1

MC LC

Trang Trang ph ba Li cam oan Li cm n M c lc ..................................................................................................................... 1 PHN I: M U.................................................................................................... 3 1 L do chn ti..................................................................................................... 3 2. Mc tiu ................................................................................................................ 3 3. Nhim v ............................................................................................................... 3 4 Cc phng php nghin cu..................................................................................4 5. i tng v ph m vi ............................................................................................ 4 PHN II: NI DUNG............................................................................................... 5 Chng 1 C s l lun ca vn nghin cu 1.1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc................................................................ 5 1.1.1. Pht biu nguyn l I .................................................................................... 5 1.1.2. Hm trng thi ni nng U ........................................................................... 5 1.2. Nguyn l th hai c a nhit ng h c.................................................................. 8 1.2.1. Pht biu nguyn l II ..................................................................................8 1.2.2. Chiu hng din bin ca m t ph n ng ha hc ....................................... 8 1.3. Cn b ng ha h c ............................................................................................... 9 1.3.1. Cn bng ng th ...................................................................................... 9 1.3.2.Cn bng ho h c d th ............................................................................... 11 1.3.3. S chuyn d ch cn bng............................................................................. 11

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Chng 2 Thng k kin thc nhit ng h c trong chng trnh ho hc trung hc ph thng 2.1. Cc n i dung v nhit ha h c ........................................................................... 14 2.2. Cn bng ho h c .............................................................................................. 14 2.3. Cn b ng trong dung d ch in li ........................................................................ 16 Chng 3 Mt s kt qu ban u 3.1. Mt s kt qu kho st ban u ........................................................................ 18 3.2. Mt s bi son minh ho .................................................................................. 3.1.1. Bi 38: Cn bng ho h c. ......................................................................... 18 3.1.2. Bi 2: Axit, baz v mui .......................................................................... 26 3.2.1. Bi 50: Cn bng ho hc .......................................................................... 30 3.2.2. Bi 3: Axit, baz v mui. ......................................................................... 3.3 M t s bi tp cng c , hon thin kin thc ....................................................... PHN III: KT LUN ............................................................................................. 1. Kt lun................................................................................................................. 2. kin, xut ...................................................................................................... TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC

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PHN I: M U
1 L do ch n ti Ha hc l m t khoa h c va l thuyt, va th c nghim. Ha hc c rt nhiu kh nng trong vic pht trin nhng nng lc nh n thc cho hc sinh, nu vic d y v hc mn ny c t chc ng n. Trc y, ngnh gio d c nc ta ly ho t ng ca gio vin lm ch o, cn hc sinh ng vai tr tip thu, lnh hi kin thc mt cch th ng qua li ging c a gio vin. Nu c tip tc cch dy v h c nh vy, ngnh gio d c n c ta s khng pht trin, khng p ng c nhng yu cu mi c a x hi. S nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, s th thch trc nguy c t t hu trn ng tin vo th k XXI b ng tr tu ang i hi i mi gio d c. Theo xu h ng i mi gio d c ph thng hin nay dy h c ly h c sinh lm trung tm th vai tr tch cc, ch ng, sng to ca hc sinh c pht huy, cn vai tr ca gio vin khng h b h thp m tri li c yu cu cao hn nhiu, gio vin ng vai tr t chc v iu khin hc sinh chim lnh tri thc, t lc hot ng tm ti lnh h i kin thc mi. Do , ngi gio vin cn c s hiu bit v vn kin thc va su, va rng , c bit l nhng ni dung kh nh phn nhit ng hc hc sinh hiu v vn dng gii bi tp. Hin nay, mt s gio vin tr mi ra trng gp kh khn trong vic ging dy nhng n i dung kh tru tng ny. Do , khng mang li hiu qu cao trong qu trnh ging d y. Nhn thy c iu nn em chn ti: Gi ng d y mt s ni dung nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ha h c trung hc ph thng . 2. Mc tiu: Xc nh c cch thc ging d y m t s n i dung nhit ng hc trong chng trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng. Phng php ging d y mt s ni dung nhit ng h c trong chng trnh ha hc trung h c ph thng 3. Nhim v: Nghin cu sch gio khoa ha hc lp 10, 11 v cc ti liu khc c lin quan

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Nghin cu v nhit ng h c trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng, c bit lp 10 v 11 iu tra, thit k tit dy. 4 Cc phng php nghin cu: Phng php nghin cu ti liu l lun: sch gio khoa v cc ti liu lin quan khc Phng php nghin cu thc tin: Kho st gio vin v hc sinh. Phng php nghin cu khc: iu tra v trao i vi gio vin, test 5. i tng v phm vi: i tng: gio vin v h c sinh. Cc n i dung nhit ng h c trong ch ng trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng Phng php, phng tin d y h c, t chc dy hc tch cc

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PHN II: NI DUNG Chng I: C s l lun ca vn nghin cu 1.1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc: 1.1.1. Pht biu nguyn l I: Nguyn l I c pht biu di nhiu d ng khc nhau. Khi mt h kn thc hin mt chu trnh, tng i s c a cc cng W v nhit Q m h trao i vi mi trng ngou b ng khng.

(Q
i

+ Wi ) = 0

Phng trnh trn cho th y rng, khi thc hin mt chu trnh, nu nhn cng n s nhng nhit, cn n u nhn nhit n s sinh cng. Nu gi m t ng c hot ng tu n hon sinh cng m khng cn nh n nhit l ng c vnh cu loi I th c th khng nh khng th c ng c vnh cu loi I. 1.1.2. Hm trng thi ni nng U: Da trn nguy l I, chng ta chng minh rng c tn ti m t hm ni nng. Gi s m t h kn thc hin mt bin i AB theo 2 con ng 1, 2 ri sau li quay v trngt hi ban u theo ng 3. Nng lng m h trao i vi mi trng ngoi trong mi trng hp l: W1 + Q 1 W2 + Q 2 W3 + Q 3 p dng ln lt nguyn l I vo cc chu trnh 1-3 v 2-3 ta c: W1 + Q 1 + W3 = 0 W2 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 0 Suy ra : W1 + Q1 = W2 + Q2 = = const = (W + Q) B A Nh vy, gi tr ca tng W + Q i vi mt bin i bt k c a h kn khng ph thuc vo ng bin i m ch ph thuc vo im i v im n. N biu th bin thin ca mt hm c a cc thng s trng thi ca h. Hm trng thi ny c gi l n i nng U c a h.

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U B U A = (W + Q) B A

Hay : U = W + Q 1.1.2.1. Bin i on nhit: Trong bin i on nhit Q = 0. Biu thc tan hc ca nguyn l I c dng :
U = W

c bit vi chu trnh : U = W = 0. Mt ln na chng ta li thy: m t h chy theo chu trnh khng trao i nhit vi bn ngoi khng th sinh cng. 1.1.2.2. Bin i ng tch: Trong bin i ng tch V = 0 . Do , nu W = Png .dV = 0 v ta c:
dU = Q

U =

V = const

Q = Q

Nh vy, QV bng bin thin ca m t hm trng thi( U ) v khng ph thu c vo ng bin i. 1.1.2.3. H c l p: Khi m t h nhit ng l c lp, n khng th trao i nng lng vi mi trng ngoi W = 0 v Q = 0. Vy U = 0. Ni nng ca mt h c lp l khng i 1.1.3. Hm trng thi entanpi(H): Xt mt h khng c th thc hin cng c ch.
dU = Q Png .dV

Trong qu trnh ng p, khi Png = P h = P, ta c:

dU = QP P.dV

V dP = 0 nn PdV = PdV + VdP = d(PV). V : QP = dU + d ( PV ) = d (U + PV ) i lng : H = U + PV c g i l entanpi ca h. H l mt hm trng thi v U v PV u l hm trng thi. i vi kh l tng th PV = n.RT , do : H = U + n.RT = H(T).

