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...CONSUMED IN THE FIRE OF LOVE

An Enquiry into the theological Psychology of Christian Sacrifice and Martyrdom: The Case of Chinedu Chukwuneke
Being a Pa er Presented at the Memorial Ceremony of the !eath of "ine Burnt Students of Medicine at The College of #ealth Sciences$ %kofia Cam us in &''1$ This ( th !ay of May &'1& By

Gabriel Uchechimezie Emeasoba (Rev. Fr) )"T*%!+CT)%" The Pro,ost$ College of #ealth Sciences$ The !eans of -aculties$ The Su./!ean$ Students0 Affairs$ #eads of !ifferent !e artments$ %ther Academic and "on/Academic Staff resent$ Mem.ers of the Clergy$ )n,ited 1uests$ Students$ 2adies and 1entlemen$ 3e all are gathered here today to memoriali4e once more an e,ent of ,ery gra,e consequence in the history of this great institution5 E6actly ele,en years ago 7 recisely on the (th of May &''18$ in a ,ery odd and une6 ected sorrowful melodrama$ this institution lost nine young ,i.rant future doctors whose ser,ice in the medical rofession would ha,e added a lot of ,alue to different medical de artments in this country .y now5 E,en though it is true that so many of us sitting here today may not ha,e .een art of the life of the institution .y &''1$ and so may not ha,e had a tacit historical connection with the e,ents of those days of great intensity$ as an institution$ you ha,e chosen ne,er to forget that fateful day on which suddenly the night interru ted the day at noon and refused to .e ushed away5 -or so many of the classmates of those deceased a ostles of life sitting here looking at me$ that e,ent still seems so fresh9 you still remem.er waking u that eaceful morning not sus ecting any unrest or the knock of any sudden inferno9 Some of you here would remem.er seeing Chinedu Chukwuneke clim.ing the staircase carrying a gas cylinder that later .ecame the instrument of their e6termination5 ) know that as ) s eak to you$ the scenery of that unquencha.le fire that gutted the school hostel that day and aroused an alarm of hea,y ro ortions in the whole school en,ironment$ is unrolled .efore you

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like a filmstri that you can hardly now withhold your emotions5 :ou may remem.er how you all ulled solidarity together carrying their scaring .urnt .odies that would in hours .ecome cada,ers from "newi to Enugu5 And ) know you still remem.er how you all felt when the news of their death filtered in5 The ains of those days are .etter not recalled5 Sometime in 1(;($ !r <ictor -rankl$ An American =ew who esca ed from the "a4i concentrations cam s wrote a .ook he titled Mans Search for Meaning. )n that .ook$ he narrated his e6 erience of the cruelty of the "a4i soldiers and e6terminators and the story of their esca e from the death cam s5 And when he recalled his ,ery many friends who died in the cam $ he said: the best of us did not return. *ecalling the memory of the li,es and stewardshi of these our great fallen friends$ <ictor -rankl0s statement .etter ca tures our feelings e,en at this moment$ es ecially for those of us whom 1od has offered the ri,ilege of e,entually .eing medical doctors: the best of us did not return; the best of us did not make it. :ou lost almost the .est5 And so$ if you wouldn0t mind$ may we stand u and o.ser,e a minute silence for the souls of these fallen comrades who sym.oli4ed e6cellence and determination5 3e ha,e gathered here today therefore not to mourn their demise .ut to cele.rate their gift to this great institution$ their li,es$ creati,ity$ talents$ ,alues and ,irtues9 their character$ their courage and faithful stamina$ their .elief in 1od and their s irit of sacrifice9 their generosity and their a.ility to share their ains and most es ecially$ the inner strength with which they found meaning in suffering which made them sing as they were .urnt5 )n this little a er therefore$ ) >ust ho e to interrogate the .asic theological rationale for e,ery Christian sacrifice and martyrdom5 )f this little resentation will contri.ute in sha ing the way you e,aluate your ser,ice as medical doctors and healthcare ractitioners$ my work here would ha,e .een done5 ON THE PAPER ) ha,e titled this little a er: ?555Consumed in the -ire of 2o,e: An Enquiry into the Theological Psychology of Christian Sacrifice and Martyrdom 7The Case of Chinedu Chukwuneke85 The ordinary definition of Psychology which many of us may .e aware of is that it is the science of human .eha,iour5 Before the ad,ent of modernity$ the study of Psychology as a science of human .eha,iour was not as well de,elo ed as it is today5 The reason for this is ,ery clear5 Before the modern era$ there was ne,er a time the human erson was at the centre of intellectual concern5 )n the ancient era 7Cosmological era8$ the attention of great scholars and hiloso hers were fi6ed on the cosmic reality9 they ga4ed into the stars and the sun and raised many questions >ustifying the e6istence and sustenance of the hysical world5 "o wonder the natural sciences de,elo ed earlier than the human sciences5 3ith time$ attention

