1

Turbomachinery
Lecture 1

- Pumps, Turbines
- Subcomponents
- Units, Constants, Parameters
- Thermodynamics
www.engr.uconn.edu/barbertj~
- ME3295 / ME6160
2
Turbomachinery
Turbomachine: A device in which energy is transferred to
or from a continuously flowing fluid through a casing by
the dynamic action of a rotor.
Rotor or impellor: Changes stagnation enthalpy of fluid
moving through it by either doing positive or negative
work.
Works on fluid to produce either power or flow
Turbomachine categories:
Those which absorb power to increase fluid pressure
or head [compressor, pump].
Fan: pressure rise up to 1 lbf/in
2

Blower: pressure between 1 - 40 lbf/in
2

Compressor: pressure rise above 40 lbf/in
2

Those which produce power by expanding fluid to
lower pressure or head [turbine].
3
Turbomachinery
Turbomachine classification
Impulse: pressure change takes place in one or more
nozzles
Reaction: takes place in all nozzles
Path of through flow
Mainly or wholly parallel to axis of rotation: axial flow
machine
Mainly or wholly in a plane perpendicular to axis of
rotation: radial flow machine

4
Brayton Thermodynamic Cycle for Single Spool Turbojet Engine
5
Meridional Projection of Axial & Centrifugal Compressor Stages
Essentially constant radius
Substantial change in radius
6
Turbomachinery - Pumps
Positive Displacement: moving boundary forces fluid
along by volume changes.
Reciprocating, rotary: piston, screw, ...
Dynamic: momentum change by means of moving
blades or vanes (No closed volume).
Axial, centrifugal, mixed
Fluid increases momentum while moving through open
passages and then converts high velocity to pressure rise in
diffuser section
In radial machines doughnut-shaped diffuser is called a
scroll
Through a casing...........Not wind mills, water wheels or
propellers
Flow conditioning..........Stators, scrolls
7
Screw
Centrifugal
Axial
Turbomachinery - Pumps
8
Turbomachinery - Turbines
Extracts energy from a fluid with high head
[pump run backwards].
Reaction turbine: fluid fills blade passages
and pressure drop occurs within the
impeller.
Low-head, high-flow devices
V across rotor increases, p decreases
Stators merely alter direction of flow
Impulse turbine: converts high head to high
velocity using a nozzle; then strikes blades
as they pass by.
The impeller passages are not fluid filled,
and the jet flow past the blades is
essentially at constant pressure.
Discharge velocity ~ relative inlet velocity
across rotor
no net change in p across rotor
stators shaped to increase V, decrease p

9
Gas Generator
Purpose: Supply High-Temperature and
High-Pressure Gas
compressor, combustor, turbine
10
Turbojet
Purpose: Provide High-Velocity Thrust
inlet, compressor, combustor, turbine, nozzle
11
Turbofan
Purpose: Produce Lower-Velocity Thrust
Through the Addition of a Fan
inlet, fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, nozzle
Stations
0=1= Upstream
2 =compressor inlet
2.5=low-to-high comp
3 =combustor inlet
4 =turbine inlet
4.5=high-to-low turb.
5 =nozzle inlet
8 =exit
12
Turboprop
Purpose: Produce Low-Velocity Thrust Through
Addition of a Propeller
13
Turboshaft
Purpose: Produce Shaft Power for Rotating
Component [Not for Thrust] - helicopter
14
Low BPR
BPR= mass flow through bypass/mass flow through core
15
High BPR
16
Gas Turbine Components
Main Flow-Path
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine:
inlet
compressor
combustor
turbine
nozzle
Secondary Flow-Path
Components:
disk cavities
cooling flow bleed ducts
bearing compartments
17
Inlet
Inlet Reduces the Entering Air Velocity to a Level
Suitable for the Compressor
Often Considered Part of Nacelle
Critical Factors:
Mach Number
Mass Flow
Attached Flow
Subsonic Inlet
Divergent area used
to reduce velocity
Supersonic Inlet
Shocks often used to
achieve reduced velocity
and compression
Nacelle
Engine Inlet
18
Fan/Compressor
Axial-Flow Fan
Axial-Flow Compressor
Low-Pressure
High-Pressure
Centrifugal Compressor
Mixed Axial/Radial Flow Fan
Low-Pressure
Compressor
High-Pressure
Compressor
19
Combustor
Designed to Burn a Mixture of Fuel
and Air and Deliver to Turbine
Uniform Exit Temperature
Complete Combustion
Exit Temperature Must Not
Exceed Critical Limit Set By
Turbine Metal + Cooling Design

