Bi ging

X L TN HIU BNG GC V GHP KNH TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN

Ging vin: ThS. Phan Thanh Hin

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GHP KNH TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN

Ni dung trnh by:

1 Gii thiu chung 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM. 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian TDM. 4 Phn cp TDM-PCM
4.1

Theo PDH. 4.2 Theo SDH.

5 Ghp knh tn hiu bng rng
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 1 Gii thiu chung

Vic chia s ng truyn dn thnh nhiu knh lin lc cho

nhiu ngun thng tin cng s dng c gi l ghp knh. Trong k thut truyn dn tn hiu, c ba phng php ghp knh c bn: Ghp knh theo tn s (FDM: frequency Division Multiplexing), trong bng tn truyn dn ca h thng c chia thnh nhiu bng con hnh thnh nhiu knh lin lc phn bit vi nhau v tn s.

 1 Gii thiu chung

Ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM: Time Division Multiplexing),

trong thi gian s dng ng truyn dn c chia thnh cc phn khc nhau gi l cc khe thi gian v vic truyn a tin tc t cc ngun tin khc nhau c thc hin trong cc khe thi gian ring bit. Ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing), trong mi tn hiu c iu ch mt bc sng nh sng, sau nhiu bc sng khc nhau c truyn cng trn mt si quang.

 1 Gii thiu chung

V nguyn tc, phng php ghp knh theo thi gian cng c th

p dng cho cc tn hiu analog. Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu analog thng xem c l c ph tng i hn ch. Thm vo , vic chuyn ph ca cc tn hiu analog ln cc bng tn ng dy v sp xp chng phn bit nhau v gii tn c th thc hin c mt cch d dng. Do , trong cc h thng truyn dn analog vic ghp nhiu knh lin lc thng c thc hin theo phng php ghp knh theo tn s.

NGUYN L GHP KNH Ghp knh l tp hp cc k thut cho php truyn lin tc nhiu tn hiu trn mt ng truyn duy nht
CompA1 CompB1 CompC1 Rate Da Rate Db Rate Dc Da Db 3 ng: t & khng tin dng CompA2 CompB2 CompC2

CompA1 CompB1

CompC1 Dc

M U X

1 ng chia s: rate D D>=Da+Db+Dc

D E M U X

CompA2 CompB2 CompC2

Ghp knh

Gii ghp knh

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 1 Gii thiu chung

Tn hiu s c mt c im c bn l cc xung tn hiu

c thi gian tn ti hu hn. Thi gian tn ti ca tng phn t ch ph thuc vo rng xung. Khi rng xung ca tn hiu kh nh hn di khung tn hiu, c th chia khung tn hiu thnh mt s khe thi gian v ghp mt s xung tn hiu t mt s ngun tin s vo cng mt khung tn hiu.

 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM: -Nhiu dng s liu c gi ti tn s khc nhau trn cng ng truyn -Di thng ng truyn phi ln hn tng di thng cc dng bit thnh phn -c s dng rng ri trong mng thng tin tng t

 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
S nguyn l:

0,3 3,4

Mod 1 F1

B lc1

B lc1

DeMod 1 F1 DeMod 2 F2 DeMod 3 F3

0,3 3,4

0,3 3,4

Mod 2 F2

B lc2

........

B lc2

0,3 3,4

0,3 3,4

Mod 3 F3

B lc3

B lc3

0,3 3,4

Hnh 3.1: S nguyn l ghp knh theo tn s

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 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

Cc b iu ch c tn s sng mang khc nhau: F1F2F3.

u ra ca cc b iu ch c hai bng sng nh hnh:

0,3 3,4 F-3,4 F-0,3 F F+0,3 F+3,4 Hnh 3.2: Tn ph ca ng dy

Bng bn trn (F+f), bng di (F-f). Sau cho qua cc b lc, lc ly mt bng (hoc l bng trn

hoc l bng di) v a ln ng dy v truyn dn n i phng.

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 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
Phng php ghp knh theo tn s s dng cc sng mang cao tn

a thng tin ln thnh phn tn s cn thit v truyn cc thnh phn tn s ny. Pha thu s lc ly tn s ca mnh, sau i tn thu c thng tin ban u. Phn cp FDM: FDM c phn thnh cc nhm s cp FDM cp 1, cp 2, cp 3; siu nhm v siu siu nhm.

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 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
Nhm s cp FDM cp 1 c ghp t 12 knh thoi tng t, ly

di tn t 60kHz n 108kHz (thnh phn bin trn), c rng: 4x 12 = 48 (kHz).