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Nh vy: QP = dH

v QP =

1.1.4. Phng php tnh hiu ng nhit: 1.1.4.1. Entanpi sinh: Entanpi sinh ca m t cht l hiu ng nhit ca ph n ng to thnh m t mol ch t y t cc n cht vo trng thi bn vng nh t trong nhng iu kin cho v nhit v p sut. Nu iu kin ny l iu kin tiu chu n th entanpi sinh c gi l entanpi sinh chun v c k hiu bng o S , 298 Entanpi ca m t ph n ng ha hc bng tng entanpi sinh c a cc sn phm tr tng entanpi sinh ca cc cht phn ng.
= i. S(sn phm) -

j. S(cht phn ng)

Vi iv j l nh ng h s hp th c trong phng trnh phn ng. Entanpi sinh nguyn t Khi mt mol hp ch t kh c to thnh t cc nguyn t th bin thin entanpi c a qu trnh ny c gi l entanpi sinh nguyn t. Entanpi sinh ca ch t tan Entanpi sinh ca ch t tan l hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh hnh thnh m t mol ch t trng thi tan t cc n cht vo trng thi bn vng nht trong cc iu kin cho v nhit v p sut. 1.1.4.2. Entanpi chy: Entanpi chy c a mt cht l hiu ng nhit c a phn ng t chy m t mol ch t ti cc dng oxi ha thch ng ca cc nguyn t . Entanpi chy c a cc cht c xc nh bng thc nghim v thng c quy v cc iu kin tiu chun: Entanpi chy tiu chun o ch , 298 Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng ha h c bng tng cc entanpi chy ca cc cht ph n ng tr i tng cc entanpi chy ca cc sn phm.
= i. ch(cht phn ng) -

j. ch(sn phm)

Vi iv j l nh ng h s hp th c trong phng trnh phn ng.

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1.1.4.3. N ng lng lin kt: Nng lng ca mt lin kt nh v l n ng lng c gii phng khi lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh t nhng nguyn t c lp. Hiu ng nhit ca mt ph n ng ha hc bng tng cc n ng lng lin kt c a cc phn t sn phm tr i tng cc nng lng lin kt c a cc cht ph n ng. 1.1.5.4. N ng lng mng li tinh th ion: Trong iu kin bnh thng, cc hp cht ion c cu trc tinh th . Trong mng li tinh th ion khng c ranh gii gia cc phn t. M i tinh th c coi nh mt phn t. V l do , i vi loi hp cht ny, ngi ta t dng nng lng lin kt m dng n ng lng mng li tinh th. y l n ng lng c gii phng khi mt mol cht tinh th c hnh thnh t cc ion th kh 1.2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc: 1.2.1. Pht biu nguyn l II: + Cch pht biu th nht: Cch pht biu ny do Clausius xut nn cng c g i l cch pht biu Clausius hay nh Clausius. Khng th c qu trnh m kt qu duy nht ch l chuyn nhit t vt c nhit thp sang vt c nhit cao; hoc nhit khng th chuyn t vt lnh sang vt nng nu ng thi khng din ra mt qu trnh n b no khc. + Cch pht biu th hai: Khng th ch to c mt ng c lm vic theo chu trnh, ly nhit t mt ngun v bin han ton thnh cng 9 ng c vnh ci loi hai). Cch pht biu ny do Thomson xu t nn cn c gi l cch pht biu c a Thomson 1.2.2. Chiu hng din bin ca m t ph n ng ha hc: 1.2.2.1. Tiu chu n chiu hng din bin: Cc phn ng ha hc thng din ra trong iu kin ng nhit, ng p. Theo quy lu t trn, mun xc nh kh n ng din bin c a chng nhng nhit v p sut xc nh chng ta phi tnh bin thin entanpi t do G trong ph n ng ti

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nhng iu kin . Gi tr m ca G cho bit ph n ng c kh nng din ra hay khng v mt nhit ng h c. + G < 0 : ph n ng t din bin + G = 0: phn ng cn bng + G > 0: phn ng khng t din bin 1.2.2.2. Mt s phng php tnh: + Cch 1: nhit v p sut khng i: G = T .S
0 + Cch 2: Trong phng php ny G298 (ph n ng) c tnh t entanpi t do sinh tiu

chun ca cc cht
o GTo = i' .G S (sn ph m) -

.G
i

o S (cht

ph n ng)

+ Cch 3: i vi cc phn ng oxi ha kh c th din ra trong pin in, b ng cch o sc in ng E ca pin, ta c th tnh G theo h thc:
G = - n.F.E.

Vi: n : s electron trao i trong phn ng. F : in lng tng ng vi 1 mol electron. F = 96500 C 1.3. Cn bng ha hc: 1.3.1. Cn bng ng th: 1.3.1.1. Cn b ng ng th trong pha kh: Trong trng h p ny, cc cht phn ng v cc sn phm u l cc kh. Nu chng c coi l kh l tng
i ( k ) = io (T , Po ) + RT . ln

th ai =

Pi Po

vi Po = 1 atm v

Pi . Nh vy, hng s cn bng c biu th qua cc p Po

sut phn ca cc kh v c k hiu l KP.

KP =

[ P ].P
i
i

vi = i'

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KP ch ph thuc vo nhit , khng c th nguyn v lin h vi G o ca phn ng b i h th c:

GTo = RT . ln K P

Nu trng thi tiu chun ca kh tng ng vi Po = 1atm th phi biu th cc p sut phn bng atm Cc biu thc khc ca hng s cn bng trong pha kh Khi ph n ng ho h c xy ra trong pha kh, ta c th biu th hng s cn bng qua phn mol hoc nng mol ca cc cht ph n ng v cc sn ph m phn ng lc cn bng. Trong trng hp th nht, nu g i ni l s mol c a kh I th ph n mol ca n b ng:
xi = ni P = i ni P

Kx(T,P) l m t hng s m t nhit v p sut xc nh. l hng s cn b ng ca phn ng c biu th qua phn mol xi mi kh. Trong trng hp th hai, bng cch thay nng mol c a cht i :

[i ] = ni
V

Pi vo (4.9), ta c: RT
I
o

KP

[ ([i]RT ) ]P

[ [i] ]
i

RT P o

Kc(T) l m t hng s m t nhit xc nh. y l hng s cn b ng c biu th qua nng mol ca cc cht. Quan h gia Kc v Kp c biu th bi h thc:
P K C (T ) = K P o RT

Trong trng hp cui cng, gi ni l s mol ca ch t i : ni = Pi

V RT

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1.3.1.2. Cn bng ng th trong pha lng: Nu cc cht phn ng v cc sn phm hon ton trn ln vo nhau trng thi lng v dung dch c coi nh l tng th trong biu thc ca ho th ca cht i, ta thay ai = xi ( xi - phn mol ca cht nguyn cht I trong hn hp lng ).
i .(T , xi ) = io (T ) + RT . ln xi

Quan h gia Kx v G o ca phn ng c biu th bi h thc:

G o = RT . ln K x

1.3.2.Cn bng ho h c d th: Trong trng hp ny, cch vit biu thc ca hng s cn bng ph thu c vo b n ch t ca cc pha c mt trong h phn ng. * H phn ng g m pha lng v mt pha kh : Khi vit biu thc ca hng s cn bng , ta thay hot c a cc cht kh nguyn cht bng p su t phn ca chng v thay hot c a cc cht trong pha lng bng phn s mol ca chng, hoc bng nng mol n u l dung d ch nc long. * H phn ng g m m t pha lng v nhiu pha rn: Trong trng hp ny, khi vit biu thc c a hng s cn bng ch cn n phn s mol ca cc ch t tan trong pha lng. Nu l dung d ch nc long th c th thay phn s mol ca cc cht tan bng nng mol. 1.3.3. S chuy n dch cn bng: Khi m t ph n ng ho hc trng thi cn b ng th trng thi ny c gi lu bao nhiu cng c. Nu cc yu t quyt nh cn b ng nh nhit , p su t, nng khng thay i. Tuy nhin, nu mt trong cc yu t ny thay i th s c s chuyn d ch cn b ng. Hai yu t nh hng quan trng nht l nhit v p sut. 1.3.3.1. nh hng ca nhit . nh lut Van Hoff: S tng nhit c a mt hn hp cn b ng ( P hay V = const 0 lm chuyn d ch cn b ng theo chiu ca phn ng thu nhit . * Cn bng din ra trong pha kh hay cn bng d th kh - r n:

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Nh bit, nh hng ca nhit n bin thin entanpi t do ca phn ng ho hc c biu th bi phng trnh Gibbs Helmholtz
o GT d T dT

o = T T2

o Thay GT = RT . ln K P vo ta c:
o d ln K P T = dT RT 2

(4.27)

Phng trnh (4.27 l phng trnh ng p c a ph n ng ho h c hay phng trnh ng p Van Hoff
RT KP = KC P O

ln K P = ln K c + . ln RT . ln Po
d ln K C U To = ( 4.28) dT RT 2

Ly o hm i vi T, ta c:

Phng trnh (4.28) l phng trnh ng tch ca phn ng ha hc hay phng trnh ng tch Van Hoff * Cn bng din ra trong pha lng: Bng phng php tng t nh trn ta tm c:
o d ln K x H T = dT RT 2 o d ln K C T = dT RT 2

1.3.3.2. nh hng ca p sut. nh lu t LeChalelier: S tng p su t ca m t hn h p cn bng ( T = const ) lm chuyn d ch cn b ng theo chiu lm gim s mol cc kh . Khng chu nh hng ca p sut.
Po Ta c: K x (T , P) = K P p

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Phng trnh trn cho thy: + i vi cc phn ng din ra vi s gim s mol kh ( < 0) th khi P tng, Kx tng, ngh a l cn b ng chuyn d ch theo chiu thu n ( chu lm gim s mol kh hay lm gim p sut). + i vi cc phn ng din ra vi s tng s mol kh ( > 0) th khi P tng, Kx gim, ngha l cn bng chuyn d ch theo chiu ngh ch ( chiu lm gim p sut).