shifted from the contem lation of the hysical world to the contem lation of di,ine realities5 That was why men and women of the medie,al world 7theological era8 argued on such to ics like 1od$ the angels$ hea,en$ hell5 "ot much concentration was laced on the human erson5 The consequence of this was that$ the human erson in those days was understood through a cosmic inter retation or a theological inter retation5 But things ha,e changed today5 3e li,e in the modern age which many scholars address as an anthro ocentric era5 )n our time$ there has .een much attem t to understand the human erson in his .eing$ nature and actions5 #uman .eha,iour is no longer attri.uted to the gods or cosmic owers9 we ha,e come to see that there is a reason for e,ery human action and that this reason can .e disco,ered o.>ecti,ely5 And this is the la.our of Psychology5 Psychology therefore answers the question: why are people the way they are? Why do they behave the way they do? The answer to these questions is ,alid for all conditions of life and ser,ice$ whether one is a lawyer$ a medical doctor or a Catholic riest5 To .e frank with you$ since my days in the theology faculty$ it has .een an issue for me to really understand the sychology of Christian sacrifice and martyrdom5 2isten$ it is easy to s eak a.out sacrifice from the ul it .ut it is difficult to sacrifice in real life e6 erience5 )t is easier to narrate the .eautiful stories of the martyrdom of courageous Christians in the first three centuries of the ersecuted Church to catechism class children5 ) wonder if any of you ha,e taken time any day to reflect on how you would ha,e felt li,ing at a time when to .e a Christian meant to .e a criminal5 !o you think you would ha,e gi,en yourself u to .e .urnt at the stakesA 3ould you$ like St )gnatius of Antioch ha,e offered your .ody to .e mauled .y the lions and the .easts for the sake of your faithA ) am asking you$ do you think you would ha,e had the courage to surrender like the Martyrs of +ganda to a course you ha,e scarcely understood$ e,en when you ha,e the o ortunity to .e sa,edA 2et me tell you$ ) am not sure you would5 Some years ago$ A.raham Maslow de,elo ed what he called the hierarchy of human needs5 )n that hierarchy$ one sees that self reser,ation is the first need of e,ery created human .eing5 That instinct of self/ reser,ation is the first and .asic instinct in e,ery human erson5 By the way$ there is the rofession of medicine >ust .ecause of the need to reser,e human life5 )n the face of the a.o,e considerations$ the question that consistently .egs for an answer is: why would some.ody offer himself to .e killed in the first laceA 3hat is the .asic moti,ation that can answer the question of life sacrifice and martyrdomA These questions are ,ery necessary$ es ecially when we remem.er that there are eo le today who feel that those we call martyrs are

eo le who ha,e .een frustrated with life and who ha,e caught in on the o ortunity of death to esca e from the res onsi.ility of life5 The Psychology of Martyr o! )t is good for us to make the clarification from the ,ery .eginning that in seeking to disco,er the moti,ation for life sacrifice and martyrdom$ we are not interested here in making any moral >udgements yet$ that is on whether it is good to offer one0s life or not at any oint5 %ur enquiry will de end largely on a henomenology of the cases of martyrdom which e6 erience has to offer us5 Secondly$ martyrdom at this le,el would .e gi,en a large understanding to include all situations in which eo le gi,e u their li,es to .e killed regardless of moral conditions and situations5 There are around fi,e situations in which eo le offer their li,es or call it reasons or moti,ations for which eo le em.race martyrdom or life sacrifice5 These are:
1 & @ B ;

E6treme Physical Pain Psychological -rustration Sense of !uty *eligious -anaticism Christian Martyrdom

