1


( )

(, ,
, , ...)

( )

,

( )

, ,





, , Skype, Messinger

,
,


(LAN)

Ethernet

( )




( )

( )
(
)









(
)

10

11

? .
,
()

.

12

(
)

,

13

14

15


:
, ,
.




,

16

?

,

(CRC, Sumcheck)

17

( )
*
...)

(
...)

18

?
, .

--

19

--




,

?
?

20

De facto ( RFC)
De jure ( ISO)

21

22



1:
2:
3:
::::::::::

1:
Step 1:

2:
Step 2:

3:
Step 3:
::::::::::
::::::::::

( )

23

?

,

24

(padding)

25



(, ,
, ,
)
LAN



(,
,
).

26

,
,

Token-ring
FDDI

27

--
Frame relay

28

29

 (.)

B ursty ()
symmetric ()
D elicate ()

30

 (.)

31

(
)
(
)

32



()

()

33

(router)

34

Buffering (queues)

35

36

4
= 9600 bps

= 5000
= +
bits
+

, Tp = 1 ms
Tc = 1 + 5000/9600 + 4 0.001 = 1.53 s


Tcs= 1 s

= 1024 bits
. = 24 bits

,

= 5000/(1024 24) = 5
=
+

+
Tp = 5 (1024/9600) + (4 1)(1024/9600) + 4
0.01 = 0.857

37

ISO OSI
TCP/IP

(NIC)
(hub)
(switch)
(router)

 ?
( )?



()
TCP/IP

( )?

() ()

?
? ?

 (router)

(workstation)

(server)

(mobile)



(,
, , , ....)

()

()

( )
( )

1:
2:
3:
::::::::::

1:
2:
3:
::::::::::

1:
2:
3:
::::::::::


1969
ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency
Network)

,

1970
,

*
)

 (.)
1984
TCP/IP
,
,

1989 1993

1995





(
)

?
, ,

10

IAB Internet rchitecture Board

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IRTF- Internet Research Task Force
ISOC Internet society
IANA Internet Asigned Number Authority
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
IGF Internet Governence Forum

11


Internet Service Providers (ISP)



na
Internet
POP (Point-ofpresence)
ISP

NAP (Network Access Point)

O (router switch)
ISP
)

12





1987 .



NAP

13



,


RFC (Request For Comments)
FYI (For Your Informaion)

RFC

14

 ?
Best effort

(QoS, Quality of Service)

15

16

17

....

18

19







SNA (System
Network Architecture) IBM, DecNet Digital

OSI (Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP

20

 OSI




TCP/IP
TCP/IP


TCP/IP

21

 SI
End
System
R

Intermediate System
Application

Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session

Session

Transport
Network

Transport
Network

Data Link
Physical

Network

Data Link
Physical

Data Link
Physical

22

 SI


,
.





,

Application

Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

(FTP, WWW,
, e-, ....).
,
.


(,
)

,

23

 peer-to-peer


peer-to-peer

24

25


DATA

3
2

H3
H2

H5 DATA

H4 DATA UNIT

DATA UNIT

DATA UNIT
BITS

T2

26

frame

packet

27

 TCP/IP



de facto


OSI

28

TCP/IP OSI
SMTP

FTP

Application

HTTP

TELNET DNS

Presentation
Session

Application
Transport

TCP

Network

ICMP

Transport

UDP
IGMP

Network

IP
ARP

Physical

Protocols defined by the

underlying networks

DHCP

Data Link
Physical
29

30

(Router)
(Repeater)

(Hub)

(MAC )
Gateway
(Bridge)

(Switch)

31

 (NIC)




()
6 (48
)


(11-2-34-0-23-47)

32

33

34

 (Bridge)

Bridge

E
35

 (Switch)

Switch

36





( )
?

37

B1
4

B1
3
1

B2

Network abstracted into a graph

Each LAN and each bridge represent
a node in the graph

Spanning tree protocol

B2

38

 Cut-through

store-and-forward

store-and-forward

cutthrough

39

 (router)

( plug-and-play)

40

hubs

Bridges

Routers Ethernet
switches

Traffic isolation

no

yes

yes

yes

Plug-and-play

yes

yes

no

yes

Optimal routing

no

no

yes

no

Cut-through

yes

no

no

yes

Properties

Devices

41

 (e )
:
(bridges)
(switches) .

IP .

42

 ?

3000
1000 Hz.

( )

43



IP

, ,

VLSM

CIDR




(? ?)
()

( ?)



(interface)
IPv4
4 (32 )

10000000 10001111 10001001 10010000
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Byte
Byte
Byte
Byte
= 128

= 143

= 137

= 144

128.143.137.144

 IP ?

IP


H2

H1

H6

H3

Network1 (Ethernet)

Network3 (Ethernet)

H7

R3

R1
H4

Network4 (point-to-point)
H5

Network2(FDDI)
R2

 (.)
H1

H6

Application layer protocol

App.

App.
Transport layer protocol
Transp.

Network

Transp.
IP
protocol

R1
IP

Ethernet
protocol
Eth.

Eth.

IP
protocol
FDDI
protocol

FDDI

FDDI

Network1(Ethernet)
Network2(FDDI)

IP
protocol

R2
IP

R3
IP

IP
protocol
Network

PPP
protocol
PPP

PPP

Ethernet
protocol
Eth.

Eth.

Network3 (Ethernet
Network4(point-to-point)

 IP
32
232 = 4.292.967.296
IP

IP
()
IP






1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2
3
4
5
2
3
3
9



()

1

1.2

1.3

2.2
1.1

2.1

3
3.1

3.3

3.2

1.1
Destination Next hop
1.2
1.3
2.*
3.*

1.2
Destination Next hop
*

1.2
1.3
2.1
3.1

1.1
10

 IP
IP
( , ,
)
( , , )

0

31

Network ID

Host ID

( )

11

 IP
IP

Multihomed host (
)

( ),

12

 IP




IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority)
ICANN (The Internet Coorporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
RIPE -
ARIN

13




( )

32
,

14


IP 193.5.1.5
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
24 8 .
24

193.5.1.5/24
0
Network ID = 193.5.1

24

31
Host ID = 5

15



( 1980.)
5
( 8 , 255.0.0.0)
( 16 ,
255.255.0.0)
( 24 ,
255.255.255.0)
,

D ( )
( )

16

1980


(
)

,
,

17

: IP 0
B: IP 10
C: IP 110
D: IP 1110
E: IP 11110

18

01234
8
0 Net ID

B 1 0

16

24

31

Host ID

Net ID

Host ID

C 1 1 0

Net ID

D 1 1 1 0

E 1 1 1 1 0

Host ID

19





,
(193.4.5.0)
,

(0.0.0.3)

,
(193.4.5.255)
,

20


(loopback)
127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 ( )

127.0.0.1

255.255.255.255

21

netId

hostId

1
1

netId
127

22

192.16.4.0

192.16.4.3
192.16.4.1

192.16.4.255

192.16.4.2

192.16.5.3

192.16.5.0
192.16.5.1

192.16.5.2

192.16.3.0
192.16.3.255

192.16.3.1

192.16.3.2 192.16.3.3 192.16.3.4

192.16.3.5

23

 IP
RFC 1918
(
()
10.0.0.0. - 10.255.255.255 ( A )
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (16 B )
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (256 C )

24

 A
A: 0
7-
127 (0111111)
( )

: 27 2 = 126
,
125
: 224 2 =
16.777.214
0
1

25

 B C
B: , 10
128-191
: 214 = 16.384 214 16 =16.368

: 216 2 = 65.534

C: , 110
192-223
: 221 = 2.097.152 or 221 256 =
2.096.896
: 28 2= 254

26


1980- 1990-





(
)

1990-
( )

27

B
,

( )

28

29


IP
IP 5
IP 6

(DHCP, NAT)

30








ISP

B

31

, ,

32

 B
B:
B

10
Network ID

Host ID

B :
B

10
Network ID

Subnet ID

Host ID

33


C:

110
Network prefix

Host suffix

:
C

110
Network prefix

Subnet

Host
suffix

Extended Network Prefix

34

()

35

130.194.1.5

All traffic to
130.194.0.0

130.194.1.0

Global
Internet

R1

R2

130.194.2.0

I have only
130.194.0.0

130.194.2.5

36


(N)
(b), N = 2b
n,

216-b-2 ako
28-b-2

37


(.)

16+b
24+b

38


5
B, 138.10.0.0

3 23 = 8 < 5

, 16-3 = 13.
213 2
= 8190 .