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Chng 2. THNG K KIN TH C NHIT NG HC TRONG CHNG TRNH HO HC TRUNG HC PH THNG 2.1. Cc n i dung v nhit ha hc: Chng trnh c b n v chng trnh nng cao khng c bi ring ni v vn ny. Cn chng trnh lp chuyn th c ring m t bi v vn nhit ha h c. l bi Nhit phn ng v nguyn l th nht c a nhit ng hc . Bi ny gm c nhng vn sau: - Nhng khi nim m u: + Hiu ng nhit ca m t ph n ng ha hc + Phn ng ta nhit, phn ng thu nhit. - Cc php tnh v nhit ha hc: + Nng lng lin kt v nhit phn ng + Nhit to thnh, nhit phn h y. + nh lu t Hes + Cch tnh nhit ph n ng + Nhit ha tan - Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng h c + N i nng U + Hm trng thi H - Nguyn l th hai c a nhit ng hc + Qu trnh t din bin + Entropi + Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng h c - Nng lng t do Gip 2.2. Cn bng ho hc: C 3 chng trnh: c bn, nng cao v phn ban u c bi ni v cn b ng ha hc nhng mi chng trnh c mc th hin khc nhau. Ch ng trnh c b n th gii thiu v cn bng ha hc hc sinh c th p d ng gii nhng bi tp n gin, ch ng trnh nng cao th gip hc sinh gii c nhng bi ton kh hn, t

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duy hn so vi chng trnh c b n. Cn chng trnh lp chuyn th ni dung cng su gip hc sinh hiu nhiu vn , gii thiu cho h c sinh nhiu cng thc tnh gii nhng bi tp kh, nhm pht huy kh nng t duy ca hc sinh. Sau y l bng so snh 3 chng trnh : c bn, nng cao v lp chuyn v ni dung cn b ng ha hc . Chng trnh c b n Chng trnh nng cao Chng chuyn 1.Phn ng m t chiu, 1. Phn ng m t chiu, 1. Phn ng b t thun phn ng thun ngh ch v phn ng thun nghch nghch v thun nghch cn bng ha hc v cn b ng ha hc a. Phn ng mt chiu: b. Phnng thun nghch c. Cn bng ha h c 2. S chuyn d ch cn 2. Hng s cn bng: bng ha hc a.Cn bng trong h ng th b.Cn b ng trong h d th 3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc: a.nh hng ca nng b.nh hng ca p sut c.nh hng ca nhit d. Vai tr ca xc tc 3. S chuyn dch cn 3. S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc: a. Th nghim: b. nh ngh a bng. Satli a. nh hng ca s bin i nng : b. nh hng ca s thay i p su t: c. nh hng ca s thay i nhit : d. Nguyn l L Satli v chuyn dch cn bng Nguyn l L 2. Cn bng ha hc trnh lp

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e. nh hng ca ch t xc tc ti cn bng ha hc 4. ngh a ca tc 4.Cc yu t nh hng phn ng v cn bng n cn bng ha hc ha hc trong sn xut ha hc a.nh hng ca nng b. nh hng c a p su t c. nh hng ca nhit d Vai tr ca cht xc tc 5. ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc trong sn xu t ha hc 2.3. Cn bng trong dung dch in li: Chng trnh c b n Chng trnh nng cao Chng chuyn I. Cc nh ngha v axit baz: - nh ngh a theo thuyt - nh ngha theo thuyt - nh ngha theo thuyt in li ca Areniut in li c a Areniut in li c a Areniut trnh lp

- nh ngha theo thuyt - nh ngha theo thuyt proton ca Bronstet proton ca Bronstet - nh ngha theo thuyt electron ca Liuyt Khng c ni n trong II. Hng s phn li axit v baz: bi hc III. Cch tnh pH ca cc dung d ch axit, baz:

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Khng c d y trong bi hc

1. Axit mnh, baz mnh 2. Axit yu, baz yu 3. Dung dch m IV. Mui: 1. nh ngha: 2. Tn gi:

IV. Mu i: 1. nh ngh a: 2.S in li ca mui trong nc:

3. Tnh cht c a cc mui: a. Tnh tan: b. Tnh cht ha h c: 4. Cc phng php iu ch mu i:

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Chng 3. MT S KT QU TH C NGHIM BAN U 3.1 M t s kt qu thc nghim ban u: 3.1.1. Mc tiu v nhim v ca vic kho st: nh gi kh nng nm vng kin thc v vn dng vo vic gii bi tp ni dung nhit ng h c ca hc sinh cc lp 10 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh So snh kt qu kho st gia cc lp, t nh gi s b vic dy v h c ni dung nhit ng h c ca gio vin v h c sinh. X l v phn tch kt qu rt ra nhn xt. 3.1.2. K hoch kho st: Xy d ng mu phiu iu tra tham kho kin ca gio vin v vic ging d y cc bi, mc c ni dung lin quan n nhit ng hc. Xy d ng mu trc nghim 15 pht kim tra mc n m vng kin thc ca h c sinh cc lp 10 v n i dung nhit ng h c. 3.1.3. Kt qu kho st: Kho st hc sinh: Thng qua bi kim tra 15 pht ca h c sinh cc lp 10 trng THPT TP Cao Lnh ( lp 10H, lp 10SV, lp 10A3, lp 10Cba1), ta c kt qu ban u nh sau: Bng 3.1. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10H ( tng s hc sinh n = 37) im 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 1 5 7 6 11 7 8 8 5 9 3 10 2

S lng 0

Bng 3.2. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10SV( tng s hc sinh n = 24)

im

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 2

5 5

6 7

7 5

8 3

9 1

10 1

S lng 0

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Bng 3.3. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10A3 tng s hc sinh n = 50) im 0 1 0 2 0 3 5 4 8 5 11 6 13 7 9 8 4 9 0 10 0

S lng 0

Bng 3.4. im v s lng hcsinh ca lp 10Cba1( tng s hc sinh n = 48) im 0 1 0 2 2 3 5 4 11 5 10 6 14 7 5 8 1 9 0 10 0

S lng 0

Bng 3.5. Phn phi tn sut ( fi(%) = s lng / n ) T n sut fi(%) im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tng 10H 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.70% 18.92% 29.73% 21.62% 13.51% 8.11% 5.41% 100% 10SV 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 8.33% 20.83% 29.17% 20.83% 12.50% 4.17% 4.17% 100% 10A3 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 16.00% 22.00% 26.00% 18.00% 8.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100% 10Cba 1 0.00% 0.00% 10.42% 14.58% 18.75% 20.83% 22.92% 10.42% 2.08% 0.00% 0.00% 100%

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3.1.4. th: Da vo s liu trnh by trn, ta c biu v th biu din nh sau:

35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 10H 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10SV 10A3 10Cba1

Hnh 3.1. Biu ct biu th tn sut fi(%)

35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10H 10SV 10A3 10Cba1

Hnh 3.2. th biu th tn su t fi(%)

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Da vo b ng 3.5 ta tnh c tn sut lu tch nh sau: Bng 3.6. Biu din tn sut lu tch Tn sut lu tch im 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tng 10H 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.70% 21.62% 51.35% 72.97% 86.48% 94.59% 100.00% 100% 10SV 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 8.33% 29.16% 58.33% 79.16% 91.66% 95.83% 100.00% 100% 10A3 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 26.00% 48.00% 74.00% 92.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100% 10Cba 1 0.00% 0.00% 4.17% 14.59% 37.51% 58.34% 87.50% 97.92% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100%

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120.00% 100.00% 80.00% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10H 10SV 10A3 10Cba1

Hnh 3.3. Biu ct biu th tn sut lu tch

120.00% 100.00% 80.00% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10H 10SV 10A3 10Cba1

Hnh 3.4. th phn phi tn su t lu tch 3.1.5. Nhn xt: Thng qua cc s liu v th trn ta nh n thy: nhn chung mc nm vng kin thc v ni dung nhit ng h c ca h c sinh khi 10 khng ng u nhau. Chng hn, s h c sinh c im t trung bnh tr xu ng ( im 5 ) i vi 2 lp

