2 H Plhrthta tou R

Orismc 2.1
'Estw

AR

kai

aR

lgetai

na nw frgma nw fragmno

tou

an kje

xA

ikanopoie

xa

To

lgetai

an qei

kpoio nw fr gma.

lgetai

na ktw frgma ktw fragmno fragmno

tou

an kje

xA

ikanopoie

xa

To

A A

lgetai

an qei

kpoio ktw

fr gma.

To

lgetai

an enai kai

nw fra gmno kai

ktw fra gmno.

Parathrseic 2.1

(i) 'Enac arijmc

ankei

lgetai mgis to

s toiqeo tou
nw fr gma

(grfoume

A.

An to

m = max A) an to m A qei mgis to s toiqeo,

sto

kai

enai

enai

tou

tte enai nw fragmno. All na snolo to snolo

mpore na enai nw fragmno qwrc na qei mgis to s toiqeo, p.q.

{x R : 0 x < 1}.
(ii) To

enai fragmno an kai mnon an uprqei

c0

s te

|x| c

gia kje

x A.
(iii) An o

enai na nw frgma tou

A,

tte kje

ba

enai epshc na nw

frgma tou

A.
'Estw

Orismc 2.2

ma

(supremum)

tou

AR A

kai

aR
to

lgetai ap

elqisto nw frgta nw fr gmata tou

an

enai

mikrtero

Dhlad

(i) O

enai na nw fr gma tou

kai

(ii) Kje

nw fr gma

tou

ikanopoie

ba

Grfoume

a = sup A

Orismc 2.3

'Estw tou

ma

(inmum)

AR A

kai

bR

lgetai ap ta

mgisto ktw frgktw fr gmata tou

an enai to megaltero

Grfoume

b = inf A

tou

1 'Enac

arijmc

lgetai

elqisto

s toiqeo tou

(grfoume

= min A

) an

kai

enai ktw frgma

Parathrseic 2.2

(a)

To elqis to nw frgma

sup A enc sunlou A, an

mpore na qei na mhn

uprqei, enai monadik. To dio kai to

(b)

inf A. A R

'Ena mh ken kai nw fragmno snolo

qei mgis to s toiqeo. An to

A qei mgis to s toiqeo, s tw m, tte bbaia (to sup A uprqei kai) m = sup A. En gnei mwc to sup A den ankei katangkhn s to A. Gia pardeigma to snolo {x R : 0 x < 2} qei supremum, to 2. den qei supremum, giat kje arijmc enai nw frgma tou. Prgmati, an nac arijmc a den tan nw frgma tou , ja prepe na uprqei x s te x > a. All to den qei s toiqea!
To ken snolo To snolo

A = {x R : x2 < 2} enai nw fragmno, paradegmatoc qrin ap to 3. Prgmati, kje x A ikanopoie x 3 (giat, an uprqe x A me x > 3 tte ja eqame x2 > 32 = 9 > 2). Gia ton dio lgo, kje pragmatikc 2 arijmc b 0 me b > 2 enai nw frgma tou A, paradegmatoc qrin to 1, 5 2 (giat (1, 5) = 2, 25 > 2, to 1, 42 (giat (1, 42)2 = 2, 0164 > 2), kai otw
kajexc.Uprqei mwc elqis to nw frgma?
Diaisjhtik, mpore na

fanetai ti h apnthsh enai katafatik.

Aut mwc den

apodeiqje

mnon ap tic algebrikc idithtec P1 - P13 twn

pragmatikn arijmn.

Prpei na pros teje mia akma, kai mlis ta krsimh,

idithta tou sunlou twn pragmatikn arijmn:

P 14: mn

Idithta plhrthtac tou sunlou twn pragmatikn arij-

Kje

mh ken

kai

nw fragmno

uposnolo tou

qei el qisto nw

fr gma

(supremum). a

Prtash 2.3

Uprqei monadikc jetikc pra gmatikc arijmc

ste

a2 = 2
Apdeixh

'Es tw

A = {x R : x > 0
To

kai

x2 < 2}. 2).

den enai ken (p.q.

