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03 Script Examples Extraction
03 Script Examples Extraction
100
4
915 4
M
min
, = 4 57 kg
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 14 -
Maximal amount of solvent:
M L
max
= 2 mm
law of balance:
FM
M L
M
F
max
max
max
=
M F
FM
M L
max
max
max
,
= =
100
915 2
2
M
max
. = 4 475kg
c) effective amount of solvent
The acetone concentration of the produced raffinate R, which has to be on he binodal
curve, must be 4,82 %. With the connode going through this point R the extract E is
fixed.
The mixing point M of feed F and solvent L is the crossing of the connode RE with
the connection line FL . With the law of balance the necessary amount of solvent L
can be calculated.
ML = 45 5 , mm
law of balance:
FM
ML
L
F
=
L F
FM
ML
= =
100
915 45 5
45 5
, ,
,
L = 1011 , kg
d) composition and amount of raffinate and extract
Raffinate R:
x
A R ,
, = 0 9508
x
B R ,
, = 0 001
x
C R ,
, = 0 0482
Extract E:
x
A E ,
, = 0 0503
x
B E ,
, = 0 5901
x
C E ,
, = 0 3596
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 15 -
amount of raffinate:
total balance: E R F L + = + = + = 100 1011 2011 , , kg
law of balance:
RM
ME
E
R
=
RE = 95mm ME = 26 mm
R=
+
2011
95 26
26
1
,
R= 55kg
amount of extract:
E F L R = +
E = 146 1 , kg
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 16 -
Triangle Diagram / Nernst Diagram
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 17 -
Example 4: Multi Step Cross Flow Extraction
From 2.000 kg/h of an acetic acid / water mixture with 45 wt% acetic acid the acetic
acid has to be extracted by a multi step cross flow extraction at an operation
temperature of 20C. The residual concentration of acetic acid has to be 10 wt% and
the used solvent isopropyl ether is free of acetic acid.
You have to determine:
a) the minimum amount of solvent for the first extraction step
b) the necessary number of theoretical steps in the triangle diagram for the case that
a solvent ration
& &
L F
S
of 1 is chosen and in every step the same amount of
solvent is added.
Phase equilibria data
extract phase raffinate phase
acetic acid water isopropyl
ether
acetic acid water isopropyl
ether
0,002 0,005 0,993 0,007 0,981 0,012
0,004 0,007 0,989 0,014 0,971 0,015
0,008 0,008 0,984 0,029 0,955 0,016
0,019 0,010 0,971 0,064 0,917 0,019
0,048 0,019 0,933 0,133 0,844 0,023
0,114 0,039 0,847 0,255 0,711 0,034
0,216 0,069 0,715 0,367 0,589 0,044
0,311 0,108 0,581 0,443 0,451 0,106
0,362 0,151 0,487 0,464 0,371 0,165
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 18 -
a) minimum amount of solvent
For the liquid - liquid extraction at cross flow method the feed
&
F enters the first
extraction step, where it is contacted with solvent
&
L . The extraction results in a
raffinate
&
R and a extract
&
E . The extract is withdrawn while the raffinate enters the
next step where it is contacted with fresh solvent again and so on.
In the single steps equilibrium between raffinate and extract is reached so that the
compositions can be determined in the triangle diagram.
First the equilibrium data have to be drawn and the binodal curve with the given
connodes has to be constructed.
Then the point of the feed F and of the solvent L is drawn. The mixing point M
1
has to
be on the connection line FL . For the minimum amount of solvent the crossing point
M
min
at the raffinate side of the binodal curve is significant. From the law of balance
results :
&
&
, ,
,
,
min min
min
, ,min
,min ,
L
F
FM
M L
w w
w w
C F C
C C L
= =
=
0 45 0 415
0 415 0
0 0843
With the amount of feed results the minimum amount of solvent:
& &
, . , ,
min
L F = = = 0 0843 2 000 0 0843 168 6 kg h
b) number of steps in the triangle diagram
The ratio of solvent of feed is given with
&
&
L
F
S
= 1
1. step
( ) ( )
& &
. , .
