong thdi gian roi rac, dang séng tin hi duoc biéu dién bang 10 mau (A, A, A, A, A, -A, -A, -A, -A, -A). Hé qua 1a, phién ban da dy mau ciia chudi nhan due khi 59(¢) duge truyén 1 rAd, K=1, 2.5 10 va khi s(t) duoc truyén di 1a _fAatn, lsks5 1 \ dan, — 6SkS10 trong dé chudi {1,} 18 chudi cdc bién Gauss, ky vong 0 cing phan bé va déc lap thong ké, v6i mdi mot bién ngdu nhién déu c6 phuong sai 0°. Hay viet mot th todn MATLAB tao ra chudi {7,} cho mdi mét trong hai tin higu thu duge c6 thé c6, va hay thc hién viéc tinh tong quan thdi gian roi rac chudi {r,} voi mdi m6t trong hai tin hiéu c6 thé 6 so(¢) va s,(0) (duoc biéu dién bang cdc phién ban da lay mau cia ching) d6i véi cdc gid tri khdc nhau cia phuong sai tap 4m cong Gauss o%=0, 07=0.1, 0°=1.0 va o°=2.0. Bién dé tin hiéu cé thé duge chudn hoa thanh A=1. Hay vé dé thi tin hiéu cdc 16i ra bO tuong quan tai cdc thoi diém k=1, 2, 3,05 10, 5.2 Lap lai bai tap 5.1 d6i v6i hai tin hiéu 5,(f) va s,(¢) duge minh hoa trén hink PS.2. ‘Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC 257Proakis J. G.va Salehi M.: CAC WE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Hay mo ta nhiing cdi tuong ty va nhiing diéu khdc biét gitta tap hai tin hiéu nay va tap tin hiéu trén hinh 5.2. C6 mot tap nao tét hon tap kia khong theo quan diém truyén dan mot chudi cdc tin hiéu mang tin nhi phan? salt) sl) roe t al a tt + > Hinh P5.2. 5.3 Trong bai tap nay, muc tiéu Ia thay hai bd loc ph6i hop vao vi tri cla hai bO tuong quan tin hi¢u trong bai tap 5.1. Diéu kien d6i v6i viéc tao cdc tin hiéu thi hoan toan nhu bai tap 5.1. Hay viét mot tha we MATLAB tao ra chudi {7} d6i v6i méi mét trong hai tin higu thu duge cé thé c6 va thuc hién viéc loc ph6i hop théi gian rdi rac cha chudi {7;} voi mdi mot trong hai tin hiéu c6 thé c6 sp(z) va s,(0) (Auge biéu dién bang cdc phién ban da ldy mau cla ching) d6i vdi céc gid tri khdéc nhau cla phuong sai tap am cong Gauss o°=0, o?=0.1, 0°=1.0 va o”=2.0, Bién d6 tin hiéu 6 thé dugc chudn hod thanh A=1. Hay vé dé thi cdc tin higu 16i ra cde b6 loc phoi hop tai cdc thi diém tuong tg v6i k=1, 2, 3,..., 10. 5.4 Hay lap lai bai tap 5.3 d6i voi cdc dang séng tin higu cho trén hinh P5.2. 5.5 Hay chay chuong trink MATLAB thuc hién mot m6 phéng Monte-Carlo d6i vdi hé thong truyén tin nhi phan nhu da trinh bay 6 hinh 5.8, dya trén céc tin higu truc giao. Hay thuc hién viéc m6 phong vdi 10 000 bit va hay danh gid x4c suat 16i d6i Véi o7=0, 0?=0.1, o=1.0 va F=2.0. Hay vé Uy le 165i ly thuyét va ty 1é 168i xc dinh duge bing m6 phang Monte-Carlo, hay so sdnh hai két qua dé. Hay vé ca d6 thi 1000 mu tin hiéu thu dugc cong véi tap Am, tai 16i vao cia bé t4ch tin hiéu d6i véi ting gid tri ndi tren cha 0” 258 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU SO BANG GOC_ Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf: THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 5.6 Hay lap lai bai tap 5.5 d6i véi hé thong truyén tin nhi phan dugc trinh bay tren hinh 5.13, dua trén cdc tin higu doi cyc. 5.7 Hay lap lai bai t4p 5.5 doi voi hé thong truyén tin nhj phan sir dung céc tin hiéu dong-ngat. 5.8 Hay chay chuong trinh MATLAB thuc hién mot mo phéng Monte-Carlo déi v6i mot he théng truyén tin PAM b6n mic. Hay thuc hién mo phéng 46 vi 10 000 symbol (20 000 bit), va hay dénh gid xdc suat 16i symbol déi voi o°=0, =0.1, 7'=1.0 va o°=2.0. Hay vé cdc dé thi ty 1é 16i theo ly thuyét va céc ty lé 161 x4c dinh dugc bang m6 phdng réi so sdnh cdc két qua do, Hay vé ca dé thi 1000 méu tin higu thu dugc cong véi tap 4m, tai Idi vao cha b6 tach tin hiéu déi véi tig gid tri noi trén cia 0”. 5.9 Hay sita déi chuong trinh MATLAB trong bai tap 5.8 dé mo phéng M=8 tin hiéu PAM va thuc hién cdc m6 phong da duge dn dinh trong bai tap 5.8. §.40 Hay chay chutong trinh MATLAB thuc hién mo phéng Monte-Carlo mot hé thong truyén tin sé 4p dung M=4 tin hiéu truc gi , nhu di dugc mo ta trong bai tap minh hoa 5.10. Hay thuc hién m6 phéng déi v6i 10 000 symbol (20 000 bit) va danh gid xc suat 16i bit d6i véi o”=0.1, o°=1.0 va o%=2.0. Hay vé cdc 46 thi xac suat 16i theo ly thuyét va cdc ty 1é Idi x4c dinh duge bing mo phdng Monte-Carlo 16i so sanh cdc két qua do. S.L1 Hay xét 4 dang sng tin hi¢u duoc cho thay trén hinh P5.11. Hay ching 1 rang 4 dang song tin hiéu nay truc giao lan nhau. Cac két qua cia m6 phong Monte- Carlo trong bai tap 5.10 sé 4p dung dugc khéng cho céc tin higu nay? Tai sao? 8 ri e “ ; “Tifhe vr f Ae Hinh P5.11 0 “A Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIBU SO BANG GOC 259Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 5. 12 Hay chay chuong trinh MATLAB thuc hién mo phong Monte-Carlo mot hé thong truyén tin sO 4p dung M=4 tin hiéu truc giao doi, nhu da duge m6 ta trong bai tap minh hoa 5.11. Hay thuc hién cdc mo phéng d6i véi 10 000 symbol (20 000 bit) va danh gid xdc suat 161 symbol d6i 61 o*=0.1, o=1.0 va o°=2.0. Hay vé cde dé thi xéc suat 16i symbol ly thuyét va ty lé 16i xdc dinh duge bang mé phong Monte- Carlo ri so sdnh cdc ket qua do, Hay vé dé thi cd 1000 mau tin hiéu thu duge cong v6i tap am, tai I6i vao cita bd tach tin hiéu déi véi ting gid tri néi tren ca o°. $.13 Hay xét 4 dang s6ng tin hiéu dugc cho thay trén hinh P5.13. Hay ching td rang chting 1 truc giao doi. Cac két qua cla mo phéng Monte-Carlo trong bai tap 5.12 sé dp dung duge khong cho tap 4 dang s6ng tin hiéu nay? Tai sao? al an a A 33(0) A AL a Peed ' 0 > 9 ae rT A AL A Hinh P5.13 260 Chuong 5: TRUYEN DAN TIN HIEU S6 BANG GOcProakis J. G. va Saleki M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY CHUONG 6 TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 6.1 GIGI THIEU CHUNG Trong chuong nay, ching ta dé cap dén mot s6 khia canh cia truyén din sé qua kénh cé d6 rong bang thong hitu han. Ta sé bit dau bing viéc mo ta cdc dic trumg phé ciia cdc tin higu PAM. Thi dén, chting ta sé xem xét dic trung cia cdc kénh c6 bang thong hitu han va van dé thiét ké cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu déi voi cdc kénh nhu thé. Sau d6 chting ta sé dé cap téi van dé thiét ké cdc bo san bing dé bi méo gay béi cdc kénh c6 do rong bang thong han ché. Chuing ta sé thay ring méo kenh gay ra xuyén nhiéu gitta cdc ky hiéu (ISI: InterSymbol Interference), ma n6 gay nén cdc Idi trong gidi diéu ché tin hiéu. M6t bo san bang kénh 1a mot thiét bi lam gidm xuyen nhiéu gitta cdc ky hieu va do dé 1am gidm tj lé 16i trong chudi so ligu sau giai diéu ché. 6.2 PHO CONG SUAT CUA MOT TIN HIRU SO PAM Trong chuong trudc, chiing ta da xét viéc truyén din thong tin s6 bang diéu ché bién d6 xung (PAM). Trong muc nay, ching ta sé nghién cttu cdc dac tring phd cda cdc tin hiéu nhu thé. Mot tin hiéu s6 PAM tai déu vao mot kénh thong tin dugc biéu dién mot cdch téng quat theo: w= Sag(t-nr) (6.2.1) T14_ Chwong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 261Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC WE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY véi {a,} 1a chudi cdc bien do tuong tng v6i céc symbol thong tin dén tir nguén tin, g(¢) 18 mot dang séng cdn T 1A nghich dao cla toc dd symbol. T cing con duge goi 18 khoang thdi gian cila mot symbol. Méi mot phan tir cha chudi {a,} dugc chon tir mot trong cdc gid tri bien do c6 thé c6 1a A, =(2m-M +i), m=0,1,...,M-1 (6.2.2) trong d6 d 1a he s6 ty le ma n6 xdc dinh khong cach Euclide gitta mot cap bat ky nao dé cha cdc bien do tin hiéu. (2d 1a khoang cdch Euclide gitta hai mite bien do tin hiéu canh nhau). Vi chudi thong tin 18 mot chudi ngau nhién nén chudi bien do (a,} tuong ting véi cdc symbol thong tin één tis nguén cting ngdu nhien. Do d6, tin higu PAM v(@z) 44 mot ham mau cia mot qué trinh ng4u nhién V(0). Dé x4c dinh cdc dac tinh phé cita qué trinh ngau nhién V(0), chting ta phai xdc dinh phé cong suat. Trudc hét, chting ta hay dé ¥ rang gid tri trung binh cla V(1) 1a EWOl= YAla,)g 27) (6.2.3) Bang céch chon cdc bién do tin hiéu dé chting doi xtmg quanh 0 nh da cho trong (6.2.2) va déng kha nang, ching ta c6 E(a,) = 0, va vi vay E[V(D} = 0. Ham tu tuong quan cla V(/) 1a Resa) = EV OV G7] (6.2.4) Ngudi ta chi ra trong nhiéu tai lieu chudn muc vé thong tin sé rang, ham tu tuong quan ctia nay 1a mot ham tudn hoan theo bién ¢ voi chu ki 7. Céc qué trinh ngau nhién cé gid tri trung binh va ham ty tuong quan tuan hoan dugc goi la qué trinh ditng tudin hodn (periodically stationary) hoac ditng vong (cyclostationary). Bién thdi gian ¢ cé thé loai bd duge bang cdch Idy trung binh R47) trén mot chu 3, nghia 1a RG) 5 [Reread 62.5) Ham tu tuong quan trang binh di vdi cdc tin hiéu PAM cé thé biéu dién theo: 262 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN 86 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Saleki M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY R@)=— SR, (m)R, (e- m7) (6.2.6) trong d6 R,(m) = E(a,@q.,) 1a ham tu tuong quan cita day {a,} cdn R,(z) duge xac dinh theo Rn) = LC glt)g(t +z) at (6.2.7) Phé cong suat cita V(t) don gian 1a bién déi Fourier cha ham tu tuong quan trung binh R,(z), nghia la S= [Rill "Fae = ESN (6.2.8) véi S,(f) 1a phé cong suat cia day bién d6 {a,} cdn G(f) 1a bién déi Fourier cia xung g(t), S,(f) dugc x4c dinh theo SD= SR (mle (62.9) Tu (6.2.8), chting ta thay ring phé cong sudt cia tin hi@u PAM 1a mot ham cla phé cong sudt cha day symbol thong tin {a,} va phé cong suat cba xung g(0). Trong trudng hop dac biét trong dé day {a,} khong tuong quan, titc 1a o?, m=0 R,m) = te m0 (6.2.10) trong d6 o? = E(a?), thi S,) = 02 tren moi tin s6 va S= Zigyy (6.2.11) T Trong tru’ng hop nay, phé cong suat cia V(t) phu thudc hoan toan vao cdc dac tinh phé cia xung g(t). BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.1 [Phé céng suat tin higu PAM] Xéc dinh phé cong suat cha V(t) hi {a,} 1a mot day khong tuong quan va g(#) 1a xung chi nhat dugc cho trén hinh 6.1. Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN 86 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 263Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Loi gidi Bign déi Fourier cia (0) 1a CH= fable a =VT a om (6.2.12) ae: a: SW {s¢ 6.2.13 v (N= o, oT ( ) FG) 1» os 1 Hinh 6.1. Xung ciia mAy phat. Phé cong sudt nay duge minh hoa trén hinh 6.2. Be pe oy ox 07 | or vs Hinh 6.2. Phé cong suai tin higu phat trong vi du 6.1 (trudng hop o2 = 1) Du6i day la MATLAB script cho tinh toan nay. m-file “ MATLAB script for [ustrative Problem 1, Chapter 6. echo on. 264 QUA KENH CG BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY sgma_a=1; Sv=sgma_a2*sinc(f*T).A2; % plotting command follows plot(f,Sv); BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.2 [Phé céng suat tin higu PAM] Gia sir ham tu tuong quan ciia day {a,} 1a m=0 Rm) = m= (6.2.14) Rie 0, véi cdc gid tri khdc cia m va g(f) la mot xung chit nhat duge thé hién trén hinh 6.1. Hay tinh S,(/) trong trudng hop nay. Lai giai Phé cong suat cia day bién d6 {a,} duge tinh theo cong thttc (6.2.9): S,{f) = i+ cos 2nff = 2c0s? nT He qua 1a S\P) = 2cos? nfT (a) 6.2.16) A) Ss fT ( ) D6 thi phé cong sudt nay duge cho trén hinh 6.3. Dui day 1a chuong trinh MATLAB 4é thuc hién tinh todn nay. Trong trudng hgp nay, phé cong sudt toan phan cla tin hiéu phat V(1) hep hon m6t cdch dang ké so voi phé trén hinh 6.3. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 2, Chapter 6. echo on T=1; delta_f=1/(100*T), ‘Chuomg 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN — 265Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY f=-5/T:delta_f:5/T; Sv=2*(cos(pi*f*T).*sinc(f*T)).A2; % plotting command follows plot(f,Sv); 2 —_ a Hinh 6.3, Phé cong sudt tin hiéu phat trong vi du 6.2 (nuong hop o2 =1). 6.3 BAC TRUNG CUA CAC KENH CO BO RONG BANG THONG HUU HAN VAMEO KENH Nhiéu kénh thong tin, bao gdm cdc kénh dién thoai va mét sé kénh v6 tuyén, c6 thé dac tung duge mét cach téng quat nhu cdc 66 loc tuyén tinh cd bang thong hiu han. Do dé, cdc kénh nhu thé mo ta dugc bing dap ting tan s6 cha ching Ci) ma no c6 thé biéu dién dugc theo Cpzane) (6.3.1) tong d6 A(f) duge goi Ja ddp iing bién dé con Af) dugc goi la dap img pha. Mot dic trung khdc doi khi cing duoc sit dung thay thé cho dp ting pha IA ré dudng bao (envelope delay) hay tré nhém (group delay) duoc dinh nghia theo whe ~~ (632) 266 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Mot kenh duge goi 1a khong méo hoac If tuong néu A(f) bing hang s6 con @f) 1a mot ham tuyén tinh cita tin s6 [hoac tré dudng bao 7(/) khong di] trong 6 rong bang chiém béi tin hi¢u phat W. Ngugc lai, néu A(f) va (f) khong phai 1a hang s6 trong dO rong bang chiém bdi tin hi¢u phat, kénh sé gay ra méo tin hiéu. Néu A() khong phai 1A hing s, méo dugc goi la méo bién dé con néu 1(f) thay 46i, méo d6i V6i tin higu da truyén di dugc goi 1a méo iré. Sar ar ar at @) - 1 “sr aT aT 27 fis rf TWA ar ar sr Minh 6.4. Anh huéng méo kénh; (a) Dau vao kenh; (b) Dau ra kénh; (c) Du ra bo can bang Nhu mot he qua clia méo bien do va méo tré gay béi dic tinh dap tng tn so ‘Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUUHAN 267Proatis I.G. va Salehi M.. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY cha kénh khong ly tudng C(f), mor chudi cdc xung duge truyén qua kénh 6 téc d6 tuong ting voi do rong bang W bi nhoé dén ndi chting khong thé phan biét dugc nhu cdc xung duge xdc dinh ding tai may d4u cuéi thu. Thay vao do, chiing lan len nhau vi vay chting ta c6 xuyén nhiéu gitta cdc dau (ISE InterSymbol Interference). Nhu mét thi du vé téc dong cia méo tré téi mot xung duge truyén, hinh 6.4(a) minh hoa mot xung c6 d6 rong bang tan hifu han cé cdc tri bang khong tai cdc diém duge dénh dau #1, +27, van van. Khi thong tin dugc tai bing bien dO xung, nhu trong PAM chang han, ta co thé truyén mot day cdc xung, méi mot trong chting déu c6 gid tri dinh tai cdc diém bing kh6ng tuén hoan cita cdc xung khac. Tuy nhién, viéc truyén xung qua mét kénh duge mé hinh hod 14 c6 mot dac tinh tré dutng bao 7(f) tuyén tinh [tic 1a 06 dac tinh pha @f) bac hai) sé gay ra xung thu duoc nhu dugc thé hién trén hinh 6.4(b) c6 cdc diém cat qua gid ti bing khong khong cén duge phan bé mot céch tudn hoan nia, Hé qua 14, mot day céc xung li¢n tiép sé nhod in Jen nhau va cdc gid tr} dinh cia cdc xung sé khong con phan biet dugc nita, Nhu vay, méo tré cia kéenh gay ra xuyén nhiéu gitta cdc dau (ISf). Nhu sé duoc ban bac trong chuong nay, c6 thé bi due dac tinh dap ting tdn sé khong ly tudng cila kénh bang cach sit dung mot mach loc hay mach san bang tai bO gidi diéu ché. Hinh 6.4(c) minh hoa 16i ra cita mot b6 san bang tuyén tinh ma no bi khir d6i voi méo tuyén tinh trong kénh. 00 f Ample & 025 Envelope delay, ms i — Le _ i>: 1000-2000 Frequency, Nz Frequency. He Hinh 6.5 Céc dac tuyén bien do va wré trung binh cia mot kénh dién thoai cy ly trung binh Nhu mot vi du, chiing ta hay xét ISI wén mot kénh thoai. Hinh 6.5 biéu dién bien do va ué do duge trung binh theo tén sé d6i voi mt kénh thoai cita mang vién 268 Chung 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J.G.vé Salehi M.: CAC Hf. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY thong c6 chuyén mach. Ching ta thy rang bang thong kha dung cia kénh mé ra tir quing 300 Hz t6i quiing 3200 Hz. Dap img xung tuong ting cla kénh trung binh nay duoc cho trén hinh 6.6. Khodng thdi gian t6n tai cha n6é vao khoang 10 ms. Tuong ting, cdc t6c do symbol truyén trén mot kénh nhu thé cé thé vao bac 2500 xung hay symbol trén mot giay. Do d6, ISI c6 thé trai rong trén 20-30 symbol. os Time, ms Hinh 6.6 Dap dng xung cita kenh trung binh v6i bién dO va 8 duge cho trén hinh 6.5 Bén canh céc kénh dién thoai cdn cé céc kénh vat ly khéc cfing biéu hién mot dang no dé cia phan tén vé thdi gian (time dispersive) va do vay cling gay nén ISI. C4c kénh vo tuyén, nhu cdc kénh séng ngan tang dién ly (HF), cdc kénh d6i lu va cdc kénh vo tuyén di dong té' bao, 1a ba thf dy vé cdc kénh v6 tuyén phn tén vé thoi gian. Trong céc kénh nay, sur phan tan vé thdi gian - va do d6 18 IST - 1a két qua cia nhiéu dudng truyén lan séng c6 dé tré dudng truyén khdc nhau. S6 luong cdc dutng truyén va do tré thoi gian tuong doi gitta cdc dudng thay déi theo thdi gian, do d6 céc kenh vO tuyén nay thudmg dugc goi la cdc kénh da dudng bién déi theo thei gian. Céc diéu kién truyén din da dudng bién déi theo thdi gian lam cho cdc dac tinh dap ting tin s6 thay déi manh. Do d6, dac trang dp tmg tin s6 duge sit dung cho kénh thoai thi khong thich hop d6i véi cdc kénh da dudng bién déi theo thdi gian. Thay vao dé, cdc kénh vO tuy€n nay duge dic trung thong ké bang ham tén xa ma ndi mot céch ngdn gon thi né IA mot bigu dién hai chiéu cia cong sudt tin hiéu nh4n duoc trung binh nhu mot ham cia tré thoi gian tuong d6i va dé trai phé Doppler. Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 269Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Relative power density Oe 7 ee ee ee ee Frequency. Hr ‘inh 6.7. Ham tén xa cia mot kenh tn xa wing d6i luu cu ly trung binh Nham cdc muc dich minh hga, mot ham tan xa do dugc trén mot kénh vo tuyén doi uu cy ly trung binh (150 dam) dugc cho thay trén hinh 6.7. Théi gian tén tai téng cong trung binh (trai da duéng) cia dap tng kénh 1a xap xi 0.7 pas con dé trai tin s6 Doppler gitta hai diém nita cong suat thi nhd hon 1 Hz mot chuit doi voi dudng truyén dai nhat va 1én hon thé’ doi chiit doi véi cdc duimg truyén lan khéc. Mot céch tien biéu, néu viée truyén dan dién ra voi mét t6c d6 1a 10’ symbol/s trén mot kénh nhu thé thi d6 trai da dudng 0.7 us sé gay nén ISI trai rong trén khoang bay symbol. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.3 [Kénh nhu mot bé loc]. Nhu da dugc chi ra trén, mot kénh truyén tin c6 bang tan han ché cé thé mé hinh hod duge nhu mot mach Igc tuyén tinh ma cdc dac tinh dap img tin sé cia né phi hap vdi cdc dc tink dap ting tn sé cla kénh. MATLAB cé thé sit dung duge dé thiét ké cdc bd loc sb <6 thoi gian t6n tai dip img xung hitu han (FIR: Finite-duration Impulse Response) hoac vé han (UR: {nfinite-duration Impulse Response) ma ching xAp xi vi cdc dac tinh dép ting tan 96 cita cdc kénh truyén tin analog. Gid sit chting ta mu6n mo 270 Chuwong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY _ hinh hod mot kénh ly tuéng c6 mot dap ting bien do A(f)=1 di voi | f]-< 2000 Hz va A()=0 46i véi {/|>2000 Hz cdn do tré thi bing hing s6 (pha tuyén tinh) d6i véi moi f. Téc do lay mau d6i v6i bO loc s6 duge chon I F,=10 ngan Hz. Vi dip tmg pha mong muén 12 tayén tinh, chi bd loc FIR dap tg duge yéu cdu nay. Tuy nhién, khong thé dat dugc dap img bang khong tai cdc tin s6 trong bang chin. Thay vao 46 chting ta chon dép tng tai bang chan bang —40 dB va tin so bat dau bang chin la 2500 Hz. Them vao d6, chting ta cho phép mét luong gon séng nhd, 0.5 dB, trong bang thong. Hay thiét ké mt bd loc véi cdc dic tinh nay. Lai gid Dap ting xung va dép ting tan s6 cila mot b6 loc FIR c6 do dai N=4i thod man céc chi tiéu nay duoc minh hoa trén hinh 6.8. Do N lé, w& qua b6 loc 1 (N+1)/2 khau ma n6 tuong tmg véi mot tré thdi gian 1a (N+1)/20 ms véi te do ldy mau 1a 10 kHz. Trong vi du nay, bO lec FIR da dugc thiét ké bang MATLAB theo phuong phap x4p xi Chebyshev (thuat toan Remez). m-file % MATLAB script for Itustrative Problem 3, Chapter 6 echo on fcutoff=2000; % the desired cut-off frequency £ stopband=2500; % she actual stopband frequency fs=10000; % the sampling frequency % the normalized passband frequency 5 % the normalized stopband frequency N=41; % this number is found by experiment F=[0 fl (2 1; M={1 100}; % describes the low-pass filter B=remez(N-1,F,M); % returny the FIR tap coefficients % platting command follows figure(1); [H,W]=freqz(B); H_in_dB=20*log]0(abs(H)); plot(W/(2*pi),H_in_dB); figure(2); plot(W/(2*pi),(180/pi)*unwrap(angle(H))); Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUUHAN 271Proakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY % plot of the impulse respanse follows figure(3); plot(zeros(size({0:N-1]))); hold; stem({O:N-1],B); VANAAAANAL - INTIS] est Hinh 6.8 (a) Dép ting xung; (b,c) dép ting tan sé clia bd loc FAR pha tuyen tinh trong bai tap minh hoa 6.3 BAY TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.4 (Kenb nhu mot b6 loc) Mot phuong phap khéc 46 thigt k€ mOt 04 loc FIR x4p xi cdc dc tinh cia kénh mong muén 1a dua trén phuong phap clta s6. Trudng hop riéng, néu dép tng kénh mong mun la Cif) voi |f] W, thi dap tng xung cita kenh 1a n= [Cle af (6.3.3) Thi du, néu kenh ly wrong, thi C()=1 vai |/| (NW +1)/2. Dap img xung { h} =h,w,} va dap ing tin sO tuong tg cia bd loc FIR (da due cat) duc minh hoa wen hinh 6.10 cho trutng hgp N=51. Hay dé ¥ ring bd loc duge cat cé cée bup phu 16n trong bang chin. Do d6, bd loc FIR nay 1a mot xap xi ti d6i v6i ede dic tinh cia kénh mong mu6n. Kich thuéc cita cdc biip phy cé thé gidm dang ké duoc bing cach 4p dung mot ham cita s6 tron chu hon, ching han nhu mot ham cita sé Hanning hoac mot ham cita sé Hamming. Hinh 6.11 minh hoa dap tng xung va dap ting vin so cha {h! =h,w,} khi ham cita sé la mot cita sé Hanning c6 d6 dai N=51. MATLAB C6 sn céc thi tuc dé thuc hign mot s6 kidu ham cita sé khéc nhau. m-file % MATLAB script for Ilustrative Problem 4, Chapter 6. echo on n: (Length- 1)/2:(Length-1)/2; Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 273Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIBN NAY t=Ts*n; =2* W*sinc(2*W *t); % The rectangular windowed version follows... Ne61; rec_windowed_h=h((Length-N)/2+1:(Length+N)/2); % Frequency response of rec_windowed_h follows frec_windowed_H,W 1 ]=freqz(rec_windowed_h,1); % to normalize the magnitude tec_windowed_H_in_dB=20*log10(abs(rec_windowed_H)/abs(rec_windowed_H (ys % The Hanning windowed version follows... hanning_window=hanning(N); hanning_windowed_h=h((Length-N)/2+1:(Length+N)/2).*hanning_window.'; [hanning_windowed_H,W2]=freqz(hanning_windowed_h,1); hanning_windowed_H_in_dB=20*log}0(abs(hanning_windowed_H)/abs(hannin g_windowed_H(1))); % the plotting commands follow NOK, 3500 2000 Lp a -50 40 30 20-10 0 «2 1% 30 40 50 Hinh 6.9 Cac mau ca A(7) trong bai tap minh hoa 6.4 BAU TAP MINH HOA. Bai tap minh hoa 6.5 [M6 phong kénh da dudng} Mot kénh vo tuyén (kenh da dadng) hai tia o6 thé mo hinh hod duge trén mién thdi gian nhu duoc minh hoa tren hinh 6.12. Dap ting xung cha kénh 6 thé biéu dién duoc thea Ct, D=b(OKD + bADAtH-1) (6.3.5) 218 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trong dé b,(¢) va b,(¢) 1a céc qua trinh ng4u nhién biéu thi qué trinh truyén dan s6ng bién déi theo thdi gian cha kénh con 7, 18 wé giita hai thank phan da dutng 6, Hay mo phéng mot kénh nhu thé tren may tinh. 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1000 : wt patente 0 pe 40 Hinh 6.10, D4p img xung va dap ting tan s6 ciia bd loc duge cat voi mot cla 56 chit nhat trong bai tap minh hga 6.4 Loi giai Ching ta mé hinh hod b,(¢) va b,(¢) nhu cdc qué trinh ng4u nhién Gauss dugc tao ra bang cdch cho cc qué trinh tap am trang Gauss qua cdc b6 loc thong thap. ‘Chuang 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 275THONG TIN HIEN NAY _ Trong mién thdi gian rdi rac, ching ta cé thé six dung cdc bd loc sé IIR tuong di don gién dugc kich thich boi céc day tap am wring Gauss (WGN). Thi du, mét bd Joc 86 thong thép don gidn cé hai cutc nhy nhau duge mo t bang bién déi z H@)= =a ois = ey 636) ata La O GCS G1 013 D2 025 03 035 04 O45 O5 f Hinh 6.11 Dép img xung va dap ting tan $6 cia bd loc duge c&t v6i cira sé Hanning trong bai tap minh hoa 6.4 276 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G, va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Tin hieu, I6i vao pl Tre bo dO : bq 2 thong ‘hap Tin hieu lira Hinh 6.12. Mo hinh kénh v6 tuyén hai tia Hay bang phuong trinh vi phan tuong tng by, = 2pby.i — DP’ + (LPP Wy (6.3.7) vao WGN, {b,} 18 day 16 cuc. Vj tri cha cuc diéu khién do rong bang cia b6 loc va do vay diéu khién toc trong dé {w,} 1a day con0 ((1+alpha)(2*T))), y= elseif (abs(f) > ((1-alpha)/(2*T))), Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN 86 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOUHAN 287Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY YT/2)*(L+-c0s((pi* T/alpha)* (abs(f)-(1-alphay(2*T)))), else y=T; end; 10, ne 8 A al {tly 4 | | | a : of gets, A k || I. gille, ety ye DV eee cee teen eee i o 5 10 1s 2» 25 w @ 0 pec on ) “46 -20 i 5 | | | 40 . | | 50 | “0 i | Sey eee eer eevee 0 005 OOS 02 o Hinh 6.21 (a) Dap tg xung va (b) dap ting tan s6 cla bd loc phat FIR réi rac duge cit Hinh 6.21(a) minh hoa gem"), trong 46 n=0, 1, 2, ... N-L, 464 voi a= + 2 va N=31. Cac dac tuyén dap ting tan s6 tuong tng duge thé hién tren hinh 6.21(b). Chi ¥ ring dap tmg tan sé khong con bang kh6ng nia khi |f[>(1+a)/T do b6 loc 288 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 7 86 06 khoang thdi gian t6n tai d4p img xung hitu han. Tuy nhién, cdc bip phy cia phé khé nhé. Viéc gidm nhé hon nifa cdc bip phy cé thé dat duge bang cach tang N. Cu6i cing, trén hinh 6.22, ching t0i thé hién d4p vg xung cila mach mac n6i tiép cdc bd loc FIR thu va phat. Dap img xung nay cé thé so s4énh duge véi dp tng xung If tuémg nhfn dugc biing cach fy mau x,.(2) v6i tc 46 Fy=4/T. 250 200, 150 @ Hinh 6.22 Dép ting xung ciia day n6i tigp bd loc phat va b6 loc phéi hop tai may chu 6.5.2 THIET KE TIN HIGU Dé CO ISI KIEM SOAT DUOC Nhu ching ta da thy dugc tir cdc thao luan cia chiing ta vé viec thiét ké tin hieu dé ISI bing khong, mot b6 loc phat véi dé rong bang doi co thé dp dung dugc dé thuc hién cdc b6 loc phat va thu thuc t€ déi v6i céc kénh c6 bang thong han ché, Mat khéc, gia sit chiing ta chon céch 1am nhe diéu kién ISI bing khong va nhd thé truyén din symbol duoc trong mot 6 rong bang W=1/2T, nghia 1a khong c6 dO rong bang doi. Bang viéc tinh dén mot lugng kiém sodt dugc ciia ISI, chting ta c6 thé dat dugc téc do 2W symbol/s. Ching ta da thy duge ring diéu kien dé khong cé ISI 1a x(nT)=0 d6i voi n#0. Tuy nhién, hay gia thiét rang chting ta di thiét ké tin hiéu c6 d6 rong bang han ché cé ISI kiém sodt dugc tai mot thdi diém. Digu nay c6 nghia Ia ching ta chap nhan mét lugng phu khdc kh6ng duge c6ng thém vao céc mau {x(nT)}. ISI Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 289Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY ma chting ta dua vao nay Ja “tat dinh” hay “kiém soat duge”; do dé, né cé thé tinh dén dugc tai may thu nhu sé dugc ban dén sau. N6i chung, mot tin hiéu x(t) dugc han ché d6 rong bang téi W Hz, tic 18 Xf=0, |f|>v (6.5.10) c6 thé biéu dién duge theo = n )sin2nW(t-n/2W) ao= y *} 2nW(—n/2W) 65.1) Céch biéu dién nay xuat phat tir dinh If ldy mau déi voi tin hieu 6 46 rong, bang hire han. Phé cita tin hieu c6 dO rong bang hifu han la X= L alte?" at LE eoe yew = bw Sw) 0, Ww (6.5.12) Mot trudng hop dac biét, din dén cdc bé loc thu va phat co thé thuc hién duc vé mat vat ly, duoc xc dinh boi cdc mau aa 1 1 =0,1 x} —— | =a(aT)= 5.13) ‘low ] aor) {i véi cée gid tri khdc clta n ©. Pho cia tin higu utong ting 1a 1 , sew) Ine npelphoe") Ms 0, vi céc gid tri khécctia f 1 ig = Ww we cof >} ins (65.14) 0, voi cdc gid tri khac cia f Do dé, x(t) due cho béi . x() = sinc(2W1) + sinc(2W2 - 1) (6.5.15) trong d6 sinc()=sin(nA)/(m). Xung nay duge goi la xung tin hiéu nhi phan déi (duobinary signal pulse). Xung nay dugc minh hga trén hinh 6.23 cing véi 290 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY phé bién do ctta nd, Ta dé ¥ rang phé nay giam mot cach tron chu téi khong, ma diéu dé cé nghia cdc bd loc thuc hién duge vé mat vat ly cé thé thiét k& duge xAp xi rat gén v6i phé nay. Nhu vay, dat duge mot t6c 46 symbol bang 2W. Hinh 6.23 Xung tin hiéu nhj phan doi va phé cia n6é Mot trudng hop dac biét khac dan tdi cdc b6 loc thu va phat thuc hién duge vé mat vat ly dugc x4c dinh bd céc mau (Lon=l n (=x) =|, (6.5.16) 0, véi cde n khéc Xung x(#) tuong ting duge cho theo x(t) = sinc(2Wr + 1) — sinc(2Wr — 1) (6.5.17) Phé ciia no 1 (1) (giv gw) Sg 2 xp) lar a) wing Ws (6.5.18) |o, \\>w Xung nay va ph6 bién dé cla n6é duge minh hoa trén hinh 6.24. Né duoc goi 1 mot xung tin hi¢u nhj phan doi cai bién (modified duobinary signal pulse). Dang juu ¥ rang ph6 cua tin hiéu nay cd mét tri bang khong tai f= 0, lam cho né trd nén thich hgp dé truyén dan qua mot kénh khong cho qua thanh phan mot chiéu. Ciing c6 thé nhan duge cdc dac tinh loc cé thé thuc hién duoc vé mat vat ly dang quan tam khéc nita bang céch Iya chon cdc gid tri khéc nhau d6i véi cée mau {x(2/2W)} va chon cé hon hai mau khéc khong. Tuy nhién, khi chting ta cang chon nhiéu mau khdc khong hon nita, van dé loai bd IST kiém soat duge sé tro nén cang ‘Chuang 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUUHAN 291Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HiEN NAY phic tap hon va khong thuc 1. Hinh 6.24 Xung tin higu nhj phan doi cdi bien va phd cha nd C&c tfn hiéu nhan duoc khi 1SI kiém soat due duge dua vao mét cach 6 chi ¥ bing céch chon hai ho&c hon céc mu khac khong tir tap (x(n/2W)} dugc goi IA cdc tin hiéu dap ing mét phdn (partial response signal). Céc xung tin hiéu c6 duge cho phép ching ta truyén c4c symbol thong tin voi téc do Nyquist 14 2W symbol/s. Nh& thé, 6 duoc hieu qua sit dung bang tin 16n hon so v6i cdc xung tin hiéu cosin nang. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.8 [Truyén tin hiéu nhi phan doi} Hy thiet ké mot thuc hign dang s6 cdc bO loc may thu va phat G,(f) va G,(f) sao cho tich ca chiing bing voi phé cla mot xung nhi phan d6i cdn G,(f) thi phéi hop véi G,(/). Lai gidi Dé thod man chi tiéu trén mién vin s6, ching ta cd Loo & deol) Iysw letrncsti=tn' ar} (65.19) 0, \l>7 1a vadods, ja, (rJ=1¥7 } sw (6.5.20) 0, ins” 292 Chuang 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Bay gid, chting ta lam theo cling mt gidi phap nhu trong bai tap minh hoa 6.7 dé nhan duoc cdc d4p tng xung d6i véi viée thuc hién FIR cia cdc mach loc phat va thu. Nhu vay, voi W=1/27 cdn F5=4/T, chiing ta sé c6 een ae aed va get) =8r(n). ain= my MATLAB script d6i vGi tinh ton nay dugc cho dudi day. m-file MATLAB script for Itlustrative Problem 8, Chapter 6. echo on N=31; T=1; W=1/(2*T); n=-(N-1)/2:(N-1)/2; % The indeces for g T Se The expression for ¢ T is obtained next for i=1:length(n), g_TG)=0; for m=-(N-1)/2:(N-1)/2, if ( abs((4*m)/(N*T)) <= W ), g_T(i)=g_T(i)+sqrt((1/W)*cos((2*pi*m)/(N*T*W)))*exp(j*2*pi*m*n(i)/N); end; echo off ; end; end; echo on ; g_T=real(g_T), % The imaginary part is due to the finite machine precision % obtain g E(n-(N-1)!2) n2=0:N-1; % obtain the frequency response characteristics {G_T,W]=freqz(g_T,1); % normalized magnitide response magG_T_in_dB=20*log 1 0(abs(G_T)/max(abs(G_T))); area ef?" | n=0, +1, ..., (6.5.21) % plotting commands follow Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 293Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY «inn 10 3 PansRo ne seaamisuesmaxmedgosea tS » Hinh 6.25 (a) Dép tng xung va (b) dp ting tn s6 cia bd loc FIR nhj phan d6i ri rac theo thdi gian duge cét, tai méy phat Hinh 6.25(a) minh hoa a(t ‘) n=0, 1, ... N-1 v6i N=31. Dac tuyén dép ing tén s6 tuong img duge thé hién trén hinh 6.25(b). Hay cha ¥ ring dac tuyén khong triét tiéu khi [f]> W do bd loc sO c6 thdi gian tén tai d4p tng xung hiu han. Tuy nhién, cc biip phu cia phé tuong d6i nhd. Cudi cing, trén hinh 6.26, ching t6i thé hién dap tmg xung cia mach méc néi ti€p c4c bd loc FIR phat va 294 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY thu nay. D4p img xung nay co thé so séah duoc voi dép img xung ly tuéng nhan duge bang cach lay m4u x(t) duye cho bj (6.5.17) voi toc do Fs=4/T=8W. 350 300 250 a0 130 woo Hinh 6.26 Dap ting xung tuong duong cia mach mic néi tiép bO loc phat vi bé loc phéi hop tai may thu 6.5.3 TIEN MA HOA DOI VOI TACH CAC TIN HIEU DAP UNG MOT PHAN D6i vi xung tin higu nhj phan doi, x(a7)=1 khi n=O, 1 va x(nT)=0 voi cdc gid tri khdc cita n, Do d6, cde mau cita 16i ra bd loc may thu G,(/) biéu dién dugc theo Yeap t ae, += At Vy (6.5.22) trong dé {a} Ia day cdc bién dO duge truyén di, {v,} 18 mot day cc mau tap am cong Gauss, con b=a, + a,;. Tam thai ching ta hay bd qua khong xét dén tap am va chi xét trudng hop truyén tin nhi phan, trong d6 a,=+1 véi xéc sudt_nhu nhau, Khi dé b, nhan mot trong ba gid tri 6 thé 06, cu thé a b= -2, 0, 2 véi cdc xde suat tong ting 1a 7 E ; _ Néu a, [8 tin higu téch duoc tit khoding thai gian cruyén tin higu thr (k-1) thi te dong cia né Ién b,~ [8 tin higu thu duoc trong khong thdi gian truyén tin higu tht k ~ ¢6 thé khit duoc nby phép trti, nho th€ cho phép a, tach duge. Qué trinh nay c6 thé dugc lap di lap lai tudn us d6i voi timg symbol thu duge. Van dé chinh d6i véi thi tuc nay 14 & ché cdc 16i ndy sinh do tap am cong c6 ‘Chuwong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUUHAN 295f.G. va Salehi M. CACH HE THONG TH THONG TIN HIEN NAY xu hung | Jan truyén ra. Thi du, néu a,_, di tach sai thi tac dong cla n6 t6i a, khong bi loai bd; thuc thé, tac dong nay duge cing c6 thém béi viéc tri khong ding. He qua l&, viée téch a, cing y nhu bj tach sai. Hién tuong lan sai c6 thé trénh duoc bing cach ma hof trudéc (tién ma hod) s6 liéu tai m4y phat thay cho viéc loai bé ISI kiém sodt dugc bang céch ttt $ may thu. Ma hod trudc duge thuc hién trén day s6 li¢u nhi phan trudc khi diéu ché. Mot day mdi {p,). dude goi 1a day duoc tién md hod, dugc tao ra ti day dit lieu (D,} g6m cdc con 1 va 0 can truyén. Di véi tin hiéu nki phan doi, day duge tién ma hod duge xéc dinh theo Pe De~ Pps (mod2) k= 1,2... (6.5.23) ca adi them 3 day rang, mgc dt phép uit modvlo 2 hoan toan déng nhdt véi phép cong 41 thaat toan ma hoa truée déi voi tin higu nbj phan doi sé thuan tién hon bien do tin hiéu phat la a= ~i new yy=0 va @,= 1 nu py=], the FR a, = 2p, (6.5.24) 2 infu khong af tap 4m tai Idi ra cha vO Loc thu duge cho béi 1) + Qpy4-1)= 2p rey) (6.5.25) D+ Pen = ge +1 Do Lis pe ® p. nen day s6 ligu (D,} 06 duge tir (b,} bang céch sit dung quan hé Dd is 5, +1 (mod 2) 6.5.27) Vi vay, Dy=0 néu by=+2 va Dy=1 néu b,=0. Mot thf du minh hoa céc thuat todn tién ma hod va gidi ma dugc néu trong bang 6.1. Khi cé tap 4m cong, cdc Idi ra duge ly mau tit b6 loc thu duge tinh theo cong thiic (6.5.22). Trong trudmg hop nay, y,=b,+-v; dugc so sénh v6i hai mic nguéng duge dat la +1 va-1. Day dit li¢u {D,) nhan dugc theo luat quyét dinh “DANS QUA KENH CO BANG THANG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY fe lvif 297 > i, su thién dich khng xay ra; do d6, bd san bing kénh nghich T dao thuc hién bi cho méo thuc su cia kénh. Vi 7 &, ISI sé bi triét tigu hoan toan. 302 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIRN NAY BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.10 [Thiét ké bo san bing] Xét mot xung chiu méo kénh 18 x(¢) tai dau vao bd can bang, duge cho béi biéu thttc 1 ao 1+(2¢/TY v6i 1/T 1a t6c d6 symbol. Xung duge lady mau véi t6c d¢ 2/T va duge sita bing mot bd san bing cuéng ép khong. Hay x4c dinh cdc hé s6 cita bd san bing cutng ép khong 5 khau. Loi giai Theo (6.6.8), bd san bang cudng ép khong phai thoa man phuong trinh & nT 1, m=0 mM) = Yie,x{ mt 22) = a Len(m | {i m=H1,42 Ma tran X voi cdc phan tir x(m'-n1'/2) tinh duge 1a 1 37 1 wl Sle In gle ee uy 2 100617 x=i2 1 i 1 1 (669) 5 a 2 5 i 1 1 1 1 = = = = 1 7 10 3 2 : ee 370 aS Véc-to hé s6 c va véc-to g duge cho nhu sau cy 0 cy 0 c=|cy )sq=|1 | 6.6.10) ¢, 0 a 0 Khi d6 céc phuong trinh Xe=g c6 thé gidi dude bing céch nghich dao ma tran X. Nhu thé, chting ta nhan dugc Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 308Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 2,2 49 Cow =X 'q=| -3 (6.6.11) 49 -2,2 Hinh 6.29 minh hoa xung x(s) ban dau va xung da duoc stta. Hay dé y dén luong ISI nhé con du trong xung da duge sira. MATLAB script cho tinh todn nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 10, Chapter 6. echo on T=1; Fs=2/T; Ts=1/Fs; c_opt=[-2.2 4.9 -3 4.9 -2.2]; -5*T:7/2:5*T; JA +((2/Ty*t).42), % sampled pulse equalized_x=filter(c_opt.1,[x 0 0); % since there will be a delay of two samples at the output % to take care of the delay equalized_x=equalized_x(3:length(equalized_x)); % Now, let us downsample the equalizer output for i=1:2:length(equalized_x), downsampled_equalizer_output((i+1)/2)=equalized_x(i); echo off: end; echo on; % plotting commands follow Mot mat han ché d6i véi b6 san bang cudng ép khong 1a & chd n6 bd qua khong tinh dén su co mat cia tap 4m cong. Nhu mot hé qua, viéc sir dung cia no ¢6 thé ting cudng déng ké tap am. Co thé dé dang nhan thay diéu d6 khi dé y ring trong mot dai tan s6 trong 46 C(f) nhd, bd san bing kenh G,(f)=1/C() sé bi bang cach c6 mét tang {ch 16n trong dai tan sO nay. Két qua 1a, tap am trong dai tin sé nay dugc tang manh. Mot céch khéc c6 thé 4p dung 1a gidm nhe diéu kién 304 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi Mx CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIERN NAY ISI bang khong va chon dic tinh bo san bang sao cho cOng sudt hén hgp cila ISI du va tap am cOng tai 16i ra ciia bd san bing 1a nhd nhat. Mot bd san bing dugc t6i uu hod dva trén tiéu chi sai sé binh phuong trung binh cuc tiéu (MMSE: Minimum Mean-Square Error) sé dat dite muc dich nay. oo os | 9 04 w ° saat Ttes Peed 6 25 12 J 06 0 2 4 6 8 10 2 Hinh 6.29 Céc dé thi cita (a) xung ban d4u va (b) xung da sita trong bai tap minh hoa 6.10 Mot cdch chi tiét, ta hay xét tin hiéu Idi ra bi nhiéu loan béi tap am cia bd san bing FIR, biéu dién dugc theo Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 305Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY a(t) = de y(t-nr) (6.6.12) voi y() 1a tin hiéu 16i vao bd san bang, dugc cho béi (6.4.3). Léi ra bo san bang duoc lay mau tai cac thdi diém r=mT’. Nbw thé, chting ta nhan duge 2a) = Sewn? ne) (6.6.13) Dap tmg mong muon tai 16i ra bO san bang tai t=mT' 1a symbol da duoc truyén di a,,. Sai 86 duge dinh nghia 1a d6 chénh léch gitfa a,, va z(mT). Khi d6 sai s6 binh phuong trung binh gida mdu thyc té Idi ra z(mT) va céc gid tri mong muén a, 14 nh sau (trong phat trién tinh ton nay, chiing tdi dé cho cdc tin hien a(t) va y(1) 1a cdc tin higu phttc va oy dir lieu citing 1 phic): 27 MSE=E] 2(mT )-a, f= Heaton nt)-a, | es be GR,(n-k) -2 Nek, (e) + Ba, P) (6.6.14) trong dé cdc ham tuong quan duge xac dinh theo. R(n-k) = Ely"(mT-nz)y(mT-kr)], Ry(=Ely(mT -kr)aZ| (6.6.15) va gid tri ky vong duge lay theo day thong tin ngu nhién {a,,} va tap 4m cong. Lai gidi MSE cuc tiéu nhan duge bing céch lay vi phan (6.6.14) theo cdc he $6 bo san bang {c,}. Nhu thé, chiing ta nhan duge cdc digu kién céin dé c6 MSE cuc tiéu Ia de R,(n—k)=R,(k), k=0,£L2, (6.6.16) Day 1 2K+1 phuong trinh tuyén tinh d6i v6i cdc hé sé cla bd san bang. Trdi v6i gidi ph4p cudng €p khong da dugc trinh bay trén day, c4c phuong trinh nay phu thudc vao céc thud tinh thong ké (ham tu tuong quan) cia tap 4m cling nhu ISI thong qua ham ty tuong quan R,(n). ‘Trén thuc té, ma tran ty tuong quan R,(n) va véc-to tuong quan chéo R,,{1t) khong 306 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN KIRN NAY biét trude duoc. Tuy nhién, cdc day tuong quan nay c6 thé duge ude lugng bang c4ch truyén mot tin hiéu thir qua kénh va sit dung cc udc lugng trung binh theo thdi gian By(n)= Edy (rns yGer) ' Rl n= (kD —ne)ai (6.6.17) thay cho cdc tri trung binh toan thé dé giai tim cdc hé s6 cia bd san bing cho bai (6.6.16). BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.11 (Thiét ké bo can bang] Xét xung chiu méo kénh x(0) nhu trong bai tap minh hoa 6.10, song bay gid hay thiét ké bd san bing 5 khau da ten tiéu chi MSE cuc tiéu. Cac symbol thong tin cé ki vong bing 0, phutong sai bang 1 va khong tuong quan, tiic 14 E(a,) = 0, E(a,a,,)= 0 (n # m), E((a,[" )=1. Tap 4m céng v(¢) cé ki vong 0 va ham tu tuong quan PAD) = a) Céc hé 86 khau ciia bd san bing nhan dugc bang céch gidi (6.6.16) voi K=2 va 7=7/2. Ma tran voi cdc phan tir R,(n-#) don gidn 1a R,=x'xeNey 2 trong dé X dugc cho bai (6.6.9) con J 14 ma tran don vi. Véc-to chita céc phan tir R,,(k) duge cho theo: ay = a i Bis Rte = N= ale Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 307Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY C&c hé s6 bO san bang thu duge bang cach giai (6.6.16) 14 nhu sau 0,0956 ~ 0,7347 Coe =| 16761 —0,7347 0,0956 D6 thi xung di duge sita duoc thé hin trén hinh 6.30. |] | Hinh 6.30 Dang xung sau khi duge sita trong bai tap minh hoa 6.11 MATLAB script cho tinh todn nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 11, Chapter 6. echo on 2, temp=temp+(1/(1Hniy2)*U(1HKA yD), end; X(k+3,n+3)=temp; echo off ; end; end; 308 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN 86 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J.G.va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY echo on; NO=0.01; % assuming that NO=0.01 Ry=X+(N0/2)*eye(5); Riy=[1/5 1/2 1 1/2 1/5].'; c_opt=inv(Ry)*Riy; % optimal tap coefficients % find the equalized pulse... 