1 A)

kai enai nw fragmno (p.q. ap to

Ap thn

14,

qei

el qisto

nw frgma, s tw

a.

Afo

1 A,
kai

qw

a 1.
:

Ja dexw ti

a2 = 2,

apokleontac tic periptseic

a2 > 2

a2 < 2

1) Ac upojsoume ti

a2 > 2.

Ja epilxw

v (0, a) s te (a v )2 > 2.

'Eqoume

(a v )2 = a2 2av + v 2 > a2 2av.

Sunepc arke na epilxw to

v (0, a)

s te

a2 2av 2 a2 2 2av
Epilgw loipn

a>0

a2 2 v. 2a

a v < a, o arijmc av den enai nw frgma a 2 a tou A. Epomnwc uprqei x A me x > a v . All a v = a + > > 0, 2 a 2 2 2 2 2 opte x > (a v ) . Afo (a v ) > 2, qoume x > 2, topo, diti x A. v=
2) Ac upojsoume ti mlis ta na breje

a2 2 . Efson 2a

a2 < 2. Ja br kpoio u > 0 s te (a + u)2 < 2. ttoio me 0 < u < 1. Prgmati, qoume

Mpore

(a + u)2 = a2 + 2au + u2 = a2 + u(2a + u) < a2 + u(2a + 1)

an

u < 1.

Sunepc arke na lsw thn anisthta

a2 + u(2a + 1) 2 u(2a + 1) 2 a2 u
An loipn epilxw nan jetik arijm

2a+1>0

2 a2 . 2a + 1 u < 1

me

u <

(diti

2 a2 2 2 < <1 2a + 1 2a + 1 3

2 a2 , 2a + 1

tte ja qw

afo

a 1)

kai epomnwc

(a + u)2 < a2 + u(2a + 1) 2 .

Epomnwc o arijmc

a+u

ankei s to

kai enai megalteroc ap to

a,

pou

mwc enai nw frgma tou

A,

topo.

Apodexame loipn thn parxh. H monadikthta enai ekolh.

Prtash 2.4

Den uprqei rhtc

arijmc

ste

b2 = 2

Apdeixh

'Es tw

b= m2

m pou n

m, n N.

Mpor na upojsw ti oi

enai kai oi do rtioi (knontac tic anagkaec aplopoiseic). An

m2 = 2n2 ,
2 giat
an

opte o

enai rtioc. Tte mwc kai o

m enai rtioc2 .

m, n den b2 = 2, tte
Epomnwc

tan perittc,

s tw

m = 2k + 1

, tte o

m2 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1

ja tan perittc

m = 2r

pou

shmanei ti Sunepc

r N. Tte mwc h sqsh m2 = 2n2 dnei 4r2 = 2n2 prgma 2 2 o n = 2r enai rtioc, ra kai o n enai rtioc, topo. 2

pou

(a) uprqoun rrhtoi arijmo (b) h idithta thc plhrthtac den isqei s to snolo

twn rhtn.

Me anlogo trpo apodeiknetai ti

Prtash 2.5 ('Uparxh

uprqei monadikc

a0

ste

n-os tc an =
.

rzac)

An

kai

n N n 1
,

' Askhsh 2.6

An

el qisto nw fr gma

B = {q Q : q 2 < 2} b b2 = 2
me .

apodexte

prosektik

ti

to

qei

Paratrhsh 2.7

'Es tw

to elqis to nw frgma tou gia kje (i) kai (ii)

Apdeixh

A mh A

ken uposnolo tou

kai

a R.