" E#tre!e Phys$cal Pa$% %ne reason why eo le refer to offer u their li,es and .e aided to death is the e6 erience of e6treme hysical ain and agony$ es ecially during ill health5 Many of you here are either doctors or health care ractitioners5 )n your rofessional ractice$ ) am sure you may ha,e come across atients who feel they would no longer continue to .ear the ains of li,ing in the agony of degenerated .odily conditions5 Think of atients who would ha,e to undergo series of chemothera y or dialysis$ without a 1'' ercent assurance of sur,i,al5 At some oints$ some of these atients sim ly lose ho e$ ractically .egging for euthanasia5 3e also see instances of this in .attle fields when war lords get seriously in>ured5 )nstead of languishing in the ool of their own .lood or waiting to .e killed .y their own enemies$ they easily offer their li,es to .e terminated .y their own countrymen$ and .y so doing .elie,e themsel,es to ha,e died$ men of ,alour and no.ility5 )n analysing this kind of offer of life$ one sees that the erson who offers himCherself to .e killed in this condition scarcely has any other alternati,e5 )ndeed$ heCshe would ha,e lo,ed to li,e had the situation .een .etter$ had life .een more en>oya.le5 #eCshe dies with nostalgia for life and regret for not .eing a.le to li,e longer5 Such a atient su.mits hisCher life in ho elessness

and utter des air and e,en hatred for 1od5 !eath is not induced .y the future or any other ,alue5 A,oidance of ain is the only moti,ation for death5 & Psycholog$cal Fr'strat$o%( A art from su.mitting one0s life to a,oid hysical ain$ there is another situation in which eo le ha,e deli,ered their li,es to death5 This is seen in the case of sychological frustration5 <ictor -rankl was a.le to disco,er the central ro.lem of sychologically frustrated erson5 According to him$ Peo le .ecome frustrated when they lose meaning and a sense of res onsi.ility in e6istence5 #e called this noogenic neurosis5 )f ) must .orrow a hrase from Prof Chinua Ache.e$ when the centre can no longer hold$ things fall a art5 3hen the will/to/meaning is lacking$ life .ecomes meaningless5 The will/to/ meaning har.ours the why of eo le0s e6istence5 And when eo le are no longer sure of this why, then life seems to lose ,alue .ecause their foundations of e6istence will get to led from the root5 Duoting -rederick "iet4sche$ <ictor -ranklin said: he who has a why to live can bear with almost any how. 3e see e6am les of sychologically frustrated eo le among many youths and eo le of the middle age who e6 erience emotional de ression due to failed relationshi s$ re>ection .y the community$ life of de endency$ economic em tiness$ feelings of worthlessness5 3hen it is found among the aged$ it is often due to regret of an unfulfilled life5 3hene,er eo le offer their li,es in this condition$ they are not moti,ated .y courage5 *ather$ they are ushed to death .y the fear of facing the challenge of life5 Their death is a form of esca ism5 They ha,e neither ho e on the ast$ resent or the future5 They are eo le in a sychological cul de sac. ) Se%se of D'ty

A art from the a.o,e$ there are eo le who also offer their li,es .ecause they ha,e a sense of duty$ may.e to the State or to fellow countrymen5 Think of soldiers who enter into the .attle fields knowing a.out the ossi.ility of death >ust .ecause it is their duty to defend their fatherland5 At this moment$ ) remem.er those fire fighters who died in the twin towers of the 3orld Trade Centre in the +nited States$ not .ecause they were in the .uilding at the time the terrorist lane crashed into it$ .ut .ecause they went into those .uildings >ust to do their work5 These eo le are to .e distinguished from all those men and women who ran into the fray out of charity >ust to sa,e and who may ha,e lost their li,es in the .id5 Trust me$ those fire fighters were not led .y charity9 they were led .y their sense of duty to gi,e their li,es5 This is not strange to concei,e$ after all$ a 1erman hiloso her called )mmanuel Eant once de,elo ed an Ethics of duty5

The erson who offers his life out of duty is not the same with a Christian Martyr5 Make no mistakes a.out it$ when you sto at duty$ you do not connect to the other erson9 you ser,e the self5 :ou ho e to enhance the self and for such a erson$ the minimum may >ust .e enough5 -or that kind of erson$ medicine is >ust a rofession through which eo le get their li,elihood5 )s it therefore sur rising that eo le with a high sense of duty will .e seeking out for risky >o.s like rescuing those .eing .urnt .y fire$ >ust .ecause they aim at honour$ whether in life or after deathA %r ha,e you forgotten that most of those fire fighters who died at their duty osts were duly rewarded ost mortemA * Rel$g$o's Fa%at$c$s!