Combusto
r
20
Turbine
Extracts Kinetic Energy form
Expanding Gases and
Converts to Shaft
Horsepower to Drive the
Compressor/Fan
Axial Flow Turbine
High Flow Rates
Low-Moderate Pressure
Ratios
Centrifugal Turbine
Lower Flow Rates
Higher Pressure Ratio
High-Pressure
Turbine
Low-Pressure
Turbine
21
Nozzle
Increase the Velocity of the Exhaust Gas Before
Discharge from the Nozzle and Straighten Gas
Flow From the Turbine
Convergent Nozzle Used When Nozzle Pr < 2
(Subsonic Flow)
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle Used When Nozzle Pr > 2
Often incorporate variable geometry to control throat area
Nozzle
22
Cross Flow Area Variation in Compressor & Turbine Rotors
Cross Flow Area
Diffuser
Nozzle
23
Favorable [Turbine] & Unfavorable [Compressor] Pressure Gradients
24
Thermophysical Process
Across an Adiabatic
Stator
Turbine Compressor
25
1, 0
dA
M
A
= =
1, 0
dA
M
A
< =
Subsonic
Supersonic nozzle
Subsonic diffuser
Subsonic
Compressibility Can Be A Major Issue in Nozzle Flows
26
Gas-Turbine Design Process
Engine Cycle Analysis
Turbomachinery
Meanline (1D) Analysis
Through-Flow or Streamline
(2D x,r) Analysis
Multi-Component 3-D Steady
and Unsteady-Flow Analysis
Turbomachinery 2-D Airfoil
Section Design and Analysis
3-D Turbomachinery Airfoil and
Design and Analysis
Multi-Stage Turbomachinery and Secondary
Flow Path 3-D Steady-Flow Analysis
Multi-Stage Turbomachinery 3-D
Unsteady-Flow Analysis
Fidelity / Complexity
From Required Thrust, Determine Work
Required by Compressor and Turbine and Heat
Addition from Combustor
From Required Compressor / Turbine Work
Determine Number of Stages and Velocity
Triangles ofMean Radius Streamline
From Velocity Triangles, Determine Airfoil
Shape as a Function of Radius for Required
Flow Turning and Pressure Rise/Drop
Upon Stacking Airfoil Sections from Structural
or Aero Considerations, Determine Single Blade-
Row Performance (i.e.. Loading and Pt Losses)
and Combustor Heat and NOx Release
From Radial Equilibrium or Axisymmetric
Streamline Analysis, Determine Spanwise
Variation in Velocity Triangles
Determine Primary Blade-Row
and Secondary Flow Path
Pressure and Mass-Flow
Distribution Interaction Effects
Determine Unsteady-Flow Interaction
Effects on Performance (e.g.. Wake /
Blade, Shock / Blade, Potential,
Thermal, and Structural Interactions
Determine Steady and Unsteady Coupling
Effects Between the Components
Well Developed
Developed -
Fairly Mature
Developed -
Improvements
Required
Under
Development
27
Units and Key Constants
28
Conventional Units

Parameter English Units SI Units

Distance Feet, Inches Meters, M
Time Seconds Seconds, s
Force Pounds (force), lbf 4.448 Newton, N
Pressure psf, psi Pascal, Pa (1N/1m
2
)
bar (10
5
Pa)
1 ft H
2
O 2.989 kPa
Mass Pounds (mass), lbm 0.4536 kilogram
Energy Btu Joule, J
Power 1 Hp 0.7457 kWatt

