Software Environment

4.1 FEATURES OF. NET

Microsoft .NET is a set of Microsoft software technologies for rapidly !ilding and integrating "M# $e applications& and $e lang!age ser%ices& Microsoft $indows' ased sol!tions. The .NET Fra(ewor) is a lang!age'ne!tral

platfor( for writing progra(s that can easily and sec!rely interoperate. There*s no arrier with .NET+ there are n!(ero!s lang!ages a%aila le to the de%eloper incl!ding Managed ,--& ,.& /is!al 0asic and 1a%a Script. The .NET fra(ewor) pro%ides the fo!ndation for co(ponents to interact sea(lessly& whether locally or re(otely on different platfor(s. 2t standardi3es co((on data types and co((!nications protocols so that co(ponents created in different lang!ages can easily interoperate. 4.NET5 is also the collecti%e na(e gi%en to %ario!s software co(ponents !ilt !pon the .NET platfor(. These will e oth prod!cts 6/is!al St!dio.NET and $indows.NET Ser%er& for instance7 and ser%ices 6li)e 8assport& .NET My Ser%ices& and so on7.

THE .NET FRAMEWORK

The .NET Fra(ewor) has two (ain parts+ 1. The ,o((on #ang!age R!nti(e 6,#R7. 9. A hierarchical set of class li raries.

The ,#R is descri ed as the 4e:ec!tion engine5 of .NET. 2t pro%ides the en%iron(ent within which progra(s r!n. The (ost i(portant feat!res are ,on%ersion fro( a low'le%el asse( ler'style lang!age& called 2nter(ediate #ang!age 62#7& into code nati%e to the platfor( eing e:ec!ted on. Me(ory (anage(ent& nota ly incl!ding gar age collection. ,hec)ing and enforcing sec!rity restrictions on the r!nning code. #oading and e:ec!ting progra(s& with %ersion control and other s!ch feat!res. The following feat!res of the .NET fra(ewor) are also worth description+

Managed Code The code that targets .NET& and which contains certain e:tra 2nfor(ation ' 4(etadata5 ' to descri e itself. $hilst oth (anaged and !n(anaged code can r!n in the r!nti(e& only (anaged code contains the infor(ation that allows the ,#R to g!arantee& for instance& safe e:ec!tion and interopera ility.

Managed Data $ith Managed ,ode co(es Managed ;ata. ,#R pro%ides (e(ory allocation and ;eal location facilities& and gar age collection. So(e .NET lang!ages !se Managed ;ata y defa!lt& s!ch as ,.& /is!al 0asic.NET and 1Script.NET& whereas others& na(ely ,--& do not. Targeting ,#R can& depending on the lang!age yo!*re !sing& i(pose certain constraints on the feat!res a%aila le.

As with (anaged and !n(anaged code& one can ha%e instead is loo)ed after y !n(anaged code.

oth (anaged and

!n(anaged data in .NET applications ' data that doesn*t get gar age collected !t

Common Type Sy tem The ,#R !ses so(ething called the ,o((on Type Syste( 6,TS7 to strictly enforce type'safety. This ens!res that all classes are co(pati le with each other& y descri ing types in a co((on way. ,TS define how types wor) within the r!nti(e& which ena les types in one lang!age to interoperate with types in another lang!age& incl!ding cross'lang!age e:ception handling. As well as ens!ring that types are only !sed in appropriate ways& the r!nti(e also ens!res that code doesn*t atte(pt to access (e(ory that hasn*t een allocated to it.

Common !ang"age Spe#ifi#ation The ,#R pro%ides !ilt'in s!pport for lang!age interopera ility. To ens!re that yo! can de%elop (anaged code that can e f!lly !sed y de%elopers !sing any progra((ing lang!age& a set of lang!age feat!res and r!les for !sing the( called the ,o((on #ang!age Specification 6,#S7 has een defined. ,o(ponents that follow these r!les and e:pose only ,#S feat!res are considered ,#S'co(pliant.

THE C!ASS !$%RAR& .NET pro%ides a single'rooted hierarchy of classes& containing o%er <=== types. The root of the na(espace is called Syste(> this contains asic types li)e 0yte& ;o! le& 0oolean& and String& as well as O ?ect. All o ?ects deri%e fro( Syste(. O ?ect. As well as o ?ects& there are %al!e types. /al!e types can e

allocated on the stac)& which can pro%ide !sef!l fle:i ility. There are also efficient (eans of con%erting %al!e types to o ?ect types if and when necessary.