)t is not only eo le who feel a sense of duty that gi,e their li,es to death9 some eo le deli,er themsel,es .ecause they are religious fanatics5 They ha,e .een .rainwashed to .elie,e that there are some material .enefits one can gain killing oneself and they do this in the name of religion5 )n all cases of religious fanaticism that lead to death$ it is either that the resent world is not considered a great ,alue or that there is ho e for some great gains and achie,ements$ most of which are not often !ranscendent. *ecently$ this te6t message was reco,ered from a Boko #aram sus ect in =os: do a deed which "llah by #is grace and mercy will save you from the punishment of the grave, make you pass Sirad $a dangerous bridge% with a speed of light, save you from the greatest fear, save you from hell fire and save &' members of your family, marry you &( virgins in paradise, give you a crown of respect which even the prophets will be impressed with, keep your soul in green birds of paradise and make you wish to return to the world and die as you died because of the good blessings and rewards you encountered after such a noble last deed. ) pray for such a noble deed. :ou can .e sure that such a death is a ro>ect for the self5 The erson who dies in such a way lans and e6ecutes this ro>ect$ not out of charity .ut out of immature religious am.ition5 + Chr$st$a% Martyr o!

This is the last moti,ation one can ha,e in letting go hisCher life5 Christian Martyrs right from the first centuries of the Church ha,e .een known to .e eo le of great courage5 )n the first case$ *ecords ha,e shown that they were men and women of .alanced character$ who e,en though were faced with difficult times$ a reciated their li,es and their contri.utions to the world of their times5 Surely$ ) don0t need to tell you that they did not hate life themsel,es and neither were they frustrated with life5 They saw e,ery reason to li,e and e,en a reciated their li,es5 So many of them e,en had their own life am.itions .efore the e,ent that occasioned the offer of their li,es took lace5 This was the story of St Maria 1oretti and the great Bisho of the See of

Antioch$ St )gnatius5 The only striking thing a.out them was that while they a reciated this life$ they did not take tem oral e6istence to .e an a.solute ,alue to the e6tent that the desire to li,e would make them denounce ,irtue5 They knew that life has .oth a tem oral and an eternal dimension and that tem oral life is meant to lead one to the eternal world5 "o Christian martyr e,er died >ust .ecause heCshe was under the ressure of any duty5 They had no catalogue of e6 ectations .ehind them and neither were they e6 ecting to .e remem.ered either in life or in death5 Theirs was not a self/ ro>ect or am.ition5 They stood to gain nothing ,isi.le or material from the offer of their li,es5 Their li,es were that of utter generosity and when the time came for them to offer their ,ery li,es$ not holding their li,es as ultimate ,alues$ they did not hesitate5 -aith in Christ and lo,e for him were the only moti,ations that led all Christian martyrs to acce ting death5 The life of the Christian martyr is centered on Christ$ in life and in death5 -or e6am le$ when St )gnatius of Antioch was arrested and was .eing taken to *ome from Antioch for his martyrdom$ he wrote these words to the Church in *ome: ) beseech you that you shew not an unseasonable goodwill towards me. Suffer me to be food for the wild beasts; by whom ) shall attain unto *od. +or ) am the wheat of *od; and ) shall be ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that ) may be found the pure bread of ,hrist....!hen ) shall be truly the disciple of ,hrist. 7*omans$ Cha 5 ii$ &$ ;8 E,ery Christian martyr is filled with great lo,e for 1od and man5 This lo,e is the sure foundation for his or her sacrifice5 LOVE( THE FOUNDATION OF EVER, CHRISTIAN SACRIFICE AND MART,RDOM My dear friends$ it is my con,iction that lo,e is the sure foundation u on which e,ery Christian martyrdom and sacrifice is anchored5 3ithout lo,e$ e,ery sacrifice .ecomes a .urden and summarily o,er.earing5 2et me tell you what lo,e does to the Christian5 True lo,e in the heart of the real Christian makes the Christian reach out to others to seek their good5 This lo,e is at once directed to 1od fundamentally$ and then to fellow human .eings5 )n the heart of the Christian with true lo,e$ there is this ressure to ser,e 1od in the other5 )n ser,ing the other and lo,ing the other$ the true Christian deri,es great >oy5 The ower of this lo,e is so great that it cannot .e intimidated .y earthly ains or danger9 it walks through wild fire$ not fearing .eing .urnt5 )t sees .eyond the moment to the res lendence of life that cannot end with death5 According to -r 1eorge Ehusani$ lo,e is the antidote to e,ery sychic ain5 See what true lo,e does for the recei,er H it lightens the heart of the recei,er with the shalom and >oy which is akin to the >oy of the a ostles in the + er room when they listened to Christ tell them after the resurrection peace be with you. !uring the 3orld 3ar ))$ in the "a4i 1erman Concentration cam at