Hiu tn

Hi bc hai

48 60 108 120 216 (KHz) Hnh 3.3b: Phn b sn phm s hng th hai
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 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

Bng tn ting ni ng dy f M F-f

64+4n f
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60 64 68

100 104 108

Hnh 3.3a: Dch tn ph ca 12 ng

 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM cp 2: c ghp bng 5 nhm FDM-1, ta c: 12x5=60 knh

thoi; rng l 48x5=240kHz; chim di tn t 312 552 kHz; c sng mang ph l 452kHz. FDM cp 3 c ghp t 5 nhm FDM-2; ta c l 300 knh thoi; chim di tn t 8122012kHz. Siu nhm: ghp 3 nhm FDM-3 = 900 knh. Siu siu nhm: l 4 siu nhm.

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 2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

Nhn xt: V bn cht FDM: nhiu knh khc nhau v tn s c pht cng mt lc trn knh truyn. Truyn dn tn hiu trn knh l tng t >> chng nhiu km; suy hao ln; Nhiu xuyn m (tn s); giao thoa v tn s: nfc1 mfc2. S knh ghp hn ch do cn khong bo v tn s (FG: frequency Guard)

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian: Khi c hai tn hiu tng t tr ln c truyn dn trn mt knh thng tin, thng s dng mt trong hai phng php c in lin kt hai tn hiu ring r ny. Phng php th nht l ghp knh theo tn s. Phng php c in th hai, tt c cc tn hiu u c cng tn s nhng chim khong thi gian khc nhau trong di thi gian, chnh l ghp knh theo thi gian.

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
thc hin vic ny, mi tn hiu tng t c ly mu ti

cc thi im khc nhau v xung ly mu mang thng tin v bin ca mi tn hiu ring c pht ln ng dy. Kt qu l mt dy xung PAM c ghp li, trong mi xung iu bin tun hon bt ngun t mt tn hiu khc nhau. iu ny c th thc hin c, v b rng xung ly mu ca tn hiu 1 ngn hn nhiu so vi thi gian tri qua cho n trc khi tn hiu 1 c ly mu ln na.

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NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO THI GIAN

TDM TDM Time Time Division Division Multiplexing Multiplexing

TDM: -Nhiu dng s liu c gi ti cc khong thi gian khc nhau trn mt tuyn truyn dn -Tc ng truyn phi ln hn tng tc cc dng bit thnh phn -D liu ln lt truyn trong thi gian ngn -c s dng rng ri trong mng thng tin s
CompA1 CompB1 CompC1

M U X

C1 B1 A1 C1 B1 A1

D E M U X

CompA2 CompB2 CompC2

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NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO THI GIAN

Nguyn l ghp knh s

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Hnh v l s n gin ca nguyn l ghp knh theo thi gian.

1 2 3 4

B chuyn mch 2 3 1 4 5

B phn phi 1 5 2 4 3

1 2 3 4

H thng truyn dn

Xung ng b khung

Tch xung ng b khung

Hnh v: H thng TDM 4 knh

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NGUYN L GHP KNH

Mch m phng qu trnh ghp knh

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Hnh nh minh ha vic truyn tin s dng TDM 4 knh (ghp cc

xung PAM):
V F 2 3 4 1 F 2 3 4 1 F 2 3 4 1 F 2 3 4 .. .. ... Hnh v: Dng sng ca h thng TDM 4 knh t
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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Ghp TDM 4 knh (cc xung PAM). Trong : F l xung ng b khung, y cng l thi im bt u ca khung sau v l thi im kt thc ca khung lin trc. Khong cch 2 xung F k nhau bng chu k ly mu: Tm = 125s. c pha pht v thu, cc mu ca cc knh ring bit c ghp vo v tch ra nh mt b chuyn mch kiu quay trn gi l b phn phi.
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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
B chuyn mch my pht v my thu c ng b mt cch

cht ch. Trong TDM c hai dng ng b l ng b khung v ng b theo bt (theo mu). ng b khung xc nh mt cch chnh xc im bt u ca mt nhm bt (xung mu). ng b bt cn thit phn bit mt cch chnh xc tng bt (xung mu) trong mi khung.

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Qu trnh ng b cng cho php ng b thit b pht v thu

khi cc tn hiu thi gian trong hai thit b c cng tc trung bnh. ng h to ra cc xung thi gian iu khin cc chc nng khc nhau v iu khin tc bt cho mc ch truyn dn. Trong nhiu trng hp ng h c pha thu v pht khng hot ng cng tc . nhn tn hiu c chnh xc, thit b thu thng nhn s nh thi t lung bt s thu c.