To

enai

an kai mnon an

kje

>0 xA

ikanopoie

x<a+ yA
s te

uprqei toul qiston na

a <y

> 0 (tuqao). To a enai nw frgma tou A kai sunepc gia kje x A isqei x a, ra x < a + . Epshc to a den enai nw frgma tou A ra mporome na brome y A s te a < y (an den uprqe ttoio y , tte kje x A ja ikanopoiose x a , opte to a ja tan nw frgma tou A).
'Es tw ti Jewr na 'Es tw ants trofa ti to

a = sup A.

ikanopoie tic (i) kai (ii) gia kje jetik arijm

Tte ap thn (i) sumperanoume ti to tan ja uprqe

enai nw frgma tou

A,

giat an den

xA

s te

a<x A,

kai tte h (i) den ja tan alhjc p.q. gia

=
tou

x a . 2

H (ii) lei ti kannac arijmc

gnsia mikrteroc tou

den

mpore na enai nw frgma tou

epomnwc to

a enai

to elqis to nw frgma

A.

2
H prohgomenh paratrhsh qrhsimopoietai suqn me thn

Paratrhsh 2.8

akloujh aplos terh morf: 'Es tw To

mh ken uposnolo tou

kai

aR A

na nw frgma tou. Tte:

enai to elqis to nw frgma tou

an kai mnon an

gia kje

>0

uprqei

xA

s te

a < x.
4

Mia efarmog thc Paratrhshc autc enai kai h akloujh:

Paratrhsh 2.9

Kje mh ken kai nw fragmno snolo akerawn arijmn

qei mgis to s toiqeo.

Apdeixh

'Es tw

A Z

mh ken kai nw fragmno.

Ap thn idithta thc

plhrthtac tou

R,

uprqei to

s = sup A R.

Prpei na dexoume ti

s A.

Efarmzontac thn Paratrhsh 2.8 gia

x s.

= 1, brskoume x A s te s 1 < s / A, tte x < s opte to x den enai nw frgma tou A, ra uprqei y A s te x < y < s. Tte mwc ja qoume s 1 < x < y < s, opte 0 < y x < 1, pou enai adnato afo oi x kai y enai akraioi. 2
An
Paratrhsh 2.10

s toiqeo .
Apdeixh

Kje mh ken snolo

fusikn arijmn qei elqis to

B = {b : b B } apoteletai ap akraiouc arijmoc 0, dhlad to 0 enai nw frgma tou B . Ap thn prohgomenh Paratrhsh, to B qei mgis to s toiqeo, ra to B qei elqis to s toiqeo. 2
To snolo pou den uperbanoun to
Prtash 2.11 (Arqimdeia idithta tou sunlou
twn fusikn arijmn den enai nw fra gmno.

N)

To

snolo

Apdeixh (a)

ja eqe mgis to kai

(b)

N tan nw fragmno, ap thn prohgomenh Paratrhsh s toiqeo, s tw no . Aut mwc apokleetai, kajc no + 1 N N
tan nw fragmno, ap thn idithta thc

An to

no + 1 > n o .
(Qwrc qrsh thc 2.9) An to

plhrthtac (!) ja uprqe to elqis to nw frgma tou, s tw gia kje

a R.

Epomnwc

n N ja eqame n + 1 a (afo to a enai megaltero so ap kje fusik arijm, ra kai ap ton n + 1). All tte n a 1 gia kje n N, opte o arijmc a 1 ja tan nw frgma tou N, prgma pou antibanei s thn upjesh ti to a enai to N. 2
el qisto nw fr gma tou

Prisma 2.12
(bebawc ote

To

snolo

Z
N

twn

akerawn

arijmn

den

enai

ktw

fra gmno

nw fra gmno).

3H

idithta aut tou sunlou gia

twn fusikn arijmn onomzetai

arq tou elaqstou

kai

mpore na qrhsimopoihje p.q.

na apodeiqje h

mjodoc thc epagwgc.

Apdeixh

An to

tan na ktw frgma tou

Z,

tte to

ja tan na nw

frgma tou

Z,

ra kai tou

N. >0
uprqei

Prisma 2.13

Gia kje

nN
1 n

ste

1 < n
1

Apdeixh

Allic ja uprqe

> 0 s te

1
).

, dhlad

n gia kje n N,

opte to

ja tan nw fragmno (ap to

Prisma 2.14

An

a, b

enai jetiko pra gmatiko arijmo, uprqei

nN

ste

na > b

Apdeixh

O arijmc

b den enai nw frgma tou a

N.