Autchwit4$ a Polish Con,entual -ranciscan friar did something that re,eals to us the quality of =oy lo,e can .ring to the heart of the recei,er5 #is name was Ma6millian Eol.e5 #e was arrested and im risoned together with others during #itler0s totalitarian regime of the 1(B's5 That fateful morning$ some risoners esca ed from the cam $ and in unishment$ around 1' risoners were marked for death5 %ne of the risoners marked for death we t rofusely and .egged to .e s ared for the sake of his young family5 2ooking at that young man with com assion$ Ma6imilian Eol.e ste ed forward and offered to die in his lace$ since$ according to him$ he was a riest and had no .iological family5 Ma6imilian Eol.e died on the 1B th of August$ 1(B1 in the dark underground cham.ers of the cam and was canonised a martyr of charity .y Po e =ohn Paul )) on 1' %cto.er 1(I&5 #e is an e6am le for us today5 To those in ain$ lo,e means com/ assion5 According to Blessed Po e =ohn Paul ))$ com/ assion means assion shared .y two eo le in lo,e5 The ain in such assion immediately is o,ercome5 See$ this kind of lo,e is not a form of distance solidarity5 "o$ this lo,e is not on the fence5 )t is a lo,e that is in,ol,ed5 )t assumes the condition of the lo,ed in order to sa,e the .elo,ed5 )n reflecting a.out the mission of Christ to the world$ the Sacred -athers of the Church said that in order to sa,e fallen humanity$ Christ needed to assume humanity .ecause it is only what is so assumed can .e sa,ed5 3hat is not assumed is not sa,ed5 That was why Christ .ecame man in order to sa,e man5 %therwise$ he could ha,e sa,ed us .y an eternal decree from hea,en without coming to recei,e the insult of the cross5 )n .eing human$ in suffering with man$ Christ demonstrated that Christian sacrifice and martyrdom cannot .e successful if it is not in,ol,ed9 if it does not assume the condition of the other5 After all$ what is Christ doing in the EucharistA %r is the Eucharist not a lace where lo,e .ecame sacrifice .y taking fleshA %nly in sacrifice can true lo,e .e ro,en and only the logic of lo,e can render sacrifice reasona.le5 -EIN. INSPIRED -, THE SACRIFICE OF CHINEDU CHU/0UNE/E IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION )n this little a er$ we ha,e .een a.le to see what Christian martyrdom is and how lo,e induces the Christian to mo,e .eyond the self to the other in order to assume the other0s condition of ain and anomaly5 ) would like to end this a er .y taking your mind .ack to the e6 erience of Chinedu Chukwuneke and eight other students who died on that ( th day of May &''15 ) .elie,e that their e6 erience can offer us moral reci es for a healthy ractice of medicine in our resent circumstances5 -rom all clear re orts$ Chinedu was not necessarily attached to the eight girls that died in that fire incident$ either through .lood or emotion5 )n fact$ his classmates knew him to .e a young man stee ed in generosity of ser,ice5