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chuyn : lp 10H ( chuyn ho ) chim kho ng 21.62% v lp 10SV ( chuyn sinh ) chim kho ng 29.16% , i vi lp nng cao 10A3 th c t l 48.005, cn i vi vi lp c bn 10Cba1 th t l cn cao hn na l 58.34%. Thng qua s liu thng k nh trn ta nhn th y: T l hc sinh c im t trung bnh tr xung cc lp chuyn chim t l thp nht, cn lp c b n th chim t l cao nht. Nhng s liu ny phn nh mc n m vng kin thc cc phn ban c s khc nhau r rt. cc lp chuyn th kh nng chim lnh tri thc mi ca cc em kh cao. Cn cc lp c b n th mc nm vng kin thc ca cc em cn hn ch. Do , gio vin cn c phng php ging d y thch hp pht huy kh nng vn c c a hc sinh lp chuyn v gip cc em hc sinh lp c b n c th chim lnh kin thc mt cch hiu qu hn. 3.2. M t s bi so n minh ho : 3.2.1. Bi 38: Cn bng ho hc. A. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: - Hiu c cc khi nim : + Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thu n ngh ch. + Cn b ng ha hc + S chuyn dch cn bng, cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc v nguyn l chuyn dch cn b ng. 2. K nng: Bit vn dng cc yu t trn gii thch cc qu trnh ha hc trong t nhin v trong sn xut. 3. Phng php: -Phng php nu vn - Phng php t chc hc theo nhm B. Chun b:

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- Ha ch t : dung dch HCl 1,0 M, km vin, mt bnh kh NO2 , phch nc nh, dung dch K2Cr2O4 0,2 M, dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,1M, dung d ch NaOH 1,0M, H2O2 th trng. - B dng c: c c 500 ml, hai ng nghim cha kh NO2 ging nhau - Chun b cc phiu hc tp v chu n b ni dung, bi gii ca cc phiu hc tp . C. Hot ng dy h c: T G Hot ng ca Gio Hot Vin Hot ng 1: T chc tnh hung hc tp. - GV cho HS hon thnh - HS han thnh n i ni dung 1 ca phiu hc dung 1 c a phiu tp. hc tp, trnh by ng ca Ni dung Hc Sinh

- GV nhn xt a p kt qu n i dung 1 n n i dung 1 v kt ca phiu h c tp. lu n. Hot ng 2: Cn bng ha hc. - HS khc nhn xt. Cn b ng ha hc l trng thi c a phn ng thun

- GV cho HS hon thnh - HS hon thnh n i nghch khi tc ph n ng ni dung 2 ca phiu hc dung 2 c a phiu thun bng t c phn ng tp. hc tp v trnh by nghch. trng thi phn ng thun v ph n ng nghch vn din ra nhng vi t c bng nhau. V vy, cn bng ha hc l cn bng ng. Hot ng 3 : S chuyn - HS quan st, so d ch cn bng. GV tin hnh Khi h nhit ca h s

- GV nh n xt, a ra kt qu ni dung p n ni dung 1 v kt ca phiu h c tp. lu n.

snh mu gia hai lm cho nng ca NO2 th ng nghim v gii gim, nng N2O4 tng

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nghim theo SGK ( hnh thch nguyn nhn ln, do mu c a hn h p 7.5 ): d n n s thay i b nht i. l s thay i t trng thi cn bng th

+ Bc 1: Quan st mu . ca 2 ng nghim nhit phng.

Trong h cha NO2 nh t nhit phng sang lun din ra cn trng thi cn b ng th hai nhit thp hn. Nu ta ra ngoi c c nc , nhit ca h tr li nhit phng th h li tr v trng thi cn bng th nh t. Kt lu n: S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s di chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng c a cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng. Kt lun:

+ Bc 2: Cho mt ng b ng: nghim vo cc nc 2NO2(nu) (trn thm NaCl c N2O4(khng mu) nhit th p hn) mt th i gian v so snh mu gia hai ng nghim. + Bc 3: Ly ng nghim trong cc nc ra khng kh m t th i gian. - GV nhn xt kin HS v rt ra kt lun v s chuyn dch cn b ng: Hot ng 4: Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc - nh hng ca nng

Khi tng hoc

gim nng mt cht trong cn bng th cn bng bao gi cng chuyn dch theo

- GV yu cu HS c - HS c SGK v chiu lm gim tc dng c a SGK v hon thnh ni hon dung 3 ca phiu hc tp thnh n i vic tng hoc gim nng

dung 3 c a phiu ca ch t .

- GV nh n xt, a ra hc tp v kt lu n. p n n i dung 3 ca phiu hc tp v kt lu n

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Hot ng 5: nh h ng ca p sut GV tin hnh

+ Khi tng p sut,cn bng - HS quan st, nh n chuyn dch theo hng to

th xt mu c a hn thnh N2O4, ng ngha vi trong hn hp,dn n lm

nghim theo SGK, yu h p kh trong xi- vic lm gim s mol kh cu HS quan st mu ca lanh.

hn h p kh trong xi- - Trong xi-lanh tn gim p su t chung ca h lanh khi: + Nn pit-tng. + Ko dn pit-tng. ti cn bng: chng li s tng p sut do

2NO2(kh mu nu tc dng bn ngoi. ) N2O4 ( kh + Khi gim p sut,cn bng chuyn dch theo hng to thnh NO2 ng ngh a vi

- GV nh n xt v gii khng mu ). thch li nu cn.

- GV t vn : nu - Khi tng p sut vic lm tng s mol kh trong cn bng c tng chung ca h tc trong hn hp,dn n lm h s hp th c cc cht ca c phn ng tng p sut chung ca h kh hai v ca phng thun v phn ng chng li s gim p su t do trnh ha h c bng nhau nghch th p sut chung c a h nh nh hng nh th no? u nhau tng tc dng bn ngoi. nn + Khi tng ho c gim p

khng lm chuyn sut chung ca h cn bng d ch cn b ng ca th cn bng bao gi cng h . chuyn d ch theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng ho c gim p sut .

Hot ng 6: nh h ng ca nhit . - GV yu cu HS nh c - HS nh c li khi Khi tng nhit , cn bng li khi nim ph n ng nim phn ng thu chuyn dch theo chiu phn thu nhit v ph n ng ta nhit v ph n ng ng thu nhit, ngha l theo nhit, ly th d minh t a nhit, ly th d chiu gim tc dng c a ha. minh ha. vic tng nhit , cn bng

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- GV nhn xt kin ca HS GV tin hnh th

chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit, ngha l theo chiu gim tc dng c a vic gim nhit .

nghim: ngm bnh cha kh NO2 vo cc nc , yu cu HS quan st - HS quan st s s thay i mu sc v thay i mu sc v nhn xt, rt ra kt lun. nhn xt, rt ra kt

- GV nhn xt ( n u cn) lu n. v rt ra kt lun v nh hng ca nhit . Hot ng 7: Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (nguyn l L Sat-li-). - GV t vn :Da trn HS pht Nu m t trong cc yu t ca cn bng ( nng , biu nhit , p su t ) b bin

cc kt qu nghin cu nguyn l chuyn i th cn b ng ha hc b nh hng ca cc yu t d ch cn bng. n s chuyn dch cn b ng, hy rt ra kt lun chung ca s chuyn d ch cn bng ? - GV nhn xt v kt lu n. Hot ng 8: Vai tr ca cht xc tc. Nu ta s dng cht xc tc t c phn ng thun v chuyn d ch v pha lm gim tc ng

- GV yu cu HS c - HS c SGK ph n nghch u tng nh nhau SGK phn vai tr ca vai tr ca ch t xc nn ch t xc tc khng c cht xc tc. tc. tc dng lm chuyn dch

+ Cht xc tc lm cn b ng, m ch c tc

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tng t c ph n dng lm cho phn ng ng, trong ph n ng nhanh chng t n trng thun nghch Hot ng 9: ngha - Cc nhm HS th o thi cn bng. thy ngha ca tc

ca t c phn ng v lu n v hon thnh ph n ng v cn bng ha cn bng ha h c trong ni sn xut ha h c dung 4 ca h c trong sn xut ha h c, chng ta ly mt s th d

phiu hc tp.

- GV cho cc nhm HS - HS trnh by kt th o lu n v hon thnh qu phiu hc tp. ni dung 4 ca phiu hc tp. - GV nh n xt, a ra dp n v kt lu n. Hot ng 10: Cng c bi hc.

