Cy

Cy y
Bin son: TS.Nguyn Vit ng

1. 2. 3 3. 4.

N v tnh cht Cy khung ngn nht Cy c gc Php duyt cy

nh ngha v tnh cht

nh ngha Cy. a) Cho G l th v hng. G c gi l mt cy nu G lin thng v khng c chu trnh n. b) Rng l th m mi thnh phn lin thng ca n l mt cy.

nh ngha v tnh cht

iu kin cn v (cy).
Cho T l th v hng c n nh. Cc pht biu sau y l tng ng: i. T l cy. ii. T lin thng v c n-1 cnh. iii. T khng c chu trnh v c n-1 cnh . iv. T lin thng v mi cnh l mt cu. v. Gia hai nh bt k c ng mt ng i ni chng vi nhau. vi. T khng c chu trnh v nu thm vo mt cnh gia hai nh khng k nhau th c mt chu trnh duy nht.
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nh ngha v tnh cht

1 4 3 10 6 11 12 13 14 7 15 16 17

nh ngha v tnh cht

nh ngha cy khung.

2 5

Cho G = (V,E) l th v hng. T l th con khung ca G. Nu T l mt cy th T c gi l cy khung(hay cy ti i, hay cy bao trm) ca th G.

nh ngha v tnh cht

nh ngha Cy khung ngn nht.
Cho G l th c trng s. Cy khung T ca G c gi l cy khung ngn nht (cy ti i ngn nh ht,cy b bao trm ngn nh ht, cy kh khung ti tiu) nu n l cy khung ca G m c trng lng nh nht.

Cy khung ngn nht

Thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht

a)Thut ton Kruscal:

Cho G l th lin thng, c trng s, n nh. Bc 1.Trc ht chn cnh ngn nht e1 trong cc cnh ca G. Bc 2.Khi chn k cnh e1,e2,ek th chn tip cnh ek+1 ngn nht trong cc cnh cn li ca G sao cho khng to thnh chu trnh vi cc cnh chn trc. Bc 3. Chn n-1 cnh th dng.
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Cy khung ngn nht

V d a 1 b 8 c 6 4 u 4 6 3 d

II.Cy khung ngn nht

3

1 S1 b S2

a 1 b

Cy khung ngn nht

Cy khung ngn nht

Thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht

1 b

u 4

a 1 b

u c

3 6

S3

S4

b)Thut ton Prim. Bc 1. Chn 1 nh bt k v1 c cy T1 ch gm 1 nh. h Bc 2. Khi chn cy Tk th chn tip cy Tk+1 = Tk ek+1. Trong ek+1 l cnh ngn nht trong cc cnh c mt u mt thuc Tk v u mt kia khng thuc Tk Bc 3. Chn c cy Tn th dng. 12

Cy khung ngn nht

V d a 1 b 8 c 6 4 u 4 6 3 d c

Cy khung ngn nht

3

6 d c T2

d 6 c

T3

Cy khung ngn nht

3

Cy khung ngn nht

u 4 b T4

d 6 c

a 1 T5

u 4 b

d 6 c

a 1 b

u 6

Cy khung ngn nht

thi 2004.Hy trnh by thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht ca G cha cnh 58 nhng khng cha cnh 26

Gii. t G=G-26 th cy khungphi tm l trongG. u tin chn cnh 58 sau p dng Kruscal nh thng thng. 1 4 6 7 2 4 2 7 5 8 8 1 9 3 6 9

1 14 4 6 7

2 4 5 13

2 7 5 8 8 1

9 3

3 11 6 12

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Cy c gc
nh ngha

Cy c gc
Cho cy c gc r. Gc r c gi l nh mc 0 (level 0). Cc nh k vi gc r c xp p pha di gc v gi l nh mc 1(level 1). nh sau ca nh mc 1(xp pha di nh mc)gi l nh mc 2. Level (v) = k ng i t gc r n v qua k cung. cao ca cy l mc cao nht ca cc nh.
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Cho T l mt cy. Chn mt nh r ca cy gi l gc . V c ng i duy nht t gc ti mi nh ca th nn ta nh hng mi cnh l hng t gc i ra . Cy cng vi gc sinh ra mt th c hng gi l cy c gc Trong mt cy c gc r th deg-(r) = 0, deg-(v) =1vi mi nh khng phi l gc.
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Cy c gc
nh ngha
----------------------------------level 0 ---------------------------------------level 1