39

 138.10.0.0
Subnet ID

First host

Last host

Broadcast address

32.0

32.1

63.254

63.255

64.0

64.1

95.254

95.255

96.0

96.1

127.254

127.255

128.0

128.1

159.254

159.255

160.0

160.1

191.254

191.255

192.0

192.1

223.254

223.255

Subnet 0.0 and 224.0 are avoided. The mask for all subnets is 255.255.224.0

40

 140.25.0.0 510
Subnet ID

First host

Last host

Broadcast address

0.64

0.65

0.126

0.127

0.128

0.129

0.190

0.191

0.192

0.193

0.254

0.255

1.0

1.1

1.62

1.64

255.128

255.129

255.190

255.191

The subnet mask for all subnets is 255.255.255.192

41

VLSM (Variable Length

Subnet Mask)

42

 ?


, b ( )

43

 VLSM

255

44

()

45


Class C
24-bit prefix
Class C next
24-bit prefix
Common
prefix: 23 bits

Classless
23-bit prefix

192

168

64

0/24

11000000

10101000

01000000

00000000

192

168

65

0/24

11000000

10101000

01000001

00000000

11111111

11111111

111111100

00000000
00000000

192

168

64

0/23

11000000

10101000

010000000

00000000
00000000

Prefix

Host part
46

 8
201
10
0
0
1100 1001 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000
201
10
7
255

2048
addresses

1100 1001 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0111 . 1111 1111

21

201.10.0.0 / 21 =

11
Eight
Class C
Networks
= 256 X 8
= 2048
addresses

201.10.0.0 201.10.0.255
201.10.1.0 201.10.1.255
201.10.2.0 201.10.2.255
201.10.3.0 201.10.3.255
201.10.4.0 201.10.4.255
201.10.5.0 201.10.5.255
201.10.6.0 201.10.6.255
201.10.7.0 201.10.7.255

256 addresses = 1 class C network

47

Multiregional
Europe
Others
North America
Central & South America
Pacific Rim
Reserved

192.0.0.0 - 193.255.255.255
194.0.0.0 - 195.255.255.255
196.0.0.0 - 197.255.255.255
198.0.0.0 - 199.255.255.255
200.0.0.0 - 201.255.255.255
202.0.0.0 - 203.255.255.255
204.0.0.0 - 207.255.255.255

48

ICCAN

49


Classless Inter Domain Routing CIDR
(pronounced cider)



,

( )

50

 CIDR

(ISP)

( )

51

 ()




192.16.0.0/16
,

,
192.16.128.0/17
192.16.0.0/18
,

192.16.64.0/18
.

52

 CIDR
NAP

Internet Service Provider 1
(198.0.0.0 - 198.255.255.0)

198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
Internet Service
Provider 2
(198.32.0.0198.32.255.0)

198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
198.33.1.0

198.0.0.0/8

Internet Service Provider 1

(198.0.0.0/8)

Internet Service
Provider 3
(198.33.0.0 198.33.255.0)

198.33.0.0/16

198.32.0.0/16

198.33.1.0

Internet Service
Provider 3
(198.33.0.0/16)

Internet Service
Provider 2
(198.32.0.0/16)

198.33.1.0

198.33.1.0
198.32.1.0

198.32.3.0

198.32.3.0

198.32.1.0

198.32.1.0

198.32.2.0

198.32.2.0

53



Prefix

/1
/2
/3
/4
/5
/6
/7
/8
/9
/10
/11
/12
/13
/14
/15
/16

Mask

128.0.0.0
192.0.0.0
224.0.0.0
240.0.0.0
248.0.0.0
252.0.0.0
254.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
255.128.0.0
255.192.0.0
255.224.0.0
255.240.0.0
255.248.0.0
255.252.0.0
255.254.0.0
255.255.0.0

Prefix

/17
/18
/19
/20
/21
/22
/23
/24
/25
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30
/31
/32

Mask

255.255.128.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.255

Decimal

Binary

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255

1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111

54


()


B13

B11

B15

B12
B14

B16

56




:
?
?
( )
?
?

57


20-
, 172.16.0.0/20
.
400 , 10
100 , 12 45
6 2 .
-- .
.

?

2(32-20) = 212= 4096

58



.
400
. 400 2
512. 512

9 29 = 512. 20
ID na
3 (20+3+9=32).
400 .
1

-

-

59



.
100 . 100
2 128 (27 = 128).
7 .
512
4 128 .
25 (25+7=32).
512 12 128.
10.
1

60

 128

.
45
6 26=64.
512 ,
5
.

61

 512
8 64 .
26 , 3
.
12
6
5. ,
5
, 6.
.

62

WAN
.

30 .
26 ,
16 .

63

Subnet

Mask

First host

Last host

172.16.2.0

255.255.254.0

172.16.2.1

172.16.3.254

172.16.4.0

255.255.255.128

172.16.4.1

172.16.4.126

172.16.4.128

255.255.255.128

172.16.4.129

172.16.4.254

172.16.5.0

255.255.255.128

172.16.5.1

172.16.5.126

172.16.5.128

255.255.255.128

172.16.5.129

172.16.5.254

172.16.6.0

255.255.255.128

172.16.6.1

172.16.6.126

172.16.6.128

255.255.255.128

172.16.6.129

172.16.6.254

172.16.7.0

255.255.255.128

172.16.7.1

172.16.7.126

172.16.7.128

255.255.255.128

172.16.7.129

172.16.7.254

172.16.8.0

255.255.255.128

172.16.8.1

172.16.8.126

172.16.8.128

255.255.255.128

172.16.8.129

172.16.8.254

64

Subnet

Mask

First host

Last host

172.16.10.0

255.255.255.192

172.16.10.1

172.16.10.62

172.16.10.64

255.255.255.192

172.16.10.65

172.16.10.126

172.16.10.128

255.255.255.192

172.16.10.129

172.16.10.190

172.16.10.192

255.255.255.192

172.16.10.193

172.16.10.252

172.16.11.0

255.255.255.192

172.16.11.1

172.16.11.62

172.16.11.64

255.255.255.192

172.16.11.65

172.16.11.126

172.16.11.128

255.255.255.192

172.16.11.129

172.16.11.190

172.16.11.192

255.255.255.192

172.16.11.193

172.16.11.252

172.16.12.0

255.255.255.192

172.16.12.1

172.16.12.62

172.16.12.64

255.255.255.192

172.16.12.65

172.16.12.126

172.16.12.128

255.255.255.192

172.16.12.129

172.16.12.190

172.16.12.191

255.255.255.192

172.16.12.193

172.16.12.254

65

Subnet number

Mask

First host

Last host

172.16.14.0

255.255.255.254

172.16.14.1

172.16.14.2

172.16.14.4

255.255.255.254

172.16.14.5

172.16.14.6

172.16.14.8

255.255.255.254

172.16.14.9

172.16.14.10

172.16.14.12

255.255.255.254

172.16.14.13

172.16.14.14

172.16.14.16

255.255.255.254

172.16.14.17

172.16.11.18

172.16.14.20

255.255.255.254

172.16.14.21

172.16.11.22

66

202.12.28.0/22.
7
, 2
254 , 126
62 .

202.12.28.0/22
1024 hosts

202.12.28.0/23
512 hosts

202.12.28.0/24
256 hosts

202.12.28.0/25
128 hosts

202.12.29.0/24
256 hosts

202.12.28.128/25
128 hosts

202.12.28.128/26
64 hosts

202.12.28.30/23
512 hosts

202.12.30.0/24
256 hosts

202.12.31.0/24
256 hosts

202.12.31.0/25
128 hosts

202.12.31.128/25
128 hosts

202.12.28.192/26
64 hosts

67

 4
(IPv4),
ICMP, IGMP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

TTL (Time To Live)

ICMP
IGMP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 4 (IPv4)

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP
(.)