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Vic nhn s nh thi t lung bt s thu c m bo cho hai

thit b thu v pht hot ng cng tc trung bnh v c th xem nh ng b. Khi mang cng 1 lung bt: ng h pht trong 1 thit b ph thuc vo ng h mch thu to ra s ng b gia phn pht v thu trn ng truyn dn. Thit b thu tch thng tin thi gian t lung bt s a n nh cc mch khi phc ng b.

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Trong lung tn hiu s: cc t m c gp li vi cc bt bo

hiu v cc bt ng b khung. Cc bt hoc t m ng b khung c sp xp sao cho chng to thnh mt cu trc lp, n cho php thit b u cui nhn dng chnh xc mi bt hoc khe thi gian v phn chia lung tn hiu s n thnh cc tn hiu thnh phn. Cc tn hiu thnh phn sau i n knh ra tng ng.

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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Mt on ca tn hiu c hnh thnh bi t m ng b khung

v cc bt tin gi l mt khung. Mt nhm bt tin mang thng tin ca 1 knh (8 bit) to nn 1 khe thi gian. Nu thit b thu pht hin c t m ng b khung ti v tr bit trc tc l c ng b v n tip tc lm vic ch ng. Nu sau v tr qua nhiu khe thi gian khng pht hin c t m ng b th thit b u cui cho rng ng b khung b mt.
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 3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian 3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
Qu trnh tm kim t m ng b ca pha thu bng cch trt

tng khe thi gian cho n khi pht hin c t m . Sau n chuyn sang phng thc kim tra khng nh t m ng b xut hin vi ln ng v tr mong mun trc khi chuyn sang phng thc ng. khng nh rng vic tm c t m ng b thc s th cu trc ca t m c la chn phi c xc sut ngu nhin xut hin trong dy thng tin l b nht.

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M NG TRUYN TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN

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Thut ng
Unipolar Tt c cc phn t tn hiu c cng du Polar Mt trng thi logic c biu din bng mc in p dng, trng thi logic khc c biu din bng mc in p m Tc d liu (data rate) Tc truyn dn d liu theo bps (bit per second) rng (chiu di 1 bit) Thi gian (thit b pht) dng truyn 1 bit Tc iu ch Tc mc tn hiu thay i n v l baud = s phn t tn hiu trong 1 giy Mark v Space Tng ng vi 1 v 0 nh phn
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Din gii tn hiu

Cn bit

nh thi ca cc bit (khi no chng bt u v kt thc) Mc tn hiu

Yu t nh hng n vic din gii tn hiu

T s SNR Tc d liu Bng thng

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Polar Encoding

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Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

2 mc in p khc nhau cho bit 1 v bit 0 in p khng thay i (khng c transition) khi khng c s thay i tn hiu in p thay i (c transition) khi c s thay i tn hiu (t 01 hoc t 10) NRZI cho cc bit 1 D liu c m ha cn c vo vic c hay khng s thay i tn hiu u thi khong bit. Bit 1: c m ha bng s thay i in p (c transition) Bit 0: c m ha bng s khng thay i in p (khng c transition)
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Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)

Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)

M ha sai phn D liu c biu din bng vic thay i tn hiu (thay v bng mc tn hiu) Nhn bit s thay i d dng hn so vi nhn bit mc Trong cc h thng truyn dn phc tp, cm gic cc tnh d dng b mt u v nhc im ca m ha NRZ u

D dng nm bt Bng thng dng hiu qu C thnh phn mt chiu Thiu kh nng ng b
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Nhc

Dng trong vic ghi bng t t dng trong vic truyn tn hiu

Multilevel Binary
Dng nhiu hn 2 mc Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark

Inversion) Bit-0 c biu din bng khng c tn hiu Bit-1 c biu din bng xung dng hay xung m Cc xung 1 thay i cc tnh xen k Khng mt ng b khi d liu l Amplitude mt dy 1 di (dy 0 vn b vn ng b) 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Khng c thnh phn mt chiu Bng thng thp Pht hin li d dng Pseudoternary 1 c biu din bng khng c tn hiu 0 c biu din bng xung dng The 0s are positive and negative alternately m xen k nhau Khng c u im v nhc im