The set of classes is pretty co(prehensi%e& pro%iding collections& file& screen& and networ) 2@O& threading& and so on& as well as "M# and data ase connecti%ity. The class li rary is s! di%ided into a n!( er of sets 6or na(espaces7& each pro%iding distinct areas of f!nctionality& with dependencies na(espaces )ept to a (ini(!(. etween the

!AN'(A'ES S())ORTED %& .NET

The (!lti'lang!age capa ility of the .NET Fra(ewor) and /is!al St!dio .NET ena les de%elopers to !se their e:isting progra((ing s)ills to !ild all types of applications and "M# $e ser%ices. The .NET fra(ewor) s!pports new %ersions of Microsoft*s old fa%orites /is!al 0asic and ,-- 6as /0.NET and Managed ,--7& !t there are also a n!( er of new additions to the fa(ily. /is!al 0asic .NET has een !pdated to incl!de (any new and

i(pro%ed lang!age feat!res that (a)e it a powerf!l o ?ect'oriented progra((ing lang!age. These feat!res incl!de inheritance& interfaces& and o%erloading& a(ong others. /is!al 0asic also now s!pports str!ct!red e:ception handling& c!sto( attri !tes and also s!pports (!lti'threading.

/is!al 0asic .NET is also ,#S co(pliant& which (eans that any ,#S' co(pliant lang!age can !se the classes& o ?ects& and co(ponents yo! create in /is!al 0asic .NET. Managed E:tensions for ,-- and attri !ted progra((ing are ?!st so(e of the enhance(ents (ade to the ,-- lang!age. Managed E:tensions si(plify the tas) of (igrating e:isting ,-- applications to the new .NET Fra(ewor). ,. is Microsoft*s new lang!age. 2t*s a ,'style lang!age that is essentially 4,-- for Rapid Application ;e%elop(ent5. Unli)e other lang!ages& its specification is ?!st the gra((ar of the lang!age. 2t has no standard li rary of its own& and instead has een designed with the intention of !sing the .NET li raries as its own.

Microsoft /is!al 1. .NET pro%ides the easiest transition for 1a%a' lang!age de%elopers into the world of "M# $e written in a %ariety of other progra((ing lang!ages. Ser%ices and dra(atically i(pro%es the interopera ility of 1a%a'lang!age progra(s with e:isting software

Acti%e State has created /is!al 8erl and /is!al 8ython& which ena le .NET'aware applications to e !ilt in either 8erl or 8ython. 0oth prod!cts can e integrated into the /is!al St!dio .NET en%iron(ent. /is!al 8erl incl!des s!pport for Acti%e State*s 8erl ;e% Ait.

Other lang!ages for which .NET co(pilers are a%aila le incl!de

FORTRAN ,O0O# Eiffel

Fig1 .Net Fra(ewor) AS8.NET $indows For(s

"M# $E0 SER/2,ES 0ase ,lass #i raries ,o((on #ang!age R!nti(e Operating Syste(

,..NET is also co(pliant with ,#S 6,o((on #ang!age Specification7 and s!pports str!ct!red e:ception handling. ,#S is set of r!les and constr!cts that are s!pported y the ,#R 6,o((on #ang!age R!nti(e7. ,#R is the r!nti(e en%iron(ent pro%ided y the .NET Fra(ewor)> it (anages the e:ec!tion of the code and also (a)es the de%elop(ent process easier y pro%iding ser%ices. ,..NET is a ,#S'co(pliant lang!age. Any o ?ects& classes& or co(ponents that created in ,..NET can e !sed in any other ,#S'co(pliant lang!age. 2n addition& we can !se o ?ects& classes& and co(ponents created in other ,#S' co(pliant lang!ages in ,..NET .The !se of ,#S ens!res co(plete interopera ility a(ong applications& regardless of the lang!ages !sed to create the application.