29
System Force Mass Length time
English Eng. lbf lbm ft s
English Gravitational lbf slug ft s
Metric kgf kg m s
Metric dyne gm cm s
International System (SI) Newton kg m s

Equivalent Systems of Units
1 Newton = 1 kg-m/sec
2

1 Joule = 1 N-m/sec
30
Important Constants for Air

Variable Symbol lbm unit lbf unit kg unit
pressure p lb/ft2 lb/ft2 N/m2
density

slug/ft3 lbm/ft3 N/m3
Universal gas
constant
9
4.97+4
ft-lb/slug-mole-R
1545.33
ft-lb/lbm-mole-R
8314
J/kg-mole-K
Spec. gas constant
(air)
R = 9 / M
1716
ft-lb/slug-R
53.35
ft-lb/lbm-R
287
J/kg-K
Air Cp 7.73 0.24 1.0035
Air Cv 5.5 0.172 0.7165
Joule constant J 778.16 ft-lbf/BTU
speed of sound a 1100 ft/s 1100 ft/s 440 m/s

R=287 J/kg-R = 287 m
2
/s
2
-K
31
Useful Equivalents

Quantity Original Unit Equivalent

Flow 1.0 cfs [ft
3
/sec] 448. gal/min
Specific Energy 1.0 ft
2
/s
2
1.0 ft-lbf/slug
Mass 1.0 slug 32.174 lbm
Rotational speed 1.0 rad/s 9.549 rev/min
Kinematic viscosity 1.0 ft
2
/s 92,903 centistokes
Pressue 1.0 in. H2O 5.2 lbf/ft
2


Atmospheric pressure
1 in Hg = 0.49116 psi
2116 psf = 14.7 psi = 1.013 Bar = 101,325 Pascals
32
For Liquid Water :




U.S. Standard Atmosphere - 1976
3
/ 4 . 62 ft lbm =
2
696 . 14
in
lbf
pressure =
R e temperatur = 67 . 518
33
Standard Atmosphere
Stratosphere
>65,000 ft
59 F
Temperature
Altitude
3.202 psia
14.696 psia
Pressure
36,089 ft
Altitude
36,089 ft
34
35
36
Thermodynamics Review
37
Thermodynamics Review
Thermodynamic views
microscopic: collection of particles in random motion.
Equilibrium refers to maximum state of disorder
macroscopic: gas as a continuum. Equilibrium is
evidenced by no gradients

0
th
Law of Thermo [thermodynamic definition of
temperature]:
When any two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with
a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
Correspondingly, when two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with one another they are said to be at
the same temperature.

38
Thermodynamics Review
1
st
Law of Thermo [Conservation of energy]: Total work
is same in all adiabatic processes between any two
equilibrium states having same kinetic and potential
energy.
Introduces idea of stored or internal energy E
dE = dQ - dW
dW = Work done by system [+]=dW
out
= - pdV
Some books have dE=dQ+dW [where dW is work done ON
system]
dQ = Heat added to system [+]=dQ
in
Heat and work are mutually convertible. Ratio of conversion is
called mechanical equivalent of heat J = joule

39
Review of Thermodynamics
Stored energy E components
Internal energy (U), kinetic energy (mV
2
/2), potential energy,
chemical energy
Energy definitions
Introduces e = internal energy = e(T, p)
e = e(T) de = Cv(T) dT thermally perfect
e = Cv T calorically perfect
2
nd
law of Thermo
Introduces idea of entropy S
Production of s must be positive
Every natural system, if left undisturbed, will change
spontaneously and approach a state of equilibrium or rest. The
property associated with the capability of systems for change is
called entropy.


rev
Q
dS TdS dE dW
T
o
= = +
40
Review of Thermodynamics
Extensive variables depend on total mass of the system, e.g. M, E,
S, V

Intensive variables do not depend on total mass of the system, e.g.
p, T, s, (1/v)

Equilibrium (state of maximum disorder) bodies that are at the same
temperature are called in thermal equilibrium.