( )
Connectionless
Best effort






IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP

IP
IP connectionless data delivery
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
(Transmission Control Protocol)
connection-oriented data delivery
IP, ICMP, IGMP

IP ()
IP







IP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP , 4
(4 )
4 4

(4 )
32-
5 (
20 )
15 (
60 )

(8 )
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP (.)
(16 )

(16 )

(3 )
(13 )

L (Time To Live) (8 )
IP, ICMP, IGMP

 IP (.)
(8 )

(1=ICMP, 2=IGMP, 6=TCP, 17=UDP)

(16 )
IP (32 )
IP (32 )

IP, ICMP, IGMP

10

 IPv4
0

15 16

version

h -length

type of service

Identification
time to live

31
length
flags

protocol

Fragmentation offset
checksum

Source IP address
Destination IP address
options

IP, ICMP, IGMP

padding

11

 IP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

12

IP, ICMP, IGMP

13

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Precedence

Definition

routine (normal)

priority

immediate

flash

flash override

critical

internetwork control

network control

14


Value

Service

Description

AP using the suggested value

normal

normal datagram

ICMP error messages, DNS TCP

minimize delay

the packet must go through a

net with a low latency

NNTP

maximize throughput

the packet must go over a net

that maximizes throughput

SNMP

maximize reliability

the packet must be routed

over the most reliable net

SMTP data, DNS zone transfer,

minimize cost

the packet must be routed

over the least expensive
route

Telnet, FTP control, SMTP

commands, DNS UDP

15

maximize security

the packet must be taken

over the most secure net

IP, ICMP, IGMP

15

IP ( + )
16
IP
65 535

IP, ICMP, IGMP

16

,

IP

( 0)

IP, ICMP, IGMP

17

TTL ( )

,


1
, TTL = 0
TTL = 0,

IP, ICMP, IGMP

18


,






( NAT
)

IP, ICMP, IGMP

19



()
( 4)
n (16)




Sender
IP, ICMP, IGMP

-T

Receiver
20

()
:

( 5)

0,
0,

IP, ICMP, IGMP

21

 -
Sender

Receiver

Section 1

n bits

Section 2

n bits

Checksum

all 0s

n bits

Section k

n bits

Checksum

Sum

n bits

Packet

Complement
n bits
Checksum

IP, ICMP, IGMP

If the result is 0, preserve

the packet otherwise
throw it away

Section 1

n bits

Section 2

n bits

Checksum

n bits

Section k

n bits

Sum

n bits

Complement
n bits
Result

22

 -
IP :
01 00 F2 03 F4 F5 F6 F7 00 00 (00 00 e
).

16-
0100 F203 F4F5 F6F7

IP, ICMP, IGMP

23


0000 0001 0000 0000
1111 0010 0000 0011
1111 0100 1111 0101
+ 1111 0110 1111 0111
1101 1110 1110 1111
+ 10
1101 1110 1111 0001 1-
0010 0001 0000 1110
:
01 00 F2 03 F4 F5 F6 F7 21 0
IP, ICMP, IGMP

24

IP, ICMP, IGMP

26

MTU (Maximum Transmission
Unit)

(IP)
( ),



IP, ICMP, IGMP

27

MTU (aximum Transmission Unit)

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Topology

MTU (in bytes)

Hyper-channel

65 535

16 MB/s Token Ring

17 914

802.4 Token Bus

8166

4 MB/s Token Ring

4464

FDDI

4352

DIX Ethernet

1500

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

1500

802.3 Ethernet

1492

Serial Line IP (SLIP)

1006

X.25 and ISDN

576

ARCnet

508

28

4KB Datagram for 192.168.20.60

Happy
192.168.10.10

Sneezy
192.168.10.40

Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3

1
3

6 packets for 192.168.20.60

IP, ICMP, IGMP

29

 -
192.168.10.3
192.168.100.1

modem

modem

192.168.100.100
172.16.100.1

Sneezy
192.168.10.10

Carrier
network

Datagram for 192.168.30.10

192.168.30.1
172.16.110.1

IP, ICMP, IGMP

modem

modem

192.168.110.100
172.16.100.2

30




+

U

U,

IP, ICMP, IGMP

31

(16 )

(13 )

()
IP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

32

 (3 )
.
.

.
Flag number Bit value

Interpretation

always set to zero, and preserved for future

use

fragmentation allowed

no fragmentation

last fragment

more fragments to come

IP, ICMP, IGMP

33

 ?
Input an IP packet
Determine the size of the datagram
If (size >MTU) then
If (do not fragment =1)
Discard the datagram
Send ICMP message
Go back
Else
Calculate the max size
Fragment the datagram
Add header to each datagram
Send the datagram
Go back

Else
Send the datagram

End
IP, ICMP, IGMP

34

Input-datagram from processing

If (offset = 0 and LF=0) then
Put the datagram into a queue
Go back
Search through the reassembly table
If (failure) then create a new entry
Insert the fragment into the LL
If (all fragments in) then
Reassemble
Push the datagram to transport
Go back
Else
If (time-out expired) then discard everything and send ICMP message
Go back
IP, ICMP, IGMP

35

IP HEADER

IP Hdr Data

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Original datagram data area

IP Hdr

Data

IP Hdr

Data 3

36

TCP 4444 (
TCP ). Rainy MTU
= 1492 bytes
TCP . TCP IP
20 .

Sunny Network B MTU = 508
bytes.
Network C MTU = 572 bytes.

Cloudy
Sunny.
.
IP, ICMP, IGMP

37

The size of the segment

delivered to IP from TCP is
4444 bytes

MTU = 508

Network B

Cloudy

Network A

Sunny

MTU = 1492
Rainy

IP, ICMP, IGMP

MTU = 572

Network C

38


20 bytes

4444 bytes

header

data
1492 bytes

20 bytes

header
20 bytes

header
20 bytes

header
20 bytes

header
IP, ICMP, IGMP

1472 bytes

data

First fragment

1472 bytes

data

Second fragment

1472 bytes

data

Third fragment

28 bytes

data

Last fragment

39

 Rainy
IP ( + 20 IP )
fragment

fragment
ID

reserved
flag

may
fragment

more
fragment
fragments offset

packet
length

321

4464

IP
fragment

fragment
ID

reserved
flag

may
fragment

more
fragment
fragments offset

packet
length

321

1492

321

184

1492

321

368

1492

321

552

48

IP, ICMP, IGMP

40

 Network B

fragment

fragment
ID

reserved
flag

may
fragment

more
fragment
fragments offset

packet
length

321

508

321

61

508

321

122

508

321

183

28

fragment

fragment
ID

reserved
flag

may
fragment

more
fragment
fragments offset

packet
length

321

184

508

321

245

508

321

306

508

321

367

28

IP, ICMP, IGMP

41

 Network C

fragment

fragment
ID

reserved
flag

may
fragment

more
fragment
fragments offset

packet
length

321

368

572

321

437

572

321

506

388

fragment

fragment
ID

reserved
flag

may
fragment

more
fragment
fragments offset

packet
length

321

48

IP, ICMP, IGMP

552

42

 IP
Transport

Transport
Data and DA

Data
Reassembly
table

IP

Reassembly

Header-addition

IP
IP

Forwarding
table

Forwarding

IP
IP NH

Processing module

Fragmentation
MTU table
IP NH

IP
DLL
IP, ICMP, IGMP

DLL

43

ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol)

IP, ICMP, IGMP

44

 ICMP?
IP best effort

ICMP
IP, ICMP, IGMP

45

 ICMP
IP

TTL 0

ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

46

ICMP -

,

ICMP IP


( )

IP, ICMP, IGMP

47

 ICMP
ICMP


Destination unreachable
Time Exceeded
Source Quench

Ping
Ridirect
Traceroute
IP, ICMP, IGMP

48


Type
---0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Name
Type
------------------------- ---Echo Reply
11
Unassigned
12
Unassigned
13
Destination Unreachable
14
Source Quench
15
Redirect
16
Alternate Host Address
Unassigned
Echo
Router Advertisement
Router Solicitation

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Name
------------------Time Exceeded
Parameter Problem
Timestamp
Timestamp Reply
Information Request
Information Reply

49

Destination unreachable
ICMP

ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

50

Packet for 192.168.30.10

Happy
192.168.10.10

Doc
192.168.10.60

Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3
Error:network unreachable

IP, ICMP, IGMP

51

Packet for UDP port 69

Happy
192.168.10.10

Doc
192.168.10.60

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Error: Port unreachable

52


1.5KB MTU

192.168.10.10

192.168.30.3

Error: fragmentation required

192.168.10.3

192.168.30.20
Do not fragment

IP, ICMP, IGMP

16 KB packet for 192.168.10.10

53

Source Quench



( )