1/2:3; JA+Q41/T).42); % sampled pulse equalized_pulse=conv(x,c_opt); % decimate the pulse to get the samples at the symbol rate decimated_equalized_pulse=equalized_pulse(1:2:length(equalized_pulse)); % plotting command follows 6.6.L CAC BO SAN BANG TUYEN TINH THICH NGHI Ching toi da cho thay rang c4c hé sé khau cla mot bé san bang tuyén tinh cé thé x4c dinh dugc bang cach giai mot hé cdc phuong trinh tuyén tinh. Trong tiéu chudn t6i wu cudng ép khong, cdc phuong trinh tuyén tink duge cho boi (6.6.8). Mat khdc, néu tiéu chudn toi uu lai dua trén viée cuc tiéu hod MSE thi céc hé s6 b6 san bang tdi uu duge xdc dinh bang c4ch gidi hé cdc phuong trinh tuyén tinh duge cho bdi (6.6.16). Trong ca hai trudng hop, chting ta cé thé biéu dién hé c4c phuong trinh tuyén tinh dudi dang ma tran Be=d (6.6.18) v6i B 1a mot ma tran (2K+1)x(2K+1), ¢ 1a mot véc-to cot biéu dién (2K+1) hé s6 cha b6 san bang, cdn d 1a mot véc-to cot (2K+1) chiéu. Viéc gidi (6.6.18) cho chting ta Cop = BA (6.6.19) Trong thu té thuc hién cdc bd san bing, Idi gidi cha (6.6.18) d6i véi véc-to hé s6 t6i wu thudng nhan duoc bang mot thi tuc lap ma né trénh duge viéc tinh to4n nghich dao cia ma tran B mt cach tudng minh. Thi tuc lap don gian nhat 1a phuong phap gidm véi do déc 16n nh&t (gidm déc nh&t) (steepest descent), trong d6 c6 thé bat dau bang céch chon tuy ¥ mot véc-to hé sO ¢, cho 1a cy. Lua chon ‘Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 309Proakis J. G, va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY ban dau nay cia véc-(o hé 36 ¢, tuong tng voi mot diém tren ham tiéu chi dang dugc t6i uu hod. Thi du, trong tring hop tiu chudn MSE, sy phéng dodn ban dau co tuong tng voi mét diém trén mat cong MSE bac hai trong khong gian (Q2K+1) chigu cha cic hé s6. Véc-to gradient, dugc ky higu la go, !& dao ham cia MSE theo 2K+1 hé s6 cha b6 loc, khi d6 duoc tinh tai diém nay trén mat cong tiéu chi va méi mdt hé sé khau duge thay déi theo chiéu hudng ngugc véi thanh phin gradient twong ting ciia né. Thay 4di cia hé sO khdu thtt j thi ty 1e voi do len cha thanh phan gradient thtt j. Hinh 6.31. Vidu vé cde dae tinh hoi tu clia mot thud todn gradient ‘Thi du d6i véi bo titu chudn MSE thi véc-to gradient, ky hiéu Ia gy tim duge hing cach ly dao ham (riéng) cua MSE theo tig hé s6 trong 2K+1 hé s6, sé 1a & = Be,~d, k=0,1,2, (6.6.20) Sau do véc-ta hé 6 ¢, durée cAp nhat theo quan hé Cy FQ AK, (6.6.21) trong d6 A 1a tham s6'c& bude $64 v6i thi tuc ip. Dé dam bao su hdi tu cia tuc lap, A phai duge Iya chon IA m6t s6 duong di nhd. Trong trudng hgp nay, véc-to gradient g, hoi tu vé khéng, nghia {8 g, > 0 Khi k > 0, va véc-to hé 86 ¢, > Coy, ibe duoc minh hoa trén hinh 6.31 dya trén mot t6i wu hod hai chiéu. Mot cach téng quat, su h6i ty cita cdc hé s6 khau bé san bing dén ¢,,, khong thé dat duge san m6t sO hitu han bude fap voi phuong phdp giam dé6c nhdt. Tuy nhién nghiém ti wa ¢,,, 06 thé dat dén duge nhu mong mu6n sau khodng vai tram bude lip. Trong cdc hé théng 310 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProaitis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY thong tin s6 c6 sit dung céc 66 san bing kénh, méi bude lap tong duong v6i khoang thdi gian dé truyén mot symbol, do 46 mot vai trim bude lap dé dat duoc su hoi tu dén ¢,,, tuong tng voi thoi gian chi bang m6t phan ciia gidy. Viéc san bang kénh thich nghi 1a cén thiét d6i v6i cdc kénh ma cdc dac tinh cha ching thay déi theo thdi gian. Trong trudng hop do. ISI bién déi theo thdi gian. B6 san bang kénh nhdt thiét phai bam theo cdc bién thién theo théi gian nhu thé cla ddp tmg kénh va diéu chinh dé céc hé s6 cia n6 mott céch thich tng nham lam gidm ISI. Trong pham vi van dé da duge ban trén day, véc-to hé sé ti Uv ¢,p, thay 46i theo thdi gian do nhiing bién thién theo thdi gian trong ma tran B, con d6i véi trudng hgp tiéu chudn MSE, thi do cdc bién thién theo thdi gian trong véc-to d. V6i cdc diéu kién nay, phuong phdp lap ndi trén c6 thé duoc cai bién dé sit dung cdc uéc luong cla cdc thanh phén gradient. Nhu thé, thuat todn diéu chinh cic hé sé khau b6 san bang cé thé biéu dién dugc theo -A6, (6.6.22) Ces & kY higu cho mot wéc Iuong cita véc-t¢ gradient g,, cdn é, ky hiéu cho udc luong cha véc-to hé s6 khau ¢. Trong trudng hop tiéu chudn MSE, véc-to gradient g, cho bdi (6.6.20) c6 thé biéu dién duge theo & =— Eley) Mot uéc luong , cita véc-to gradient tai bude lap thit k tinh dugc theo &=-eyt (6.6.23) trong d6 e, biéu thi chénh léch gitta dau ra mong mun cita bO san bing tai thoi digm tht & va gid tri 16i ra thue té (KT), con y, ky higu cho véc-to cot gém 2K-+1 gid tri tin hiéw thu duge dang chita trong b6 san bang tai thdi diém thit k. Tin higu 10i e, biéu dién dugc theo = 4% (6.6.24) trong dé z; = 2(KT) 1a 16i ra bd san bing duge cho bdi (6.6.13), cdn a; 1a symbol Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUUHAN 311Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.. CAC Hf, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY mong muén. Do d6, bang cdch thay (6.6.23) vao (6.6.22), chting ta c6 duoc thuat toan thich nghi dé t6i wu hod cdc hé s6 cdc khau (dua trén tieu chudn MSE) nhu sau Ey = 6, they (6.6.25) Do udc luong cia véc-to gradient dugc sit dung trong (6.6.25), thuat todn tren duge goi 1a thudt todn gradient ngdu nhién (stochastic gradient algorithm). N6 cting cdn duoc biét dén v6i tén goi thudt todn LMS (Least Mean Square). Mot so dé kh6i cia mot bO san bang thich nghi, ma nd bién 44i thich nghi cdc hé sé khau theo (6.6.25), duge minh hoa trén hinh 6.32. Can Iu y rang sai léch giita 16i ra mong muOn a, va 16i ra thuc 2, tif b6 san bang duge sir dung dé tao nén tin hiéu 15i e,. Lai nay dugc phéng ty lé bang tham s6 cd bude A, va tin hi¢u Idi da d6i ty 1¢ Ae, dugc nhan vi céc gid tri tin higu thu duge (y(kT-n2)} tai 2K+1 khau. Céc tich Aeyy*(KT-n7) tai 2K+1 khau sau 46 duoc cong voi gid tri trude d6 cha cdc hé s6 khau dé c6 duge cdc hé sO nhénh mdi, theo nbur (6.6.25). ‘Tinh todn nhu trén duge !ap lai khi thu dugce mdi mau tin higu méi, Nhs 46, cc hé s6 ’6 san bang duoc cap nhat (lam méi lai) vdi téc dO bang t6c d6 symbol. Hinh 6.32. BO san bang thich nghi tuyén tinh dua trén tiéu chudn MSE 312 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Khéji dau, bO san bang thich nghi dugc huan luyén bang viéc truyén din mot day gid ngdu nhién biét trxdc {a,,} qua kénh. Tai bO giai diéu ché, bO san bang sit dung day da biét dé diéu chinh cdc hé s6 cla minh. Véi diéu chinh khdi dau nay, b6 san bang thich nghi chuyén tit phuong thitc tap hudn (training mode) sang phuong thitc diéu khién theo quyét dinh (decision-directed mode), trong truéng hop d6 céc quyét dinh tai déu ra b6 tach tin hiéu 1a dii tin cay sao cho tin higu 14i tao duge bing céch tinh sai léch gitta 16i ra b6 tach tin hiéu va 16i ra b6 san bang, tifc 1a ee 4, -Z (6.6.26) trong d6 4, 1a 16i ra bé tach tin higu. N6i chung, cdc 16i quyét dinh tai I6i ra dO tach tin hiéu xAy ra khong thudng xuyén; hé qua 14, cdc Idi nay c6 anh hudng nhé tdi viéc thyc hién thuat to4n bam cho béi (6.6.25). Kinh nghiém chon tham s6 c& buéc nhim dim bao céc kha nang hoi tu va bm t6t trong cae kénh bién déi cham Ia 1 A= ———_—_ 5(2K +1)P, trong d6 P, ky hiéu cho cong suat tin hiéu thu cong véi tap Am ma no cé thé (6.6.27) udc hong dugc tir tin hiéu thu dugc. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 6.12 (Bo san bang thich nghi] Hay thuc hi¢n mot bo san bang thich nghi dua trén thuat todn LMS duge cho trong (6.6.25). S6 khau cla kénh duoc chon cho bé san bang 1a 2K+1=11. Cong suat tin hieu thu cong véi tap 4m Pg dugc chudn hod bang 1. Dac tuyén cia kénh duge cho béi véc-to x nhu sau x=[0.05 -0.063 0.088 -0.126 -0.25 0.9047 0.25 0 0.126 0.038 0.088} Lai gidi Su hdi tu cia thuat todn gradient ngdu nhién trong (6.6.25). dugc minh hoa trén hinh 6.33. Cac d6 thi nay d4 nhan dugc tir mo phéng méy tinh mot bd san bing thich nghi 11 khau. Céc dé thi biéu thi 16i trung binh binh phugng duge tinh ‘Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 313Proakis J. G, va Salehi M.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trung binh trén mot s6 In thuc hién. Nhu duge chi ra trén dé thi, khi A gidm, su hdi tu cham hon déi chit song dat dugc mt MSE thap hon, cho thay rang cdc hé 6 udc lung duge gan v6i c,,, hon. a 0 50 190 150 200 250 300 350 AND 450 SIM Number of iterations Hinh 6.33. Cac dac tinh hi tu ban dau cita thuat toan LMS véi cdc c& bude khdc nhau MATLAB script d6i vdi thf du nay duoc cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 12, Chapter 6. echo on 500, % length of the information sequence actual_isi=[0.05 -0.063 0.088 -0.126 -0.25 0.9047 0.25 0 ... 0.126 0.038 0.088]; sigma=0.01; delta=0.115; Num_of_realizations=1000; ros(1,N-2*K); :Num_of_realizations, % compute the average over a number of realizations % the information sequence for i=1:N, if (rand<0.5), info@)=-1, else info(i)=1; end; 314 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIBN NAY echo off ; ); echo on ; end % the channel output y=filter(actual_isi,1 info); for i=1:2:N, [noise(i) noise(i+1)]=gngauss(sigma); end; y=y+noise; % now the equalization part follows estimated_c=[0 0000100000); % initial % estimate of ISI mse_aV=mse_av+mse; echo off ; end; echo on ; mse_av=mse_av/Num_of_realizations; % mean squared error % versus iterations % plotting commands follow Tin hiéu I6i vao ie ie J z = z x 4 * BO tach a 2te bt tin hieu PEP Tin hiéu e & loira x x x h T kt{T T Hinh 6.34 Mot bo san bing thfch nghi curing ép khong Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUUHAN 315Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: ChC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Mac di chting ta da m6 ta tuong d6i chi tiét hoat dong cia mot bd san bang thich nghi trén co s6 tiéu chudn MSE, hoat dong cia mot bd san bang thich nghi dya trén phuong phdp cudng ép khong thi cing tuong ty nhu vay. Diém khéc nhau chinh 1a 6 phuong phap ude lugng cdc véc-to gradient g, tai mi budc lap. MOt so d6 kh6i ca m6t bO san bing thich nghi cudng ép khong duoc thé hién trén hinh 6.34. 6.7 BO SAN BANG PHI TUYEN Cfc bd san bang tuyén tinh di duoc mo ta 6 trén rat hi¢u qua tren cdc kénh nhu thé cdc kenh di¢n thoai hitu tuy6n, trong dé ISI khong qué trim trong. Mite 46 nghiém trong cia ISI lién quan truc tiép v6i cdc dc tinh phd cha kénh va khong nhat thiét lien quan t6i sai thdi gian cia ISI. Thi du, hay xem xét ISI gay ra ti hai kénh duge minh hoa trén hinh 6.35. Sai thdi gian d6i yéi ISI trong kénh A 1a nam khoang symbol yé méi ben cilia thanh phén tin hi¢u mong mu6n ma né cé gid tri 1a 0.72. Trong khi d6 sai thdi gian d6i vdi ISI trong kénh B \& mot khodng symbol vé méi bén cia thanh phan tin hi¢u mong mun, ma né cé gid tri 1a 0.815. Nang luong cla dap ing xung t6ng cong dugc chudin hod bing mot 46i véi ca hai kénh. Uae 0.407 0.407 a a wot ed det a TT rt KenhA Keénh B Hinh 6.35 Hai kénh voi ISt Mac di sai ISI ngdn hon, kénh B gay nen ISI nghiem trong hon. Diéu nay thay 16 duge tren cdc dic tinh dap tuyén tan s6 cla cdc kenh nay ma ching duge 316 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN.Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY vé trén hinh 6.36. Chuing ta thay rang kénh B c6 mot tri bing khong cla phé [dap tuyén tdn s6 C()=0 déi voi mot sO tan sé trong dai | f |< W ] tai tin sO f=1/27, trong khi dé diéu nay khong xay ra trong trudng hop kénh A. Hé qua 1a, mot bd san bing tuyén tinh sé dua vao dap tng tan sO cia n6é mot tang ich 1én nhim bi lai tri bang khong cla d4p tuyén tan sé kéenh. Nhu thé, tap 4m trong kénh B sé duge tang cudng manh hon nhiéu so v6i kénh A. Diéu nay ham nghia rang chat lugng cia bd san bing tuyén tinh d6i véi kenh B sé di t6i hon so véi chat lugng ciia kénh A. Néi chung, han ché co ban cia mot b6 san bang tuyén tinh 14 & chd né hoat dong téi trén cdc kénh 6 cdc diém phé bing khong. Céc kénh nhu thé thudng gap phai trong thong tin v6 tuyén chang han nhu truyén dan tang dién ly v6i cdc tn sé duéi 30 MHz hay cdc kénh v6 tuyén di dong nhu cdc kénh dugc sit dung d6i véi thong tin v6 tuyén té bao. eon 0.00 -6.00F— 6.00) 3 8 g -12.00) g -1200F z z B -1800 2 noo £ 2 * 21.00, 300014 OL 00) 063 126 188251318 000063 126188 25) 3M 0 frequency (rains) (ofaequency (alias) ® ® Hinh 6.36 Cac phé bién do déi vi (a) kenb A va (b) kenh B tir hinh vé 6.35 Mot bd san bang héi tiép quyét dinh (DFE: Decision-Feedback Equalizer) la mot bd san bang phi tuyén ma no sit dung cdc quyét dinh truéc d6 dé loai bé ISI gay bdi cdc symbol da duge tach trudc 46 anh hutng t6i symbol hin dang duge tich. Mot so 46 khéi don gian déi v6i mot DFE dugc thé hién trén hinh 6.37. DFE bao g6m hai bd loc. BO loc thit nhat duge goi 18 b¢ loc hong thudn (feedforward filter); né nhin chung 1a mot bd loc FIR phan cach mot phén véi cdc hé 36 khau cé thé diéu chinh dugc. BO loc nay hoan toan giéng vé dang véi bd san bang tuyén tinh da duge mo tA truéc day. Léi vao cia nd 1a tin hi¢u thu duge da qua loc y(t) dugce léy mau véi Chwong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 317Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY mot t6c do nao dé 1a mét bdi s6 cia téc dO symbol, thi du nhu véi toc do 2/T. BO loc thir hai 12 bé loc hdi tiép (feedback filter). N6 dugc thuc hién nhu mot bé loc FIR véi c4c khau phan céch timg symbol c6 c4c hé s6 khau ciing cé kha nang diéu chinh dugc. L6i vao cha né 1a tap cdc symbol da tach duge trtée. Léi ra cha bd loc hdi tiép duge dem dé trir di khdi 161 ra cia bo loc huéng thuan dé tao nén I6i vao bé téch tin hiéu. Nhu thé, chiing ta c6 Sevlnr—n)-F0,0. = trong dé {c,} va {b,} lan lugt 14 c4c hé s6 diéu chinh duge cia cdc b6 loc hung thuan va bd loc héi tiép; @,_, 1a cdc symbol di tach duge tude 46, n=1, 2,... Ny N, 1a d6 dicta bO loc huéng thuan cdn N; 1a d6 dai cia b6 loc héi tiép. Dua tren 16i Va0 Zp, b6 tach tin hiéu x4c dinh xem symbol nao (trong s6 cdc symbol c6 thé 06 da truyén) 1a gin nat vé khoang c4ch d6i v6i_ tin hiéu I6i vao a, Theo d6, n6 thuc hién vie quyét dinh cla minh va cho ra @,, . Cai Jam cho DFE tré nén phi tuyén 1a dic tinh phi tuyén cia b9 téch tin higu tao ra tin higu 161 vao cho 66 bd loc hoi tiep. Dit BO loc BO tich Dit liéu ‘oi ao >| uéng thuan tin hieu Pietra BO loc fae) héi tiép Hinh 6.37 So dé kh6i ciia mot DFE Céc hé s6 khau cia bO loc huGng thuan va bé loc héi tiép duge Iya chon dé t6i uu hod mot dé do chat lugng mong muén nao d6. Dé don gian vé mat ton hoe, tiéu chudn MSE thudng duge 4p dung va thuat todn gradient ngdu nhién duge sit dung rong rai dé thuc hién DFE thich nghi. Hinh 6.38 minh hoa so dé khéi cha m6t DFE thich nghi ma cdc hé s6 khau cia n6é duge diéu chinh theo thuat todn gradient ng4u nhién LMS. Chiing ta én chi ¥ ring céc 16i quyét dinh tir bo tach tin hiéu khi duge cp t6i b6 loc héi tigp thi c6 tac dong nho tdi thao téc ca DFE. Néi chung, mot t6n that nbd 318 ‘Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY vé chat luong vao cd tir 1 dén 2 dB 1a c6 thé cé tai cdc gid tri ty 1¢ 16i dudi 10, song cc I6i quyét dinh trong c4c b6 loc héi tip thi khong dén néi Ia thém hoa. BO LOC HUONG THUAN t t t BO LOC HOI TIEP. BO tach tin hi¢u t T t Hinh 6.38 So d6 khéi cia mot DFE thich nghi Mac dau DFE t6t hon mot bd san bing tuyén tinh song né khong phai 1a t6i uu theo quan diém t6i thiéu hoa xac suat 18i trong viéc quyet dinh day thong tin {a,} tir cdc mu tin higu thu duoc {y,}, duoc cho béi (6.4.6). Trong mot hé thong truyén tin s6 truyén thong tin qua mot kénh gay ra ISI, bo tach tin higu toi uu 1a mot bo tach day symbol c6 kha nang cuc dai, ma n6 cho ra tai Idi ra cia minh day symbol c6 kha nang nhat (2, } d6i véi day thu da duge lay mau da cho {y,). Nghia 1a, bd tach tin higu tim day { @, } cuc dai hod ham kha nang (likehood function) A({a,}) = In p(y, }1 fa}) trong 46 p({y, }| {a, }) 14 xac sudt ciing nhau cita day thu dug {y,} voi diéu kien Chuang 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 319Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY {a,}. BO tach tin hiéu, thuc hién tach day symbol { @,} cuc dai hod xéc suat diéu kién cing nhau nay, duge goi 1a b6 téch tin hi¢u theo day cé kha nang cuc dai (maximum-likelihood sequence detector). Mot thuat todn thuc hién t4ch day cé kha nang cuc dai (MLSD: maximum- likelihood sequence detection) 1a thuat ton Viterbi von duge dat ra dé giai cdc ma chap nhu duge mo ta trong muc 8.3.2. Dé cd dude mot mo ta vé thuat toén nay trong Khun khé vén dé tach day trong diéu kién cé ISI, ban doc nén tham Khao cdc ti liéu [3, 4]. Han ché chinh cia MLSD d6i véi céc kenh cé ISI 18 46 phitc tap tinh toan tang theo ham mii cita sai ISI. Do d6, MLSD chi thu té déi vi c4c kénh trong d6 sAj ISK tri ra chi trén vai symbol song ISI nghiém trong theo nghia né gay nén suy gidm nghiém trong vé chat lugng clia mot bd san bang tuyén tinh hay b6 san bing héi tiép quyét dinh. Dé lay Yam vi du, hinh 6.39 minh hoa chat lugng xéc suat J6i cla thuat ton Viterbi d6i véi mot tin higu PAM nbj phan duoc truyén qua kénh B (xem hinh 6.35). Dé so sanh, chting ti ciing minh hoa xdc suat 164i déi voi mot DFE. Cé hai két qua déu nhan duge thong qua m6 phong may tinh. Ching ta thay gid wi xéc sudt 16i bing 10“. Do 46, day chinh 1A mot thi du trong 46 trén mot , MLSD mang lai loi ich dang ké vé chat long. kénh 6 sai IST tzong déi ng: Tém lai, cdc bd san bang kénh duge sé dung rong rai trong cdc hé thong thong tin sé nham han ché anh hudng cia ISI gay boi méo kénh. CAc bd san bang tuyén tinh duoc str dung rong rai cho cdc modem téc dO cao truyén do liéu qua cde kénh dign thoai. Doi véi truyén din vo tuyén, nhu trong thong tin di dong té bao, viée tryén lan séng da dudng cia tin higu phat gay ra ISI rat nghiém trong. Céc kénh nhw thé dai héi phai sir dung céc bd san bing manh hon nham chéng lai ISI nghiém trong d6. BO san bang hdi tiép quyét dinh va MLSD 1a hai bO san bang phi tuyén thich hgp d6i véi cdc kenh vo tuyén v6i ISI nghiém trong. 