Reversible process from one state to another state during which the
whole process is in equilibrium

Irreversible all natural or spontaneous processes are irreversible,
e.g. effects of viscosity, conduction, etc.


41
Thermodynamic Properties


Extensive Intensive Extensive Intensive

Mass M
Density -
Energy Eo Specific energy eo
- Pressure p Kinetic energy Ek Sp. kin. energy V
2
/2
- Temperature T Potential energy Ep Sp. pot. energy gz
Volume - V
Specific volume - u
Internal energy - E Sp. int. energy - e

Primitive Derived
| | | |
2
0 0
0
2
k p
T
V
E E E E or e e gz
Total or stagnation state
= + + = + +
= =
42
1st Law of Thermodynamics
For steady flow, defining:







We can write:


and


2
2
0
/ 2 specific kinetic energy
specific potential energy
specific internal energy
= + + specific enthalpy
e total
2
V
gz
e
p
h e pv e
V
e gz

=
= + + specific energy
2
0
e
2
V
pv e gz pv + = + + +
0 0
h e pv and h e pv = + = +
43
Equation of State
The relation between the thermodynamic properties of a pure
substance is referred to as the equation of state for that substance, i.e.
F(p, v, T) = 0
Ideal (Perfect) Gas
Intermolecular forces are neglected
The ratio pV/T in limit as p 0 is known as the universal gas
constant (R).
p u /T R = 8.3143e
3

At sufficiently low pressures, for all gases

pu/T = R

or

Real gas: intermolecular forces are important

p RT =
44
Real Gas
1150 R ~
45
Real Gas
46
1
st
& 2
nd
Law of Thermodynamics
Gibbs Eqn. relates 2
nd
law properties to 1
st
law properties:

Tds pdv de
h e pv
dh de pdv vdp
dp
Tds dh

=
= +
= + +
=
47
Gibbs Equation
Isentropic form of Gibbs equation:



and using specific heat at constant pressure:

dp
dh =
p
p
RT
c dT dP
P
dT R dP
T c P
=
=
48
Thermally & Calorically Perfect Gas
Also, for a thermally perfect gas:




Calorically perfect gas - Constant Cp


-1
=
p
P v
v p
c
R
c c R
c c

= =
P
dP
T
dT

1
=
} }

=
2
1
2
1
1
P
dP
T
dT

49
Isentropic Flow
For Isentropic Flow:





Precise gas tables available for design work
Thermally Perfect Gas good for compressors not for
turbines because of burned fuel.


( )
( )
1 /
1 /
2 2
1 1
T P
or T CP
T P

| |
= =
|
\ .
50
Gibbs Equation
Rewriting Gibbs Equation:

2 1 2 2
1 1
1
1
1
ln ln
p
P
p
dP
Tds dh
c dT
RT dP
ds
T T P P
ds dT dP
c T P
s s T P
c T P

=
=

=
| | | |

=
| |
\ . \ .
51
Gibbs Equation
Rewriting Gibbs Equation:

02 02 2 1
01 01
0
02 2 1
01
02 2 1
01
1
ln ln
,
1
ln
exp 1
p
p
Apply at stagnation state
T P s s
c T P
For adiabatic processes T constant
P s s
c P
P s s
P R

| | | |

=
| |
\ . \ .
=
| |

=
|
\ .
| |

(
= <
|
(

\ .
52
Mollier Chart for Air
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Entropy - BTU/Lbm/deg R
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

D
e
g

R
P=50Atm
20
10
5
2
1
Isobars are not parallel
53
Mollier for Static / Total States
450
650
850
1,050
1,250
1,450
1,650
-0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
S
T
Ideal
Real
P in
P out
As
Poin
Poout
V
2
/2
h
02i

h
02
h
01
2
0
2
V
h h = +
We will soon see