IP, ICMP, IGMP

54

Redirect -

R1 redirect
192.16.1.1


10.1.1.1
R2
IP, ICMP, IGMP

55

 Redirect

King

Happy

192.168.10.1
192.168.30.1

192.168.30.10

Doc
3

192.168.10.10

192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3

Packet for 192.168.30.10

192.168.20.60
Queen

IP, ICMP, IGMP

56

IP L


L=0,
ICMP Time exceeded
TTL


IP, ICMP, IGMP

57

IP Parameter problem

IP



, IP

IP Parameter problem

IP, ICMP, IGMP

58

Time stamp and Time stamp reply

IP, ICMP, IGMP

59

ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply

Ping


ICMP Echo

Traceroute

ICMP Echo 1 TTL.
TTL=1, TTL=2
.
Time exceeds

IP, ICMP, IGMP

60

Echo request, Echo reply

Echo request

Query messages
Happy
192.168.10.10

Duck
192.168.10.40

IP, ICMP, IGMP

Echo reply

61

Echo request cho reply

Doc
2 fragments containing Echo reply
192.168.30.10
Happy
192.168.10.10

4
3
2
1
2KB Echo request for 192.168.20.10

IP, ICMP, IGMP

192.168.10.3
192.168.30.3
Queen

62

Solicitation advertisement
default
gateway,

(route discovery)
ICMP router solicitation
(224.0.0.2
)

advertisement ICMP

Advertisement

IP, ICMP, IGMP

63

Router discovery -
Happy

King
advertisement preference 10

192.168.10.1
192.168.30.10

192.168.30.1

router solicitation

192.168.30.10

Sleepy
advertisement preference

2
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.1
Queen

IP, ICMP, IGMP

192.168.20.60

64

Router discovery -

Happy

King

4
192.168.10.1
192.168.30.1

192.168.30.10

192.168.30.10

2
1

Sleepy

packet for 192.168.30.10

192.168.10.1
192.168.10.1
Queen

IP, ICMP, IGMP

192.168.20.60

65

 ICMP

ICMP IP
,

IP, ICMP, IGMP

66

ICMP


ICMP

ype
Code
Checksum

IP, ICMP, IGMP

67

 ICMP ?
?

?

ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

69

 ICMP
ICMP

IP, ICMP, IGMP

70

 MTU ICMP

.
MTU ,
ICMP

ICMP
MTU.
MTU.
,
MTU.

IP, ICMP, IGMP

71

 MTU -
192.168.100.100
172.16.100.1

1500 byte
MTU

Carrier
network

1500 byte
MTU

192.168.10.10

1500 byte
MTU

1500 bytes packet

for 192.168.100.10
512 byte
MTU

modem

modem

192.168.100.70
172.16.60.70

192.168.100.10

IP, ICMP, IGMP

72

 ICMP
(firewalls)
ICMP

MTU
ICMP


Echo

IP, ICMP, IGMP

73

IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol)

IP, ICMP, IGMP

74

IP, ICMP, IGMP

75

Destination

Destination

Source

Unicast

Router

Destination
Destination

Destination

Source

Multicast
IP, ICMP, IGMP
PIO

Router

Destination
TCP/IP
Networking

76

76


D (224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255


224.0.0.0 224.0.0.25
224.0.0.1

IP, ICMP, IGMP

77

IGMP e

.
IP, ICMP, IGMP

78


Sleepy
192.168.20.60

Sneezy
192.168.10.40

224.1.2.3

224.1.2.3
Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3

Happy
192.168.10.10

IP, ICMP, IGMP

79

 ?









IP, ICMP, IGMP

80


IGMP Membership-Report

R
Network A
DR

R: Receiver
DR: Designated Router

IP, ICMP, IGMP

R

224.2.0.1
DR za
pripadnost na grupata
DR


DR

81


IGMP Leave-Group

R
Network A

R
Data to 224.2.0.1
R: Receiver
DR: Designated Router
IP, ICMP, IGMP

R e

,

DR

82

 IGMP
14 bytes

20 bytes

8 bytes

Ethernet Header

IP header

IGMP
Message

Version Type
(= 0) (=1-2)

(unused)

Checksum

32-bit Class D address

IGMP 8
(query report)
IP, ICMP, IGMP

83

 IGMP

Happy
192.168.10.10

Merlin
192.168.10.5

joining 224.0.1.1

Doc
192.168.10.30

sent to 224.0.1.1

Sneezy
192.168.10.40

Queen
192.168.10.3
192.168.20.3
IP, ICMP, IGMP

84

 5
NAT, DHCP, ARP
NAT, DHCP, ARP


IPv4

(NAT)
(DHCP)

() IP
RP (Address Resolution
Protocol)

NAT, DHCP, ARP


IPv4

NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT (Network
Address Translation)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

NAT, DHCP, ARP



IP





NAT (Network Address Translation)


NAT, DHCP, ARP

,


,

NAT, DHCP, ARP

 NAT
Src. Add. Dest. Add.
10.1.1.1
193.1.1.1
Before NAT
Outbound packet

Local
host
10.1.1.1

Src. Add. Dest. Add.

14.38.1.1
193.1.1.1
After NAT
Outbound packet

Internet
193.1.1.1.

NAT

Dest. Add. Src. Add.

10.1.1.1
193.1.1.1
After NAT
Return packet

Remote
host

Dest. Add. Src. Add.

14.38.1.1
193.1.1.1
Before NAT
Return packet

NAT IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT -

(Inside local address)

(Inside global
address)

Source Address

Destination
Address

10. 1. 1. 1

193. 1. 1. 1

Inside local address Outside local address

(Outside local
address)

Internal IP header

(Outside global
address)


NAT, DHCP, ARP

NAT

External IP header
Source Address

Destination
Address

14. 38. 1. 1

193. 1. 1. 1

Inside global address Outside global address


NAT


(

)

NAT

, .

PAT (Port Address Translation) Dynamic

NAT with overload Masquerading


NAT, DHCP, ARP

 NAT

NAT

PAT

Inside local
Address

Inside global
Address

172.18.3.1

25.8.3.2

172.18.3.2

25.8.3.2

...

...

Inside local
address

Inside local
Port

Inside global
address

Outside
Port

Transport
Protocol

172.18.3.1

1400

25.8.3.2

80

TCP

172.18.3.2

1401

25.8.3.2

80

TCP

...

...

...

...

...

NAT, DHCP, ARP

10

NAT -

ISP

,
NAT

NAT
round-robin
NAT, DHCP, ARP

11


NAT

NAT, DHCP, ARP

12

NAT -


checksum IP

checksum

,

nd-to-end


NAT, DHCP, ARP

13


,



IP

NAT, DHCP, ARP

14




IP
(subnet mask)
(default
gateway)
(DNS
)

NAT, DHCP, ARP

15




, ,

NAT, DHCP, ARP

16

Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol (DHCP)
DHCP


RARP RP
BOOTP

DHCP BOOTP
UDP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

17

RARP (Reverse ARP)

RARP ARP
IP RARP
request
IP
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255. MAC
,

RARP IP
IP
.
default gateway DNS

1985 .
NAT, DHCP, ARP

18

BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol)

IP
( 1995.)


IP , , IP default
gateway, IP DNS

BOOTP DHCP


IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

19

 DHCP
(
)
(
)

BOOTP
DHCP ,
DHCP

NAT, DHCP, ARP

20

 DHCP?

DHCP

,
.

DHCP ,
IP


DHCP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

21

DHCP
DHCP

DHCP
IP Lease Request

IP Lease Offer

IP Lease Selection

IP Lease
Acknowledgment

NAT, DHCP, ARP

22

 DHCP

DHCPDISCOVER

DHCP

DHCPOFFER

DHCPREQUEST

DHCPDECLINE

DHCPACK

DHCPNAK

DHCPRELEASE

DHCPINFORM

NAT, DHCP, ARP

23

DHCP 1
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44

DHCP Server

DHCPDISCOVER
Sent to 255.255.255.255

DHCP Discover
DHCP Server
DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44

DHCPOFFER

DHCP Server

DHCPOFFER

DHCP Offer

DHCP Server
NAT, DHCP, ARP

24

DHCP 1 (.)
DHCPDISCOVER

DHCP

Source IP Address = 0.0.0.0

Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Hardware Address = 08004....

IP Router

DHCPOFFER

DHCP Client
NAT, DHCP, ARP

Source IP Address = 131.107.3.24

Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Offered IP Address = 131.107.8.13
Client Hardware Address = 08004...
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Length of Lease = 72 hours
Server Identifier = 131.107.3.24

DHCP Server
25

DHCP 2
DHCP Request with ACK

.

DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44

DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPACK

DHCP Server

NAT, DHCP, ARP

26

DHCP 2 (.)
DHCPREQUEST
Source IP Address = 0.0.0.0
Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Hardware Address = 08004....
Requested IP Address = 131.107.8.13
Server Identifier = 131.107.3.24

IP Router

DHCPACK

DHCP Client
NAT, DHCP, ARP

Source IP Address = 131.107.3.24

Dest. IP Address = 255.255.255.255
Offered IP Address = 131.107.8.13
Client Hardware Address = 08004...
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Length of Lease = 72 hours
Server Identifier = 131.107.3.24
DHCP Option: Router = 131.107.8.1

DHCP Server
27

DHCP
DHCP Request with ACK

( 50%

)
(ipconfig/renew)

DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44

DHCP Server
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPACK

DHCP Server

DHCP
DHCPNACK,
.

