HANDOUTS FOR ENGLISH NUMBER 5

LINKERS AND CONNECTORS

1. STRUCTURE
To begin with To st !t with In the "i!st #$ %e Fi!st$& Fin $$& the writer tells us that city life is dangerous . he describes how cities cause families to break up. Se%on'$& In the se%on' #$ %e Ne(t In %on%$)sion To s)* )# he tells us how unhealthy it is.

he says that the days of the cities are numbered.

2. SEQUENCE
Fi!st +o" $$, he opened the door. Then A"te! th t he looked outside.

3. ADDING IDEAS
a. Adding adjectives within a sentence. London is +both, e(%iting n' - s we$$ s tiring b. Adding nouns within sentences , togethe! with his friend, is , s we$$ s his friend, is n' his friend are attending university in Scotland. And A!!"# be used to $oin sentences in formal %nglish

My brother

c.

Adding ideas in different sentences My father was a teacher. F)!the!*o!e In ''ition Not on$& th t. Mo!eo/e!

he was a very good one.

4. ALTERNATIVES
a. Joining ideas within sentences: &ou can have fish o! meat tonight ' don(t like +eithe!, meat o! fish. ' like neithe! meat no! fish b. Alternatives in two sentences: ' could write this te)t by hand. A$te!n ti/e$&, ' could type it.

5. CONCESSION / CONTRAST
a. Within sentences E/en tho)gh A$tho)gh 0he!e s B)t $oins main clauses, !%*%+ sentences in formal %nglish. ontrasting nouns and pronouns with ideas in clauses. my brother prefers country life, he lives in the city. My brother prefers country life b)t he lives in the city. In %ont! st to *e. As o##ose' to *e. Un$i1e *e. my brother prefers...

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b.

Linker + noun phrase + ~ing-for In s#ite o" Des#ite $i/ing in the city, my brother prefers 6

c.

Linking sentences ' live in the country Howe/e! Ne/e!the$ess ' prefer city life.

On the one h n', country life is peaceful, on the othe! h n' it can be very boring.

6. TIME (Introd !"n# t$%&or'( !(' )$).*

a2 As soon s The *o*ent 0hen I**e'i te$& On%e Be"o!e A"te! 7y the time he gets home, '($$ h /e * 'e his tea.

7ob gets home, '(ll make his tea. +THERE IS NO FUTURE TENSE IN THE TEM3ORAL +4 5TIME5, CLAUSE66,

b. c<

0hene/e! 89 :always when:; '(m with you '(m late. 8=uture perfect tense in the main clause.; Sin%e $i/ing here, '(ve had nothing but trouble. A"te! $i/ing in London, ' moved to Liverpool. ' won(t do anything )nti$ '(ve heard from you. 85resent perfect in the temporal clause>;

d. Linker + noun phrase + ~ingfor e. :!is: 9 :until:

+. CONDITION
a2 I" 3!o/i'e' th t As $ong s Ass)*ing th t G! nte' th t Gi/en th t "nless #$ %if .... not%& In case #$ %'alls...% ( %')r den 'all da*...&

the good weather holds, the match will take place.

b. c.

Un$ess the good weather ho$'s, the match will not take place.

I" the good weather 'oes not hold, the match will not take place.

In % se '(m not at home when you come, leave the parcel in the garage.

,. -UR-OSE / INTENTION
a. Affir ative sentences: She left home so s to become more independent. in o!'e! to become more independent. to become more independent. She left home so th t she could become more independent. b. +egative sentences. She left home so s not to be too dependent on her parents. in o!'e! not to be too dependent on ......

.. REASON (CAUSE*
a. Linker + noun: She left home be% )se o" the ?uarrels her parents were always having.
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b.

Linker + clause be% )se her parents were always having rows. sin%e@ her parents were always having rows. s her parents were always having rows. 8cf. .d above for other meanings of :sin%e:;

She left home

1/. RESULT
a. b. Within a sentence< ' haven(t any money so ' can(t help you. 8So Linking sentences: The!e"o!e. Th)s. Conse7)ent$& As !es)$t o" this. A!!"# be used to $oin sentences in formal %nglish.;

Stress makes many students tired.

they should rela) at the weekend.

11. E0CE-TION
0ith the e(%e#tion o" A# !t "!o* E(%e#t "o! an occasional cold, '(ve been healthy all winter.

12. EM-1ASIS
a. Within a sentence: All leisure activities, es#e%i $$& !e 'ing. # !ti%)$ !$& !e 'ing. e/en !e 'ing. can cause tiredness.

13. RESTATEMENT
Aood working habits are very important for learning vocabulary. In othe! wo!'s. Th t is to s &. working regularly and systematically will help you to learn vocabulary better and more ?uickly.