320 ‘Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIBN NAY MLSE simulation 107 . feedback ar ‘aulizer 3 i — Corre bits fed back 107 MLSE Detected bits fed back lower and upper bounds wo 5 ISOS SNR, 4B (10 0g) Hinh 6.39 Xéc suait 16; cite thuat tosn Viterbi déi voi mot tin hin PAM duge trayén qua kénh B wen hinh 6.35 CAC BAI TAP 6.1 Bién déi Fourier cia xung chit nhat trong bai tap minh hoa 6.1 va phd cong suat S,(f) c6 thé tinh duge theo phuong pip s6 v6i MATLAB bang viéc ding c (DFT) hoe thuat todn bign 44 Fou ec (DE nh. Héy chudn ae ign d6i Fourier nhanh. Hay chudn hod T=1 va o? =1. Sau d6 hay lay mau xung chit nhat g(r) tai r=/10 voi k =0, 1... 127. Diéu nay dua dén day {g,} gdm céc mau cia g(/). Hay sir dung MATLAB 4é tinh DFT 128 diém cia {g,} va vé cdc gid tri IG,I? voi m=0, 1...., 127. Hay vé ca phé chinh x4c IG(/)P duge cho béi (6.2.13) va so sdnh hai két qua. 6.2 Hay 14p lai tinh todn trong bai tap 6.1 khi xung g(t) dugc cho theo (1 2at aa s(- vos 2} O3000 d6 mong muén bang phuong phdp ctta sé, sir dung mot cifa s6 Hanning. 6.6 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB tao a dp img xung déi voi kenb hai tia (da duéng) uhu trong bai 4p minh hoa 6.5 va vé dap tg xung trong trudng hop p=0,95 va do tré la 5 mau. 6.7 Hay viét mot chuong trinh mé phéng MATLAB dé tao ra kénh 1 trong bai tap minh hoa 6.6 va hay do ti lé 16i khi 10 000 bit dit lieu abi phan 1} dugc truyén qua kénh nay. Kénh bi nhiéu loan béi AWGN véi phuong sai o°=0, o°=0.1, 020.2, P=0.5 va P=1.0. 6.8 Lap tai bai tap 6.7 d6i v6i kénh sau 1, n=0 0,25, 0, nednlai 6.9 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB tao ra mot phién ban da lay mau cla dép ‘ing xung mach loc phat g;(r) duge cho béj (6.5.9) déi véi mot gid tri my ¥ cha hé s6 u6n @. Hay udc luong va vé gr(n) d6i voi @=1/2 va N=31. Hay w6e luong va vé 322 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY cd céc dic tuyén bien dé cita dap ting tn s6 doi voi bd loc nay. [Hay sir dung mot DFT 4 diém cia g/(n) bing céch nhéi thém cho gr(m) 3N diém khong). 6.10 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB tinh todn dap ting xung tng cong cia mach mac n6i tiép mot bO loc phat bat ky g-(n) v6i bd loc ph6i hop cia né tai méy thu. Tinh ton nay cé thé thc hién duge bang céch sit dung DFT nhu sau. Nhdi them cho g/(n) bang N-1 (hoac hon thé) diém khong va tinh DFT (2N-1) (hoac hon thé) diém. Tinh ton dé sé cho chting ta G,(k). Sau dé tao ra |G, (of 16i tinh DFT nguge (2-1) diém cita |G, (k)|’. Hay ude lugng dap tng xung t6ng cong nay d6i véi b6 loc trong bai tap 6.9 va so sanh két qua nay v6i d4p ting xung ly tuéng nhan duge bing céch idy miu x,,(1) v6i t6c do lay mau F,=4/P. 6.11 Lap lai bai tap 6.9 déi voi N=21 va N=41. Hay vé va so sénh dap ting tan s6 cia céc bd loc thdi gian ri rac nay vdi cdc bd loc trong bai tap 6.9. Hay mé ta cdc sai khdc chit yéu. 6,42 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB ma no nhan mot day dé li¢u {D,}, tiéu ma hod n6é cho mét hé théng truyén din xung nhi phan d6i cai bién, r6i anh xa day da tién ma hod thanh cdc mite bién do phat {a,}. Sau d6, tir day due phat di hay tao ra day thu duoc khong c6 tap am {b,=a,~a,-»} va bang cach sit dung quan hé duge cho béi (6.5.37), hay khoi phuc lai tin hiéu di ligu (D,}. Hay chay chuong trinh nay d6i v6i day dé li¢u {D,} gid ngau nhién tuy ¥ voi M=2 va M=4 cdc mite bién dé phat, va hay kiém tra cdc két qua. 6.13 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB thyc hién mét mé phéng Monte-Carlo cho mot hé thong truyén tin PAM nhj phan sit dung xung tin hiéu nhj phan doi, trong d6 day bién do va tién ma {a,} dugc hinh thanh nhu trong bai tap minh hoa 6.9. Hay cong thém tap 4m Gauss vao day tin hiéu thu dugc {b,} nhw da chi ra trong (6.5.22) dé tao nén 16i vao mach tach tin hiéu, réi sir dung quy tac tach tin hiéu trong (6.5.28) dé khoi phuc dit li¢u. Hay thuc hién m6 phong d6i vdi 10 000 bit va hay do x4c sudt 16i bit d6i véi o’=0.1, o°=0.5 va o’=1.0. Hay vé xéc suat Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HAN 323Proakis J. G. va Satehi M.: CAC Hf. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 18i Ly thuyét d¢i v6i PAM nhi phan khi khong cé ISI r6i so sdnh cdc ket qua md phong Monte-Carlo véi chat Iugng ly tuéng nay. Ban sé thay mot suy gidm nhd nao dé trong chat lugng cia hé théng nhi phan doi. 6.14 Hay lap lai bai tap 6.9 d6i véi mot téc do lady mau F.=8/T, a=1/2 va N=61. Téc do ldy mu cao hon cé tao ra mot dac tuyén dap ting tan so tot hon, nghia 1& 6 cho mot dac tuyén sat hyp hon véi X,.()? 6.15 D6i v6i bd loc da thiét ké trong bai tap 6.14, hay tinh va vé Idi ra cha mach mic néi tiép bd loc nay véi bd loc phéi hgp cia n6 bing cdch sit dung thi tuc da dugc mo td trong bai tap 6.10. Hay so sinh dap ting xung da lay mau nay voi dap ting xung ly tudng nhan duge bang cach lay mau x,,(/) voi téc db F=8/T. Toc db lay mau cao hon cé cho mot x4p xi tot hon cia dap mg xung bé loc théi gian ri tac d6i véi dap tng xung bO loc IY tudng? 6.15 D6i véi bd loc da thiét ké trong bai tap 6.14, hay tinh va vé I6i ra cla mach méc 6i tiép ca bo loc nay va mach loc phéi hop véi né bang cach sit dung thi tuc da duoc mé ta trong bai tap 6.10. Hay so sdnh d4p tmg xung 44 duge lay mau nay véi dap ting xung ly tuéng nhan duoc bang céch lay mau x,,(1) voi t6c do F=8/T. Téc do ldy mau cao hon nay cé cho mét xp xi tot hon cla d4p tmg xung bd loc thai gian rdi rac so voi dap img xung bé loc ly tung khong? 6.16 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB tao ra mot phién ban da lay m4u cia dap tmg xung bd loc phat g,(t) cho béi (6.5.21) d6i véi tin hiéu nhi phan doi cdi bien xéc dinh theo (6.5.18). Hay u6c lwong va vé g(n) v6i N=31. Hay uéc luong va vé ca bién d6 ca dap tg tén sé cia b6 loc nay. 6.17 Lap lai bai tap 6.10 d6i véi bd loc da thiét ké dugc trong bai tap 6.16. 6.18 Lap lai bai tap 6.16 d6i v6i N=21 va N=41. Hay so sénh cdc dip ting téin s6 clia cc bd loc nay véi dip tg tén sé cla b6 loc da thiét ké duoc trong bai tap 6.16. Cac sai biét chinh trong cdc dac tuyén dap ting tén sO nay 1a gi? 6.19 Hay xét xung x(s) bi méo bdi kénh, nhu da cho trong bai tap minh hoa 6.10. Xung nay dugc Idy mu véi tc do 2/T va dugc sita (san bang) bang mot bd san 324 ‘Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HOU HANProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY bang cudng ép khong v6i 2K+1 khau. Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB dé giai tim cdc’hé s6 khau cia bd san bang cudng ép khong. Hay u6c lugng va vé 16i ra cia bO san bing cudng ép khong nay d6i voi 50 gid tri da ldy mau. 6.20 Lap lai bai tap 6.19 d6i vdi mot bd san bing MSE v6i o7=0.01, o°=0.1 va o=1.0. Hay so sdnh cdc hé s6 cla bé san bang nay véi cc hé s6 da nhan duoc trong bai t4p 6.19 va hay binh luan vé cdc két qua khi o” dugc cho bién thién. 6.21 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB téng quat dé tinh cdc hé sO khau cia mot bd san bing FIR voi do dai 2K+1 tuy ¥ dua trén tieu chudn MSE, v6i céc dit liéu dau vao cia chuong trinh 1a cdc gid tri da ldy mau cia xung x(t) voi téc do ldy mu bang téc dO symbol va mat d6 phé cia tap 4m cong o*. Hay sit dung chuong trinh dé dé udc lugng cdc hé s6 cla mot b6 san bang 11 khau khi cdc gid iri da lay mau ca x(1) 1 bs OT) = 49. jos, 0.01, va cia bé san bang. 6.22 D6i véi cdc dic tinh kénh da dugc cho trong bai tap 6.21, hay wéc higng cdc hé s6 cita bé san bing MSE va MSE ti thiéu khi s6 khau cilia b6 san bang [a 21. Hay so sénh céc hé s6 cia bd san biing nay v6i céc gid tri clla céic he sO da nhan o-O1 o-0.1. dugc trong bai tap 6.21 va hay binh luan xem d6 giam MSE nhan duge véi b6 san bang dai hon cé 16n dén mttc dang dé sit dung n6 hay khong. 6.23 Luong ISI con du tai 16i ra cia mét b6 san bang cé thé udc luong duge bang céch nhan chp dép ting xung cla kénh voiti cdc hé s6 cia bd san bang va quan sit day 16i ra két qua cia tich ch&p. Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB tinh todn 16i ra cia bO san bang cé mot d6 dai xdc dinh khi 16i vao Ia dac tinh kénh da lay mau. Dé don gian, hay xét trudng hgp trong d6 bd san bing 1a mét b6 san Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 325Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY bang phan cdch timg symbol va dép tmg xung da lay mu cia kénh cing gém cdc méu phan céch nhau timg do dai cia symbol. Hay sit dung chuong trinh dé dé ude fugng 16i ra cha mOt b6 san bang cuéng ép khéng, phan cach ting symbol d6i voi dap ting xung kénh da duge cho trong bai tap 6.21. 6.24 Hay viét mt chuong trinh mo phdng Monte-Carlo thuc hign m6 phéng hé thong truyén tin s6 doc mo hinh hod nhu trén hinh vé P6.24. Kenh duge mo hinh hod nhu mét b6 loc FIR v6i c4c gid tri phan c4ch nhau ting symbol. BO san bang MSE ciing 14 mot b6 loc FIR véi cdc hé s6 khau phan c4ch nhau timg symbol. Cac symbol hudn luyén thoat tién duge truyén dé hudn luyén b6 san bang. Trong phuvng thie dif ligu (daia mode) - 1 phuong thiic truyén dua dit liéu sau khi di két thtic hudn luyén, chi thich cha ngudi dich - b6 san bang sit dung Idi ra cha b6 iéch tin hieu (ereetor) dé tao néu tin higu sai 96, Hay ihue kigu mdi nd phong Monte-Carlo d6i véi hé thong nay bang cach sit dung 1000 symbol (nhi phan) huan luyén va 10 000 symbol dit tigu nhi phan déi v6i m6 hinh kénh da dugc cho trong bai tap 6.21. Hay sit dung o*=0.01, o°=0.1 va o’=1.0. Hay so sénh ty 1é 16i thu duge tiv mé phong vi ty lé 16i cha mot kénh ly tudng khong cé ISI. WGN Nguén {a,} Keénh ‘BO san bang | {4,} di lieu | (m6 hinh bo >| | MSE > hi phan loc FIR) thich nghi Hinh P6.24 326 Chuong 6: TRUYEN DAN SO QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HANProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY CHUGNG 7 TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 7.1 GIGI THIEU CHUNG Trong hai chuong truéc chting ta di xem xét viéc truyén dn thong tin sO thong qua céc kénh bang g6c. Trong trudng hop nhu thé, tin higu mang thong tin duge truyén truc tiép qua kénh ma khong sit dung mot s6ng mang hinh sin. Tuy vay, hau hét cdc kénh thong tin déu 1a cdc kénh thong dai; do vay, céch duy nhat dé iruyén cdc tin hiéu thong qua cdc kénh nhu thé 1a nhd viée dich chuyén tin so cua tin hiéu mang thOng tin tdi bang tan cla kénh. Trong chuong nay, chting ta sé xem xét bon kiéu tin hiéu da diéu ché song mang thich hop cho cdc kénh thong dai: Céc tin hi¢u diéu ché bién do, céc tin hiéu diéu ché bién do vudng géc, cdc tin hiéu diéu ché pha sé va cdc tin hiéu diéu ché tan s6 s6. 7.2 DIEU CHE BIEN BO SONG MANG Trong PAM sé bang géc, cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu cé dang Smt) = An8r() 5 (7.2.1) trong d6 A,, 1a bién do cia dang song thit m va g-(t) 1a mot xung ma dang cla n6é xdc dinh céc dac tinh phé ciia tin hiéu dugc truyén di. Phé cia cac tin hiéu bang g6c duge gid sir 1a duge chita trong dai tan s6 |f|< W,, trong d6 W 1a do rong bang cia |G,(f)/ nhu duge minh hoa trén hinh 7.1. Ta hay nhé lai rng bién 0 cia tin hiéu nhan cdc gid tri Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 327Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY A, =(2m-1-M)d, m=1,2,...,.M (7.2.2) trong d6 2d 1a khoang cach Euclide gitia hai diém tin hiéu lan can nhau. Ienr? ZN “Ww ° Hinh 7.1 Phé mat do nang luong cita tin higu duge truyén di g,(). Dé truyén cdc dang séng tin hiéu sé thong qua mot kénh thong dai, cdc dang séng tin hi¢u bang géc s,(1), m = 1, 2,..., M, duge nhan véi mot séng mang hinh sin c6 dang cos2nf.1 nhu duge trinh bay tren hinh 7.2, trong do f, 1a tin so song mang (f,>W) va tg vdi téin s6 trung tam trong dai thong cia kénh. Do 46, cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu duge truyén di biéu dién dugc theo UAB) = ApBHeos2nft, m= 1,2,.,M (7.2.3) Trong trudng hgp dac biét, khi dang xung duge truyén 1a chit nhat, nghia ia 2 =, Os>W. Trong trudng hop nhu thé, g,(t) vé can ban 1a hang s6 trong bat ky mot chu ky nao cia cos4nf,t, vi vay tich phan trong (7.2.10) bang khong 6i v6i timg chu ky cha biéu thite dui dau tich phan. Do (7.2.10) ta c6 a. 3 ferns =i (7.2.11) Nhu vay, g7(¢) nhat thiét phai duge tinh ty 1é mot cach thich hgp sao cho cdc biéu thifc (7.2.8) va (7.2.11) duge thoa man. 7.2.1 GIAIDIBU CHE CAC TIN HIEU PAM Vike gidi diéu ch€ ofa mot tin higu PAM s6 thong dai cé thé hoan thanh duge theo mot trong nhiéu céch bang cdc tinh tuong quan hay Igc phdi hgp. Véi muc dich minh hga, ching ta xét mot b6 giai diéu ch kiéu tinh tuong quan. 330 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN 86 THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Tin hiéu thu dugc cé thé biéu dién duge theo r(t) = A,,g87(t)cos2nf,t + n(t) (7.2.12) trong dé n(r) 1a mot qué trinh tap 4m thong dai biéu dién dugc theo n(t) = n{heos2nft — n,(d)sin2nf,.t (7.2.13) va & day n,() va n,(Q) 1a cdc thinh phan vudng g6c véi nhau cia tap am. Bang cach tinh tuong quan chéo tin hiéu thu dugc véi y(t) duge cho béi (7.2.6), nhv trén hinh 7.5, ching ta nhan duge I6i ra frow@d = 4, +n=s, +n (7.2.14) rong dé n bid anh phdn tap am cOng tai 16i ra cha b6 tuong quan. Tin higu (yp @Q—wl (dat BO Toi b6 tach thu duoe 2 iin higu An) 6 Déng hé cos 2nf.t Bo dao dong Hinh 7.5 Gidi diéu ché tin higu PAM s6 thong dai. ‘Thanh phan tap 4m 6 ky vong bang 0. Phuong sai cha né 06 thé biéu dién theo o3 = fens, nar (7.2.15) trong d6 Y(/) 1a biéin déi Fourier cia y(1), cdn S,(f) la mat do phé cong suat cia tap 4m cOng. Bién déi Fourier clia y(Z) Ia 1 a er, (F-f)+GF +f) (7.2.16) va mat d6 phé cong suét cia qué trinh tap 4m cOng thong dai la No S,)=4 2" Voss (7.2.17) 0, Véicdc gid tri khac cha f Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIBU CHE SONG MANG 331Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY . Bang cdch thay (7.2.16) va (7.2.17) vao (7.2.15) va tinh tich phan, ching ta nhan duge o? = N,/2. Tw (7.2.14) 18 biéu thitc cia I6i vao bd tach bién d6, r5 rang ring x4c sudt 316i cha bd téch tin hiéu t6i uu déi véi tin higu PAM diéu ché bién dé thi hoan toan ging nhu x4c suat 16i cha bé tach bien do déi voi PAM bing gc. Nghia 1a 2M -1) of [6Ens tog, M Py = Jar 2 7.218) uM f Fate) : » “1 ax ag 0a 0d aaa a2. 4 100 0 100-80 60-40-20. -0 20 40 «6 80 100 £ Hinh 7.6 Céc phé cita tin higu bang g6c va cita tin hieu diéu ché bien do (thong dai). 332 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANG.Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HTEN NAY BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.1 [Phé tin higu PAM] Trong mot hé thong PAM s6 diéu ché bién dd, b6 loc may phat vdi phan img xung g;(f) cé dac tinh phé can bac hai cosin nang nhu dugc mo ta trong bai tap minh hoa 6.7, v6i hé s6 uén loc (roll-off factor) a = 0.5. Tan s6 séng mang la f, = 40/T. Hay tinh va vé dé thi phé cia tin hiéu bang géc va cia tin hiéu da duge diéu ché bien do. Loi giai Hinh 7.6 minh hoa hai dac tinh phé nay. MATLAB script d6i vai tink todn nay dugc cho dui day. m-fiie % MATLAB script for Illustrated Problem 1, Chapter 7. echo on T=1; delta_T=T/200; % sampling interval 5 % roll-off factor % carrier frequency m=; % amplitude t=-5*T+delta_T:delta_T:5*T; % sine axis Ne=length(t); for i=1:N, if (abs(t(i))-=T/(2*alpha)), TQ) = sinc(t(i)/T)*(cos(pi*alpha*t(i)/T)/(1-4*alpha%2*t(i)\2/TA2)); else g Ti) =0; % the value of g_T is 0 at t=Ti(2*alpha) end; % and, at t=-T/(2*alpha) echo off ; end; echo on; G_T=abs(fft(g_T)); % spectrum of gT _m*g_T.*cos(2*pi*fc*t); % the modulated signal ibs(fft(u_m)); % spectrum of the modutated signal % actual frequency scale f=-0,5/delta_T:1/(delta_T*(N-1)):0.5/delta_T; % plotting commands follow figure(1); plot(f,fftshift(G_T)); axis({-1/T 1/T 0 max(G_T)]); Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANG 333Proakis J. G, va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY figure(2); plot(f,fftshift(U_m)); 7.3 DIU CHE PHA SONG MANG Trong diéu ché pha s6ng mang, thong tin truyén qua mét kénh thong tin duoc dong trén pha cia song mang. Do giai cla pha séng mang 14 0 < @< 7, cdc pha cia song mang duce sir dung dé trayén thong tin s6 thong qua diéu ché pha s6 1a 0,,= 2nm/M bi voi m = 0, 1, 2,..., M1. Nhu thé, d6i v6i div ché pha nhi phan (M = 2), hai géc pha ciia séng mang 1A @,= 0 va 6, = 7 rad. Déi voi diéu ché pha sé M mic, M = 24 trong dé & 1a so bit thong tin tren mot symbol dugc truyén di. Biéu dién téng quat cla m6t tap gém M dang séng tin hiéu duoc diéu ché pha song mang 1a 1,0) = Ag; (toos 2aft+ 2a) m=012nM—1 (7.3.1) trong 46 g)() 18 dang ae b6 loc phat ma n6 xde dinh dic tiwh phé cia tin hi¢u duge truyén di, cdn A 12 bien do cia tin higu. Kiéu diéu ché pha ndy duge goi 1a khod dich pha (PSK: Phase-Shift Keying). Ching ta hay dé y ring cdc tin hiéu PSK cé cing nang lugng nhu nhau, nghia 1a E, = furoar (7.3.2) * 2 2an = [A%gt 5?) 2, — Idi J ‘87 (t)cos ( ft + Mt } it 14 1% 4 $5 e endes fa% ef cof aap BE ae mand Jet@ae (7.3.3) =E,, 461 v6i moi m (7.3.4) tong 46 £, ky hiéu cho nang lugng trén mot symbol dugc truyén di. S6 hang lién quan téi thanh phan tén sO gdp doi trong (7.3.4) tinh treng binh ra dat téi khong khi f,>> W, trong 46 W 1a do rong bang cilia g,(1). 334 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY Khi g-(1) 1a mot xung chit nhat thi né duge xéc dinh theo tom OsrsT (7.3.5) Trong trudng hop nay, cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu dugc truyén di trong khoang théi gian mot symbol 0 < tS T c6 thé biéu din duge theo (véi A = JE, ) x cos(2afe+ 22), m=OhsM-1 (7.36) Hay chi ¥ ring cdc tin hieu duge truyén di dugc cho bai (7.3.6) c6 mot dudng 4, (= bao hing s6 con pha cila s6ng mang thay d6i dot bién tai diém dau cla méi khodng iu. [inh 7.7 minh hoa mot dang séng tin hi¢u PSK bon pha (M = 4). 90°.phase Hinh 7.7 Thi du vé mot tin higu PSK b6n pha. Bang c4ch xem géc pha cia ham cosin trong (7.3.6) nhu mot téng cila hai 6c, chting ta c6 thé biéu dién cdc dang s6ng trong (7.3.1) theo 1,0) = 4E, ap ()cos 7 cos 2a, - JE: ae (sin(2—) sin 24 37) SA OFS yc) trong d6 Bi, cos i (7.3.8) = E, sin 2 M con y4(2) va yA(s) Ia cdc ham co $6 truc giao duge x4c dinh theo Vi) = 8p (eos 2aft 73.9) w(t) = g,(0)sin aft Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG == 335,Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Bing cach chudn hod thich hop dang xung gr(2), ching ta c6 thé chudin hod nang lugng cla c4c ham co sé truc giao nay thanh 1. Nhu thé, mot tin hi¢u diéu ché pha cé thé xem duge nhu hai séng mang vung g6c véi céc bien dé phu thudc ‘vao pha duge truyén di trong ting khodng thdi gian ciia tin hiéu. Do dé, cdc tin hiéu diéu ché pha sé biéu dién dugc mot cach hinh hoc nhu cdc véc-to hai chiéu voi cdc thanh phan s,,, VA Sy, nghia la Sm —~ YE, cos2™ VE, sn) (7.3.10) M M Biéu 46 sao cdc diém tin hiéu d6i v6i M = 2, 4 va 8 dugc minh hoa trén hinh 7.8. Chting ta thay duge ring diéu ché pha nhj phan thi déng nhat v6i PAM nhi phan (cac tin hiéu nhi phan déi cuc). Viéc anh xa hay gén & bit thong tin thanh M=2' pha c6 thé c6 c6 thé thuc hien duge bang mot s6 cach. Céch gan thong dung [a sit dung ma hod Gray, trong 46 cée géc pha canh nhau thi khéc nhau mot digit nhi phan (mot bit), nhu duge minh fica én hinh vé 7.8. Hé qua 1a, chi mét 16i bit don xay ra irong mot diy k bit cé ma Gray Khi tap nhiéu gay nén viée chon nham mot pha bén canh lm pha da duoc truyén di. M=4 Hinh 7.8 Cc biéu dé sao ciia tin hieu PSK. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.2 [Dang séng PSK] Hay tao ra cdc dang s6ng tin hieu PSK c6 duéng bao khong d6i dugc cho béi (7.3.6) d6i voi M = 8. Dé thuan tién, bién d6 tin hiéu duge chudn hod bing 1. 