DHCP Client
00:a0:24:71:e4:44

DHCP Server
DHCPRELEASE

DCHP Release
DHCP
IP

(ipconfig/release)
NAT, DHCP, ARP

DHCP Server

28

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

NAT, DHCP, ARP

29

MAC

( )
MAC



NAT, DHCP, ARP

30

48
( )

3 (IEEE).
3 .
Vendor code or OUI
(Organizationaly Unique
Identifier), assigned by IEEE

NAT, DHCP, ARP

Vendors assigned. Vendors

are responsible for the
uniquenss

01 12
23
34 a3 b4

31


, ()





,

,

NAT, DHCP, ARP

32

IP MAC
IP



IP .

MAC



IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

33

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP


ARP

,

ARP
IP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

34

ARP RARP
ARP RARP (Reverse ARP)
IP MAC

IP address
(32 bit)

ARP

RARP

NAT, DHCP, ARP

Ethernet MAC
address
(48 bit)

35

 ARP?

IP

IP (ARP request).


IP



NAT, DHCP, ARP

36

ARP
IP
ARP




ARP

ARP
NAT, DHCP, ARP

37

NAT, DHCP, ARP

38

 ARP

IP ( )
ARP 9

Hardware type
Protocol type
Hardware address length
Protocol address length
Message type
Source hardware address
Source IP address
Destination hardware address
Destination IP address

NAT, DHCP, ARP

39

 ARP
Ethernet II header
Destination
address

Source
address

Type
0x8060

ARP Request or ARP Reply

28

10

Hardware type (2 bytes)

Hardware address
length (1 byte)

Padding

CRC
4

Protocol type (2 bytes)

Protocol address
length (1 byte)

Operation code (2 bytes)

Source hardware address*

Source protocol address*
Target hardware address*
Target protocol address*
* Note: The length of the address fields is determined by the corresponding address length fields
NAT, DHCP, ARP

40

 RP TCP/IP
SMTP

FTP

Application

HTTP

TELNET DNS

Presentation
Session

Application
Transport

TCP

Network

ICMP

Transport

UDP
IGMP

Network

IP
ARP

Physical

Protocols defined by the

underlying networks
NAT, DHCP, ARP

DHCP

Data Link
Physical
41


DNS server
for itm.se

Happy Sneezy
Domain
itm.se

Sleepy
172.16.5.4

172.16.5.1

172.16.5.2

172.16.5.3

Happy ( ARP ),
sleepy (ping sleepy).
IP IP
sneezy DNS IP R

NAT, DHCP, ARP

42

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

Happy ARP request

Sneezy
Sneezy ARP response
Happy DNS neezy
IP Sleepy
Sneezy IP Sleepy
IP Sleepy, Happy
Sleepy

Happy
ARP request
Sleepy
Sleepy ARP response
Happy leepy

NAT, DHCP, ARP

43

H0

H1

H4

H8

E6
I4 E4 I5 E5

I0 E0 I1 E1

LAN 1

H5

I10
E2

R1

I11
E3

LAN 2

H9

E7

I8 E8 I9 E9

I6

R2

I7

LAN 3

IP
? 4 : ping H9.
?
NAT, DHCP, ARP

44

 ARP

?
ARP

. .

ARP
IP ?

ARP (request)


NAT, DHCP, ARP

45

Proxy ARP
( )

access router
H0

H1

H4

I0 E0 I1 E1

H0 asks R1 for
MAC address
of H4

LAN 1

H5

I4 E4 I5 E5
I10
E2

R1

I11
E3

LAN 2

R1 can provide an answer since it

has this MAC address in its cache
NAT, DHCP, ARP

46

Gratuitous ARP
ARP
IP
IP
Gratuitous ARP

DHCP

NAT, DHCP, ARP

47

 6
IPv6,


IPv6

IPv4

IPv6,

IP 6

 IPv4
(CIDR, NAT, DHCP
, )

( Best effort )


IPv6,

 IPv6

128-

40

IPSec

IPv6,

(40 )

IPv6,

4
version

12

16

traffic class
payload length

24

31

flow label
next header

hop limit

source address

destination address

IPv6,

(4 )
(8 )
(20 )
(16 )
(8 )
(8 )
(128 )
(128 )

IPv6,



6 IPv6

IPv6,

(
)

IPv6,

10

65535 (16
)
64

. 0
IPv6,

11



()
IP e (TCP,
UDP)

( TTL IPv4)

IPv6,

12

 ()
6 ,

Hop by hop
Routing
Fragment
Authentication
Encrypted security
Destination options

IPv6,

13

 ()

IPv6,

14

Anycast

IPv6,

g
a

a
a

15


Link local

Site local

Global

IPv6,

Site local

Link local

16

32

TLA
0

64

NLA
2

SLA

NLA
1

NLA
2

96

Interface identifier
8

10

12

14

NLA
3

TLA Top Level Aggregator assigned for 8K major providers(13+3bits)

NLA Next Level Aggregator assigned for smaller providers
SLA Site Level Aggregator subnet numbers within organizations (16bits)
*
IPv6,

17



()
IPv4,

( IPv4)

IGMP IPv6

ICMP (
IGMP IPv4)

IPv6,

18

 IPv6
( IPv4) :

IPv6,

19

 IPv6
3ffe:0501:0008:0000:0260:97ff:fe40:efab
3ffe:501:8:0:260:97ff:fe40:efab
3ffe:501:8::260:97ff:fe40:efab

ff02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
ff02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
ff02::1

IPv6,

20


::

::1
loopback ( 127.0.0.1 IPv4)
ping ::1

IP

IPv6,

21




Stateless

( 3
) Local Link (
)

Stateful

DHCP kaj IPv4
IPv6,

22

 IPv4 IPv6
IPv6

6
4
4

IPv6,

23

6
(dual
stack)
4

IPv6,

24

 dual stack

6
4

TCP
IPv4-only

IPv6,

IPv4

IPv6

IPv6-only

TCP

TCP

IPv4

IPv6

25

 6

IPv4,

IPv6 IPv4

IPv4 IPv6

IPv6,

26

 IPv6
IPv6

IPv4

IPv6 packet
IPv4 header

IPv6,

IPv6 packet

27


source
Funny

destination

IPv6 only

IPv6 only

Happy

IPv4
Network
IPv6

Queenrouter

King-router

IPv6 /IPv4

IPv4/IPv6

Data

IPv6
Data

IPv4 King
IPv6 Happy
Data
IPv6,

28

(Classless inter-domain routing CIDR)

IPv6,

30

 IP

IPv6,

31

 IP IP
IP

IPv6,

32




(forwarding)
(routing)

TTL

ICMP
....
IPv6,

33


Input Ports + Processing
Forwarding
Table

Output Ports
Switching fabric

Forwarding
Decision

Forwarding
Table

Forwarding
Decision

Forwarding
Table

Forwarding
Decision

IPv6,

34

IP


(

)
Next hop
()
( ). IP
,

IPv6,

35

,


()


.

IPv6,

36


R1

direct/(conn.)
R1
IP
,

IP


,

.
IPv6,

Destination

10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.0.0/16
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop

Interface

R3
direct /(conn.)
direct /(conn.)
R3
R2
R2

Eth0/0
Eth0/2
Eth0/0
Eth0/0
serial0
serial0

37


Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.2.0.0/16
30.1.1.0/28

Next Hop
R3
direct
direct
R3
R2
R2

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop
R1
R1
direct
R4
direct
direct

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
direct

R2

R1
10.2.1.0/24

20.2.1.0/28

H2
10.1.2.0/24

to:
20.2.1.2

10.1.0.0/24

H1
Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1. 0/28

Next Hop
direct
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3

IPv6,

20.2.1.2/28

20.1.0.0/16

10.3.0.0/16

R3
Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

R4
Next Hop
direct
direct
R4
direct
R4
R4

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop
R3
R3
R2
direct
direct
R2

38

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.2.0.0/16
30.1.1.0/28

Next Hop
R3
direct
direct
R3
R2
R2

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop
R1
R1
direct
R4
direct
direct

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
direct

R2

R1
10.2.1.0/24

20.2.1.0/28

H2
10.1.2.0/24

to:
20.2.1.2

10.1.0.0/24

H1
Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1. 0/28

Next Hop
direct
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3

IPv6,

20.2.1.2/28

20.1.0.0/16

10.3.0.0/16

R3
Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

R4
Next Hop
direct
direct
R4
direct
R4
R4

Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.1.0.0/16
20.2.1.0/28

Next Hop
R3
R3
R2
direct
direct
R3

R4 R3

39





Network route
IP ( 10.0.2.0/24)

Host route
IP ( 10.0.1.2/32)

Default route

( default gateway gateway
of last resort)

Loopback address
( )
IPv6,

40

 Default route?
(

)

IPv6,

41

,

IPv6,

42


ICMP



ICMP
R2

R1
(2) IP datagram

Destination Next Hop

10.1.0.0/24 R1

(3) ICMP redirect

(1) IP datagram

Ethernet

H1
IPv6,

Destination Next Hop

10.1.0.0/24 R2
R1

ICMP

43

 Windows

IPv6,

44

 Cisco

IPv6,

45

 (Forwarding)
(Routing)

:
1. :
?