Cy c gc
Cho cy c gc r a) Nu uv l mt cung ca T th u c gi l cha ca v,cn cn v gi l con ca u. b) nh khng c con gi l l(hay nh ngoi). nh khng phi l l gi l nh trong. c) Hai nh c cng cha gi l anh em.

----------------------------------------------level 2 --------------------------------------------------level 3

---------------------------------------------level 4

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Cy c gc
nh ngha nh ngha

Cy c gc
Cho T l cy c gc. a) T c gi l cy k-phn nu mi nh ca T c nhiu nht l k con. con b) Cy 2-phn c gi l cy nh phn. c) Cy k-phn l cy m mi nh trong c ng k con. d) Cy k- phn vi cao h c gi l cn i nu cc nh u mc h hoc h 1 .
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Cho cy c gc r d) Nu c ng i v1v2vk th v1, v2,.., vk-1 gi l t tin ca vk. Cn vk gi l hu du ca v1, v2,.., vk-1. e) Cy con ti nh v l cy c gc l v v tt c cc nh khc l mi hu du ca v trong cy T cho.
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Cy c gc
nh ngha nh ngha

Cy c gc
di ng i trong v di ng i ngoi Cho T l cy nh phn . a) di ng i trong l tng tt c cc mc ca cc nh trong, k hiu IP(T). b) di ng i ngoi l tng tt c cc mc ca cc l, k hiu EP(T).

Cho T l cy nh phn c gc l r. Ta c th biu din T nh hnh v di vi hai cy con ti r l TL v TR , ,chng g ln l t c gi l cy y con bn tri v cy con bn phi ca T.
r

TL

TL

TR TR

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26

Cy c gc
IP(T) = ? EP(T) = ?
5 6 11 12 13 14 7 8 15 16 17 2

Cy c hng
nh l
4

3 10 9

Cho T l cy nh phn vi k nh trong v s l. Ta c:

s = k+1 v EP=IP+2k

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Cy c hng
nh ngha

Php duyt cy(Tree travesal)

nh ngha

Cho T l cy nh phn khng . Lp T l cy c c bng g cch sau: i. Thm vo mi l ca T hai con. ii. Thm vo v mt con nu v l nh trong ca T m ch c mt con. Ta t:

Duyt cy l lit k tt cc nh ca cy theo mt th t no thnh mt dy, dy mi nh ch xut hin mt ln .

IP(T) :=IP(T)& EP(T):=EP(T)

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Php duyt cy
Php duyt tin th t (Preoder traversal)

Preorder Traversal: J E A H T M Y
Visit first. ROOT J

1. n gc r. 2. Dng php duyt tin th t duyt cc cy con T1 ri cy con T2 t tri sang phi.
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E A H M

T Y

Visit left subtree second

Visit right subtree last

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Preorder Traversal: J E A H T M Y
Visit first. ROOT J E A H M T Y

Php duyt cy
Php duyt hu th t (Posoder traversal).

1. Dng php duyt hu th t ln lt duyt cy con T1, T2,. t tri sang phi. 2. n gc r.

Visit left subtree in Preorder

Visit right subtree in Preorder

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Postorder Traversal: A H E M Y T J
Visit last

Postorder Traversal: A H E M Y T J
Visit last

ROOT J

ROOT J

E A H M

T Y

E A H M

T Y

Visit left subtree first

Visit right subtree second

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Visit left subtree in Postorder

Visit right subtree in Postorder

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Php duyt cy
Php duyt trung th t cho cy nh phn (Inorder traversal)

Inorder Traversal: A E H J M T Y
Visit second ROOT

1 D 1. Duyt cy con bn b tri t i TL theo th trung t th t. 2. n gc r. 3. Duyt cy con bn phi theo trung th t.
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J E A H M T Y