3.2.2. Bi 2: Axit, baz v mui. A. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: HS bit: nh ngha axit, baz , hi roxit lng tnh, mui theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut. 2. K nng: Vit phng trnh in li c a mt s axit, baz , hi roxit lng tnh v mu i. 3. Phng php dy hc: - Phng php tho thun nhm - Phng php trc quan - Phng php m thoi B. Chun b: Th nghm ch ng minh Zn(OH)2 c tnh cht lng tnh.

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C. Ho t ng dy h c: TG Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1: - GV cho HS nh c li Hot ng ca HS Ni dung I. Axit: 1. nh ngha ( theo A-r-

cc khi nim v axit - HS ln b ng vit nu-ut): hc lp di v cho phng trnh in li - Axit l ch t khi tan trong v d. ca cc axit. nc phn li ra ion H+. HCl H+ + ClCH3COO- +

- GV yu cu: cc axit - HS nh n xt rt ra V d : l nhng cht in li. kt lun.

Hy vit phng trnh - HS c nh ngha CH3COOH in li c a cc axit . - GV yu cu 2 HS ln bng vit 3 phng trnh in li ca 3 axit. Nh n xt v cc ion do axit v baz phn li ra. - GV kt lun Hot ng 2: axit.

2. Axit nhiu nc:

- GV yu cu HS:da - HS xem r i nu nh n a. Axit nhiu nc: vo phng trnh in li xt. vit, hy nu nhn - HS ln bng vit v - Axit m mt phn t ch xt v s ion H+ c d phn li. Vd : phn li mt n c . - Axit m mt phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+ l axit nhiu n c.

- GV nhn mnh: Axit HCl,HNO3,CH3COOH m mt phn t ch phn li mt nc ra ion V d : H2SO4, H3PO4, H+ l axit mt n c.Axit H2S m mt phn t phn li H2SO4 H+ + HSO4nhiu nc . HSO4H+ + SO42-

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- GV yu cu HS ly v H3PO4 d v axit mt n c, axit H2PO4nhiu n c. Sau , vit HPO42phng trnh phn li HPO42theo chng. Hot ng 3: - GV cho HS nh c li V d: tng n c ca

H+ + H2PO4H+ H+ + PO43+

II. Baz: 1. nh ngha: Nhn xt: Dung dch cc baz u c mt anion OH, chnh anion ny lm cho dung d ch baz c mt s tnh h t chung. Theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut,

cc khi nim v baz NaOH Na+ + OH hc cc lp di KOH K+ + OHv cho v d . - GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh in li ca baz v nu nh ngha baz

- HS ln bng vit v baz l ch t khi tan trong 2. Baz nhiu nc: - Baz m mt phn t ch phn li m t nc ra ion OH-

- GV yu cu 2 HS ln d, nhn xt, ri nu nc phn li ra anion OH-. bng vit 3 phng nh ngh a baz. trnh in li ca 3 axit. V d: NaOH, KOH Nh n xt v cc ion do NaOH Na+ + OHaxit v baz phn li ra. Vd :

Ba(OH)2, l baz m t nc. -Baz m mt phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion OH- l baz nhiu nc.

- GV kt lu n: Baz l Ca(OH)2.. ch t khi tan trong nc Ca(OH)2Ca(OH)++ phn li ra ion OHOHOH-

Ca(OH)+ Ca2+ + Cc axit, baz nhiu nc phn li ln lt theo tng nc. Hot ng 4: - GV lm th nghim III. Hiroxit lng tnh: - HS quan st v nh n 1. nh ngha: Hi roxit lng tnh l

+ Cho dung dch HCl xt.

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vo ng nghim ng - HS nhn xt: C 2 hiroxit khi tan trong nc Zn(OH)2. ng Zn(OH)2 u tan. va c th phn li nh axit,
va

+ Cho dung dch NaOH Vy, Zn(OH)2 ng vi baz.

ph n va c th phn li nh

vo ng nghim ng ng vi axit, va ph n baz. Zn(OH)2. l hiroxit lng tnh. Cc hiroxit lng tnh thng gp l Zn(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 Chng u t tan trong nc v c lc axit, lc baz u yu. Zn 2+ + Al(OH)3,

- GV kt lu n: Zn(OH)2 - Phn li kiu baz: Zn(OH)2 - GV t vn : Ti 2OHsao Zn(OH)2 l hiroxit - Phn li kiu axit: lng tnh ? - GV gii thch: Theo A-r-ni-ut th Zn(OH)2 va phn li theo kiu axit, va phn li theo kiu baz Hot ng 5: - GV b sung thm 2 - HS t vit phng Zn(OH)2
2 ZnO2 + 2H +

IV. Mui: Mui l h p cht khi tan

trng hp phc tp trnh in li c a 1 s trong n c phn li ra hn: mui n gin:

+ -

cation kim loi ( hoc

+ ) v anion gc axit. NH 4

+ ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 2 NH 4 + SO NaCl Na + Cl

2 NaHCO3 Na + + HCO3 K2SO4 2K+ + SO4 HCO3 H + + CO32

- Mui trung ha: l mui

- HS rt ra nhn xt: m anion gc axit khng dung d ch cc mu i cn hiro c kh n ng phn u c cation kim loi li ra ion H+ (hoc NH 4+ ) v anion - Mui axit: l mu i m gc axit. anion g c axit ca mui - HS c nh ngha vn cn hiro c kh n ng phn li ra ion H+ mui

- GV b sung: Mui trung ha v mu i axit.

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Hot ng 6: S in li HS tham kho SGK v ca mu i trong nc tr li Hu ht cc mu i - Nu anion gc axit cn

GV: Yu cu HS cho +

bit mui c nhng kiu khi tan trong nc hiro c tnh axit th gc in li no trong nc ? phn li hon ton ra ny phn li yu ra H+: cation kim loi (ho c NaHSO3 Na + + HSO3= cation NH 4+ ) v anion
HSO3 H + + SO32

gc axit ( tr 1 s - C 1 s mui trong gc mui: HgCl2, axit vn cha hi ro, nhng khng c tnh axit. Hg(CN)2 l cc cht l mu i trung ha v hi ro in li yu ) + Mui trung ha Hot ng 7: Cng c bi HS nh li kin thc

GV : Yu cu HS pht bi hc v tr li biu cc nh ngha axit, baz, mu i,

hi roxit lng tnh theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut 3.2.3. Bi 50: Cn bng ho hc. A.Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: - Hc sinh hiu: + Cn bng ha hc l g? + Hng s cn b ng l g? ngha ca hng s cn bng . + Th no l s chuyn dch cn bng v nhng yu t nng , nhit , p su t nh hng n chuyn dch cn bng ha hc nh th no? - Hc sinh vn dng: + Vn dng thnh th o nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng cho mt cn b ng ha hc.

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2. K nng: S dng biu thc hng s cn b ng tnh ton. 3. Phng php dy hc: - Phng php trc quan - Phng php tho lu n hp tc nhm nh - Phng php m thoi kt h p vi thuyt trnh B. Chu n b: - Ha cht : dung d ch HCl 1,0 M, km vin, mt bnh kh NO2 , phch nc nh, dung dch K2Cr2O4 0,2 M, dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,1M, dung d ch NaOH 1,0M, H2O2 th trng. - B dng c: c c 500 ml, hai ng nghim cha kh NO2 ging - Chu n b cc phiu hc tp v chu n b ni dung, bi gii c a cc phiu hc tp . D. Hot ng dy h c: TG Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1: T chc tnh hung h c tp. - GV cho HS han - HS hon thnh n i thnh ni dung 1 c a dung 1 c a phiu hc phiu h c tp. tp v trnh by kt qu. - HS khc nh n xt. Hot ng 2: Phn ng mt chiu Phn ng thun nghch. - GV kt lun v phn - HS nhc li ng mt chiu v ph n nghch. ng thun - Ph n ng mt chiu l ph n ng trong m t iu kin nh t nh ch c mt hng cc cht tham gia ph n ng tc dng vi nhau to thnh sn phm. - Phn ng thu n ngh ch l Ho t ng ca HS Ni dung

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ph n ng trong m t iu kin nh t nh cc ch t tham gia phn ng tc dng vi nhau to thnh sn ph m v ngc li. Hot ng 3 :Cn - HS hon thnh n i dung 2 c a phiu hc trng thi( cn b ng ) ph n ng thun v phn

bng ha h c.

- GV cho HS hon tp.

thnh ni dung 2 c a - HS trnh by kt qu ng ngh ch vn din ra phiu h c tp. ni dung ca phiu nh ng vi t c bng nhau. V vy, cn b ng ha

- GV nhn xt, a ra hc tp.

p n n i dung 2 v - Kt lun v cn bng h c l cn bng ng. kt lu n. Hot ng 4: Hng s cn bng trong h ng th. - GV gii thch cho - HS c v nhn xt HS khi nim h v t s gia nng ng th v h d th. ha h c. Hng s cn bng c a ph n ng: aA+bB
Kc
c d [ C ] .[D ] = [A]a .[B ]b

cC+dD

ca NO2 v N2O4 vi Trong : [A], [B], [C] v cc ch t A, B, C, D trng thi cn bng; a, b, c, d l h s t lng c a cc ch t trong PTHH.