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E8ERCISES

CONNECTORS SHO0ING ADDITION. ALTERNATI9ES AND CONTRAST =ill in the gaps with a suitable connector. Co not use the same connector more than once.

A.
2. /. B. 1. 0. .. D. 3. 4. 2H. 22. 2/. 2B. 21. Setting realistic goals helps students to organise their work efficiently ... they provide the students with suitable incentives. 5ainters ... dramatists are taking part in the arts festival. #he first sentence of any te)t you read is most important because it attracts your attention. ... it will decide whether you continue reading. 7ooks ... pencils, ... a lot of papers were lying untidily on the desk. ' don(t care what you do. &ou can ... stay here ... go home. 'f you can(t get to the meeting on time, give me a ring tonight. ... leave a note with Mrs Smith. ... Eohn ... %dward was able to help me. ' don(t know who else to ask. 't(s going to rain. Shall we stay in ... go outF Ge en$oyed ourselves ... the weather was bad. ... the weather was bad we en$oyed ourselves very much. Ie wrote a book about !ew &ork ... he had never been there. My father offered to lend me half the money towards the cost of the car. ... there was no way for me to raise the other half so ' didn(t buy it. Ie had never had a university education ... he became one of the most influential men in the country. ... the ... living at home can restrict one(s personal freedomJ ... the ... it can save a student a lot of money.

B. LINKAGE AND REFERENCE2

%nglish food has a bad na me abroad 8although , because , if; foreigners visiting %ngland often m eet it in t he m ore (popular( t ype of restaurant 8which , it , one; is t he easiest to find. #he food in 8the , a , such; restaurants has to be served ?uickly 8and , as well as , in addition; being cheap. 8Although , !evertheless , #ogether with; t he food is often badly cooked 8together with , as well as , and; presented without any i magination. #his is because some of t he restaurants do not pay enough at ten tion to what their custo mers want. 8#ogether with , Moreover , Ghereas; t hese restaurants do nothing for t he reputa tion of 7ritish food abroad, t he foreigner who takes a little trouble and co mpares the restaurants carefull y, can eat well in 7ritain.

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C2 LINKERS SHO0ING CONDITION. 3UR3OSE +INTENTION, AND REASON +CAUSE,2 !ote< :'f: , :Assuming that: can be used in all types of conditional sentences. "ther linkers are restricted to probable conditions.; =ill in the gaps with suitable linkers. Co not use the same one twice.

1. 2. 3. . ". $. %. (. ). 1 '. 11. 1 2.

D.

... yo u work h a r d, yo u will pro b a bly g e t g o o d m a r k s in t h e e x a mi n a tio n. We wo uld n' t h a v e m i s s e d t h e b u s ... w e ' d left e a rli er. ... yo u c h a n g e yo ur workin g h a bit s, yo u wo n' t h a v e a n y s u c c e s s. !o n' t s t a n d o n t h a t c h air ... yo u'll fall ov e r a n d h u r t yo ur s elf. ... # w e r e yo u, #'d s t o p work n ow. ... yo u d o n' t m a k e a n y n ois e , yo u c a n s t a y h e r e . & e left a t %. 3 ' a . m . ... c o uld c a t c h t h e b u s. & e left a t %. 3 ' a . m . ... c a t c h t h e e a rly b u s. & e left a t %. 3 ' a . m . ... c a t c h t h e e a rly b u s. # did n' t s a y a n y t hin g ... # did n' t w a n t t o m a k e hi m a n g ry. ... t h e r e w a s n o t e n o u g h d e m a n d t h e co ur s e w a s c a n c ell e d. # w e n t into his roo m * ui e tly ... # did n' t w a n t t o w ak e hi m.

WOR K
To many people the word sounds awful, not necessarily (when / if / b ecause / alternatively) they are lazy. The man (which / who / what) hates his job in the factory (either / neither / otherwise / or) in the office may work very hard at the w e ek end, painting the house. ... he may spend a lot of his w e ekend in the garden, digging and planting. hat, then, is the reason for this attitude! "ften it is simply (because / although / while) they do not like the job they are doing. (#t / one / the same) may b e easy, like making cardboard bo$es. ... it may b e w ell%paid. ... the man still finds the job boring. &ery often they have to do a job (where / which / who) is just a small part of a much larger one, such as putting in the windows of a car. ... the part they play is so small that they can never have the feeling that they have really created something. ... in modern society, someone has to do thes e jobs ... that is the way society is organised. hat, therefore, can b e done to make work more attractive! 'hould the people g et more pay (alternatively / neither / or / as w ell as) should they b e given more free time! ... if they are given more free time, how can they b e taught to enjoy their leisure!

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