2. :
?

IPv6,

46

 IP
(, )
IP


,

IP ,


,
IPv6,

47

 IP
Routing
Protocol

Static
routing

UDP

TCP

Demultiplex
Yes
forwarding
(routing)
table

Lookup next
hop

Yes

IP forwarding
enabled?

No

Destination
address local?

No

IP module

Send
datagram

Discard

Input
queue

Data Link Layer

IPv6,

48

 IP

IP

IPv6,

1. IP (
0)
2. IP
3. IP
4.
5. TTL
6. ( )
7.
8.
9. ICMP ( )

49

IP

IPv6,

50



IP




IP
( )

IPv6,

51

, ,
,

Next hop
( )

, default route

default route

default route
No route to host ICMP
IPv6,

52


(CIDR)


(Longest prefix match)
Host route 32
Default router 0

IPv6,

54

Prefix Length

32

.
: ,

.

24

128.9.176.0/24
128.9.16.0/21

65.0.0.0/8

128.9.172.0/21
142.12.0.0/19
128.9.0.0/16

128.9.16.14
128.9.16.14 128.9.16.0/21 21
128.9.16.14 128.9.0.0/16 16
IPv6,

Prefixes


128.9.16/21
55


Root
1

0
Route
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

Prefixes
0*
01000*
011*
1*
100*
1100*
1101*
1110*
1111*

D
1

0
C

0
F

1
G

0
H

1
I

0
B
IPv6,

56

 CIDR
ISP X 16 C
200.23.16.0 200.23.31.0 ( 200.23.16/20)
Adjacent
ISP
router

ISP X

2
Destination
200.23.16/20

Interface
1

Large
company
200.23.16.
0/21
200.23.16.0/24, 200.200.17.0/24
200.23.18.0/24, 200.200.19.0/24
200.23.20.0/24, 200.200.21.0/24
200.23.22.0/24, 200.200.23.0/24
IPv6,

Destination
200.23.16/21
200.23.24/22
200.23.28/23
200.23.30/24
0.0.0.0

Medium
company
200.23.24.0/
22
200.23.24.0/24
200.23.25.0/24
200.23.26.0/24
200.23.27.0/24

Small
company
200.23.28.
0/23

Interface
2
3
4
5
1

Tiny
company
200.23.30.
0/24

200.23.28.0/24
200.23.29.0/24

57

 ()

.


Destination
10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.2.0.0/16
20.1.1.0/28

IPv6,

Next Hop
R3
direct
direct
R3
R2
R2

Destination

Next Hop

10.1.0.0/24
10.1.2.0/24
10.2.1.0/24
10.3.1.0/24
20.0.0.0/8

R3
direct
direct
R3
R2

58

 ?

/

?
?
?
.

IPv6,

59

 7
,





Default route

,,

IP

IP ,

()


(
)


( )
,

()


,

,





(
)

 -
R1-R2,


A

R2

R1s routing table

Destin
ation

R1
Next hop

R2

R3
direct
(connected)

R3

R4
B
C

stub network

Default Route

stub networks


default route


Default route

,

10


( )

,







,

11

Routing versus Routed Protocols

Routing protocols ( )

Routed protocols ( )

IP (kaj Internet), IPX (kaj Novell)

,

12

(
)

13

14

Ka

(
)
,

15

Ka
(.)

16

Ka
(.)




,

17





(flooding)
(random routing)
(hot-potato routing)

(Shortest path routing, Least cost routing)
,

18

 (flooding)
B

D
F

A
C

D
F

A
C

D
F

A
C
,

19

D
F

A
C

D
F

A
C
B

E
D
F

A
C
,

20

()
()



( -)

()

,

21


5
B

2
2

5
1

D
2

1
1

E
2

F
C

1
1
E

Destin Next
ation
hop

Distn
ce

22






(,
)

23



()

5
2

2
1

5
1
2

1
4
,

5
24

( backup)

25

26




(distance vector
protocols)


(
)
-

29


, .
, ,
.

140
km

140
km away

:
140+45=185
140+35=175
180+30=210

minimum (185 175, 210) = 175

180
km

Destination

Next hop

Distance
175
30

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

koj e GGP

31

()


,

33

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

RIP

OSPF IPv6
,

34

IP (
)

(Autonomous
Systems, AS)
,

36

A ()


(
)

16

(Exterior gateways)

,

37

 (Three Autonomous
Systems)
Autonomous
System 1
IGP

EGP

IGP

Autonomous
System 2

EGP- Exterior Gateway Protocols

IGP Interior Gateway Protocols

IGP
Autonomous
System 3

38

Intra-AS and Inter-AS Routing

Inter-AS routing
between A and B

C.b

B.a
A.a
b
a

A.c

Host
h1

d
A

c
b

Intra-AS routing
within AS A
,

Host
h2

Intra-AS routing
within AS B

39

IGP versus EGP

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) Intra-domain
Protocols (
)
.
() .

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) Inter-domain

protocols (
)

(
)

40

41


(.)

( )

()

42


(.)

,

,

43



(AS).

44


(.)


TCP

45

 8
RIP, OSPF

RIP

OSPF

RIP, OSPF






( )
(
)



, .
a ()
.
RIP, OSPF

R1

R1

R2

2
1

0
0

R3

0
R4

R3

R4

RIP, OSPF

R2
3

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

/


(
)

RIP, OSPF


?


()

0
a
()
RIP, OSPF


RIP

1
( )
(
)
RIP, OSPF

RIP, OSPF









( )


,

RIP, OSPF

RIP, OSPF

10

 ,

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

0
A

A=0

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.=destination
NH = Next Hop

1

Dest.

C C
Dest.

NH

loc.

Cost

loc.

Cost
D

NH

E Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Loc.=
Cost =
RIP, OSPF

11


Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

A = 0, B=1, D=1

RIP, OSPF

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

C
D

12

 -
Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

B
Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

a
RIP, OSPF

13

 a
Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf.

inf.

inf.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf

inf

A = 0, B = inf., D = 1 , C = inf., E = inf. BB = 0, A = inf., D = inf. , C = 1, E = 1

inf. =

D
RIP, OSPF

14

- a
NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf.

inf.

inf.

A
Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf.

RIP, OSPF

Dest.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf

inf

inf

C=0, B=1, A=inf. , E=1, D=2

E
D
E=0, B=1, A=inf., D=1, C=1
D=0, A=1, B=inf., E=1, C=2

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf

1
15

 - a
Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

inf.

inf

loc.

inf

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

RIP, OSPF

B
C

D
E
E=0, B=1, A=2., D=1, C=1
D=0, A=1, B=2., E=1, C=2

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

1
16

- a
Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

RIP, OSPF

17








().
Counting-to-infinity problem (
)
Bouncing effect ( )

RIP, OSPF

18

Counting to Infinity

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

inf.

inf.

inf.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

D
RIP, OSPF

D
A
A
D
o
.
A
o D -

counting to infinity.
19

Counting to Infinity (.)

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

RIP, OSPF

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

()
B,
C E
A, D
D A TTL=0.
c





A D .
20

Counting to Infinity (.)

Dest.

Link

Cost

loc.

Dest.

Link

Cost

loc.

RIP, OSPF

A D

.

1.



.


.

21

(
)
Dest.

Link

Dest.

Link

Cost

loc.

Inf.

Inf.

Inf.

Cost

A
D

loc.

Inf.

Inf.

Inf.

RIP, OSPF

D ,

.
.

22

Bouncing Effect
e 10 1.

b .
Dest.
NH
Cost
Dest.
NH
Cost
Dest.
NH

B
loc.
0
B
A
loc.
0
C
loc.
A
A
1
B
B
1
B
B
D
A
2

D
D
1
A
B
inf.
C
C
1
, A C
B
2
E
B
E
E
1
E
B
2
D
B

B
B.
A

Cost
0
inf
1

inf.
2
inf.
2
3
inf.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

RIP, OSPF

23

Bouncing Effect (.)