336 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN S6 THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIRN NAY Loi giai Hinh 7.9 minh hoa 8 dang song d6i vdi trudng hop trong a6 f. = MATLAB script cho tinh ton nay duge cho duéi day. o Gf 02” 03 a a) 07 ik NIN ENTNTINDA “at Hinh7.9 M = 8 dang s6ng PSK c6 dutmg bao khong 46. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 2, Chapter 7. echo on % carrier frequency % number of samples delta’ Te r=TKN- 1); ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 337Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. t=0:delta_T:T; u0=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t); ul=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi/M); u2=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t+4*pi/M); u3=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fe*t+6*pi/M); ud=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t+8*pi/M); uS=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fe*t+10*pi/M); u6=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t+12*pi/M), u7=sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t+14*pi/M); % plotting commands follow subplot(8,1,1); plot(t,u0); subplot(8,1,2); plot(t,u1); subplot(8, 1,3); plot(t,u2); subplot(8,1,4); plot(t,u3); subplot(8,1,5); plot(t,u4); subplot(8,1,6); plot(t,u5); subplot(8,1,7); plot(t,u6); subplot(8, 1,8); plot(t,u7); 7.3.1 GIAIDIBU CHE PHA VA TACH TIN HIBU Tin hiéu thong dai nhan duoc tit mot kenh AWGN trong mot khoang théi gian truyén tin hiéu cé thé biéu dién dugc theo r(t) = u,(t) + n(t) = Up (t) + n(cos2nf.t — n,(O)sin2nf,t (7.3.11) trong d6 n,() va n,(z) a hai thanh phén vuong géc cita tap Am cOng. Tin hiéu nhan duge cé thé duoc tinh tuong quan véi y,(1) va y,() dugc cho béi (7.3.9). Cc 16i ra cia hai bO tuong quan c6 cdc thinh phén tin hiéu bi nhiéu loan bdi tap Am ma ching 6 thé biéu dién duge theo r=s,+n= (Vicon 2B VE cos n, | (7.3.12) 338 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY trong dé n, va n, dugc xac dinh theo Jer(on.code > (7.3.13) : m= fer(on nae Cac thanh phdn tap 4m vudng géc n,(t) va n,(f) 1a cdc qua trinh ngéu nhien Gauss ky vong khong khong tuong quan véi nhau. Nhu mgt hé qua, E(n,) = E(n,) = 0 va E(n.n,) = 0, Phuong sai cla n, va x, 1a Btn?) = Bta}) = Me (73.14) BO tach tin hiéu téi wm chi 86 M véc-to tin higu phat c6 thé c6 {s,,) va chon ra véc-to tong dng voi hinh éc-ta tin hiéu nhan duc 1én timg véc-to trong chiéu Iém nhdt. Nhu thé, chiing ta nhan dude cée metric”) trong quan Cr, Sp) = Sige m=0, 1, 2,..., M-1 (7.3.15) Do tai ca céc tin higu déu cé nang Iwong nhu nhau, nén mot metric cha bo iach tin hiéu tutong duong d6i véi diéu ché pha s6 1A viéc tinh géc pha cita véc-to tin hiéu nhan duge r=(r,, r,) theo 6, =tan? (7.3.16) va tir tap (s,,) chon ra tin higu c6 géc pha géin nhat voi 6. Xéc suat 18i tai bo tach tin hiéu d6i véi diéu ché pha trong mot kenh AWGN C6 thé tim thay duge trong bat ky gido trinh thong tin so nao. Do didu ché pha nhj phan dng nat vi PAM nhi phan nén xéc suat ii =o [PE P, -| md } 3.17) *) metric tren mot t4p X: Mot ham gid trj thyc, khong am, xéc dinh trén tich Descartes XxX, c6 cac tinh chat tuong ty cdc tinh chat cia khoang c4ch gitta hai diém tren dudng thdng truc thyc: Khodng céch gitta hai diém khong phy thudc thit ty cia cdc diém, khodng céch gitta hai diém bang khong khi va chi khi hai diém tring nhau va khodng céch gitta hai diém thi nhd hon hoac bing téng céc khoang céch ty timg diém 161 mot diém thit ba. Day la khéi niém kh4i quét hod khodng cdch hinh hoc thong thudng. (Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary. Gramercy Books, NY, 1993 vi Tit dign toan hoc. Nxb. KH&KT, Ha ndi, 1977 - ND.) Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 339Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB. THONG THONG TIN HiEN NAY . trong dé E, 1a ning lugng trén mot bit. Diéu ché bon pha c6 thé xem duge nhu hai hé thong diéu ché pha nhi phan trén cdc séng mang vuOng géc (truc giao) v6i nhau. Hé qua Ja xdc suat cia mot bit 16i thi ding bang x4c suat mot bit 161 Adi v6i diéu ché pha nhi phan. Déi voi M > 4, khong c6 mot biéu thie don gian dang tudng nao cho xdc suat mot 16i bit. Mot gan ting t6t d6i voi Py, 1a 26, # QE, ny 20h FE. in] a | im wz) (7.3.18) trong dé k = log,M 1a s6 bit trong mot symbol. Hinh 7.10 minh hoa xac suat 16i symbol nhu {& mot ham cla SNR E,/No. ‘probably of enor 4 o 4 8 2 6 20 24 SNR/bit, dB Hinh 7.10 X4c sudt mot 16i symbol déi voi PSK M mite. Xac suat 161 bit tuong duong déi voi diéu ché pha M mttc cting khé ma tim ra duoc do phu thudc vao viée 4nh xa céc symbol k bit thanh cdc géc pha tin higu tuong ting. Khi mot ma Gray dugc sit dung trong viéc 4nh xa nay thi cdc symbol k bit tuong tig véi cdc pha cilia c4c tin higu Jan can nhau sé chi khdc nhau mot bit. BOi vi c4c 16i dé x4y ra nhét gay bdi tap 4m dan dén viéc chon nhdém mot pha lan can thanh pha dting nén hdu hét cdc 16i symbol k bit déu chi chita cé mot 16i bit don. Do 6, x4c suat 16i bit twong duong d6i véi diév ché pha M mic lam gan ding 340 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY tt duge theo B, BAI TAP MINH HOA al Py (73.19) Bai tap minh hoa 7.3 [Mé phéng PSK] Hay thuc hién mot mo phong Monte-Carlo vé mot hé théng truyén tin PSK c6 M = 4 ma n6 mo hinh héa bo téch tin hiéu nhu m6 hinh tinh cdc metric tuong quan duge cho trong (7.3.15). Mo hinh d6i v6i hé thong duoc dua vao mo phéng dugc thé hién trén hinh 7.11. [BO tao sO ngdu nhién [BO ta0 s6 ngdu nhien phan b6 déu phan bs Gauss n. Te BO nh xa 4-PSK ' ny BO tao s6 ngdu nhién phan bs Gauss Bo tach tin higu symbol 2 bit Hinh 7.11 So dé kh6i ciia mot hé thong PSK vi M = 4 ding dé mo phong Monte-Carlo. Lai giai Nhu da chi din, chting ta m6 phong viéc tao véc-to ngdu nhién r dugc cho di (7.3.12) ma né 1 16i ra cia bo twong quan tin hiéu va 1a 16i vao t6i bd tach tin hiéu. Ching ta bat dau bang viéc tao mét chuéi cdc symbol bén mite (2 bit) ma ching duoc anh xa thanh c4c diém tin hiéu 4 pha nhu da cho th4y trén hinh 7.8 d6i v6i M = 4. Dé hoan thanh nhiém vu nay, ching ta sit dung mot b6 tao sO ngdu nhien tao ra mot s6 ngdu nhén phan b6 déu trén dai (0, 1). Dai nay duge chia nho thanh 4 dai déu nhau (0, 0.25), (0.25, 0.5), (0.5, 0.75) va (0.75, 1.0), day céc dai nhé lén lugt img voi cdc cap bit thong tin 00, 01, 10 va 11. Céc cap bit nay duge sir TIS Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONGMANG 341_ Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY dung dé chon véc-to pha tin hiéu s,,. Céc thanh phén tap 4m cOng n, va n, 1a cdc bién ngdu nhién Gauss ky vong 0 doc lap thong ké véi phuong sai 0”. Dé thuan tién, ching ta cd thé chudn hod phuong sai nay thanh o”= 1 va diéu khién SNR trong tin higu thu dugc bang cach cho tham s6 nang luong tin hiéu E, chay, hodc nguge lai. Bo tach tin hiéu quan sat véc to tin hiéu thu duge r = s,,+ nhu da cho trong (7.3.12) va tinh todn hinh chiéu (tich vO huéng) cia r lén 4 véc-to tin hiéu s,, 6 thé cé. Quyét dinh cia n6é dua trén viéc chon ra diém tin hiéu tuong tng véi hinh chiéu én nhat. Cac quyét dinh [6i ra tir b6 tach tin hi¢u dugc so sénh véi cdc symbol da duoc truyén di va cac 16i symbol cing nhu cdc 16i bit sé duge dém. Simulated bit-error rate © Simutated sy ate Ty /Noin €B Hinh 7.12 Chat Ivong hoat dong ciia mot he thong PSK b6n pha thu duge tir mo phong Monte-Carlo. Hinh 7.12 minh hoa cdc két qua cia m6 phéng Monte-Carlo d6i véi viée truyén din cla N = 10 000 symbol tai cdc gid tri khdc nhau cia tham sé SNR E,JNp, trong 46 E, = E,/2 1a nang lugng mot bit. Cling duge thé hién trén hinh vé 7.12 Ia ca ty 1 16i bit dugc xdc dinh theo P, * Py/2, lin x4c sudt 16i ly thuyét tuong tng duoc cho béi (7.3.18). 342 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY C4c MATLAB script d6i vi mo phéng Monte-Carlo nay duoc cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 3, Chapter 7. echo on SNRindBi=t = for i= length(SNRindB1), [pb,ps]=cm_sm32(SNRindB1(i)); % simulated bit and symbol error rates smld_bit_err_prb(i)=pb; smld_symbol_err_prb(i)=ps; echo off ; end; echo on; for i=1:length(SNRindB2), SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); — % signal to noise ratio theo_err_prb(i)=Qfunct(sqrt(2*SNR)): % theoretical bit error rate echo off ; end; echo on ; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1,smld_bit_err_prb,*’); hold semilogy(SNRindB1,smld_symbol_err_prb,‘o’); semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); m-file function [pb,ps]=cm_sm32(snr_in_dB) % (pb,ps]=cm_sm32(snr_in_dB) % CM_SM32 finds the probability of bit error and symbol error for the % given value of snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in aB. N=10000; E=1; % energy per symbol snr=10A(snr_in_dB/10); % signal to noise ratio sgma=sqrt(E/snr)/2; % noise variance % the signal mapping % generation of the data source ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONGMANG = 343Proakis J. G, vd Salehi M.: CAC HR THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. for i= 1:N, temp=rand, % a uniform random variable between 0 and 1 if (temp<0.25), % with probability 1/4, source output is "00" dsourcel(i)=0; dsource2(i)=0; elseif (temp<0.5), % with probability 1/4, source output is "01" dsource1(i)=0; dsource2(i)=1; elseif (temp<0.75), % with probability 1/4, source output is "JO" dsourcel (i)=1; dsource2(i)=0; else % with probability 1/4, source output is "11" dsourcel (i)=1; dsource2(i)=1; end; end; % detection and the probability of error calculation numofsymboierror=0; numofbiterror=0; for i=1:N, % the received signal at the detector, for the ith symbol, is: n(1)=gngauss(sgma),; n(2)=gngauss(sgma); if ((dsource1(i )) & (dsource2(i)==0)), r=s00+n; elseif ((dsource](i)==0) & (dsource2(i)==1)), r=s01+n; elseif ((dsource 1(i)==1) & (dsource2(i)==0)), t=s10+n; else r=sll+n; end; % The correlation metrics are computed below c00=dot(r,s00); cO1=dot(r,s01); c10=dot(r,s10); cll=dot(r,s11); % The decision on the ith symbol is made next c_max=max([c00 c01 c40cl1]); if (600==c_max), decis1=0; decis2=0; elseif (cO01==c_max), 344 Chwong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY decis1=0; decis2=1; elseif (¢10==c_max), decisl=1; decis2=0; else decis1=1; decis2=1; end; % increment the error counter, if the decision is not correct symbolerror=0; if (decis1~=dsource1{i)), numofbiterror=numofbiterror+1; symbolerror=1; end; if (decis2~=dsource2(i)), numofbiterror=numofbiterror+1; symbolerror=1; end; if (symbolerror==1), numofsymbolerror = numofsymbolerror+1; end; end; ps=numofsymbolerror/N; % since there are totally N symbols pb=numofbitertor/(2*N); % since 2N bits are transmitted 7.3.2 PIGU CHE VA GIA DIEU CHE PHA VI SAI Viée giai diéu ché tin hiéu s6ng mang duoc diéu ché pha, nhu da dugc mo ta trén day, doi héi ring céc thanh phan pha y4(0) va y4(/) cla sng mang (6 may thu) phai dugc khoa pha véi tin higu dugc digu ché séng mang thu dugc. Noi chung, diéu nay nghia 1a m4y thu nh&t thiét phai uéc lugng lugng dich pha séng mang cia tin hiéu thu duoc gay béi mot tré truyén dn qua kénh va ba Iugng dich pha nay trong htc tinh tvong quan chéo gitta tin hiéu thu duge véi hai thanh phan tham chiéu y,(1) va a(t). Vige ude lugng luong dich pha séng mang thudng duge thyc hién bing céch sit dyng mét mach vong khod pha (PLL: Phase-Locked Loop). Nhu thé, chiing ta c6 dugc gii diéu ch€ pha két hop (coherent). Mot kiéu diéu ché pha séng mang khdc 1a diéu ch€ pha vi sai. trong 46 dit ligu duge truyén di duge ma hod vi sai trudc khi duge dua téi bé diéu ché. Trong m& hod vi sai, thong tin duge tai bang cdc Iuong dich pha tuong d6i so v6i khoang Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIU CHE SONG MANG 345Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY thoi gian tin hi¢u truéc 46. Thi du, trong diéu ché pha nhi phan, bit thong tin 1 cd thé duge truyén di bing céch dich pha cia séng mang di 180° so voi pha song mang trong khodng tin hiéu truéc dé, trong khi dé bit thong tin 0 duge truyén di bang cach dich pha cia song mang di 0° so v6i pha séng mang trong khodng truyén mot tin hiéu trudc d6. Trong diéu ché bén pha, cdc Iugng dich pha tuong d6i gitta céc khoang thi gian truyén cdc tin hiéu ké tiép nhau 1a 0°, 90°, 180° va 270°, tuong tmg lan lugt vdi cdc cap bit thong tin 00, 01, 10 va 11. Viéc téng quat hod viéc mi vi sai d6i véi M > 4 thay dugc hoan toan dé dang. Cac tin hi¢u duge diéu ché pha c6 dugc ti qua trinh ma hod nay duge m6 ta 1a duoc md hod vi sai. i digu ché va tach tin hieu cba tin higu duge diéu ché pha c6 ma hod Viée vi sai c6 thé thuc hién duoc nhu sau. Pha cia tin hiéu nhan duge 6, = tan"(r,/r,) 6 tdch tin higu duye duh xa think indi woug M pha tia higu phat cé thé <6 iai (4,} ma no gan nhat véi @. Tiép sau bo tach tin hiéu 1a mot bO so pha tuong d6i, thuc hién so sdnh cdc pha ciia tin hiéu da téch dugc trén hai khoang tin hiéu lién tiép nham tach lay thong tin da phat Chiing ta thdy rang viéc giai diéu ché tin hi¢u diéu ché pha c6 ma hod vi sai khong ddi hdi phai ude lugng pha cila séng mang. Dé néi mot céch chi tiét, ta hay gia sit rang ching ta gidi diéu ché tinhiéu duoc ma hod vi sai bang cach tinh tuong quan chéo r(t) vi gr(t)cos2nf,t va —g,(t)sin2nf.t. Tai khoang truyén tin hiéu thi &, hai thanh phn cita Idi ra bd giai diéu ché c6 thé biéu dién duge dudi dang phic theo y= yEjelOP +n, (7.3.20) trong d6 4, 1a géc pha ciia tin hiéu phat tai khoang tin hiéu thi k, ¢ 1a pha cla song mang con 7, = 7,-tjm, 1a tap am. Tuong uy nhu vay, véc-to tin hieu thu dugc tai 16i ra cla bd giai diéu ché trong khoang tin hiéu trudc dé 1a dai lugng phic Eh + ny, (7.3.21) Bién quyét dinh d6i véi b6 tach pha 1a do chénh Iéch pha gitta hai s6 phitc nay. Tuong duong vay, chting ta c6 thé chiéu 7, lén r,., va sit dung géc pha cia sé Tet 346 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY phtic két qua cita phép chiéu, nitc 1a Tyg = Beh 4 EMO ny Ee ny +n, (7.3.22) ma khi khong cé tap 4m, né cho ching ta sai léch pha 4,-6,.. Nhu vay thi, gid tri trung binh cia 7,72, ddc lap véi pha cia séng mang. Viéc truyén tin higu PSK cé ma hod vi sai dugc diéu ché va giai diéu ché nhu da mo ta trén day duge goi 1a PSK vi sai (DPSK: Differential PSK). Viéc giai diéu ché va tach tin hi¢u cla DPSK duoc minh hga trén hinh 7.13. Ferd “= ear Lay may _.. ft tai t=kT Quyét dinh Tre Wire T cos: Tin higu __| [— BO thu duoc dao dong, Lay mau ee 5 |. tai t=kT Hinh 7.13 So dé khdi cia bo gidi di¢u ché DPSK. dao dong Xéc suat 161 d6i voi DPSK trong mot kenh AWGN thi tim duge tuong d6i don gian véi trutmg hop diéu ché pha nhi phan (M = 2). Két qua 1a B= (7.3.23) Dé thi cia biéu thife (7.2.23) duge trinh bay trén hinh 7.14. Cling duge thé hien trén hinh nay 1a x4c suét 11 d6i voi PSK nhi phan. Ching ta quan sét thay ring tai cdc xéc sudt 15i dudi 10%, sai léch vé SNR gitia PSK nhi phan va DPSK nhj phan nhé hon 1 dB. DOi voi M > 2, chat lugng vé xéc suat 16i cia mot b6 gidi diéu ché va bO tach tin higu DPSK cuc ky kh6 danh gid dugc. Kh6 khan chinh gp phai Ia trong vige x4c dinh ham mat dQ xéc sudt 16i d6i véi pha cia bién ngdu nhien 77, duoc cho trong (7.3.22). Tuy nhién, mot xap xi d6i véi chét Iugng hoat dong cia DPSK lai dé dang nhan dugc nhu sé trinh bay ngay sau day. ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIU CHE SONG MANG 347Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.. CAC Hi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY oe Binary DPSK, ee Ra bet Bo noi # 0°? Sos Ba 4 wt a 2 to! SNRbit, 4B 14 Xée sudi 161 d6j vi PSK whi phan va DPSK whi phan. Khong lam mat di tinh téng quat, ta hay gid sit ring sai Iéch pha 6-4, = 0. Hon thé nia, cdc thita sO moe") va e@ trong (7.3.22) c6 thé hap thu auge yao trong cdc thanh phdn tap 4m Gauss n,, va m, ma khong lam thay déi cdc dic tinh thong ké cla ching. Do vay, r,7{_, trong (7.3.22) c6 thé biéu dién duge theo E, + JE, (m +1.) +nni4 (7.3.24) Diéu phic tap trong viée xéc dinh ham mat 49 x4c sudt Idi cla pha 1a so Mes hang n,n,.,. Tuy nhién, tai cdc SNR thyc té ma chting ta quan tam, s6 hang 1,n;_, kha nho so véi sé hang tap am vuot trdi VE, +nj_,). Néu chiing ta bd qua s6 hang n,nj_, déng thdi ching ta cing chudn hod r,77, bang cach chia tat cA cho VE, thi tap cdc metric quyét dinh méi tré thanh x= JE, +Re(n, +n;) (73.25) y=Im(n, +74) Cac bién x va y 1a céc bién ngdu nhién Gauss khong tyong quan c6 cling phuong sai o”. Géc pha la 348 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 0, = tant : (7.3.26) x Tai buéc nay, ching ta c6 mOt bai todn hoan toan nhu bai todn d6i véi gidi diéu ché két hop pha. Diém khéc biét duy nhat 1a phuong sai cha tap am bay gid 16n hon gap hai lén so véi truéng hop PSK. Nhu thé, ching ta két luan dugc rang chat lugng hoat dong cha DPSK kém hon chat luong hoat dong cla PSK 3 dB. Keét qua nay khé t6t d6i voi M > 4, song né lai 1a két qua bi quan (kém hon thuc té) d6i v6i M = 2 theo nghia rang tén that trong DPSK nhi phan so véi PSK nhi phan that ra thi nhé hon 3 dB tai nhitng gid tri SNR 16n. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.4 [B6 ma hoa DPSK] Hay thuc hién mt bd ma hoa vi sai cho trudng hop DPSK cé M=8. Lai gidi Cfc diém tin hiéu thi gidng nhu cdc diém tin hiéu d6i v6i PSK dugc trinh bay trén hinh 7.8. Tuy nhién, d6i vGi DPSK thi cdc diém tin hiv biév thi su thay d6i pha tuong déi so véi pha cita cdc diém tin hiéu da phat ngay tude dé. MATLAB script cho viéc thyc hién b6 ma hod vi sai duge cho dudi day. % MATLAB script for Hlustrative Problem 4, Chapter 7. mapping=(0 1327645); % For Gray mapping M=8; E=1; sequence=[0 10 011 001 111110000); [el=cm_dpske(E,M,mapping,sequence); % e is the differential encoder output BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.5 Hay tién hanh mot m6 phong Monte-Carlo cia mot hé th6ng truyén tin 4-DPSK. M6 hinh d6i voi hé thong duge mé phéng duge cho trén hinh 7.15. Loi giai BO tao s6 ngdu nhien phan bé déu duge sit dung 48 tao cdc cp bit [00, 02, 10, 11] Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 349Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY nhu dA dupe mé 14 trong bai tap minh hoa 7.3. Timg symbol 2 bit duge anh xa thanh mot trong 4 diém tin hiéu s,,= [costm/2_ sintm/2], m= 0, 1, 2, 3 bing mét bo ma hod vi sai. Hai b6 tao sé ngdu nhién Gauss duge sit dung dé tao ra céc thanh phdn tap am [n, 7,J. Khi 46 véc-to tin hi€u-cOng-tap am thu duoc 1a mm . r= [cos +n, sin Zn, tr, n) 2 2 ———— y fin hiéu Bo nh xa High Wot rg 2 bie DPSK -M=4 é al ba 2, [86 to s6 ngiu nhién phan 66 Gauss BO déim 161 symbol Hinh 7.15 Sa dé khéi cia hé thong DPSK véi M = 4, ding cho mo phong Monte-Carlo, BQ tach tin higu vi sai vé can ban tinh sai léch pha gitta 7, va 7). Vé mat todn hoc, tinh toan nay cé thé thuc hién duge nhu trong (7.3.22), nghia la Tytis = Cex * Haan > ita) = take t Tales tI aa Talay) =x, +); con 6 = tan""(y,/x,) 1a sai 1éch pha. Gid tri clia 8, dugc so sdnh véi cdc gid tri saai Iéch pha c6 thé <6 {0°, 90°, 180°, 270°}, vA mot quyét dinh duge dua ra vé g6c pha nao gan nhat voi 6. Géc pha tach duge sau dé duge 4nh xa thanh cap bit thong tin. BO dém 16i dém cdc 16i symbol trong chudi da tach duge. Hinh 7.16 minh hoa c4c két qua mo phong Monte-Carlo déi véi viéc truyén dan N = 10 000 symbol tai cdc gid tri kh4c nhau cia tham s6 SNR E,/No, trong 46 350 Chuang 7, TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf: THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. E,= E/2 1a nang lugng cha mét bit. Cing dugc trinh bay trén hinh 7.16 [a gid tri ly thuyét cia 16i symbol dua trén xap xi rang s6 hang n,n,., bd qua dugc. Ching ta thay dugc ti hinh 7.16 rang viéc x4p xi dan dén m6t gidi han chan trén d6i véi xdc suat 161. 