Could it ha,e .een that he was hel ing eo le to get aid or to .e hel ed through academic difficultyA "o$ he was not a au er or a dunce5 %ne of his classmates told me lainly that he sim ly deri,ed >oy from ser,ing eo le5 #is lo,e ne,er died5 %n that day$ he saw a young lady carrying a gas cylinder and offered some hel $ without intending to .e aid .ack either in cash or in kind5 Those who were close that day said that when the cylinder caught fire in the hostel$ he had e,ery o ortunity to esca e .ut he did not5 #e did not esca e not .ecause he was lanning to die .ut .ecause the ressure of lo,e could not let him go5 #e had sacrifice in his .lood stream and he knew that lo,e .ecomes sacrifice only when it is in,ol,ed5 Seeing that others were hel less females$ how could such a martyr ha,e run awayA #e remained$ trying to force the cylinder out of the window5 #e remained trying to do something to sa,e others5 #e remained$ not caring that fire was coming u his slee,es5 #eld .y lo,e$ he did not fear death5 And so he died lo,ing and caring9 he died gi,ing and sacrificing5 May 1od acce t the o.lation of his life and ser,ice in his eternal kingdom5 Amen The life of this great young man is a ,ery .ig challenge for all of us here$ rofessionals and students5 #e sim ly tells us that the minimum is not enough5 ) can assure you$ with a little more sacrificial lo,e$ medicine .ecomes the highest miracle of the modern world5 The Christian in the medical line and in heath care institutions is called to lo,e with the lo,e of a martyr H a lo,e that is in,ol,ed$ a lo,e that assumes the condition of the sick and the suffering5 :ou must not shed your .lood in red martyrdom$ .ut you can sacrifice a lot like a white martyr5 )n 1(G1$ Malcom Muggeridge had an inter,iew session with Blessed Mother Theresa of Calcutta which came out in a .ook he titled ?Something Beautiful for 1od50 )n that .ook$ Mother Theresa made this touching comment:
without our suffering$ our work would >ust .e social work$ ,ery good and hel ful$ .ut it would not .e the work of =esus Christ$ not art of the redem tion5 =esus wanted to hel .y sharing #is life$ our loneliness$ our agony$ our death5 %nly .y .eing one with us has he redeemed us5 3e are allowed to do the same9 all the desolation of oor eo le$ not only their material o,erty$ .ut their s iritual destitution$ must .e redeemed$ and we must share it$ for only .y .eing one with them can we redeem them$ that is$ .y .ringing 1od into their li,es and .ringing them to 1od5

) here.y challenge you my re,ered doctors$ nurses$ health care ractitioners$ students$ and other eo le in,ol,ed in the ser,ice of life$ do your work with that kind of lo,e that is in,ol,ed5 Show com/ assion to the sick5 :our com assion can .e the highest assurance you can gi,e the sick that life is worth .eing restored5 :ou are called to .e wounded healers5 !o not >ust heal .y the dosages of drug9 also heal .y the gift of your ersons5 ) tell you the

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truth$ ) rather die in the house of a doctor who mi6es drugs with lo,e that li,e in the hos ital of a doctor who kee s drugs on my .ed with harsh words that make me desire to die5 By assuming the condition of the sick$ ) do not mean that you should lose your carefulness to contact their communica.le diseases9 ) mean that you can gi,e them more through your assuring words$ lo,ing resence$ atient listening$ sometimes human consideration and charity5 :ou may like to listen to what Mother Theresa of Calcutta said in another occasion: Jat the end of our li,es$ we would not .e >udged .y how many di lomas we ha,e recei,ed$ or .y how much money we ha,e made$ or .y how many great things we ha,e done$ .ut .y the quality of lo,e we ha,e ut into men0s li,es5K My .rothers and sisters$ may your rofession strengthen the faith of the sick that come to you5 May the goodwill of Chinedu Chukwuneke remind us that without lo,e$ medicine may ne,er restore true life5 May 1od gi,e us the kind of courage #e ga,e Chinedu to lunge ahead to see the face of 1od in others$ es ecially in the face of the sick$ those in need and those in ain5 CONCLUSION ) thank you immensely for gi,ing me this unique o ortunity and ) a reciate your generous audience5 May the grace of %ur 2ord =esus Christ$ the lo,e of 1od and communion of the #oly S irit .e with you all5 Amen5 -I-LIO.RAPH, 1 Burt$ !onald$ -eflections on "ugustines Search for *od. Mum.ai: Better :ourself Books$ &''I5 & -rankl$ <ictor$ Mans Search for Meaning. Mum.ai: Better :ourself Books$ &''@ @ =ohn Paul ))$ Encyclical 2etter .cclesia de .ucharistia. "airo.i: St Paul0s Comm5$ &''@5 B Mausolfe$ A5=5M L Mausolfe$ =5E5$ Saint ,ompanions for .ach /ay 5 Mum.ai: St Pauls$ 1(IF5 ; Mondin$ Batista$ 0hilosophical "nthropology. Bangalore: Theological Pu.5$ 1(I;5 F Muggeridge$ Malcom$ Something 1eautiful for *od. 2ondon: Collins$ 1(G15 G Paul <)$ Encyclical 2etter$ #umanae 2itae. "airo.i: St Paul0s Comm5$ 1(IF5