B A E.
A E .


C
A
B

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

NH

NH

Cost

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

loc.

inf

inf

inf

inf

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

A
Dest.

Dest.

Cost

a
D

loc.

RIP, OSPF

e (10)
D

24


C 10 .
E 1 11 > 4
( )

A E
B D,
C 5.
E
C 11.
C
e, .
RIP, OSPF

25

 ?
Count to Infinity




( )

ouncing effect

() 1
RIP, OSPF

26


- Split Horizon

( )

:

.
Split horizon

Split horizon
: ,

( )
: ,
(split horizon with poison reverse)

RIP, OSPF

27

Split Horizon -
A=0

C=0
B=0, C=1

B=0, A=1
C

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

Dest.

NH

Cost

Dest.

NH

Cost

loc.

loc.

B-C ,

.

count-to-infinity.

RIP, OSPF

28

 Split Horizon

Split horizon

3
.

RIP, OSPF

29


C
B

A: loc.
B: B
C: B
D: B

RIP, OSPF

0
1
2
2

A: A
B: loc.
C: C
D: D

1
0
1
1

A:B
B: B
C: loc.
D: D

2
1
0
1

A: B
B: B
C: C
D: loc.

2
1
1
0

30


(.)
B

A: loc. 0
A: A
B: loc.
C: C
D: D

inf
0
1
1

A=2, D=0,B=1

A=2, C=0, B=1

A: B 2
B: B 1
C: loc. 0
D: D 1

A: C 3
B: B 1
C: C 1
D: loc. 0
,
D. D ,
updates .
RIP, OSPF

31

 (.)

A: loc. 0
A: D
B: loc.
C: C
D: D

4
0
1
1

A=2, D=0,B=1

A=2, C=0, B=1

A: B 2
B: B 1
C: loc. 0
D: D 1

A: C
B: B
C: C
D: loc.

3
1
1
0

RIP, OSPF

32

Hold-down Timers



, (hold
down timer)
.

.

RIP, OSPF

33

Triggered Updates

(
)


RIP, OSPF

34

 RIP

1960- :
ARPANET
1970-: XNS (Xerox Network System)
RIP
1982: routed BSD Unix
( RIP)
1988: RIPv1 (RFC 1058) -

1993: RIPv2 (RFC 1388)

1998: RIPv2 (RFC 2453)

RIP, OSPF

35

RIP -
(
1)
16 (
15)

point-to-point broadcast

IP

30
Hold down timer e 180 sec.
UDP 520

RIP, OSPF

36

RIP 1

RIP, OSPF

37

RIP 2 Message Format

Used when RIP is used
to support EGP (e.g.,
autonomous system
number)

RIPv2 Message

Command Version
address family

2: RIPv2

Set to 00.00
route tag

IP address

Subnet mask for the

network advertised

Subnet Mask
Next-Hop IP address

The IP address of the next

hop for the network
advertised.

RIP, OSPF

metric (1-16)

one route entry

(20 bytes)

IP header UDP header

Up to 24 more routes (each 20 bytes)

32 bits

38

RIP -

t=0s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
t=30s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0

RIP, OSPF

NH
-

.1

0
0

Net
t=0s:
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0

0
0
1

t=30s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0

0
0
10.0.2.2 1
10.0.2.2 2

t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.2.2

.2

Router B
cost

Router A

.2

10.0.4.0/24

.1

.2

Router C

NH
-

10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.3.2

Net

0
0

t=0s:
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0

1
0
0
1

t=30s:
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

1
0
0
1
2

t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

NH
-

10.0.3.1
10.0.4.2
10.0.3.1
10.0.3.1
10.0.4.2

10.0.5.0/24
.1

Router D

0
0

1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
1

Net
t=0s:
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

cost

.1

cost

.2

Net

10.0.3.0/24

10.0.2.0/24

cost

10.0.1.0/24

NH
-

0
0

t=30s:
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.4.1
-

1
0
0

t=60s:
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.4.1
10.0.4.1
-

2
1
0
0

39

RIP - (.)

Net
t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0

t=90s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

RIP, OSPF

NH
10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2

10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2
10.0.2.2

.1

.2

Router B
cost

Router A

.2

0
0
1
2

0
0
1
2
3

Net

10.0.4.0/24

.1

.2

Router C

NH

t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.3.2

1
0
0
1
2

t=90s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.2.1
10.0.3.2
10.0.3.2

1
0
0
1
2

Net

NH

.1

Router D

t=60s:
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.3.1
10.0.3.1
10.0.4.2

2
1
0
0
1

t=90s.
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

10.0.3.1
10.0.3.1
10.0.4.2

2
1
0
0
1

10.0.5.0/24

Net
t=60s
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0

cost

.1

cost

.2

10.0.3.0/24

cost

10.0.2.0/24

10.0.1.0/24

NH

10.0.4.1
10.0.4.1
-

2
1
0
0

t=90s:
10.0.1.0 10.0.4.1 3
10.0.2.0 10.0.4.1 2
10.0.3.0 10.0.4.1 1
10.0.4.0 0
10.0.5.0 0
40

RIP


o

(
UNIX )

RIP, OSPF

(Bouncing effect, counting-to-infinity problem)
( >15)

41

IGRP Internet Gateway Routing Protocol

Propriatory distance vector protocol (Cisco Systems)
(delay, bandwidth,
reliability and load).


default

RIP, OSPF

42


(Link state) - OSPF
,

()

Dijkstra
RIP, OSPF

43

 Dijkstra


, N, P Q
N
P N, N
Q

P, N
Q P.
N

RIP, OSPF

s source node ( )
dij i j
D(i) s i
p (i) i

44

w P D(w)

w N
P Q
j P ( j P)
:
Dj=min [Dj, Dw + dwj)]

s N,
s
P
Q.
P Q
j P
( j P)
Dj = dsj

RIP, OSPF

45


5
2

1
1

DA = 0 A

DF =

DB = 2
p (B) = A

C DC = 4

B
3

DE = 1
p (E) = A

DA = 0 A
p (A) = .
1

DD =

C DC = 4

D
1

DD =

DE = 1

RIP, OSPF

DD = 2

DA = 0 A
p (A) = .
1

C DC = 4

5
2

DD = 2

E
DE = 1
p (E) = A

DF = 2

D
1

DD =

F
DF = 2

46

 (.)
5
2

DB = 2
p (B) = A

C
5

1
1

DA = 0 A
p (A) = .
1

Example
DC = 3
p (C) = F

DE = 1
p (E) = A
RIP, OSPF

A
DA = 0
p (A) =

DF = 2
p (F) = E

DD = 4

DC = 3
p (C) = F

C
1

E
DE = 1
p (E) = A

p (F) = E

2
DD = 4

F D =2
F

DB = 2
p (B) = A

DA = 0 A
p (A) = .
1

DE = 1
p (E) = A

DB = 2
p (B) = A

C DC = 3

DD = 4
p (C) = F
2

F
DF = 2
p (F) = E
47

 (.)
5
2

C
5

D
2

O (NlogN)
N-

DB, p (B)

DC, p (C)

DD, p (D)

DE, p (E)

DF, p (F)

{A}

2, A

5, A

, .

1, A

, .

{A,E}

2, A

4, E

, .

1, A

2, E

{A,E,B}

2, A

4, E

, .

1, A

2, E

{A,E,B,F}

2, A

3, F

4, F

1, A

2, E

{A,E,B,F,C}

2, A

3, F

4, F

1, A

2, E

{A,E,B,F,C,D}

2, A

3, F

4, F

1, A

2, E

RIP, OSPF

48



. (
)




.

RIP, OSPF

49

Cold Start -

Directly
attached
network

Cost from
router B to A

Neighbors
5

Neighbors

Cost from router A to B

RIP, OSPF

)




--

()

50

 ?

--

(Ethernet)
,



hello
. LS
establishing adjacencies bringing-up adjacencies.
RIP, OSPF

51


Link ()

Link state
(interface)
IP ()

Link State Advertisement (LSA)

RIP, OSPF

52

Link State Database

(LSA)

(LSA)



Link State Database.
RIP, OSPF

53

 Link State
Advertisement (LSA)?