,
F F w
S C F
= = = 1 2 000 1 0 45 1100 kg h
With this follows:
&
&
.
.
,
L
F
= =
1100
2 000
0 55
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 19 -
The mixing point M
1
of the first step can be determined by calculation or graphically.
Calculation:
&
&
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
L
F
FM
M L
w w
w w
w
w
w
C F C M
C M C L
C M
C M
C M
= =
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0 45
0
0 55 0 29
Graphically:
The length of FL is 173 mm and ha to divided according the ratio
& &
, L F = 0 55.
FM M L
M L M L
M L
1
1
1 1
1
173
0 55 173
173
155
111 6
+ =
+ =
= =
mm
mm
mm
,
,
,
Amount of the mixing point:
& & &
. . . M F L
1
2 000 1100 3100 = + = + = kg h
The connode through the mixing point M
1
gives the extract E
1
and the raffinate R
1.
The according compositions can be taken from the diagram.
w w
C E C R , ,
, ,
1 1
0 21 0 355 = =
raffinate flow:
( )
( )
&
&
&
&
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
R
M
w w
w w
R
M w w
w w
C M C E
C R C E
C M C E
C R C E
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
3100 0 29 0 21
0 355 0 21
1710 3
=
= kg h
extract flow:
& & &
. . , . , E M R
1 1 1
3100 1710 3 1389 7 = = = kg h
2. step
For the second step the flow rate of the solvent isopropyl ether is also 1.100 kg/h.
&
&
.
. ,
,
L
R
R M
M L
1
1 2
2
1100
1710 3
0 643 = = =
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 20 -
R M M L
M L M L
M L
1 2 2
2 2
2
167
0 643 167
167
1 643
101 6
+ =
+ =
= =
mm
mm
mm
,
,
,
amount of mixing point:
& & &
. , . . , M R L
2 1
1710 3 1100 2 810 3 = + = + = kg h
concentrations:
w
w
w
C E
C M
C R
,
,
,
,
,
,
2
2
2
0 14
0 215
0 29
=
=
=
raffinate flow:
( )
( )
&
&
. , , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
R
M w w
w w
C M C E
C R C E
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 810 3 0 215 0 14
0 29 0 14
140515 =
= kg h
extract flow:
& & &
. , . , . , E M R
2 2 2
2 810 3 140515 140515 = = = kg h
3. step
&
&
.
. ,
,
L
R
R M
M L
2
2 3
3
1100
140515
0 783 = = =
R M M L
M L M L
M L
2 3 3
3 3
3
171
0 783 171
171
1 783
95 9
+ =
+ =
= =
mm
mm
mm
,
,
,
amount of mixing point:
& & &
. , . . , M R L
3 2
140515 1100 2 50515 = + = + = kg h
concentrations:
w w w
C E C M C R , , ,
, , ,
3 3 3
0 097 0 16 0 225 = = =
raffinate flow:
( )
( )
&
&
. , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
R
M w w
w w
C M C E
C R C E
3
3
3 3
3 3
2 50515 0 16 0 097
0 225 0 097
1233 =
= kg h
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 21 -
extract flow:
& & &
. , . , E M R
3 3 3
2 50515 1233 1272 15 = = = kg h
4. step
&
&
.
,
L
R
R M
M L
3
3 4
4
1100
1233
0 892 = = =
R M M L
M L M L
M L
3 4 4
4 4
4
175
0 892 175
175
1892
92 5
+ =
+ =
= =
mm
mm
mm
,
,
,
amount of mixing point:
& & &
. . . M R L
4 3
1233 1100 2 333 = + = + = kg h
concentrations:
w w w
C E C M C R , , ,
, , ,
4 4 4
0 07 0 117 0 173 = = =
raffinate flow:
( )
( )
&
&
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
R
M w w
w w
C M C E
C R C E
4
4
4 4
4 4
2 333 0 117 0 07
0 173 0 07
1064 6 =
= kg h
extract flow:
& & &
. . , . , E M R
4 4 4
2 333 1064 6 1268 4 = = = kg h
5. step
&
&
.