4, (Nin dB Hinh 7.16 Chat luong cita he théng DPSK bén pha thu duge tir mo phdng Monte-Carlo. (Dudng lign 1a mot gidi han chan trén dua tren xp xi véi vigc bd qua thanh phdn tap am n,nj_,) Cac MATLAB script cho mé phong Monte-Carlo nay dugc cho dudi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 5, Chapter 7. echo on SNRindB1=0:2:12; SNRindB2=0:0, 1:12; for i= 1:length(SNRindB1), smid_err_prb(i)=cm_sm34(SNRindB1(i)); % simulated error rate echo off ; end; echo on ; for i=1:length(SNRindB2), SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio theo_err_prb(i)=2*Qfunct(sqrt(SNR)); % theoretical symbol error rate echo off ; end; Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 351,Proakis J, G. va Salehi M: CAC Hf. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY echo on; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1,smld_ert_prb,'*'); hold semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); m-file function [p]=cm_sm34(snr_in_dB) % (p]=cm_sm34(srr_in_dB) % CM_SM34 finds the probability of error for the given % value of. ‘snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in dB. N=10000; Eel, % energy per symbol snr=10(snr_in_dB/10); % signal to noise ratio sgma=sqrt(E/(4*snr)); % noise variance % generation of the data source follows for i=1:2*N, temp=rand; % a uniform random variable between 0 and 1 if (temp<0.5), dsource(i)=0: % with probability 1/2, source output is "0" else dsource(i)=1; % with probability 1/2, source output is "1" ing of the data source follows [diff_enc_output] = cm_dpske(E,M,mapping,dsource); % received signal is then for i= [n(1) ar -gngauss(sgma); r(i,:)=diff_enc_output(i,:)+n; end; % detection and the probability of error calculation numoferr=0; prev_theta=0; fori thetasangle(s(,J)4j*1(.2)); delta_theta=mod(theta-prev_theta,2*pi); if ((delta_theta7*pi/4)), decis=[0 0); 352 Chuang 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIBU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIERN NAY elseif (delta_theta<3*pi/4), decis=[0 1]; elseif (delta_thetaI ca tigp-song song "duoc phat di v sin2mft [BO loc phat], [Bo didu che arkt) can bing Hinh 7.18 So dé kh6i chiic nang mot 66 diéu ché QAM. Cac thi du vé cdc biéu dé sao khong gian tin higu d6i vi QAM dugc thé hign trén hinh vé 7.19. Hay cho ¥ ring 4-QAM thi tring véi 4-PSK. M8 Mai6 © © Hinh 7.19 Céc biéu dé sao tin higu QAM (a) hinh vudng va (b, c) hinh won. 7.41 GIAL DIRU CHE VA TACH TEN HIEU QAM Ta hay gia sit rang mot Iuong dich pha séng mang dugc dua vao trong qué trinh truyén dn tin hiéu qua kénh. Thém vao 46, tin hiéu thu dugc bi nhiéu loan béi tap 4m cong Gauss. Vi vay, r(¢) c6 thé biéu dién duoc theo H(t) = An &r(t)cos(2f.t+9) + AmsSr(O)sin(2nf.t+¢) + n(t) (7.4.4) trong d6 ¢ 1a lugng dich pha s6ng mang va Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIBU CHE SONG MANG 355,Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY n(t) = n,(t) cos2nf.t — n,()sin2nf,t Tin hiéu thu dugc dugc tinh tuong quan voi hai ham co sé tic giao dé duge dich pha WO) = Br ()cos(2af,t +9) W2(1) = 8 Osin(2af,t +9) nhu dugc minh hoa trén hinh 7.20, con cdc 16i ra cha c&éc bd tuong quan duoc lay mau r6i duge dua t6i bo tach tin hi¢u. Mach vong khod pha (PLL) tren (7.4.5) hinh 7.20 uéc lugng Iuong dich pha séng mang ¢ cua tin hiéu thu duoc va bd. lugng dich pha nay bang cach dich pha y4(A) va yo(t) nhu da chi ra trong (7.4.5). Déng hé tren hinh 7.20 duoc gia thiét 1a duoc déng bd véi tin hiéu thu duge sao cho cdc 16i ra ca cdc bd tuong quan duge lay mau tai cdc thoi diém lay mau chinh x4c. V6i céc diéu kién nay, cdc 16i ra tir hai bé tuong quan I r= A,, +n, cos$—n, sing 146 1 =A,, +n, sing +n, cosd ee) trong dé 1 fr. gr Oar ; ° (AD naz fo.cer (oat (jdt PE Lay miu wo x tin higu 5 thu duge Puy "Tinh metric at din ira a “A iy r Khoiag ich yale) ¥ Joa >) Lay mau Hinh 7.20 Gidi diéu ché va téch cdc tin hiéu QAM. 356 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Cé4c thanh phén tap 4m 1a cdc bin ngdu nhién Gauss ky vong 0, khong btuong quan, véi phuong sai Np/2. Bo téch tin hiéu ti uu tinh cdc metric khoang cdch Dr, 5,)=|P—S_['6 m= TQM (7.4.8) trong d6 r’=(r., r,) cdn 5, duge cho béi (7.4.3). 7.4.2 XAC SUAT LOI DOI VOI QAM TRONG MOT KENH AWGN Trong muc nay, ching ta xem xét chat luong hoat dong cia cdc hé thong QAM 4p dung biéu dé sao tin hiéu hinh vudng, Cac biéu dé sao tin higu QAM hinh vuong cd au diém 16 rét 18 dé tao ra duge do cdc tin higu PAM duge dong len cdc s6ng mang vudng géc ma méi mot trong ching gom JM =2" diém tin nigu. Do cc ifn igu én cae thanh phén iruc giao vé pha duge phan cdch voi nhau mét céch hoan hao nhd tdch tin hién két hop, xdc sudt 161 d6i v6i QAM dé dang xac dinh duge tit x4c suat 161 déi vi PAM. Dac biét, xac suat cla mot quyét dinh ding d6i véi h¢ thong QAM M mic la P.=(-Pg) (1.49) trong d6 P,, 1a xdc suat 16i cla mot PAM VM mite véi mot nita cong suat trung binh trén méi mot tin hi¢u vu6ng géc cia hé thong QAM tuong duong. Bang céch bién déi thich hop xdc suat 161 d6i voi PAM M mitc, ching ta nhan duge 1 3. E, Pg sa} ae (7.4.10) trong 46 E,,/No 1a SNR trung binh trén symbol. Do d6, xéc suat 15i cha mot symbol a6i v6i QAM M mite a Py =1-(-Pya) (14.11) Ching ta hay chi ¥ ring két qua nay Ia chinh xac d6i v6i M=2" khi & chdn. Mat khac, khi k 1é, khong c6 mot hé thong PAM JM mitic tuong duong. Tuy thé, Khong cé van dé gi vi viéc xc dinh ty 1é 16i d6i vi mot tap tin hiéu vudng géc thi ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG = 357Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY kha dé. Néu ching ta 4p dung b6 téch tin hiéu t6i uu dua ra cdc quyét dinh cla nd dua trén cdc metric Khoang cdch t6i uu duge cho bidi (7.4.8) thi tuong adi dé dé chting t6 rang x4c sudt 16i symbol duge chan trén chat theo 2 3E, SRE, S1-|1-2Q) |——*— || <49Q) j,——»_ 7.4.12) a of (M-1)N, J of (M-DN, } eae S6i vV6i bat ky 21 ndo, trong dé E,y/No A SNR trung binh trén mot bit. X4c suat 16i mot symbol duge vé trén hinh 7.21 nhu mot ham cia SNR trung binh tren mot bit. 104] QAM + oS = E 5 BP: & 10? cams Bat 10+ i \ 105 2024 6 8 101214 16 18 20 SNR/bit, dB Hinh 7.21 Xéc sudt cha mot symbol 16i déi voi QAM. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.6 (M6 phong QAM] Hay thuc hién mét m6 phéng Monte-Carlo cia mét hé théng truyén tin 16-QAM sit dung biéu dé sao tin hiéu hinh vudng. Mo hinh ciia hé thong dé mo phéng duge trinh bay trén hinh 7.22. Loi gidi BO tao sO ngdu nhién phan b6 déu duoc sit dung dé tao ra chudi cdc symbol thong tin tuong ting v6i 16 16 hyp 4 bit c6 thé c6 gém céc bit b,, b;, bs, by. Céc 358 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf: THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY symbol thong tin dugc nh xa thanh céc diém tin hiéu twong ting nhu duge minh hoa ¢rén hinh 7.23 ma ching c6 cdc toa 49 [Ane An] Hai bO tao sO ngdu nhién Gauss duge sit dung dé tao ra cac thanh phan tap am {1,, n,]. Dé thudn tien, fuong dich pha ¢ dugc dat bang khong. Hé qua 1a, véc-to tin hiéu-cong-tap am 1a R=[A, tn. Anstn,] [BO tao s6 ngdu nhién| [BO ta0 s6 ngdu nhien| phan bé déu phan bd Gauss _| symbol 4 bit BO chon tin hiéu hi symbol 4 bit M-OAM, M=16 ‘BO téch tin hiéu a n, [BO t20 86 ngau nhien phan bé Gauss | L650 st: fp u BO déin 16i symbol Hinh 7.22 So dé khoi mot he thong 16-QAM ding cho m6 phéng Monte-Carlo. Hinh 7.23 Biéu dé sao tin hi¢u 16-QAM ding cho m6 phéng Monte-Carlo. BO tach tin hiéu tinh cdc metric khoang céch duge cho béi (7.4.8) va biéu quyét cho diém tin higu gan nhat véj véc-to thu dugc r. BO dém 161 dém cdc 16i symbol trong chuéi da tach dugc. Hinh 7.24 minh hoa cdc két qua cha m6 phong Monte- Carlo d6i v6i viéc truyén din N=10 000 symbol tai cdc gid tri khéc nhau cia tham s6 SNR E,/No, trong 46 E,=E,/4 1a nang luong tinh trén mot bit. Ciing duge vé trén hinh 7.24 Ja gid ti ly thuyét cla x4c suat 16i symbol duge cho béi (7.4.10) va (7.4.11). Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANG 359Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY 104 ts 1s Fy INyin AB Hinh 7.24 Chat luong cia hé thong 16-QAM thu duge tix mo phong Monte-Carlo. Cac MATLAB script d6i véi bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 6, Chapter 7. echo on smld_err _prb(iJ=cm_sm41(SNRindB1(i)), _ % simulated error rate echo off; end; echo on; for i ngth(SNRindB2), SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio % theoretical symbol error rate theo_err_prb(i)=4*Qfunct(sqrt(3*k*SNR/(M-1))); echo off ; end; echo on ; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1,smld_err_prb,"*’); hold 360 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN 86 THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); m-file function [p]=cm_sm41(snr_in_dB) % [p]=cm_sm4(snr_in_dB) % CM_SMAI finds the probability of error for the given % value of snr_in_dB, SNR in dB. N=10000; d=l; % min. distance between symbols Bav=10*d*2; % energy per symbol snr=10(snr_in_dB/10); % SNR per bit (given) =sqrt(Eav/(8*snt)) % noise variance % generation of the data source follows for i=L:N, temp=rand; % a uniform RV. between 0 and 1 dsource(i)=1+floor(M*temp); % a number between 1 and 16, uniform end; % Mapping to the signal constellation follow mapping=[-3*d 3d; 3¥d -d; -3*d -3*d; -d -3*d; -3*d; 3*d -3*d]; for i=1:N, qam_sig(i,:)=mapping(dsource(i),:); end; % received signal for i=1:N, [n(1) n(2)J=gngauss(sgma); r(i,:)=qam_sig(i,:)+n; Ti9 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 361Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY end; % detection and error probability calculation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % metric computation follow for j=1:M, metrics(j)=(G, 1)-mapping(j,1))°2+(1,2)-mapping(j,2))°2; end; [min_metric decis] = min(metrics); if (decis~=dsource(i)), numoferr=numoferr+ 1; end; end; p=numoferr/(N); 7.5 DIEU CHE TAN SO SONG MANG Chiing toi da mo ta cdc phuong phap truyén dan thong tin sé fing cach diéu ché hoa 1a bién do cia sng mang, hodc la pha cita sng mang, hodc 1a ca pha va bién do hdn hop. Thong tin sé ciing c6 thé truyén duge bing viée diéu ché tin s6 cua séng mang. Nhu ching ta sé thay tir nghién cifu dudi day, truyén din s6 bing diéu ché tan sé 14 mot phuong phap diéu ché thich hop déi v6i cdc kénh thiéu su én dinh vé pha cén thiét cho viéc thuc hi¢n udc lugng pha séng mang. Nguoc lai, cdc phuong phép diéu ché tuyén tinh ma ching ta da gidi thiu, cy thé la PAM, PSK két hop va QAM, lai doi hoi phi udc luong pha séng mang dé thuc hién téch tin hiéu mot cach két hop vé pha. 7.5.1 KHOA DICH TAN SO Dang don gidn nhat cia digu ché tan sé 1a Khoa dich tan sé (FSK: Frequency -Shift Keying) nhi phan. Trong FSK nhi phan, ching ta sir dung hai tan sO khac nhau, vi dy 1a f, va f,= fit Af, dé truyén mot chudi thong tin nhi phan. Vie chon phan cich tan s6 Af = fe-f; sé duoc xét sau, Nhu thé, hai dang s6ng tin higu c6 thé biéu dién dugc theo 362 Chuang 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 4 (= — cos 27f,t, O> 1/P. Mot 46 thi vé y,,, nhur mot ham cia d6 phan cdch tén s6 Af duoc cho trén hinh vé 7.25. Ching ta thay dugc Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANG 363Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY ring cdc dang s6ng tin hiéu 1a truc giao v6i nhau khi Af 1a b6i cia 1/27. Nhu vay, khoang phan céch tén sé 16i thiéu gitta cdc tan sé nim canh nhau dé c6 duge tinh truc giao JA 1/27. Ching ta ciing chi ¥ rang gid tri cuc tiéu cha hé s6 tuong quan IA Ypq = -0.217 ma né xay ra v6i phan cdch tan s6 Af =0.715/T. Hinh 7.25 He s6 twong quan chéo nhu mot ham cia phan céch tn sO d6i véi céc tin higu FSK. Cac dang song FSK truc giao M mite cé bigu dién hinh hoc nhu M véc to M chiéu duoc cho theo 5y=( YE, 5 Onn 0) (7.5.5) 5,=(0, JE, .....0) (7.5.6) = (7.5.7) $4-1=, 0, YE, ) (7.5.8) trong d6 céc ham co sé a y,,(t) = V2/T cos(f, + mAf)t. Khoang céch pitta cdc cap véc to lad = JE, 46i voi moi m, n vi n6 cting 1a khoang céch cuc tiéu gitta M tin hiéu voi nhau. Hay dé ¥ rang cdc tin hiéu nay thi tuong duong véi céc tin hiéu truc giao bang géc M mttc da duge mé 1 trong muc 5.4. Vie gidi diéu che va tach tin higu cla céc tin higu FSK M mite sé duge xem xét duéi day. 7.5.2. GIAI DIEU CHE VA TACH CAC TIN HIRU FSK Ching ta hay gid sit rang cdc tin higu FSK dugc truyén qua mot kénh AWGN. Hon nifa, chting ta gid sit ring mdi mdt tin hiéu déu bi git cham (tré) trong qué trinh truyén din qua kénh. He qua 1a, cdc tin hiéu thu duge tai I6i vao bO 364 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY gidi diéu ché cé thé biéu dién duge theo r= cos(2af,t+ 2amAft + g,,) + n(t) (7.5.9) T trong 46 ¢, ky hiéu cho luong dich pha ciia tin hiéu tht m (do tré truyén din) cdn n() biéu thi tap 4m cong thong dai ma né cé thé biéu dién dugc theo n(t) = n,(t)cos2nft — n,(t)sin2nft (7.5.10) Viéc gidi diéu ché va tach d6i voi M tin hiéu FSK cé thé hoan thanh dugc biing mot trong hai phuong phap, Mot gidi phap 1a 6c Iuong M luqng dich pha song mang {¢,} va thyc hién gidi diéu ché va tich tin hieu két hop vé pha. Mot cach khdc 14 cdc géc pha séng mang dugc bé qua khong quan tam dén trong qué trinh giai diéu ché va tach tin hiéu. Trong giai diéu ché két hop vé pha, tin hieu thu duge r(¢) duge tinh tuong quan v6i timg tin hiéu mot trong sé M tin hiéu c6 thé 06 1a cos(2af.t + 2amAfi +¢,,), d6i Voi m=0, 1,..., M-1, trong 46 {$,} Ia cdc ude Iuong pha séng mang. Mot so 46 kh6i minh hoa kiéu gidi diéu ché nay dugc trinh bay trén hinh 7.26. Diéu thi vj dang quan tam 6 day 18 khi g, #4, d6i voi m = 0, 1,..., M-I (cde ude luong pha khang hon hao), thi phan cfch téin sf cfin thiét dé c6 dirae tinh tne giao tin hieu & bo gidi digu ché sé 1a Af = 1/7, gap doi phan céch t6i thiéu dé c6 duoc tinh truc giao d6i voi trudng hop ¢ =. OK. a A oe Lay miu git | 5 tin higu T}-Freosc2npt+ 4, ) ath thu duoc 7 y wen qué dink fo (dee — = Lay mau tai t=T | pfy [> : PLL2 bepspanps+ 2nafir ibU PhS (dt ——¥ —> i- Lay mau tai =P LPLLw | cos(2nyf1+2n(M-1)Afi+ By } Hinh 7.26 Giai diéu ché két hgp vé pha d6i v6i céc tin higu FSK M mic. Doi hdi vé udéc lugng M pha séng mang 1am cho viée giai diéu ché cia cdc tin Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 365Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY hiéu FSK trd nén cuc ky phiic tap va khong thuc té, dac biét khi s6 cdc tin hiéu lon. Vivay, chting ta sé khong xét dén viec tach mot cdch két hgp cdc tin higu FSK. Thay vao dé, chting ta xem xét m6t phuong phdp gidi diéu ché va tach tin hiéu ma n6 khong doi héi phai biét vé cdc géc pha cha séng mang. Viéc gidi diéu ché 06 thé hoan thanh duoc nhur duoc thé hién tren hinh vé 7.27. Trong trudng hop nay, 6 hai bd twong quan trén mot dang séng tin hiéu hay ndi chung cé téng cong 2M b6 tuong quan. Tin hi¢u thu dugc dugc tinh tuong quan véi céc ham co sé (cdc song mang tryc giao) 1a V2/T cos(2af,t+2nmAft) va V2/T sin (2aft + 2nmdyt) d6i voi m = 0, 1,..., M-1. 2M 16i ra chia cdc bO tuong quan duge lay mau tai cudi cha khodng tin hiéu va dugc dua téi bé tach tin hiéu. Nhu thé, néu tin hiéu tht m duoc truyén di thi 2M gid tri ldy mau tdi b6 tach tin hiéu c6 thé biéu din dugc theo sin 2a(k—m)AfT cos2a(k-m)AfT -1 = E,| — cea ny EST _F | cos2a(k —m)AfT sin 2z(k ~m)A/T 7 a o =e) Ink omayT °°" oak mT snd, Jom trong dé 7,. va m,, ky higu cho cdc thanh phan tap 4m Gauss trong céc tin hiéu 16i ra da duge lay mau. am > Pho (ae Fic LAy mau tai t=T + Vo Msin2nf. er (dat | __/_ts Lay mau tai =T fa (Feosan(f+Apyt r, tin higu & Ph dt 7 - thu duoc A [oC dae] Lay mdu tai 1=T quyét dinh i 1/2 MPsin2n(f-+dp) loi ra Ds + Piha (at Lay mdu tai t=T V2 MTeostnlfe(Menanr | eta md tai r=T Lo rsinan(g-4-Dagie i Ts aS fic Je Tay mde tai t=T Hinh 7.27 Giai diéu ché cdc tin hi¢u M mic d6i véi tach tin hieu khong két hgp. 7 Pye 366 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Chting ta thy rang khi k = m, cdc gid tri da ly mu dua t6i b6 tach tin hiéu 1a Tue = YE, CO8bq + Mine Ta = VE, sing, + Mm, Hon thé, ching ta thay rang khi k + m, cdc thanh phdn tin hiéu trong cdc (7.5.12) mau r;,, Va ry, Sé triét ti€u, bat luan cdc gid tri cla lugng dich pha ¢, thé nao, mién Ia phan cach tan s6 gifta c4c tin s6 canh nhau 1a Af = 1/T. Trong trudng hop nhu thé, 2(M—1) dau ra cla cdc b6 tuong quan khdc chi gém cé tap 4m, nghia la Mye= Myer T1s= Msp km (7.5.13) Trong tinh toan tiép day, chting ta gia sit rang Af= 1/T sao cho cdc tin hi¢u a truc giao. C6 thé chi ra duge rang 2M mdu tap Am {n,,) va {7,5} 18 céc bién ngdu nhién Gauss ky vong 0 va khéng tuong quan véi nhau véi cling phuong sai o? = No/2. Hé qua la ham mat d6 x4c suat cing nhau d6i V6i r,,. VA rp, V6i diéu kien ¢,, 1a Sra Cne-Fusln) Fewer JEseeehv2e’ (7.5.14) va déi vi k # m, chiing ta c6 i So Carta) = ere (75.15) V6i 2M bién ngdu nhién daquan sat duge {r,,.7,, }¥2', bO tach tin hiéu toi wu chon ra tin hiéu tuong ting vGi cdc x4c suat hau nghiém cuc dai, nghia 1a Pls, 44 dugc truyén dil r] = P(s,| 7), m=0, 1,...,M-1 (7.5.16) Trong d6 r 1a véc-to 2M chiéu voi cdc phan tir {r,.,7,, }0'. Khi cde tin higu déng kha nang, b6 tach tin hiéu t6i wu cé tinh chat theo (7.5.16) sé tinh todn céc dung bao cila cdc tin hiéu, duge xéc dink theo rari, m=0, Lyn, M=1 (1.5.17) va chon ra tin hi¢u tmg véi dudng bao 16n nhat cua tap {7,,). Trong trugng hop nay, bé tach tin hi¢u duge goi 1A mot bo tach séng dudng bao. ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 367Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY M6t bé téch tin hiéu tuong dung 1a bo thuc hién tinh cdc dudng bao trung binh rarer, m=0, ly. M-1 (7.5.18) va chon ra tin hi¢u tuong ting v6i gid tri l6n nhat cia tap {2}. Trong trudng hop nay, b6 tach tin higu t6i wu dugc goi 1a mot b6 tach séng luat binh phuong. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.7 [Truyén tin bang tin hiu FSK] Hay xét mot he thong truyén tin nhj phan 4p dung hai dang s6ng tin hi¢u FSK dugc cho theo uy(t) = cos2nfit, O 2, xdc svat 16i bit c6 thé nhan dug tir xdc sudt 16i symbol theo quan hé 370 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY (7.5.21) X4c suat 16i bit duoc vé trén hinh 7.29 nhu mot ham cia SNR tinh theo bit doi voi M = 2, 4, 8, 16 va 32. Ching ta thay rang d6i voi bat ky xdc suat 16i bit bing bao nhiéu thi SNR tinh theo bit ciing giam khi M tang. Vé gidi han khi M > «, xdc suat 16i c6é thé 1am cho nhé bao nhiéu tuy ¥ mién 14 SNR tinh trén bit vugt qué -1.6 dB. Day 1a gidi han dung luong kénh hay cdn goi IA gidi han Shannon, d6i véi bat ky hé thong thong tin s6 nao truyén thong tin qua mot kénh AWGN. C4i gid phai tra khi tang M Ia yéu céu vé bang thong céin thiét dé truyén din cAc tin hi¢u. Do phan céch téin s6 gitta c4c tin s6 nim canh nhau 1a Af=1/T dé c6 dugc tinh tryc giao cha cdc tin higu, d6 rong bang thong yéu cdu déi voi M tin higu la W = M/T. Téc do bit 1a R = K/T, trong d6 k = log,M. Nhu vay, ty lé t6c 46 bit trén d6 rong bang thong 1a (1.5.22) ata to Med probability of s bit eror 1 SNK (bit, db Hinh 7.29 Xéc sudt cha mot 16i bit déi véi tach séng khong két hop cdc tin hi¢u FSK truc giao. ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 371Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.8 [M6 phéng FSK nhi phan] Hay thuc hién mot mo phéng Monte-Carlo ciia mot hé théng truyén tin FSK nhi phan trong d6 cc dang song tin hiéu duge cho béi (7.5.1), trong 46 f, = f,+1/T, cdn bé tach tin hiéu 1a mot b6 t4ch s6ng Iuat binh phuong. So 46 khéi cia hé thong FSK nhi phan ding cho m6 phéng duge cho trén hinh 7.30. Bo tao s6 ngin_| [BotaosSngiunhién] [Bowos6ingi nbien Inhién phan bd déuj | phan bo cuzin ‘hantectuae O [t+——_—+94 & my bit loi ra BO wo sSngin nhién| | Bo wo s6 ng nhién| anda || hace | So sénh bet BO dé ii synod Hinh 7.30 So 46 kh6i cia mot he thOng FSK nhi phan ding cho mo phéng Monte-Carlo. Lai giai Do céc tin hiéu truc giao véi nhau nén khi 4,(¢) dugc phat di thi Idi ra cia bo gidi diéu ché tht nhat Ja rie = VE, cosg +m, r, = VE, sing +n, con 16i ra cha bo gidi diéu ché thit hai Ia V2 = Mae Tas = Nos trong d6 M0, M4, Mae Va Mz, 1 cdc bién ngdu nhién Gauss ky vong khong, ddc 372 Chwong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf’ THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. lap thong ké vi nhau, cé phuong sai bang o° cdn ¢ biéu thi luong dich pha do kenh truyén. Trong biéu thitc trén day, lugng dich pha do kénh truyén ¢cé thé cho bing khong cho don gidn. B6 tach séng luat binh phuong thuc hién tinh nant rarer va chon ra b{t thong tin tmg vi bién nao I6n hon trong hai bién trén. Mét b6 dém 16i thuc hién do ty Ié 16i bang cach so s4nh chuéi 44 truyén voi dau ra cha b6 t4ch song. CAc chuong trinh MATLAB thuc hién m6 phéng Monte-Carlo nay duge cho duéi day. Hinh 7.31 minh hoa ty 1é 16i do dugc va so s4nh né véi x4c sudt 165i ly thuyét duoc cho bdi (7.5.20). 10 " to? to? 0 > ws oe wid 0 2 4 6 8 0” 2 ‘GyiNyin dB Hinh 7.31 Chat luong cia mot hé thong FSK nhi phan thu due tir mo phéng Monte-Carlo m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 8, Chapter 7. echo on SNRindB1=0:2:15; SNRindB2=0:0.1:15; Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 373Proakis J. G. vd Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. for i=1:length(SNRindB1), smld_err_prb(i)=cm_smS52(SNRindB1(i));_-% simulated error rate echo off 5 slength(SNRindB2), SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); % signal to noise ratio theo_err_prb(i)=(1/2)*exp(-SNR/2); % theoretical symbol error rate echo off; end; echo on; % Plotting commands follow semilogy(SNRindB1 ,smld_err_ptb,'*'), hold semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb); m-file function [p]=cm_sm52(snr_in_dB) % (p]=cm_sm52(snr_in_dB) % CM_SMS52 Returas the probability of error for the given % value of snr_in_dB, signal to noise ratio in dB. 0000; 1; snr=10A(snr_in_dB/10): % signal to noise ratio per bit sgma=sqrt(Eb/(2*snr)); % noise variance phi=0; % generation of the data source follows for i=1:N, temp=rand; % a uniform random variable between 0 and 1 if (temp<0.5), dsource(i)=0; else dsource(i)=1; end; end; Bh detection and the probability of error calculation numoferr=0; for i=1:N, % demodulator output if (dsource(i)==0), 314 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY r0c=sqrt(Eb)*cos(phi)+gngauss(sgma); \s=sqrt(Eb)*sin(phi)+gngauss(sgma); rlc=gngauss(sgma); rls=gngauss(sgma); else rOc=gngauss(sgma); rOs=gngauss(sgma); rlc=sqrt(Eb)*cos(phi)+gngauss(sgma); rls=sqrt(Eb)*sin(phi)+gngauss(sgma); end; % square law detector outputs r0=10c2+r0s*2; rl=ric42+r1s%2; % decision is made next if (rO>r1), decis=0; else decis=1; end; % Let's increment the error counter, if the decision is not correct if (decis~=dsource(i)), numoferr=numoferr+1; end; end: p=numoferr/(N); 7.6 BONG BO TRONG CAC HE THONG THONG TIN Trong muc 3.3 chting ta da mo ta qué trinh giai diéu ché d6i véi cdc tin higu AM. Cu thé, chting ta da chi ra ring chung ta c6 thé phan loai cdc so dé gidi diéu ché thanh cdc so dé két hop va khong két hgp. Trong giai diéu ché két hop, tin hiéu AM dugc nhan voi mét song hinh sin c6 cing tn sé va pha cla song mang r6i dugc dem giai diéu ché. Trong giai diéu ché khong két hgp, chi 4p dung duge v6i so dé AM truyén thong, viée gidi diéu ché dung bao dugc 4p dung va tai may thu khong cén phai bam chinh x4c pha v2 tén s6 cla séng mang. Hon thé nifa, chting ta da chi ra trong bai tap minh hoa 3.6 rang viéc déng b6 chinh xac vé pha trong gidi diéu ché két hgp 1a rat quan trong va cdc sai sé vé pha cé thé din dén sy suy giam chat luong dang ké. Chuang 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 375Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY Trong chuong nay, chting ta da ban bac vé cdc so dé giai diéu ché d6i véi céc hé thong diéu ché sO séng mang. Trong gidi diéu ché cla PAM, PSK va QAM, chiing ta da gid sir ring ching ta biét day dit vé pha va tdn s6 cla song mang. Trong muc nay, ching ta sé ban dén cdc phuong phép tao ra cdc song hinh sin tai bO gidi diéu ché cé cing tin s6 va pha cia song mang. C4c phuong phdp nay duge nghién cttu duéi tiéu dé déng bé séng mang va 4p dung cA cho cdc hé thong diéu ché s6 lin diéu ché tuong ty séng mang, da dugc thao luan trong chuong 3 va chuong nay. Mot loai déng b6 khdc, duge goi la déng bd dinh thoi, ding b6 déng hé hay khdi phuc dinh théi, chi gap trong céc hé théng truyén tin sé. Trong muc nay chting ta ciing sé thao Luan mot cdch van tat vé van dé déng b6 kiéu nay. 7.6.1 DONG BO SONG MANG Mot he théng déng bo s6ng mang gém mot bd dao déng ndi ma pha ciia né duge diéu khién cho déng b6 véi tin hiéu séng mang. Diéu nay dat dugc bang cach 4p dung mot mach vong kho4 pha (PLL: Phase-Locked Loop). Mot PLL 1a mot hé thong diéu khién phi tuyén lien két ngugc nhim diéu khién pha cia bo dao dong noi. Trong nghién ctu dudi day, dé don gian chting ta sé chi xem xét céc hé théng diéu ché PSK nhi phan. PLL duge dan béi mot tin higu hinh sin tai tan s6 séng mang (hay mot boi cha n6). Dé nhan duoc tin hieu hinh sin dé dan PLL, tin higu duoc diéu ché hai bang bién u(t)=Aum(t)cos[2nft-40)] (7.6.1) trong d6 m() = +1, duge binh phuong dé c6 duge u(t) = Aim? (8) cos? [2af,t- 9(0)] AP 2 (1) Mem? mone Orym (@)cos[4af,t — 29(t)] (7.6.2) # + A costasts —2¢(1)] 2 Hién nhién [8 tin hi¢u nay c6 mot thanh phiin tai tin s6 2f.. Ly do cba viee ta 316 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY khong gidi quyét truc tiép vdi u(t) 1a 6 ché qué trinh m(t) thudng cé ky vong bang khong cho nén cong suft cia thanh phén tin higu tai f, cha u(t) bang 0. Bay gid, néu tin hiéu w?(t) dugce cho qua mot mach loc thong dai diéu hudng tai 2f, thi 16i ra sé 14 mOt tin hiéu hinh sin c6 tan s6 trung tam 2f,, gdc pha 14 —2¢(2) cdn bien 46 thi bang 1; nghia 1a tin hi¢u 16i vao PLL 1a r(d)=cos[4nf.t-24()] (7.6.3) PLL gém mot mach nhan, mot b6 loc mach vong va mot bd dao dong diéu khién bang din 4p (VCO: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator) nhu duge cho théy trén hinh, 7.32. néu chting ta gia sit rang 16i ra cia VCO 1a sin[4af.1 - 24(¢)] thi tai 16i vao b6 loc mach véng ching ta cé6 e(t) = cos[4af,t - 260) ]sin[4af.t—24@)] 1. eo. . (7.6.4) = sink —26(1)] + sinks — 29(t) — 26()] tin hiéu léi vao et) BO loc ro mach vong $1 veo 2 Hinh 7.32 Mach vong khod pha. Hay chi y ring e(¢) c6 mét thanh phdn cao tén va mot thanh phdn thap tan. Vai trd cita bd loc mach vong J loai bé thanh phén cao tan va bao dam dé g(r) theo sat cdc bién thien cata 41). Mot mach loc vong don gian la mot bd loc thong thap bac mét véi mot ham truyén cé dang l+as = 7.6.5, aT, 1,8 ey trong 46 %>> 7, Néu ching ta ky hieu tin higu 16i vao VCO 1a v(1) thi I6i ra cia VCO sé 1a mot séng hinh sin ma d9 Iéch tén 6 tite thdi cita né khdi tén s6 2f, thi ty 1é v6i (2). Song tén s6 tite théi cia I6i ra VCO 1a Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANG 377Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HEN NAY. ld. 2f.+=— ot fet PO do vay d; K =o) = =v 7.6.6) qe 7 (7.6.6) hay tuong duong 1a 28H) = K fend (16.1) trong dé K 1a mot hang sé ty lé nao dé. Sau khi loai bo cdc hai bac hai va bac bén, PLL suy bién thanh so d6 nhu duoc trinh bay trén hinh 7.33. Gs) “sint29¢e - 2000) VCO 2b) = KIL veebde vn) Hinh 7.33 PLL sau khi loai cac thanh phan tn s6 cao. Khi gid sir ring 4(¢) theo sat cdc thay déi trong (0), thi sai s6 24()-246—) rat nho va chung ta cé thé sit dung x4p xi 1. + + sino -241o]= 6-609 (768) Voi xp xi nay, phén tir phi uyén duy nhat trén hinh vé 7.33 dugc thay thé bang mot phan tir tuyén tinh, dan dén mo hinh PLL duoc tuyén tinh hod duoc trinh bay trén hinh 7.34. Hay chti ring mo hinh nay biéu dién duoc tren mién bién d6i va bo tich phan duge thay bing twong duong tren mién bién déi cia né 1a 1/s, HD —@ a Gs) de) v(0) he Kis Hinh 7.34 Mo hinh tuygn tinb hod d6i véi mot mach vong khod pha. 378 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Ht THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY M6 hinh duge thé hén trén hinh 7.34 14 mot hé thong diéu khién tuyén tinh voi mot tang ich hudng thuan 1a G(s) va mot tang ich mach héi tiép 1a K/s; do vay, ham truyén cia hé thong nay duge cho béi Os) __ KG(s)/s H(s)= = 7.6. = O@ "T+ KGOIs (76) va v6i m6 hinh bac nhat d6i v6i G(s) duge gid thiét tren day Lets G(s) =A ths 16. ©) l+t,s (7-610) thi H(s) duge cho theo H(s)= nee (7.6.11) 1+, +1/K)s+45°/K Véi H(s) nhu mot ham truyén, néu I6i vio PLL 1a ©(s) thi sai s6 sé 1a A®(s)=0(s)-B(s)=@(s)-O(s)H(s) one 7 (1+7,5)s al MMM) =F Ker, )s+r,s? 1) (7.6.12) Bay gid ching ta hay gia sit rang cho tdi mot thoi diém nhat dinh nao dé (0) = 9, vi thé Ag(t) = 0. Tai thoi diém nay, mot thay déi dot ngdt ndo dé gay nén mot ci nhdy trong (2) ma n6 co thé mé hinh hod duge nhw mot bac thang, nghia la ©(s) = K,/s. Véi su thay déi nay, ching ta cd (+t,5)s KK (+78) AD(s)=———__——— oa (OF GeKr sits? s Ka(leKr)s+r, (7.6.13) Bay gid, bing céch sit dung dinh ly gid tri cudi ca bign déi Laplace ring lim f= limsF(s) (7.6.14) ching nao cdc cuc cita sF(s) con ¢6 céc phéin thuc 4m, chting ta két luan dugc K, limAg(¢)=lims@(s)=lim i(l+7,5) HP (7.6.15) 590 K+(14+K7,)s+7)57 : y Noi mét céch khéc, mot bd loc mach vong bac nhat don gidn lam cho mot PLL cé thé bam dugc cdc cit nhay vé pha cia 16i vao. Chuang 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 379Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Ham truyén (7.6.11) c6 thé viet lai duge dudi dang chinh tac _ Uo, ~ 03 1K)s +05 (76.16) tS ears? +260,8+ 02 day CACHES) oa? trong d6 @, fa tin sO ty nhién va 618 hg so 1am nhut. BAL TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 7.9 [PLL bac nhat] Gia sir ring 140.018 C= Ts va K = 1, hay xéc dinh va vé d6 thi dap ting cia PLL voi mot thay ddi dot ngot c6 do cao bac thang bang 1 A6i véi pha \6i vao. Loi giai 6 day, 7,= 0.01 va %= 1; do d6 @,= 1va ¢= 0.505. Do vay 0.01s +1 H(s)= s'+1.0ls+1 Nhu thé, dap tg d6i véi (1) = u(0), nghia 1a ©(s) = 1/s, duge cho bai 0.01s +1 8? +1.0ls? +541 s)= Dé xdc dink va vé dap ung thoi gian §(t) doi voi l6i vao u(t), ching ta hay dé ¥ rang ching ta phai xc dinh 163 ra cia mot hé thong cé ham truyén H(s) d6i v6i 16i vao u(y). Diéu nay cé thé 1am duge dé nhét bing c4ch sit dung ky thuat khong gian rang thdi. Chiing ta 4p dung ham MATLAB tf2ss.m ma né cho ching ta mé hinh khong gian trang thdi cia mOt hé thong duoc m6 ta bang ham truyén cla 6. Sau khi xdc dinh biéu dién khong gian trang thdi cia hé thong, chiing ta nhan duge dap img bac thang bang c4ch tinh bang s6. Hire tf2esane tka tit 68 (numerator, trong MATLAB script cho bai tap nay thi tir s6 dugc viét tat trong ham tf2ss.m 1a num —chii thich cia ngudi dich) va miu 380 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIU CHE SONG MANGProukis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 86 (denominator, viét tat 1a den trong script cho bai tap nay ~ chu thich cua ngudi dich) cita m6t ham truyén H(s) va cho ra A, B, C va D, 1a mé ta khong gian trang thai cha n6, duéi dang [fx = Ax(t) + Bu(?) y(0) = Cx(t) + Du(t) Biéu dién nay cé thé xap xi duge bang x(t + At) =x(t) + Ax(t)At + Bu(t)At y(t) = Cx(t) + Du(t) hay tuong duong 1a {xi +1) = x(i) + Ax(DAt+ Bu(iAt 1 yi) = Cx(i) + Du(i) D6i véi bai tap nay, viéc chon u(f) 1a mot ham bac thang cdn cdc véc-to tir sé va m4u s6 cua A(s) lan lugt 1a [0.01 1} va {1 1.01 1) 1a dd. Vi lua chon nay vé cc véc-to tir sé va mau s6, cdc tham sé kh6ng gian trang thai ca hé thong sé 1a -1.6l -1 A= 1 0 B= i | 0. c=[o01 1] D=0 D6 thi cia tin hiéu 16i ra cha PLL duge cho trén hinh 7.35. Nhu ching ta cé thé thay ti hinh 7.35, 16i ra cha PLL r6t cuc cing bam theo 16i vao; tuy nhién téc d6 ma né bém theo 16i vao phu thudc vao cdc tham sé cha 6 loc mach vong va K 1a hing s6 ty 1é cia VCO. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 9, Chapter 7 echo on num=(0.01 1]; T20 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 381Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY den=[1 1.01 1]; [a,b,c,d]=tf2ss(num,den); dt=0.01; u=ones(1,2000); y@=c*x(:,i); echo off; end echo on; t=[0:dt:20]; plot(t(1:2000),y) 04 02 o 2 4 6 8 0 2 MW w 1B 2 Hinh 7.35 Dép ting cia PLL d6i voi mot thay déi dot ngot trong pha 16i vao trong bai 4p minh hoa 7.9. 7.6.2 DONG BO DONG HO ‘Trong chuong 5 va trong chuong nay ching ta da thay rang mot thyc hién phé bién cha méy thu t6i wu Ia sit dung cdc mach loc phdi hgp va cdc bé lay mau tai Idi ra mach loc phéi hop. Trong tat cA cdc tru’ng hop nay, chiing ta da gid thiet rang méy thu biét mot cdch day dit vé thei diém Idy méu va c6 thé Idy mau hon hdo tai thdi diém nay. CAc hé thong nhim c6 dugc loai déng bd nay gitte méy phat va may thu duoc goi la cdc hé théng déng bé symbol, déng bé déng hé 382 ‘Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY hay déng bo dinh thei. Mot thuc hién don gian viéc déng b6 déng hé 1a 4p dung mot cng sém- mu6n. Hoat dong cia mot céng sém mun dua trén thuc té rang trong mot hé théng truyén tin PAM thi 16i ra cla bd loc phoi hop 1a ham ty tuong quan cia tin hiéu xung co sé duge sit dung trong hé thong PAM (cé thé c6 su xé dich nao d6). Ham tu tuong quan dat cuc dai tai thdi diém lay mau téi uu va 1a mot ham déi xing. Diéu nay c6 nghia 1a, khi khong cé tap nhiéu, tai c4c thoi diém ldy mau T*=T+6 vaT =T-6, 16i ra cha b6 lay mau sé nhu nhau, nghia 1a yO) = WT) (7.6.17) Trong trudng hop nay, thoi diém ldy mau téi uu hién nhién 1a diém gitta nam giifa cdc thoi diém ly mau sém va muon: Te4T one (7.6.18) Bay gid ta hay gia sit ring ta dang lay mu khong phai tai diém ly mau ti uu T ma thay vao d6 ta dang lay mu tai T,. Néu ta lay thém hai m4u nifa tai T'=T +8 vaT =T-6, cdc mau nay sé khong d6i xing nhau qua thoi diém lay mau t6i uu T va do vay sé khong bing nhau. Mot ham ty tong quan tiéu biéu déi véi cdc cdc xung téi am va duong va 3 gid tri mau duoc thé hién trén hinh 7.36. L5i ra b6 loc phot hop Ly md tc ae Tr Tr Q Hinh 7.36 L6i ra b9 Ioc phéi hop va céc mau s6m va mugn. Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANG 383Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY O day, T=T - 6, T*=T + 6), trong 46 <6 (7.6.19) va, nhu hinh vé cho thay, diéu nay din dén por |>pr| (7.6.20) Ciing nhu vay, trong trudng hop nay T +r" T|y(7")), thoi diém lay miu chinh xée sé nim trude thoi diém I4y mau da duge gid dinh va viée ly mu can phai duge thuc hién sém len. Neue lai, khi [y(7™)]<|y(7")|, thoi diém tay mu cfin phai cham lai. Hién nhién, khi |y(7)|=|v(7>)| thi thoi diém kay mau ta ding va khong cén phai hieu chin gi cd. He thong déng bd céng sém-mun nhu vay nhan ba gid tri mau tai T;, T= 7-8 va T= T+ 16i so sdnh |y(7>) va |y(7")], tuy theo tung quan gitta ce gid tr cha ching ma dua ra tin hiéu dé hiéu chinh thai diém lay mau. BAI TAP MINH HOA. Bai tap minh hoa 7.10 [Déng bé déng hé] Mot hé thong truyén tin PAM nhi phan sit dung mot dang s6ng cosin nang véi hé s6 uén 0.4. Téc do truyén din 1a 4800 b/s. Hay viét mot file MATLAB m6 phong hoat dong cha mot céng sém- muo6n cho hé thong nay. Loi g Do téc do 14 4800 b/s, chuing ta c6 (7.6.22) va véi a= 0.4, biéu thitc d6i véi mét dang séng cosin nang tro thanh cos(4800x 0.421) 1-4 0.16x 480072? (7.6.23) cos1920at 1-1.4746x 10" ¢? X(t) = sin e(48001) = sin c(4800t): 384 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Tin hiéu nay hién nhién trai tir -co téi +00. D6 thi cla tin hiéu nay dugc thé hién trén hinh 7.37. og 1x103 Hinh 7.37 Tin higu cosin nang trong bai tap minh hoa 7.10. Tir hinh vé 7.37, 16 rang 1a d6i voi moi muc dich thuc té viée chi xét khoang thdi gian véi |/<0.6.10° 1a di, khoang nay vio quang [-37, 37}. Viée cat xung cosin nang cdn khoang nay va tinh ham ty tong quan din dén dang séng duge thé hién trén hinh vé 7.38. Hinh 7.38 Ham ty tuong quan cia tin higu cosin nang. Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIU CHE SONG MANG 385,Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIPN NAY Trong MATLAB script dugc cho dudéi day, trudc tién tin hiéu cosin nang va ham tu tuong quan sé duge tinh va vé dé thi. Trong thf du cu thé nay, 46 dai ham ty tuong quan 1 1201 va tri cue dai (tie 18 thoi diém lay mau t6i uu) xay ra tai phan tir thir 600. Hai trutng hop dugc kiém tra: mot 1 khi thoi diém lay mau sai 1.700 va mOt 1a khi thoi diém lay mau sai 14 500. Trong ca hai trudng hop, céng sém-muon déu hiéu chinh thoi diém lay mau vé thdi diém t6i uu 600. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 10, Chapter 7. echo on T:1.001*T/100: 3*T); inc(t./T).*(cos(pi*alpha*t./T)./(1-4*alpha*2*t.A2/TA2)); pause % Press any key to see a plot of x(t). pause % Press any key to see a plot of the autocorrelation of x(t, plou(ty.y); d=60; % Early and late advance and delay % Precision e=1; % Step size n=700; % The incorrect sampling time while abs(abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d)))>=ee if abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))>0 nente; elseif abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))<0 n=n-e; end echo off ; end echo on ; pause % Press any key to see the corrected sampling time n n=500; % Another incorrect sampling time while abs(abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d)))>=0e if abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))>0 n=n+e; elseif abs(y(ntd))-abs(y(n-d))<0 386 Chuang 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY n=n-e; end echo off ; end echo on ; pause % Press any key to see the corrected sampling time n cAC BAI TAP 7.1 Trong mot hé thong PAM diéu ché bién do s6ng mang, b6 Joc phat 6 dac tinh phé can bac hai cosin nang véi hé sé uén loc a = 1. Tan sé séng mang Ia f, = 40/T. Hay udc lugng va vé dé thi phé cita tin higu bang g6c va cia tin hiéu PAM duge digu ché bien do. 7.2 Lap lai bai tap 7.1 khi tan s6 s6ng mang 1a f= 80/7. 7.3 Lap lai bai tap 7.1 khi may phat c6 dac tinh phd can bac hai nhi phan doi (duobinary). 7.4 Muc dich cia bai tap nay 1a dé thé hién rang (7.2.9) va (7.2.10) vin diing thong qua céch tinh todn s6 v6i (7.2.9) bing MATLAB. Xung 2,(t) 06 thé gia sit duoc 14 xung chit nhat, nghia 1a fl, O, =O V1 y(n) reg n trong d6 NV ia s6 mau clia r(), yi(d) va yas). Hay tinh va vé cdc day gid tri ham tuong quan nay khi HH =5,.Y,(1)+5,,.Y2(t) o-[2 sts? BO 0, vidi cde gid tri khdc ctiat 388 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANGProakis J.G. vé Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY f,=1 000 Hz, F,= 10 000 mau trén giay con diém tin higu duge truyén di thi nhu duge cho nhu sau ) 8), (Sires Ss) = (1, 0); b) 5, = (-1, 0); €) 5,,= (0, 1). 