- GV yu cu HS c s m theo h s t [D] l nng mol/l c a cc s liu thc lng ca ph n ng.

nghim khi nghin cu cn bng : N2O4 2NO2 trong

bng 7.2 v phn gii thiu v hng s cn bng tong SGK. Nhn xt v t s:

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[NO 2 ]2 trong [N 2 O4 ]

cc th

nghim vi nng ban u khc nhau. Hot ng 5: Hng s cn bng trong h d th. Trong biu thc h ng s cn bng nng ca cc cht rn c coi l h ng s

- GV yu cu HS c - HS c v nhn xt nn khng c mt trong SGK ph n cn bng cn b ng trong h d biu thc, cc gi tr c a gia h d th, nhn th. xt s khc nhau gia h ng th v h d th . Hot chuyn bng . ng d ch hng s cn b ng. Th d vi cn bng: C + CO2
Kc =

2CO

[CO ]2 [CO2 ]

:S cn Trong h cha NO2 lun - HS quan st, so snh din ra cn bng: 2NO2(nu gia hai ng ) N2O4 ( khng mu)

- GV tin hnh th mu nghim theo

SGK nghim v gii thch

Khi h nhit c a h

(hinh 7.5), yu cu s nguyn nhn d n lm cho nng ca NO2 HS quan st v rt ra n hin tng . nh n xt. gim, nng N2O4 tng + Bc 1: quan st ln. Do , mu ca hn

- GV nhn xt kin mu ca 2 ng nghim hp b nh t i. l s HS v rt ra kt lun nhit phng. thay i t trng thi cn

v s chuyn dch + Bc 2: cho m t bng th nh t nhit cn bng. ng nghim vo cc phng sang trng thi cn nc ( trn thm bng th hai nhit thp NaCl c nhit hn. thp hn) mt thi Nu ta ra ngoi c c

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gian v so snh mu nc , nhit ca h tr gia 2 ng nghim. li nhit phng th h li

+ Bc 3: ly ng tr v trng thi cn bng nghim trong cc th nh t.

nc ra khng kh mt thi gian. Hot ng 7: Cc

yu t nh h ng n cn bng ha h c: nh hng ca nng . - HS c SGK v Khi cn bng c mt ch t

- GV yu cu HS c hon thnh n i dung 3 rn th vic thm hay bt SGK v hon thnh ca phiu hc tp. n i dung 3 ca phiu - HS a ra kt lun h c tp. - GV nhn xt a p n ni dung 3 c a phiu hc tp v kt lu n. Hot ng 8: nh cht rn khng lm cn bng chuyn dch.

hng ca p su t. - GV tin hnh th - HS quan st, nh n nghim theo Trong xilanh tn ti cn

SGK xt mu ca hn hp bng: 2NO2 (kh mu nu ) khng mu) - HS rt ra kt lu n. -Trong trng + Khi tng p sut (nn titN2O4 (kh

yu cu HS quan st kh trong xilanh mu ca hn hp kh trong xi lanh khi: + Nn pit-tng. + Ko dn pit-tng

hp tng) cn bng chuyn dch

GV nh n xt v gii ny, khi tng p sut theo h ng to thnh N2O4

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thch li nu cn.

chung ca h, tc ng ngh a vi vic lm

- GV t vn : nu ca c phn ng thu n gim s mol kh trong hn trong cn b ng c v phn ng ngh ch hp tng h s hp thc u tng nh nhau nn +Khi gim p sut (ko dn ca cc cht kh hai khng lm chuyn pit-tng) cn bng chuyn dch theo hng to thnh NO2 ng ngha vi vic lm tng s mol kh trong hn hp. V theo phn ng c 1 phn t N2O4 to thnh 2 phn t NO2 dn n lm tng p sut chung ca h , chng li s gim p su t do tc d ng bn ngoi.

v c a PTHH bng dch cn bng c a h . nhau th p su t

chung ca h nh hng nh th no ? - Th d: xt phn ng c s tham gia ca ch t kh vi h s t lng nh nhau: H2(k) + I2(k) 2 HI(k) Hot ng 9: nh hng ca nhit . - GV yu cu HS - HS nhc li khi nh c li khi nim nim phn ng thu ph n ng thu nhit v nhit v ph n ng ta ph n ng ta nhit , nhit, ly th d minh ly th d minh ha. - GV nhn xt kin ca HS v thng bo cho HS phn ng: N2O4 2NO2 =58 L phn ng thu nhit. ha.

- HS tin hnh th - Khi gim nhit cn

- GV yu cu HS tin nghim, quan st s bng chuyn d ch v hnhth nghim:ngm thay i mu sc v pha ta nhit.

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bnh cha kh NO2 nhn xt, rt ra kt - Khi tng nhit cn vo cc nc , lun. quan st s thay i mu sc v nhn xt, rt ra kt lun. Hot Nguyn ng l 10: chuyn bng chuyn dch v pha thu nhit.

dchcnbng( nguyn l L Sa-t-li-). Nu mt trong cc yu t ( nng ,

- GV: Da trn cc - HS pht biu nguyn ca cn bng

kt qu nghin cu l chuyn dch cn nhit , p sut ) b bin nh hng ca cc bng. yu t n s chuyn dch cn b ng, hy rt ra kt lun chung c a s chuyn d ch cn bng. - GV nh n xt v kt lu n. Hot ng 11: Vai tr ca cht xc tc. - GV yu cu HS c SGK - HS c SGK Cht xc tc lm tng t c phn ng, trong phn ng thu n ngh ch nu ta s dng ch t xc tc t c ph n ng thun v nghch u tng nh nhau nn ch t xc tc khng c tc dng lm chuyn dch cn b ng, m ch c tc d ng lm cho ph n ng nhanh chng t i th cn bng ha hc b chuyn dch v pha lm gim tc ng

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n trng thi cn bng. Hot ng 12: ngha ca

tc

phn ng v cn bng ha h c trong - Cc nhm HS th o thy ngh a ca t c sn xut ha hc. lun v hon thnh n i ph n ng v cn bng ha

- GV cho cc nhm dung 4 c a phiu hc h c trong sn xut ha h c, HS tho lu n v hon tp. thnh ni dung 4 c a - HS trnh by kt qu phiu h c tp. - GV nhn xt, a ra p n v kt lun. Hot ng 13: Cng c . - GV cho HS hon - HS hon thnh n i thnh ni dung 5 c a dung 5 c a phiu hc phiu h c tp. - GV nhn xt v a ra kt qu . 3.2.4. Bi 3: Axit, baz v mu i. A. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: HS bit: + Khi nim axit, baz theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut v thuyt Bron-stt. + ngha ca hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz. + Mui l g v s in li ca mui. 2. K nng: + Vn dng thuyt axit- baz ca A-re-ni-ut v Bron-stt phn bit c axit, baz. tp. phiu hc tp. chng ta ly mt s th d

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+ Bit vit phng trnh phn li ca cc axit , baz v mu i. + Da vo h ng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz tnh nng ion OH- trong dung dch. 3. Phng php dy hc: - Phng php tho thun nhm - Phng php trc quan - Phng php m thoi B. Chu n b: - Dng c: ng nghim - Ha cht: cc dung d ch NaOH, HCl , NH3 ; mui km ( ZnCl2 hoc ZnSO4 ); qu tm. C. Hot ng dy h c: TG Ho t ng ca GV Ho t ng 1: Ho t ng ca HS N i dung I. Axit v baz theo 1. nh ngha: HCl, HNO3, Axit l hp ch t m phn t c mt hay nhiu KOH, nguyn t hiro kt hp vi gc axit. Baz l h p ch t m phn t gm nguyn t kim loi kt hp vi mt hay nhiu nhm hi roxit. Kt lun: Theo thuyt in li A-re-ni-ut, axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+, baz l cht khi tan trong nc

- GV: Cc em HS tham kh o SGK v tr thuyt A-re-ni-ut:

c bit khi nim li cu h i. axit-baz cc lp Th d:

di. Cc em nhc H2SO4, H3PO4.. li cc khi nim Th d : NaOH, v ly th d minh Ba(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, ha.
- GV: Cc axit, baz

l nhng cht in li. Hy vit phng trnh phn li ca cc axit, baz . - GV :Yu cu 2 HS ln bng, mi em vit ph ng tnh