. ,
,
L
R
R M
M L
4
4 5
5
1100
1064 6
1 033 = = =
R M M L
M L M L
M L
4 5 5
5 5
5
180
1 033 180
180
2 033
88 54
+ =
+ =
= =
mm
mm
mm
,
,
,
amount of mixing point:
& & &
. , . . , M R L
5 4
1064 6 1100 2164 6 = + = + = kg h
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 22 -
concentrations:
w w w
C E C M C R , , ,
, , ,
5 5 5
0 045 0 084 0 128 = = =
raffinate flow:
( )
( )
&
&
. , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
R
M w w
w w
C M C E
C R C E
5
5
5 5
5 5
2164 6 0 084 0 045
0 128 0 045
1017 1 =
= kg h
extract flow:
& & &
. , , , E M R
5 5 5
2164 6 1017 1 1147 5 = = = kg h
6. step
&
&
.
,
,
L
R
R M
M L
5
5 6
6
1100
1017 1
1 082 = = =
R M M L
M L M L
M L
5 6 6
6 6
6
183
1 082 183
183
2 082
87 9
+ =
+ =
= =
mm
mm
mm
,
,
,
amount of mixing point:
& & &
, . , M R L
6 5
1017 1 1100 2117 1 = + = + = kg h
concentrations:
w w w
C E C M C R , , ,
, , ,
6 6 6
0 033 0 06 0 094 = = =
raffinate flow:
( )
( )
&
&
. , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
R
M w w
w w
C M C E
C R C E
6
6
6 6
6 6
2117 1 0 06 0 033
0 094 0 033
937 1 =
= kg h
extract flow:
& & &
. , , E M R
6 6 6
2117 1 937 1 1180 = = = kg h
The concentration of the raffinate of this 6. step is lower than the necessary
concentration so that the extraction can be stopped.
necessary number of steps: :
N
t h
= 6
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 23 -
Ternary triangle diagram
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 24 -
Example 5: Multi Step Countercurrent Extraction
The acetic acid / water mixture of example 4 has to be extracted in a multi step
countercurrent extraction cascade with isopropyl ether as solvent. The residual acetic
acid concentration is also given with 10 wt%.
You have to determine:
a) the necessary amount of theoretical extraction steps in the triangle diagram for the
case that the effective amount of solvent is 2649 kg/h.
Phase equilibria data see example 4.
a) number of theoretical steps in the triangle diagram
The number of theoretical steps can be determined in the triangle diagram by a
method developed by Hunter and Nash.
It has to be considered that:
points of coexisting phases in equilibrium are on a connode
points of phases, which contact at a cross section of the extractor, have to be on
a pole line.
construction:
w w w
C F C E C E , , ,
, , ,
max
= = = 0 45 0 227 0 291
1
The mixing point M is given by the ratio of feed F and solvent B and has to be on the
connection line B F . The amount of the mixing point M can be determined by a total
balance:
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 25 -
E
1
.
R
n
.
B
.
F
.
M
.
+ = + =
The point E
1
has to be on the binodal curve and on the connection line M
R
n
.
Attention: The line
E
1
R
n
represents no connode but only a balance line!!
The points F and E
1
are connected by the upper pole line. F represents the feed,
which enters the first extraction step and E
1
is the extract which leaves this first step.
The lower pole line is given by the connection of the solvent L and the raffinate R
n
leaving the extraction plant.
The pole is fixed by crossing the two pole lines E F
1
and R B
n
.
For the case that the first extraction step is a theoretical step the leaving phases
have to be in equilibrium. R
1
as point of the leaving raffinate phase
&
R
1
, has to be on
the binodal curve and has to be on a connode through the extract E
1
.
The raffinate phase
&
R
1
and the extract phase
&
E
2
contact in the next extraction step.
The point E
2
of the extract phase
&
E
2
has to be on the binodal curve and further on
the pole line, which goes through R
1
.