7.9 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB dé thuc hién m6t m6 phong Monte-Carlo mot hé thong truyén tin 4-PSK nhu da dugc m6 ta trong bai tap minh hoa 7.3 song hay cai bién b6 téch tin higu sao cho né tinh toan pha cia tin higu thu duoc 4, nhur a cho bdi (7.3.16) va chon ra diém tin hiéu nao c6 géc pha gan voi @ nhat. 7.10 Viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB ma né thuc hién mot bO ma hod vi sai va mot b6 giai ma vi sai d6i vdi mét hé thong 4-DPSK. Hay kiém tra hoat dong cia b6 ma hod va gidi m bing cdch cho mot chudi cdc symbol 2 bit qua bO ma hod va gidi ma mic néi tiép nhau r6i x4c minh ring chudi 16i ra treing voi chudi I6i vao. 7.11 Hay viét mot chuong trinh MATLAB ma né thuc hién mot m6 phong Monte- Carlo mot hé thong truyén tin DPSK nhi phan. Trong trudng hop nay, cdc pha cia tin higu duge truyén di 1a 6 = 0 va = 180°. Mot thay déi pha O= 0 tuong ting voi viéc truyén mot con 0. Mot thay déi pha @ = 180° tuong tmg véi viéc truyén mot con 1. Hay tién hanh mo phong déi vdi N = 10 000 bit tai cdc gid tri khac nhau cia tham s6 SNR &,/No. Dé thuan tién E, duge chudn hod bang 1. Khi d6, véi o = Ny/2, thi SNR 1a E,/No = 1/20°, trong 46 o° IA phuong sai cia thanh phan tap am cong. Do dé, SNR cé thé diéu khién chay duge bing cach thay déi ty Ie phuong sai ciia thanh phan tap am cong. Hay vé va so sénh ty 1é 16i ca DPSK nhi phan nhan duoc tiy m6 phong va gid tri ly thuyét ca xdc suat 18i duge cho bdi (7.3.23. 7.12 Hay viét mét chuong trinh MATLAB tao ra va vé cdc dang séng 8-QAM duge cho theo (7.4.2) d6i v6i biéu dé sao tin hiéu dugc biéu dién trén hinh P7.12. Hay gia sir rang dang séng xung gy(¢) la hinh chit nhat, nghia la sts ae fo vi vi i ritkhdc con tan sé séng mang 14 f.=8/T. ‘Chuang 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 389Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Hinh P7.12 7.13 Lap lai bai tap 7.12 khi dang séng xung g,(f) duge cho theo 1 =(l-cos2a/T), OstsT ex) =42° : 0, vei {0, A trit Ehde 7.14 Hay viét mot chuong tinh MATLAB ma no thuc hién mot mo phong Monte-Carlo cla m6t hé thong 8-QAM voi biéu dé sao tin hiéu nhu trén hinh P7.12. Hay tién hanh mo phéng d6i véi N = 10 000 symbol 3 bit tai cdc gid tri khéc nhau cia tham s6 SNR E,,,/Np. Viée chudn hod E,,, thanh don vj 1a dé cho titn. Khi 46, véi voi o? = No/2, thi SNR 18 E,,/No= 1/20°, trong dé o* 1 phuong sai cha méi mot trong hai thanh phdn tap 4m cong. Hay vé dé thi va so sanh ty lé 16i tinh duge cia hé thong QAM nay véi gidi han chan trén d6i v6i xdc suat 1di ly thuyét duge cho béi (7.4.12). Hinh P7.15. 390 Chuong 7: TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIRU CHE SONG MANGProakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hii THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 7.15 Lap lai m6 phong trong bai tap 7.14 song d6i véi biéu 46 sao 8 tin hiéu duge cho thay trén hinh P7.15. Hay so sanh cdc xac suat 16i déi véi hai biéu dé sao tin hiéu 8-QAM nay va chi ra biéu dé sao tin hiéu nao cho chat lugng tét hon. 7.16 Hay xét céc tin hiéu FSK nhi phan c6 dang u(t)= T, i u(t) = tno Ost C thi khong thé truyén tin tin cay qua kénh. Két qua cé tinh nén tang ctla Shannon vé ly thuyét thong tin ni rang déi véi cdc kénh khong nhé roi rac thi dung lugng kénh dugc cho béi biéu thifc sau: = max I(X;Y) (8.2.1) Ps) trong d6 I(X; ¥) ky higu cho lugng tin tong hé gitta X (I6i vao ciia kénh) va ¥ ([6i ra cla kénh), cdn viéc lay cuc dai duge thyc hién trén moi phan bé xdc suat Idi vao cita kénh. Luong tin tuong hé gifta hai bién ngdu nhién X va Y duoc xdc dinh theo )= DD el) | xlog aot (8.2.2) xk yey trong d6, Luong tin tuong hé duge tinh theo bit va logarit tinh theo co sé 2 D6i véi truéng hgp kénh d6i xing nhi phan, dung lugng kénh dugc cho béi quan hé don gian sau: C=1-H,(e) (8.2.3) trong dé, ela x4c sudt chéo cia kénh va H,(.) ky héu cho ham entropy nhi phan: H, (x)= -xlog(x)-(1- x)log(l-x) (8.2.4) Mot mo hinh kénh quan trong khéc 1a kénh AWGN c6 bang thong han ché v6i mét rang budc vé cong sudt 16i vao. Kénh nay dugc mo hinh hod nhu duoc thé hién trén hinh 8.2. Kénh nay bi han ché vé bang thong cn [-W, W], tap am 1a Gauss va tring véi mat 46 phé cong suat (2 phia) 1a No/2, cdn 16i vao kénh 1 mot qué trinh thoa man ‘Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 395Proakis J,G.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY rang budc cong suat 16i vao P. Shannon da chi ra rang dung long kénh nay, tinh theo bit/s, duge cho béi C= We + al bit/s (8.2.5) D6i v6i mot kenh AWGN théii gian 538i rac véi ring budc cong sudt du vao P va phuong sai cia tap 4m 1a o”, dung lugng tinh theo bit/lan trayén duge cho béi velop i4 2. 6 C= H+ =) 826) 2(1) CNY (0) Hinh 8.2 Kénh c6 bang thong han ché véi tap am cong tring Gauss BALTAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 8.1 (Dung hygng kénh d6i ximg nhi phan] Dé liu nhi phan duge truyén qua mot kénk AWGN bang céch sit dung diéu ché BPSK va gidi ma quyét dinh cting tai Idi ra nhd sit dung t4ch tin hiéu loc ph6i hyp 16i uu. 1, Hay vé dé thi xdc sudt 16i ctia kénh nhu mét ham cia E a (8.2.7) trong 6, E 1a nang Iwong cla méi tin hiéu BPSK cdn N,/2 1&8 mat dd phd cOng sudt ciia tap Am. Hay gia thiét ring 7 thay déi ti -20dB dén 20 dB. 2. Vé a6 thi cia dung luong kénh nhu mot ham cua . Loi giadi L, NAc suat 161 cha BPSK voi tach tin hiéu t6i uu duge cho béi = 0(27) (8.28) Dé thi tuong tng duoc thé hién trén hinh 8.3. 2. G day ching ta sir dung quan hé 396 ‘Chuong 8: DUNG LUSNG KENH VA MAHOA KENHProakis J. G.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY C=1~H,(p)=1-H,(0(y27)) (8.2.9) dé 06 duge duge mot 46 thi cita C theo 7, Dé thi nay duoc thé hién tren hinh 8.4. Hinh 8.3 Xdc suat ii cla BPSK theo 7=E/Ny MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho dudi day. mefile % Chuong trinh MatLab minh hoa cho bai tap 8.1 echo on gamma_db=[-20:0.1:20]; gamma=10.\(gammia_db./10); p_error=q(sqri(2.*gamma)); capacity=1 ,-entropy2(p_error); pause % Bam phim bat ky dé xem dé thi Pe theo SNRibit elf. semilogx(gamma,p_error) xlabel(‘SNR/bit') title(‘Xac suat 16i theo SNR/bit') ylabel(‘Xac suat 16’) pause % Bdm phim bdt ky dé xem dé thi cia dung lung kénh theo SNRIbit elf semilogx(gamma,capacity) xlabel(‘SNR/bit') title(Dung lugng kénh theo SNR/bit') ylabel(‘Dung lugng kénh') Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 397___Proakis 1. G.i CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY on . a 10? to" wo so! we Y Hinh 8.4 Dung Iutyng kenh theo 7=E/N, BAI TAP MINH HOA. Bai tap minh hoa 8.2 [Dung hugng kénh Gauss) 1, Hay vé dé thi dung luong cha kenh AWGN co dé réng bang W = 3000 Hz nhu mot ham cia P/N, véi cfc gié tri cha P/Ny nim trong khoaing tir -20dB dén 30dB. 2. Vé dé thi dung luong céa mot kenh AWGN v6i P/N, = 25dB abv 14 mot ham cia W. Dac biét, khi W tang vo han thi dung hugng kénh 1a bao nhiéu? Lai gid 1. Dé thi cdn vé duge cho trén hinh 8.5. 2. Dung lugng kénh nhu mot ham cia do rong bang duge vé trén hinh 8.6. Nhu thy duge trén cdc dé thi, khi P/N, hodc W tién téi khong, dung hong ciia kénh cing tién téi khong. Tuy nhién, khi P/N, hodc W tién tai v6 cing thi dung juong kénh thay déi khdc nhau. Trong trudng hop P/N, tién téi vo cing, dung lugng kénh ciing tién tdi v6 ciing nbw duge thé hién tren hinh 8.5. Tuy nhién, khi W 1i€n 161 vO cing thi dung luong kénh chi tién ti mot gidi han nhat dinh duge xdc dinh béi P/N. Dé xdc dinh gid tei gidi han nay, chting ta c6 398 Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENHProakis J.G.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY P P lim W log,| 1+ | = 2.10) in toe ooo) 62.10 P 4427 — 8.2.11 i ( ) 0 {M00 een ee er 1000 800 P71 Hinh 8.5 Dung lugng cua mot kenh véi W=3000 Hz, nhu mot bam cita P/N, 500 400 300 v 200 190 o tenant tant 10° 10! 1g 10° 108 108 wot Hinh 8.6 Dung lugng kénh nhu mot ham cia dé rong baing trong mot kenh AWGN (P/N,=25 dB) ‘Chuang 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENE 399Proakis J. G.: CAC Hi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY MATLAB script cho bai tap nay dugc cho duéi day. w-file % Chuong trinh MatLab minh hog cho bai tap 8.2. echo on pn0_db=[-20:0.1:30]; pn0=10.\(pn0_db./10); capacity=3000.*log2(1+pn0/3000); pause % Bam phim bat ky dé’ vé dé thi dung tong kénh theo PIN, olf semilogx(pn0,capacity) title('D6 thi dung lugng kénh theo P/NO trong kénh AWGN’) xlabel((P/NO'} ylabel(‘Dung luong kénh (bit/s)') clear we=[1:10,12:2:100,105:5:500,5 10: 10:5000,5025:25:20000,20050:50: 100000]; pn0_db=25, pn0=10"(pn0_db/10), capacity=w.*log2(1+pn0.w); pause % Bdm phim bdt ky dé’ vé dé thi dung lwong kénh theo ddi tin elf semilogx(w,capacity) title(‘D6 thi dung lugng kénh theo dai tan trong kénh AWGN ‘) xlabel(‘Dai tin (Hz)') ylabel(‘Dung lugng kénh (bit/s)') BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 8.3 [Dung long kénh AWGN véi dau vao nhi phan] Mot kénh AWGN véi dau vao nhi phan duc m6 hinh hod bang cdc mifc 16i vao nhi phan Ava-A, va tap 4m Gauss cOng cé tri trung binh bang khong véi phuong sai o”. Trong teudng hgp nay, X=(-A, A}, Y = R (a trudng s6 thuc), p(y |xA) ~N(A, ) (1a mot bien neu nbien phan b6 chudn 06 ky vong bing A va phuong sai bing 0), va p(y |X=~A) ~NCA, o?). Hay vé d6 thi dung luong cia kénh nay nhu mgt ham cia A/a. Loi gidi Do tinh d6i xing cia bai toan, dung Iugng kénh dat dugc d6i véi phan b6 151 vao la déu, c6 nghia la p(X=A) = p(X=-A) = 0.5. Doi voi phan bé dau vao nay, phan b6 400 Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH_ Proakis J. G.: CAC Hf. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY dau ra duge cho béi (y+ AF 20? 1 1 -4} 20? Ply)= ——— (8.2.12) & ane Wore? va luong tin tuong hé giita dau vao va dau ra dugt cho béi 1aeY)=4P rbele= Aylog, LIX =A) 4, 1 es (8.2.13) Pr +5 [Lpblx= ~A)log, Viéc lay tich phan va déj bién don gian dan fe A 1 fA MiY)= SNe les s[-> 8.2.14 Ax:¥) Lia s} (8.2.14) trong dé fla= f ae 7h tog, ed (8.2.15) Sir dung quan hé nay, ta c6 thé tinh duge /(X; Y) d6i voi mot loat cdc gid tri cha A/o va vé duge dé thi két qua. Mot 46 thi cha dudng cong tinh duge dude thé hién trén hink 8.7. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay nhu sau. m-file % Chuong trinh MatLab cho bai tép minh hoa 8.3. echo on a_db=[-20:0.2:20}; 0.4(a_db/10); 201 uad(i13_8fun’,a(i)-5,a(i)+5,1e-3,[],a(i)); g(i)=quad(‘il3_8fun’,-a(i)-5,-a(i)+5,le-3,),-a(i)); c(i)=0.5*£(i)+0.5* g(i); echo off ; end echo on ; pause % Bam phim bat ky dé vé dé thi dung luong kénh theo SNR semilogx(a,c) titleDung lugng kénh theo SNR trong kénh AWGN dau vao nhi phan’) xlabel(‘SNR') ylabel(‘Dung lugng kénh (s6 bit/ Ién truyén)’) 721 ‘Chwong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 401Proakis J.G.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY os os o4 02 ° ws to w tot i Alo: Hinh 8.7 Dung luong cia mot kenh AWGN Idi vio nhi phan nhw mot him cita SNR = A/a. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 8.4 [So sAnh cdc so dé quyét dinh cig va quyét mém] Mot kénh dau vao nhi phan ding 2 miic Idi vao A va —A. Dau ra cia kénh 1a téng cia tin hiéu 160i vao va tap am cOng trang Gauss o6 ir trung binh bing khong va phuong sai o”. Kénh nay duge sir dung véi hai didu kién khdc nhau. Trong mét trudng hop, 16i ra dugc sit dung truc tiép khong lugng tit hod (quyét dinh mém), va trong trutng hop kia thi quyét dinh téi uu duoc thuc hién theo ting mitc 16i vao (quyét dinh cing), Hay vé dé thi cia dung Iuong kénh nhu mot ham cla A/o-cho méi trudng hop. Lai giai Truong hgp quyét dinh mém tuong ty nhu bai tap minh hoa 8.3. D6i voi trudng hgp quyét dinh cing, x4c sufi chéo cba kénh d6i xing nhi phan c6 tac dong cia tap 4m 1a Q(A/o), va do vay dung luong kénh duoc cho béi end] Ca Cy ldn Cs theo A/o duoc thé hién trén hinh 8.8. Nhu mong doi, gidi ma 402 Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENHProakis J. G.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY quyét dinh mém thi tot hon gidi ma quyét dinh cting tai moi gid tri cla A/a. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % Chuong trinh MatLab cho bai tap minh hoa 8.4. echo on a_db=[-13:0.5:13]; A(a_db/10); meas wad(‘i13_8fun',a(i)-5,a(i)+5,1e-3,(,a@)); g(@)=quad(‘il3_8fun',-a(i)-5,-a(i)+5,1e-3,[],-a); c_soft(i)=0.5*f(i)+0.5* (i); echo off ; end echo on; pause % Bam phim bat ky dé xem cdc dudng cong dung lugng kénh semilogx(a,c_soft,a,c_hard) Hinh 8.8 Céc d6 thi ciia Cy va Cs theo SNR = Alo BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 8.5 [Dung lugng kénh theo dai tan va SNR] Dung luong cla mot kenh AWGN c6 bang thong han ché véi rang budc cOng suat dau vao P va Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 403Proakis J. G. CAC HB THONG THONG TIN HIN NAY do rong bang W duoc cho béi P C=Wlog,|1+— vs (53) Hay vé 6 thi cua dung luong kenh nhu mot ham cila ca W va P/No. Loi giai D6 thi céin vé duge chi ra trén hinh 8.9. Hay luu y ring voi P/N, khong déi, dé thi nay suy bién thanh duémg cong da duge thé hién rn hinh 8.6, Véi do rong bang khong déi, 46 thi dung luong kénh nhu mot ham ciia P/N, giéng nhu duong cong da duge thé hién trén hinh 8.5. C Abita Hinh 8.9 Dung lutong cita kenh nhw Ja mgt ham cita 9 rong bang thong va SNR trong mot kenh AWGN MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % Chuong trinh MatLab cho bai tap minh hoa 8.5. echo off we[1:5:20,25:20:100,130:50:300,400: 100: 1000, 1250:250:5000,5500:500: 10000); pn0_db=[-20:1:30}; pn0=10.4(pn0_db/10); 404 Chuong 8: DUNG LUQNG KENH VA MA HOA KENHProakis J. G.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIGN NAY 1 =w(i)*log2(1+pn0@j)/w(i)); echo on pause % Bam phim bat ky dé xem duéng cong cita C theo W va PINy. k=[0.9,0.8,0.5,0.6]; surfl(w,pn0_db,c’,s,k) title(‘Dung long kénh theo dai tan va SNR’) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 8.6 [Dung lvong cia kénh AWGN thoi gian réi rac} Hay vé dé thi dung lugng cia kénh AWGN thoi gian réi rac nhu mot ham cila cng suat 16i vao va phutong sai cha tap 4m. Lai giai Dé thi mong muén duge cho trén hinh 8.10. Capacity (bitsfransmission) | 1 20 =o Noise power (dB) Hinh 8.10 Dung Iugng cia kenh AWGN thoi gian rdi rac nhu mt him cia cong suat tin higu (P) va cOng sutt cia tap am (o*) Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 405Proakis J. G.: CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY MATLAB script cho bai t4p nay duge cho dudi day. m-file % Chuong trinh MatLab cho bai tap minh hog 8.6. echo on p_db=[-20: 1:20]; np_db=p_db; p=10.%(p_db/10); oG,j)=0.5*log2(1+p(i)npt)); echo off ; end end echo on ; pause % Bam phim bat ky dé quan sdt dé thi surti(np_db,p_db,c) 8.3 MA HOA KENH Viéc trayén tin qua cdc kénh cé tap nhiéu thi bi cdc Idi. Dé gidm téc dong cia cdc 16i va truyén tin tin cay, cn phai truyén cdc day cang khdc nhau cang tét, sao cho tap nhiéu trén kénh sé khong lam cho mot day nay bién déi thanh mét day khdc. Diéu nay cé nghia 1a mot d6 du nao dé phai dugc dua them vao dé tang do tin cay cia qué trinh truyén tin. Viéc dua them vao dQ du dan dén viéc phai truyén cdc bit thém vao va din dén mot su gidm t6c dO truyén dan. Cae so dé ma hé kénh néi chung cé thé phan chia dugc thanh hai Iép: cdc mi khdi va céc ma chap. Trong ma hod khéi, cdc day I6i ra nguén tin nhi phan cd chiéu dai k duge anh xa thinh cdc day I6i vao kénh nhi phan c6 chiéu dai n; do d6, ti l¢ cha ma 1a k/n bit/mot lan truyén. Mot ma nhu thé duoc goi 1a mot ma Khoi (n,k) va gém 2" tit ma c6 dO dai n, thutmg duge ky higu IA ¢,,¢,,....¢4. Viee nh xa cdc 16i ra cha nguén thong tin thanh cdc I6i vao kénh dugc thuc hién mot cach d6c lap, va 16i ra cla b6 ma hod chi phu thudc day 16i vao hién thdi cd chiéu. dai k va khong phy thudc vao cdc day I6i vao truéc 46. Trong ma hod chAp, céc 16i 406 Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENHProakis J.G.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIfN NAY ra ngu6n tin c6 chiéu dai ky dugc anh xa thanh mp bit 16i vao kénh, song cc bit 16i vao kénh phu thudc khong chi vao ky bit 16i ra nguén ngay lic nay ma cdn phu thudc c vao (L-1)ky bit 16i vao cudi cing cha bd ma hod. Mot trong nhimg ma khéi don gian nhdt 18 md ldp don gidn, trong 46, c6 hai ban tin duoc truyén di qua mot kénh nhi phan déi xing, nhung thay vi truyén di mot bit 0 va m6t bit 1 cho 2 ban tin thi 2 day sé dugc truyén di, mot day bao gém toan bit 0 va mot day bao gém toan bit 1. Chiéu dai clia 2 dy dugc chon 1a mot 86 1é n nao d6. Qué trinh ma hod duge thé hién nhu sau: nid a 0 00...00 (8.3.1) mi 1ofL.i (8.3.2) Vigc gidi ma chi 14 mot phép gidi ma biéu quyét theo da s6; nghia 1a, néu da 86 céc symbol thu dugc 18 1 thi b6 gidi ma sé quyét dinh 1A mot bit 1; cn néu da 36 13.0 thi bo gidi ma sé quyét dinh 18 mot bit 0. Mot Idi xay ra néu c6 it nhat (n+1)/2 ede symbol da trayén bi nhan 16i. De kenh 14 mot kénh d6i xting nhj phn v6i xéc sudt chéo €, xdc suit I6i c6 thé biéu dién duge theo pe > , (Tlet-ar* (8.3.3) abe Vi du, voi n= 5 va €= 0.001, tacé 5 P= £(;Jooor (0.999)** ~10° (8.3.4) is Diéu nay cé nghia 1a bang cdch sit dung kénh 5 14n thay cho chi sit dung mot lan, ching ta da cé thé gidm xdc sudt 16i tir 0.001 xudng con 10°. Tat nhién 1a phai tra gid cho chat lugng tin cay hon nay; gid dé 1a mot su gidm téc 46 truyén va d6 phitc tap cla hé théng thi tang én. Téc do truyén tin da gidm ti mot ban tin nhi phan trong mét Jn sit dung kénh xu6ng thanh mot ban tin nhi phan trong 5 an sit dung kénh. D6 phitc tap cia hé thong tang I do bay gid, ching ta phai sit Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 407Proakis J. G.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY dung m6t bO ma hod (ma né c6 c4u tric rét don gidn) va mot bd gidi ma ma né6- thuc hién gidi ma biéu quyét theo da s6. Viéc truyén con tin c4y hon nifa trong bai todn nay néu ching ta tang n. Vi du, véi n = 9, chiing ta c6. 2 Pe= Ej poor ease) x10 (8.3.5) S Tir tren, c6 vé nhu JA néu ta muén gidm xéc sudt 16i xudng bang khong thi ta phai tang n dén vo cing, va do dé, lam gidm t6c d6 truyén tin xuéng bing khong. Tuy nhién, diéu nay khong hodn toan ding va Shannon da chi ra ring 6 thé dat duge truyén tin tin cay (nghia Ia p, -> 0) mot cdch tiém can bang céch gitt cho téc d6 tiuyén tin thap hon dung luong kénh, ma wong tr C=1~H,(0.001)=1-0.0114 = 0.9886 bit/lan trayén (8.3.6) mg hop trén 1a Tuy vay, diéu nay dat duge bang cach ap dung cdc so dé ma hod va gidi ma phic tap hon nhiéu so véi ma lap don gian. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 8.7 [XAc sua 16i khi sir dung cdc ma jap don gian] Gia thiét ring e= 0.3 trong mot kenh d6i ximg nhj phan, hay vé dé thi cla xéc sudt 16i p. nhu mot ham ciia chiéu dai khéi n. Lai gidi Ching ta sé tim céc gid tri cla p, déi voi cdc gid tri cia n tir 1 t6i 61. Xdc suat 15i duge cho béi ¥ (ostar Ep va dé thi cé duge duge thé hién trén hinh 8.11. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % Chuong trinh MatLab cho bai tap minh hog 8.7, chuong 8. echo on ep=0.3; for i=1:2:61 408 Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENHProakis J.G.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY pCi)=0; for j=G+1)/2:i pG)=pi)+prod( 1 :i)/(prod(1:j)*prod(1: echo off ; end end echo on ; pause % Bdm phim bat ky dé quan sdt dé thi stem((1:2:61),p(1:2:61)) xlabel(‘n') ylabel(pe’) title(‘D6 thi cha xdc suat 16i theo n cho ma lap don gian') -))*epi*(1-ep)\-); 03 p— | I | 1 Tiesseecacesacses —-—} Hinh 8.11 X4c suat 16i cha mot ma lap don gian déi voi ¢ = 0.3 van =1, 3,..., OL 8.3.1 MA KHOI TUYEN TINH C4c ma khéi tuyén tinh 1a lép cdc ma khéi quan trong nhat va dugc img dung nhiéu nhét. Mot ma khéi 1a tuyén tinh néu bat cit t6 hop tuyén tinh nao cha hai tir m& cing 1a mOt tit ma, Trong trudng hop nhi phan, diéu nay c6 nghia 1a téng cia har tir ma bat ky cting 14 mot tir ma. Trong cdc ma kh6i tuyén tinh, cdc tir mi tao thanh mot khong gian con k-chiéu cila m6t khong gian n-chiéu. C4c ma khéi tuyén tinh dugc m6 ta thong qua ma tran sinh G cua ching, 14 ma tran nhi phan kxn sao cho méi tir ma ¢ c6 thé viét duge duéi dang Chuong 8: DUNG LUONG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 409