Time

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Multilevel Binary
Trade Off

Khng hiu qu bng NRZ

Mi phn t t/h ch biu din 1 bit

H thng 3 mc c th biu din log23 = 1.58 bit

B thu phi c kh nng phn bit 3 mc (+A, -A, 0)

Cn thm khong 3dB cng sut t c cng xc sut bit li

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

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Biphase
Manchester Thay i gia thi khong bit Thay i c dng nh tn hiu ng b d liu LH biu din 1 HL biu din 0 Dng trong IEEE 802.3

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Biphase
Differential Manchester Thay i gia thi khong bit ch dng cho ng b Thay i u thi khong biu din 0 Khng c thay i u thi khong biu din 1 Dng trong IEEE 802.5

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Biphase
u v nhc im Nhc im

Ti thiu c 1 thay i trong thi khong 1 bit v c th c 2 Tc iu ch ti a bng 2 ln NRZ Cn bng thng rng hn ng b da vo s thay i gia thi khong bit (self clocking) Khng c thnh phn mt chiu Pht hin li
Khi thiu s thay i mong i
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u im

Biphase

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Polar Encoding

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Bi tp

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Bi tp

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Bi tp
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

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Bi tp
NRZ-L
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

NRZ-I

AMI
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Pseudo-Ternary
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Manchester
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Differential Manchester

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Scrambling
Dng k thut scrambling thay th cc chui to ra hng s in

p Chui thay th

Phi to ra s thay i tn hiu, dng cho vic ng b ha Phi c nhn din bi b thu v thay th tr li chui ban u Cng di nh chui ban u

Khng c thnh phn mt chiu Khng to ra chui di cc tn hiu mc 0 Khng gim tc d liu C kh nng pht hin li

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B8ZS
B8ZS (Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution) Da trn bipolar-AMI Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui cng trc l dng, m thnh 000+0+ Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui cng trc l m, m thnh 000+0+ Gy ra 2 vi phm m AMI C th lm ln vi tc ng gy ra bi nhiu B thu pht hin v din gii chng thnh 8 s 0 lin tip

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B8ZS

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HDB3
HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros)

Da trn bipolar-AMI Chui 4 s 0 lin tip c thay th theo quy lut nh sau

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HDB3

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Bi tp

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Bi tp

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So snh cc phng php m ha

Ph tn hiu Vic thiu thnh phn tn s cao lm gim yu cu v bng thng Tp trung cng sut gia bng thng ng b ng b b thu v b pht Tn hiu ng b ngoi vi C ch ng b da trn tn hiu Kh nng pht hin li C th c tch hp trong c ch m ha Nhiu v kh nng min nhim Vi m tt hn cc m khc phc tp v chi ph Tc tn hiu cao hn (v do tc d liu cao hn) dn ti chi ph cao 55 Vi m i hi tc tn hiu cao hn tc d liu

Digital Analog
ng dng Dng truyn d liu s trn mng in thoi cng cng 300Hz 3400Hz Thit b MODEM (MOdulator-DEMulator) K thut iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Analog and digital transmission Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Analog signal Digital Digital signal signal Digital Digital signal signal

Digital Analog

ASK

FSK

PSK

QAM

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K THUT iU CH TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN

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iu bin (ASK)
Dng 2 bin khc nhau ca sng mang biu din 0 v 1

(thng thng mt bin bng 0) A cos(2f t + c ) binary 1 s(t ) = 0 binary 0

S dng mt tn s sng mang duy nht Phng php ny ch ph hp trong truyn s liu tc thp

(~1200bps trn knh truyn thoi) Tn s ca tn hiu sng mang c dng ph thuc vo chun giao tip ang c s dng K thut c dng trong cp quang

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iu bin (ASK)

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iu bin (ASK)

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iu tn (FSK) Binary FSK (BFSK)

S dng hai tn s sng mang: tn s cao tng ng mc 1, tn s

thp tng ng mc 0.

A cos(2f1t +c ) binary1 s(t ) = A cos(2f 2t +c ) binary 0

t li hn so vi ASK c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn

mng in thoi C th dng tn s cao (3-30MHz) truyn trn sng radio hoc cp ng trc

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iu tn (FSK) Binary FSK (BFSK)

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iu tn (FSK) Multiple (FSK)

Dng nhiu hn 2 tn s Bng thng c dng hiu qu hn Kh nng li nhiu hn Mi phn t tn hiu biu din nhiu hn 1 bit d liu

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iu pha (PSK)
S dng mt tn s sng mang v thay i pha ca sng mang ny
A cos( 2 f c t + ) s (t ) = A cos( 2 f c t ) binary 1 binary 0