Doing the construction for all points R
2
, R
3
and E
3
, E
4
by this method finally the
necessary number of theoretical steps N
th
for the extraction can be determined.
N
t h
= 6,5
For the calculation of the amounts of E
i
and R
i
the concentrations are determined
from the triangle diagram.
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 26 -
step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
w
C R
i
,
0,383 0,335 0,285 0,233 0,171 0,119 0,029
w
C E
i
,
0,227 0,175 0,134 0,100 0,069 0,036 0,008
balance:
& & & &
& & & & &
. . .
, , , ,
F w L w E w R w
M E R F L
C F C L C E n C R
n
n
+ = +
= + = + = + =
1
1
1
2 000 2 649 4 649
ges
kg h
( )
& & & & &
, , , ,
F w L w M R w R w
C F C L n C E n C R
n
+ = +
ges
1
&
& & &
. , . . ,
, ,
.
& & &
. . .
, , ,
, ,
R
F w L w M w
w w
E M R
n
C F C L C E
C R C E
n
n
=
+
=
+
=
= = =
ges
ges
kg h
kg h
1
1
2 000 0 45 2 649 0 4 649 0 227
0 1 0 227
1223
4 649 1223 3426
1
1. step
( )
& & & &
& & & &
& & & & & &
, , , ,
, , , ,
F E R E
F w E w R w E w
F w E w F E E w E w
C F C E C R C E
C F C E C R C E
+ = +
+ = +
+ = + +
2 1 1
2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 1 1
2 1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
&
& &
&
. , , . , ,
, ,
.
&
. . . .
, , , ,
, ,
E
F w w E w w
w w
E
R
C F C R C R C E
C R C E
2
1
2
1
1 1 1
1 2
2 000 0 45 0 383 3426 0 383 0 227
0 383 0 175
3214
2 000 3214 3426 1788
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
kg h
kg h
The following steps are calculated analogous
2. step
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
&
& &
&
. , , . , ,
, ,
.
&
. . . .
, , , ,
, ,
E
R w w E w w
w w
E
R
C R C R C R C E
C R C E
3
1 2
3
2
1 2 2 2
2 3
1788 0 383 0 335 3376 0 335 0 175
0 335 0 134
3114
1788 3114 3214 1688
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
kg h
kg h
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 27 -
3. step
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
&
& &
&
. , , . , ,
, ,
&
. . .
, , , ,
, ,
E
R w w E w w
w w
E
R
C R C R C R C E
C R C E
4
2 3
4
3
2 3 3 3
3 4
1688 0 335 0 285 3114 0 285 0 134
0 285 0 100
2998
1688 2998 3114 1572
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
kg h
kg h
4. step
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
&
& &
&
. , , , ,
, ,
.
&
. . .
, , , ,
, ,
E
R w w E w w
w w
E
R
C R C R C R C E
C R C E
5
3 4
5
4
3 4 4 4
4 5
1572 0 285 0 233 2998 0 233 0 100
0 233 0 069
2 930
1572 2 930 2998 1504
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
kg h
kg h
5. step
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
&
& &
&
. , , . , ,
, ,
.
&
. . . .
, , , ,
, ,
E
R w w E w w
w w
E
R
C R C R C R C E
C R C E
6
4 5
6
5
4 5 5 5
5 6
1504 0 233 0 171 2 930 0 171 0 069
0 171 0 036
2 905
1504 2 905 2 930 1479
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
kg h
kg h
6. step
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
&
& &
&
. , , . , ,
, ,
.
&
. . . .
, , , ,
, ,
E
R w w E w w
w w
E
R
C R C R C R C E
C R C E
7
5 6
7
6
5 6 6 6
6 7
1479 0 171 0 119 2 905 0 119 0 036
0 119 0 008
2 865
1479 2 865 2 905 1439
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
kg h
kg h
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 28 -
Ternary triangle diagram
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 29 -
Appendix: Triangle Diagrams
Examples LiquidLiquid Extraction Lecturer: Dr. Gamse
- 30 -