RIP
LSA :
,
()

LSA (sequence
number)
32
LSA

RIP, OSPF

54

 LSA
(LSA)
IP
? (

)

(LSA)

.
(
)?
RIP, OSPF

55

Sequence Numbers ( )

(LSA)


:
,
LSA


(Age)

60

RIP, OSPF

56

Link State Database:

From To Link Cost
A

a
1

c 1

3
2

f 1

e
D

Link State Announcement (LSA) from A

From A to B, Link a, Cost = 1, Seq. Num. = 2
From A to D, Link c, Cost 1, Seq. Num. = 1

RIP, OSPF

A
A
B
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
E

B
D
A
C
E
B
E
A
E
B
C
D

a
c
a
b
e
b
f
c
e
d
d
e

1
1
1
3
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2

Seq.
Age
Num
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1

22
23
15
14
17
45
47
10
12
34
38
31
57


LSA
LSA

Is entry in
link-state
database?
No
Add to database
Send LSA ack
to source
Flood LSA
Run SPF to calculate
new routing table

Is seq. #
the same?

Yes

Yes

No

Is seq. #
higher?

Yes

Go
to
A

No
Send LSA
with newer
information to
source

End
RIP, OSPF

Ignore LSA

End

58

 (Age Field)
LSA

LSA

0 (3600 .)

OSPF 0
, IS-IS
0

()

Age > 0 ( IS-IS) age <maximum ( OSPF),
LSAs

Age=0 ( IS-IS) Age=maximum ( OSPF),
LSA

RIP, OSPF

59

 OSPF
Bringing up adjacencies (
LS )

LSAs
(checksums, acknowledgements, passwords).
backup
multi-point
.
.

.
RIP, OSPF

60

 ?
A

a
1

f
e
D

A B


a.




.

LS.
.
( LS
).

RIP, OSPF

61

Bringing-up Adjacencies
B

b
3

.
bringing up
adjacencies

RIP, OSPF

b


, A D
LSA




B, C E.
e
, A D

.
62

Bringing-up Adjacency (.)

.

(sequence numbers).


.

, .
.
RIP, OSPF

63

 LSAs
LSA
.



,

RIP, OSPF

64


DR

BDR

N

N(N-1)/2 LSA

designated
router .
backup designated router .
RIP, OSPF

65

Designated Router (DR)

P=2

P=3

BDR

DR
Hello
P=1

P=1

P=0

DR.
DR

N N(N-1)/2

RIP, OSPF

66

 DR BDR
DR
hello




IP
BDR DR

RIP, OSPF

67

 ()
LS

(
)

RIP, OSPF

68


ARPANET

:
()

RIP, OSPF

69



,
,
.

.
A
Net X

RIP, OSPF

Net Y

70





(
SPF)
LSA



100
(
)
RIP, OSPF

71

RIP, OSPF

72



( )
:

SPF ( )

( )

LSA
RIP, OSPF

73


The SPF is running too
often for me to route.
I am only receiving
LSAs, no data.

My routing table is too big,

I am running low on memory.
RIP, OSPF

74

Area 1

RIP, OSPF

Backbone
area

Area 2

75



(
)

RIP, OSPF

SPF
CPU .

76




DV (Distance Vector),
LS (Link State)

DV

LS

LS, DV

RIP, OSPF

77


(.)

LS: ,
DV: ,
triggered updates.

LS ,
DV ,

LS LSA
DV
RIP, OSPF

78


(.)

LS SPF,
DV ,

. LS
. DV
.

DV
LS

:
. DV
,
LS
RIP, OSPF

79

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

OSPF Working Group ETF
(O Open ,
)
TCP/IP (Internet)

RIP, OSPF

1989: RFC 1131 OSPF Version 1

1991: RFC1247 OSPF Version 2
1998: RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 (current version)
MOSPF Multicast OSPF
OSPF version 3 Designed for IPv6

80

OSPF
Autonomous System

Neighbors
Interfaces

Area 1
Cost = 1785

Cost = 10
Token
Ring

Area 0

Cost = 6

Area 0 is always the backbone area

RIP, OSPF

81

OSPF ( )
Broadcast
Multiaccess (Ethernet)

Point-to-Point

NBMA

RIP, OSPF

X.25
Frame Relay

82


10.10.10.2

.1 .
2 .0

/2

RIP, OSPF

10.1.7.0 / 24

.3

.3

.4

.6

.5
.3

.6

/2

.2

4
10

ID

10.1.4.0 / 24
10.1.3.0 / 24

.1

.4

.0

10.1.1.0 / 24

.4

.8

.2

.1

.2

10.10.10.6

10

.1

10.10.10.4

10.1.6.0 / 24

10.10.10.1

.5
.5

10.1.5.0/24
10.10.10.2

10.10.10.5

83

 LSA
10.10.10.2
.2

.2

2 .0
/2
4

.5
.3

.3

.5

1: Link ID
= 10.1.1.1, Metric = 4
2: Link ID
= 10.1.2.1, Metric = 3
3: Link ID
= 10.10.10.1, Metric = 0

.5

10.1.5.0/24
10.10.10.3

.3

.6

/2

.4

.0

.1 .

.2

.8

10

.6

10.1.7.0 / 24
10.1.6.0 / 24

10.1.4.0 / 24

.1

.4

10.1.3.0 / 24

10.1.1.0 / 24

.4

10.10.10.6

.1

.1

10.10.10.4

10

10.10.10.1

10.10.10.5

LSA 10.10.10.1 :
Link State ID: 10.10.10.1 = Router ID
Advertising Router: 10.10.10.1 = Router ID
Number of links: 3 = 2 links plus router itself

RIP, OSPF

84

 Link State Database

10.10.10.2
.2

.2

10.1.7.0 / 24

2 .0
/2
4

.5

.3

.3

.6

/2

.4

.0

.1 .

.2

.3

.6

.8

10

LSA

10.1.4.0 / 24
10.1.6.0 / 24

.1

.4

10.1.3.0 / 24

10.1.1.0 / 24

.4

10.10.10.6

.1

.1

10.10.10.4

10

10.10.10.1

.5
.5

10.1.5.0/24
10.10.10.2

10.10.10.5

LS Type

Link StateID

Adv. Router

Checksum

LS SeqNo

LS Age

Router-LSA

10.10.10.1

10.10.10.1

0x9b47

0x80000006

Router-LSA

10.10.10.2

10.10.10.2

0x219e

0x80000007

1618

Router-LSA

10.10.10.3

10.10.10.3

0x6b53

0x80000003

1712

Router-LSA

10.10.10.4

10.10.10.4

0xe39a

0x8000003a

20

Router-LSA

10.10.10.5

10.10.10.5

0xd2a6

0x80000038

18

Router-LSA
RIP, OSPF

10.10.10.6

10.10.10.60x05c3

0x80000005

1680

85

 OSPF
By default

Cost=100000000/bandwidth in bps

RIP, OSPF

86

OSPF /
OSPF Message

IP header

OSPF Message
Header

Body of OSPF Message

Message Type
Specific Data

OSPF
!
OSPF

IP

RIP, OSPF

LSA

LSA
Header

LSA

... ...

LSA

LSA
Data

87

OSPF Header
OSPF Message
Header

Body of OSPF Message

version

Message types:
1: Hello (tests reachability)
2: Database description
3: Link Status request
4: Link state advertisement
5: Link state acknowledgement
Standard IP checksum taken
over entire packet

RIP, OSPF

type

message length

source router IP address

ID of the Area
from which the
packet originated

Area ID
checksum

authentication type

authentication
authentication
32 bits

0: no authentication
1: Cleartext
password
2: MD5 checksum
(added to end
packet)

88

LSA Format
LSA

Link Age

Link State ID

LSA
Header
LSA
Header

Link Type

advertising router

LSA
Data

link sequence number

checksum

length

Link ID
Link Data

Link 1

Link Type #TOS metrics

Metric

Link ID
Link Data

Link 2

Link Type #TOS metrics

RIP, OSPF

Metric
89

Neighbors ()

Hello

Hello

RIP, OSPF

hello
IP
DR (designated router)
BDR (backup designated router)

bringing up adjecency

90

 OSPF

LS

Backbone
Area #0

Area #1

RIP, OSPF

Area #2

Area #3

91

 OSPF
Area 1

Backbone Area 0
ABR and
Backbone
Router

Internal
Routers

Area 2

Backbone/
Internal
Routers

Internal
Routers
ASBR and
Backbone
Router

RIP, OSPF

External
AS

ABR and
Backbone
Router

92

Multi path Routing:

Load Balancing by Multiple Path
R2

path 1

OSPF



(
)

N1

N2
path 2

R1

R3

R4

RIP, OSPF

93

OSPF RIP
RIP.

RIP, OSPF

94


OSPF
IETF
O OSPF Open.

OSPF

IS-IS ISO OSI

OSPF.

RIP, OSPF

95