PSK vi phn (differential PSK) thay i pha tng i so vi

sng trc (thay v so vi sng tham chiu c nh) Cho php m ha nhiu bit trn mi thay i tn hiu sng mang (Phase Amplitude Modulation) Phng php ny thng c dng trong truyn d liu tc 2400bps (2 bits per phase change - CCITT V.26) hoc 4800bps (3 bits encoding per phase change - CCITT V.27) hoc 9600bps (4 bits encoding per phase/amplitude change) Tng qut cho m ha NRZ-L
D= R R = l log 2 L

D : modulation rate (bauds) R : data rate (bps) l : number of bits per signal element 64 L : number of different signal elements

iu pha (PSK)

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iu pha (PSK)
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

A cos( 2f c t + 0 o ) 00 o A cos( 2f c t + 90 ) 01 s (t ) = o cos( 2 180 ) 10 A f t + c o A cos( 2f c t + 270 ) 11

M-ary PSK H thng 64 v 256 trng thi Ci thin tc d liu vi bng thng khng i Tng kh nng tim n li
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

QAM c dng trong ADSL v mt s h thng wireless Kt hp gia ASK v PSK M rng logic ca QPSK Gi ng thi 2 tn hiu khc nhau cng tn s mang

Dng 2 bn sao ca sng mang, mt ci c dch i 90 Mi sng mang l ASK c iu ch 2 tn hiu c lp trn cng mi trng Gii iu ch v kt hp cho d liu nh phn ban u

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Digital Analog

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Analog Digital
ng dng Dng truyn d liu tng t trn mng truyn d liu s Tn dng cc u im ca truyn dn s (thit b r, dng repeater, TDM, ) S ha D liu s c th truyn dng NRZ-L hay cc loi m khc Thit b CODEC (COder-DECoder) K thut iu ch xung m: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) iu ch Delta: Delta Modulation (DM)
Analog and digital transmission Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Analog Analog signal signal Digital signal Digital Digital signal signal

Analog Digital

PCM

DM

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iu ch xung m (PCM)
L thuyt ly mu

Nu tn hiu f(t) c ly mu u vi tc ly mu cao hn ti thiu 2 ln tn s tn hiu cao nht, th cc mu thu c cha thng tin ca tn hiu ban u. T/h f(t) c th c ti to, dng b lc thng thp Cng thc Nyquist: N >= 2f N: tc ly mu f: tn s ca tn hiu c ly mu D liu ting ni Gii hn tn s <4000Hz Tc ly mu cn thit 8000 mu/giy

max 11111111 0 00000001 00000000 min

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iu ch xung m (PCM)
Continuous-time, continuous-amplitude (analog) input signal Discrete-time, continuous-amplitude signal (PAM pulses) Discrete-time, discrete-amplitude signal (PCM pulses) Digital bit stream output signal

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

Cc xung c ly mu tn s R=2B Lng t ha cc xung PAM Xc nh gi tr ca im c ly mu, ri vo khong no th ly gi tr khong Ty thuc vo cc mc lng t 2n (n l s bit cn thit s ha 1 xung) M ha d liu Thc hin cc thao tc m ha thng tin trc khi truyn i

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iu ch xung m (PCM)

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iu ch xung m

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Non-linear coding
Mc lng t khng u Gim mo tn hiu Companding (compressing-expanding)

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iu ch Delta (DM)
Tn hiu tng t c xp x bi hm bc thang (staircase) Hnh vi nh phn i ln hay xung 1 mc () ti mi thi khong ly mu Hiu sut ti to ting ni tt PCM - 128 mc (7 bit) Bng thng thoi 4khz Cn 8000 x 7 = 56kbps i vi PCM K thut nn d liu c th ci thin thm V d: k thut m xen khung (interframe coding) cho video

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iu ch Delta (DM)

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iu ch Delta (DM)

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Cu trc knh truyn M d liu

Baudot (Emile Baudot)

5 bit (32 m) dng 2 m 5 bit (letter & figure) m ht cc k t, ch s v du 7 bit (128 m), bao gm cc k t ch thng v hoa, cc k t ch s, cc k t du chm cu v cc k t c bit. Ph bin nht hin nay c s dng trong giao tip d liu tun t. 8 bit c dng trong cc h thng my tnh IBM 16 hoc 32 bit Ha hn c s dng rng ri trong tng lai
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ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

Unicode

M Baudot

JAMES BOND 007 SAYS HI!

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M ASCII

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