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phn li ca 3 axit hoc 3 baz. Nhn xt v cc ion do axit v baz phn li ra. Ho t ng 2: GV: D a vo

phn li ra ion OH-

2. Axit nhiu n c, baz nhiu nc:

phng trnh phn li Th d : Axit H3PO4 l axit a.Axit nhiu nc: vit trn b ng, 3 nc, phn li theo 3 n c: yu cu HS nhn xt
H 3 PO4 H + + H 2 PO 4

- Axit m t nc: HCl, CH3COOH, HNO3 - Axit nhiu nc: H2S, H2CO3, H2SO3 Cc axit nhiu nc phn li ln lt theo tng nc. Nh ng axit khi tan trong

v s ion H+ c H 2 PO4 H + + HPO42 phn li ra t mi phn t axit v ly mt s th d v axit mt nc v axit i vi Mg(OH)2 th: nhiu n c. - GV lu : i vi axit mnh nhiu nc v baz mnh nhiu n c th ch c nc th nh t phn li han ton.
+

HPO H + PO

3 4

Mg (OH ) 2 Mg (OH ) + OH nc m phn t phn li Mg (OH ) + Mg 2+ + OH nhiu n c ra ion H+ l cc

axit nhiu nc. b. Baz nhiu nc: Phn t NaOH khi tan trong nc ch phn li mt nc ra ion OH-, NaOH l baz mt nc. Phn t Mg(OH)2 phn li hai n c ra ion OH-, Mg(OH)2 l baz hai n c. Nhng baz khi tan trong nc m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion OH- l cc

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baz nhiu n c. Ho t ng 3: GV lm th nghim: HS quan st v nhn xt. Nh t t tng git dung dch xt vo - Phn li theo kiu baz: dung dch mu i km Zn(OH)2 khng xut hin Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ + 2OH2H+ + ZnO22 3. Hidrxit lng tnh: Theo A-re-ni-ut : Zn(OH)2 va phn li theo kiu axit , va phn li theo kiu baz. - C th vit d ng axit ca Zn(OH)2 l H2ZnO2. - M t s hiroxit lng tnh thng gp l

cho n khi kt t a - Phn li theo kiu axit:

thm n a. Chia kt

ta thnh 2 phn - ng th nh t cho thm Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3,u t 2 ng nghim . tan trong nc. Tnh axit vi gi t axit. Quan st th y kt - ng th 2 tip tc nh v tnh baz c a chng ta c 2 ng u kim vo. u yu. tan ra. - GV:Zn(OH)2 va phn ng vi axit, va phn ng vi baz l hiroxit lng tnh. Ho t ng 4:(trng tm) - GV a ra tnh hung: Cho HS II. Khi nim v axit v baz theo thuy t Bronstt: 1. nh ngha: Theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut, amoniac khng th l baz c v phn t khng cha nhm hiroxit nn khi tan trong nc khng th phn li ra ion OHKt lun:Hidrxit lng tnh l hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz

quan st dung dch amoniac.Nhng mt mu giy qu tm vo dung dch

amoniac. Da vo s i mu ca giy

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qu , HS kt lun dung dch amoniac c tnh baz. - GV vit CTPT amoniac ln bng: - GV: Yu cu HS HS : nhn xt: theo Bron- (1): H2O nhng proton stt, vai tr c a cho NH3 nn l axit CH3COOH nn l baz.
+ H 2O HCO3

c, nhng thc t dung dch amoniac c tnh cht ca dung dch baz. iu ny c gii thch da vo thuyt axit-baz ca Bron-stt. Theo thuyt Bron-stt, khi tan vo nc phn t nc sinh ra ion OH-: NH3 H3O++ + H2O
+ NH 4 + OH (1)

nc trong 2 trng (2): H2O nhn proton t NH3 tng tc vi phn t h p trn l g ? - GV: Nh vy H2O - HS: l cht lng tnh - GV ra bi tp: Da CO 2 3 vo thuyt axit Trong baz ca Bron-stt,

Dung d ch amoniac c ion phn ng

ny, OH nn c tnh baz. NH3 nhn proton t nc HCO3 nhng proton nn hy chng minh ion nn NH3 l baz. l axit l ch t lng HCO3 Tng t nh vy, khi HCO3 + H 2 O H2CO3+O ha tan CH3COOH vo tnh.- GV tng kt Hnc: Trong phn ng ny, CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ nhn proton nn l HCO3 + CH3COO-(2) baz. CH COOH nh ng 3

V y, HCO l cht lng proton tnh.

cho

nc

nn

CH3COOH l axit. V y: theo Bron-stt, baz l cht nh n proton; axit l

- GV yu cu HS - HS suy ngh v tr li.

+ u im ca thuyt (H ). Baz l cht nhn

nu tm tt nhng Axit l ch t nhng proton cht nhng proton. Theo Bron-stt: - Axit l cht nh ng proton.

Bron-stt

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proton , baz l cht nhn proton. - Cht lng tnh l cht va c kh n ng nhn - Axit v baz c th l proton v va c kh n ng phn t ho c ion. nhng proton. 2. u im ca thuy t Bron-stt: - Thuyt A-re-ni-ut ch ng trong trng hp dung mi l n c. - Thuyt axit baz ca Bron-stt tng qut hn. Ho t ng 5: III. Hng s phn li axit 1. Hng s phn li axit: S in li c a axit yu trong n c l qu trnh thun nghch , trng thi cn b ng c th p dng biu thc hng s cn b ng cho n. CH3COOH CH3COO- (1)
Ka =
+

- GV: Yu cu HS HS tham kh o SGK v ln v baz: vit phng trnh bng vit phng trnh. phn li v vit biu thc hng s phn li c a axit yu

CH3COOH.

H+

[H ][ . CH COO ]
[CH 3COOH ]
:
3

Trong [CH3COO-]

[H+], v

[CH3COOH] l nng

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mol ca H+, CH3COO- v CH3COOH lc cn bng. Cn b ng trong dung dch CH3COOH c th vit: V d : NH3 v CH3COO- CH3COOH + H2O trong nc u l cc baz + CH3COO-(2) yu: NH3 -GV: Bng cch + H2 O
+ NH 4 + OH

H3O+

H2O trong cn bng (2) l dung mi, trong dung dch long nng ca H2O

tng t hy vit

Kb =

[NH ][ . OH ]
[NH 3 ]
+
+ 4

c coi l h ng s nn khng c mt trong biu

h ng s phn li baz CH3COOca cn bng

H2O

thc tnh K. Phng trnh (1) c vit theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut, phng trnh (2) c vit 2. Hng s phn li baz:

CH3COOH + OHKa =

[CH 3COOH ].[OH ]

[CH COO ]

Kb l h ng s phn li baz. theo thuyt Bron-stt Kt lun: - Ka l hng s phn li Kt lun: axit. Ga tr Ka ch ph - Ka, Kb l hng s ph thu c vo bn ch t axit v thu c vo nhit . nhit . - K cng nh lc axit cng - Gi tr Ka c a axit cng yu, Kb cng nh lc baz nh , lc axit c a n cng cng yu. yu. Ho t ng 6: IV. Mu i:

-GV: Nghin cu HS tham kh o SGK v tr 1. nh ngha: SGK, hy cho bit li. mu i l g ? K tn Mu i l hp ch t, khi tan trong nc phn li ra

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mt s mui thng gp ? Cho bit tnh cht ch yu c a mu i. Vd: NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, Na2CO3

cation kim lo i ( hoc cation NH 4+ ) v anion gc axit. Mu i thng gp: + Mui trung ha: l mui

Vd : NaHCO3, NaH2PO4, m anion g c axit khng NaHSO4 Vd :NaCl.KCl; KCl.MgCl2.6H2O.. cn hiro c kh n ng phn li ra ion H+. + Mui axit: l mui m anion g c axit vn cn hidro c kh nng phn li - GV: Tnh cht ch HS vit phng trnh in ra ion H+ yu c a mui l tnh li c a 1 s mui trung ha, + Mu i phc tp ( mui tnh tan v tnh in mu i axit, mu i phc tp. kp, mui phc). li. - GV:Yu cu HS vit phng trnh in li ca mt s mu i mu i trung axit, ha, mui 2.S in li ca mui trong nc: Hu h t cc mui ( k c mu i kp) khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton ra cation kim loi( hoc cation NH 4+ ) v anion gc axit ( tr m t s mui nh HgCl2, Hg(CN)2l cc cht in li yu. Ho t ng 7: Cng c GV chn m t s bi tp hoc 1 s

phc tp.