CONSTR(CTORS AND DESTR(CTORS* ,onstr!ctors are !sed to initiali3e o ?ects& whereas destr!ctors are !sed to destroy the(. 2n other words& destr!ctors are !sed to release the reso!rces allocated to the o ?ect. 2n ,..NET the s! finali3e proced!re is a%aila le. The s! finali3e proced!re is !sed to co(plete the tas)s that (!st e perfor(ed when an o ?ect is destroyed. The s! finali3e proced!re is called a!to(atically when an o ?ect is destroyed. 2n addition& the s! finali3e proced!re can e called only fro( the class it elongs to or fro( deri%ed classes. 'AR%A'E CO!!ECT$ON Bar age ,ollection is another new feat!re in ,..NET. The .NET Fra(ewor) (onitors allocated reso!rces& s!ch as o ?ects and %aria les. 2n addition& the .NET Fra(ewor) a!to(atically releases (e(ory for re!se y destroying o ?ects that are no longer in !se. 2n ,..NET& the gar age collector chec)s for the o ?ects that are not c!rrently in !se y applications. $hen the gar age collector co(es across an o ?ect that is (ar)ed for gar age collection& it releases the (e(ory occ!pied y the o ?ect. O+ER!OAD$N' O%erloading is another feat!re in ,.. O%erloading ena les !s to define (!ltiple proced!res with the sa(e na(e& where each proced!re has a different set of arg!(ents. 0esides !sing o%erloading for proced!res& we can !se it for constr!ctors and properties in a class.

M(!T$THREAD$N'* ,..NET also s!pports (!ltithreading. An application that s!pports (!ltithreading can handle (!ltiple tas)s si(!ltaneo!sly& we can !se (!ltithreading to decrease the ti(e ta)en y an application to respond to !ser interaction. STR(CT(RED E,CE)T$ON HAND!$N' ,..NET s!pports str!ct!red handling& which ena les !s to detect and re(o%e errors at r!nti(e. 2n ,..NET& we need to !se TryC,atchCFinally state(ents to create e:ception handlers. Using TryC,atchCFinally state(ents& we can create ro !st and effecti%e e:ception handlers to i(pro%e the perfor(ance of o!r application.

THE .NET FRAMEWORK The .NET Fra(ewor) is a new co(p!ting platfor( that si(plifies application de%elop(ent in the highly distri !ted en%iron(ent of the 2nternet.

O%-ECT$+ES OF. NET FRAMEWORK

1. To pro%ide a consistent o ?ect'oriented progra((ing en%iron(ent whether o ?ect codes is stored and e:ec!ted locally on 2nternet'distri !ted& or e:ec!ted re(otely. 9. To pro%ide a code'e:ec!tion en%iron(ent to (ini(i3es software deploy(ent and g!arantees safe e:ec!tion of code. D. Eli(inates the perfor(ance pro le(s. There are different types of application& s!ch as $indows' ased applications and $e ' ased applications.

4.D FEATURES OF SE#'SER/ER The O#A8 Ser%ices feat!re a%aila le in SE# Ser%er %ersion <.= is now called SE# Ser%er 9=== Analysis Ser%ices. The ter( O#A8 Ser%ices has een replaced with the ter( Analysis Ser%ices. Analysis Ser%ices also incl!des a new data (ining co(ponent. The Repository co(ponent a%aila le in SE# Ser%er %ersion <.= is now called Microsoft SE# Ser%er 9=== Meta ;ata Ser%ices. References to the co(ponent now !se the ter( Meta ;ata Ser%ices. The ter( repository is !sed only in reference to the repository engine within Meta ;ata Ser%ices SE#'SER/ER data ase consist of si: type of o ?ects& They are& 1. TA0#E 9. EUERF D. FORM 4. RE8ORT G. MA,RO

TA%!E* A data ase is a collection of data a o!t a specific topic. +$EWS OF TA%!E* $e can wor) with a ta le in two types& 1. ;esign /iew 9. ;atasheet /iew

De ign +iew To !ild or (odify the str!ct!re of a ta le we wor) in the ta le design %iew. $e can specify what )ind of data will e hold. Data .eet +iew To add& edit or analyses the data itself we wor) in ta les datasheet %iew (ode. /(ER&* A H!ery is a H!estion that has to e as)ed the data. Access gathers data that answers the H!estion fro( one or (ore ta le. The data that (a)e !p the answer is either dynaset 6if yo! edit it7 or a snapshot 6it cannot e edited7.Each ti(e we r!n H!ery& we get latest infor(ation in the dynaset. Access either displays the dynaset or snapshot for !s to %iew or perfor( an action on it& s!ch as deleting or !pdating.