2
o

Anmesa se duo an oi

rhtoc

arijmoc uprqei pnta rhtc, p.q.

a+b . Ti gnetai 2

a, b

den enai kai oi do rhto?

Prtash 2.15 (Puknthta twn rhtn s to

R)

Anmesa An

se

duo kai

(dia-

foretikoc) pra gmatikoc arijmoc uprqei pnta rhtc: uprqei

a, b R

a<b

cQ

ste

a<c<b

Apdeixh

Upojtw ti

anagns th). Jlw na br Epilgw kai s tajeropoi 2.13). To snolo (ap to

0 < a < b. (Oi llec periptseic afnontai s ton m, n N s te a < m < b, isodnama na < m < nb. n
1 n

n s te

< b a (ttoio n uprqei ap thn Prtash

{k N : k

k n

nb),

ra qei mgis to s toiqeo (Paratrhsh 2.9), s tw pou

to megaltero

< b} den enai ken (periqei to 0) kai enai nw fragmno m. To m enai k ikanopoie thn anisthta < b, ra to m + 1 den thn n m m+1 <b . n n

ikanopoie. 'Eqoume loipn

Epshc mwc, afo

1 n

< b a,

m m+1 1 1 = b > b (b a) = a n n n n
ra

m > a. 2 n
6

Paratrhsh 2.16

Anmesa se duo (diaforetikoc) pragmatikoc arijmoc

uprqei pnta rrhtoc.

Apdeixh

a < b tte 2 a < 2b. Ap thn Prtash 2.15 q uprqei q Q s te 2a < q < 2b, opte a < < b. Efson, pwc 2 q qoume dexei, o arijmc 2 enai rrhtoc (Prtash 2.4) kai o q rhtc, o 2 4 enai rrhtoc. 2
Prgmati, an
Prtash 2.17 ('Uparxh akraiou mrouc)
Gia kje

x R

uprqei

monadikc

mroc tou
Apdeixh

n Z x

ste

kai sumbolz etai

n x < n+1 [x]

.

arijmc

autc

lgetai

akraio

'Uparxh

To

den enai ktw fragmno, epomnwc uprqei

yZ

s te

y x.

Dhlad to snolo

X = {y Z : y x} [x].
Afo

enai mh ken. Epshc to

X
to

enai nw fragmno (ap to

x).

Ap thn Paratrhsh 2.9 sumperanoume ti

X qei mgis to [x] x < [x] + 1.

Monadikthta

s toiqeo, s tw

[x] X

kai

[x] + 1 / X
tte

qoume

An nac

mZ
kai kai

ikanopoie

mx<m+1

[x] x mx

x < m + 1 = [x] < m + 1 x < [x] + 1 = m < [x] + 1, ra 1 < [x] m < 1 [x] m
enai akraioc.

kai sunepc

[x] m = 0,

afo o

4 An

q 2

=x

tan

rhtc, tte

(afo

q, x Q)
7

rhtc ja

tan kai o

q x

, topo.

Sumbolismo

Enai qrsimo na epektenoume to snolo

den enai

twn pragmatikn

arijmn me duo akma s toiqea (pou

pragmatiko arijmo) to

+ kai to
arijmn

sqhmatzontac tsi to snolo twn

epektetamnwn pra gmatikn

Epektenoume th ditaxh ap to

orzontac

< a

kai

a < +

gia kje

a R.
An

R,

jtoume

An

An

+ (+) + () > 0, tte (+) kai () < 0, tte (+) kai () (+) + (+) (+) (+) (+) ()

= = = = = = = = =

(+) + = () = + () + = (+) = (+) = + () = (+) = () = + + , () + () = + , () () = +, () (+) = .

Den orzontai oi paras tseic

(+) + () , () + (+) , 0 (+) , (+) 0 , 0 () , () 0 + + , , , . + +

Me touc sumbolismoc autoc, an na mh ken snolo fragmno (opte to

A R
suqn

den enai nw

sup A

den uprqei s to

ki an den enai ktw fragmno, grfoume

R), grfoume inf A = .

sup A = +,