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trong bi tp SGK cng c bi hc. 3.3 M t s bi tp cng c, hon thin kin thc:

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PHN III. KT LUN 1. Kt lu n: Trn y l ton b ni dung ti: Ging dy m t s n i dung nhit ng h c trong chng trnh ha hc trung hc ph thng c hon thnh, so vi m c tiu ban u ra th ti th c hin c: 1. Trnh by c c s l lun ca ti 2. Xc nh c mt s ni dung c bn ca nhit ng hc ba chng trnh: c bn, nng cao v lp chuyn. 3. Bc u kh o st thc t gio vin v hc sinh thng qua phiu phng vn, d gi v dy th mt s tit trong thi gian thc tp qua nh gi kt qu t c ca ti. 2. kin, xut: Thng qua ni dung ti v bc u kho st thc t em c mt s kin, xut nh nh sau: - Khi ging d y n i dung nhit ng h c, gio vin cn nghin cu, tm hiu k tm ra phng php ging dy thch hp nht nh m gip h c sinh d dng tip thu kin thc mi. - Dnh thi gian cho vic cng c kin thc thng qua bi tp trc nghim khch quan kt hp t lun.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Nguyn Duy i, o Hu Vinh, Ti liu gio kha chuyn ha h c 10, Tp 1, 2, Nxb Gio dc 2. Trn Th , ng Trn Phch (2007). C s l thuyt cc phn ng ha h c, Nxb Gio dc. 3. Trn Thnh Hu (2008), T liu ha hc 10, Nxb Gio dc 4. ng Th Oanh ( Ch bin), ng Xun Th, Trn Trung Ninh, Nguyn Th Nh Qu nh, Nguyn Ph Tu n ( 2006), Thit k bi son ha hc 10 nng cao, cc phng n dy h c, Nxb Gio dc. 5. L Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ), T Ng c nh, L Mu Quyn, Phan Quang Thi ( 2006 ), Sch gio khoa ha hc 10 nng cao, Nxb Gio dc. 6. L Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),Trn Qu c c, Phm Tun Hng, on Vit Nga ( 2006 ), Sch gio vin ha hc 10 nng cao, Nxb Gio d c 7. L Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin), Nguyn Hu nh (ch bin ), L Mu Quyn (2007), Sch gio khoa ha hc 11 nng cao, Nxb Gio dc 8. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),Nguyn c Chuy , L Mu Quyn, L Xun Trng, Sch gio khoa ha hc 10, Nxb Gio dc. 9. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),L Tr ng Tn, L Xun Trng, Nguyn Ph Tun ( 2006), ), Sch gio vin ha h c 10, Nxb Gio d c 10. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin), L Mu Quyn (ch bin), Ph m Vn Hoan, L Ch Kin (2007), Sch gio khoa ha hc 11, Nxb Gio dc 11. Nguyn Xun Trng ( Tng ch bin kim ch bin ),Phm Vn Hoan, Phm Tu n Hng, Trn Trung Ninh, Cao Th Thng, L Trng Tn, Nguyn Ph Tun (2007), Sch gio vin ha hc 11 nng cao, Nxb Gio d c

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50

PH LC
Phiu hc tp Ni dung 1: 1. Trong cc phn ng iu ch O2:
t 2 KMnO4 K 2 MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
o

Hay:

t 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3O2

o

O2 c kh n ng ph n ng vi K2MnO4 v MnO2 to thnh KMnO4 ; O2 c kh nng phn ng vi KCl to thnh KClO3 hay khng ? 2.Khi ha tan Cl2 vo H2O c phn ng g xy ra, vit phng trnh ha h c cho phn ng . Mt khc, khi cho HCl vo dung dch cha HclO s c phn ng ha hc no xy ra, vit ph ng trnh ha hc.Nhn xt v hai ph n ng ha hc ny. Ni dung 2: Trong th nghim cho H2 tc dng v I2, tc c a phn ng: H2 + I2 t c ca ph n ng: 2 HI Ni dung 3: Cho cn bng ha hc: C(r) + CO2(k) 1.Hon thnh bng kt qu sau: So snh tc ca ph n Nng ca Nng ng thun v ph n ng CO2 nghch CO ca 2 CO(k) H2 + I2 thay i nh th no theo thi gian? 2HI v

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Ban u Thm CO2 vo h Thm CO vo h Bt CO2 ra kh i h Thm C vo h Gim C trong h

x mol/l

x mol/l

2. Mi lin h gia tc phn ng thun, phn ng nghch vo nng ca CO2 v CO. Ni dung 4: Cho cc cn b ng ha hc: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) >0 (1) 2 SO3(k)
<0 (2)

2 SO2(k) + O2(k) 3 H2(k) + N2(k)

2 NH3(k) < 0 (3)

tng hiu sut trong sn xut ha hc, ngi ta c th p dng cc bin php lm cn bng chuyn dch theo hng to ra sn phm ( theo chiu phn ng thun). Hy a ra nhng gi v p su t, nhit , nng t mc ch trn: Ph n (1) Nhit ( tng hoc gim ) Thm hay bt: CO2 i vi phn ng (1), O2 i vi ph n ng (2), H2 i vi phn ng (3) p sut chung ca h ( tng hoc gim). Ly b t sn ph m ra kha h. C. Phiu hc tp Ni dung 1 ng Ph n (2) ng Ph n (3) ng

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Cu h i 1: Quan st hin tng xy ra trong l ng nc oxi gi ( H2O2) , gii thch hin tng bng PTHH. Ngi ta c th iu ch H2O2 b ng cch cho O2 phn ng vi H2O c khng ? Cu hi 2: a. Khi ha tan Cl2 vo H2O c phn ng g xy ra? Vit PTHH cho ph n ng . Mt khc, khi cho HCl vo dung dch cha HclO s c ph n ng ha hc no xy ra ? Vit PTHH . Nh n xt v hai phn ng ha h c ny. b. Khi trn ru etylic ( C2H5OH ) v axit axetic ( CH3COOH ) c nhng phn ng no xy ra ? Ni dung 2: Trong th nghim cho H2 tc d ng vi I2 , t c ca phn ng: H2 + I2 2HI v tc c a ph n ng: 2HI H2 + I2 thay i nh th no theo th i gian? Nhn xt v s thay i tc ca hai phn ng trn khi tc phn ng ca hai ph n ng b ng nhay th khi nng ca cc ch t thay i nh th no ? Ni dung 3: Cho cn bng ha h c: C(r) + CO2(k) 1.Hon thnh bng kt qu sau: So snh tc ca ph n Nng ca Nng ng thun v ph n ng CO2 nghch Ban u Thm CO2 vo h Thm CO vo h Bt CO2 ra kh i h Thm C vo h Gim C trong h Nhn xt v s chuyn dch cn bng trong h. x mol/l x mol/l CO ca 2 CO(k)

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53

2. Mi lin h gia t c phn ng thun, phn ng nghch vo nng ca CO2 , CO v C ? Ni dung 4: Cho cc cn bng ha h c: 2 SO2(k) + O2(k) 3 H2(k) + N2(k) C(r) + CO2(k) 2 SO3(k) 2 NH2(k) 2 CO(k)
= -198 k J <0 (1)

= - 92 k J < 0 (2) = + 131 k J (3)

tng hiu sut trong sn xut ha hc, ngi ta c th p dng cc bin php lm cn bng chuyn d ch theo hng to ra sn phm ( theo chiu phn ng thun ). Hy a ra nhng gi v p sut, nhit , nng t m c ch trn: Ph n (1) Nhit ( tng hoc gim ) Thm hay bt: CO2 i vi phn ng (1), O2 i vi ph n ng (2), H2 i vi phn ng (3) p sut chung ca h ( tng hoc gim). Ly b t sn ph m ra kha h. Ni dung 5: Cu hi 1: Hng s cn bng ca phn ng : C(r) + CO2(k) A. Nhit C. p su t chung c a h Ha khoanh trn vo p n ng. Cu hi 2 : Vit biu thc hng s cn bng cho cc cn bng sau: 2 SO2(k) + O2(k) SO2(k) +
1 O2(k) 2

ng Ph n (2)

ng Ph n (3)

ng

2 CO(k)

= + 131 k J (3)

Ph thu c vo nhng yu t no ? B. Nng ca CO v CO2 D. Nng c a CO, CO2 v C.

2 SO3(k) SO3(k) 2 CO(k

(1) (2) (3)

C(r) + CO2(k)

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54

Cu hi 3 : Tnh h ng s cn bng c a cn b ng sau: H2(k) + I2(k) 2 HI(k) Bit ti thi im cn b ng nhit 430oC nng cc ch t nh sau: [HI] = 0,786 M, [H2] = [I2] = 0,107 M.

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