Visit left subtree first

Visit right subtree last

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Inorder Traversal: A E H J M T Y
Visit second ROOT J E A H M T Y
11 12 5

Php duyt cy
V d :
2 6 1 4 3 10 7 9 8 15 16 17

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14

Preoder:1,2,5,11,12,13,14,3,6,7,4,8,9,10,15,16,17 Posoder:11,12,13,14,5,2,6,7,3,8,9,15,16,17,10,4,1

Visit left subtree in Inorder

Visit right subtree in Inorder

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Php duyt cy
...
a
Inoder

Cy khung c hng
nh ngha

r
b d g h m k q s t e i n u c f j p

Cho G(V,E) l th c hng v T = (V,F) l th con khung ca G. Nu T l cy c hng th T gi l cy khung c hng(hay cy c hng ti i) ca G.

Inoder :p,j,q,f,c,k,g,a,d,r,b,h,s,m,e,i,t,n,u
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Cy khung c hng
nh ngha.Cho G(V,E) l th c hng v T=(V,F) l th con khung ca G.Nu Tl cy c hng th T gi l cy khung c hng(hay cy c hng ti i) ca G. nh ngh g a. Matrn Kirchhoff ff ( G khng g khuyn) y ) a) Nu G l th c hng th K(G) =(kij)
deg (i ) khi i = j kij = khi i j Bij

Cy khung c hng
b) Nu G l th v hng th K(G) =(kij)

deg(i ) khi i = j kij = khi i j Bij

Trong Bij l s cnh ni i vi j

Trong Bij l s cung i t i n j

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Cy khung c hng
nh l

thi
1. thi 2003. Cho th c hng G=(V,E) vi V={1,2,3,4,5} xc nh bi matrn k sau

Cho G l th khng khuyn. t Kq(G) l phn ph ca kqq(Ma trn c c t K(G) bng cch xo dng q v ct q). S cy khung c hng trong G c gc l nh q bng detKq(G).

0 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

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thi
a)Tm s lin thng nh ca G b)G c l th Euler khng? Ti sao? c)Tm s cy c hng ti i ca G c gc l nh 1 d)V cc cy trong cu c)

thi

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 thi
a) Vi A V k hiu G-A ch th c c t G c c t G bng cch xo cc nh thuc A v cc cung k vi n.Ta thy G-A vn lin thng nu A ch gm mt nh. G-A khng lin thng nu A ={1,4}. Vy v(G)=2 b) G lin thng v cn bng nn G l Euler.

thi
c)Matrn Kirchhoff ca G l ma trn sau

2 0 0 1 1

1 2 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 3 0

0 0 0 1 1

thi
2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 K1 (G ) = 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 1

thi
2 det K1 (G ) = 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 = 4 3

Vy G c 4 cy c hng ti i . l cc cy sau y

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 thi

thi

thi

thi

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 thi
thi 2001.Xt cy nh phn

thi
a)Hy duyt cy theo th t gia (trung tht). C nhn xt g v gi trca cc kho khi duyt theo th t gia. b) Hy chn ln lt cc kho 13,14 vo cy m vn duy tr c nhn xt trn. Gii. a)Duyt theo th t gia cc kho s c gi tr tng dn 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15. b)Kho 13 c chn thnh nt con bn tri ca nt 15 v kho14c chn thnh nt con bn phi ca nt 13.

7 5 4 2 1 3 8 6 9 10 11 12 15

thi
thi 2002

thi
Gii. a) di ng i trong IP=0+2.1+4.2+7.3=31. di ng i ngoi EP=IP+2n=31+2.14=59. b)Kt qu dyt cy theo th t sau: B,A,D,F,E,C,H,J,I,L,N,M,K. c)L cy trong bi bng cch thay tng ng A,B,C, bi 1,2,3,

G K E I F H J M L N

C A B D

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 thi
thi 2008 Bi 5.Mt cnh e ca th n, lin thng G c gi l cu nu G khng cn lin thng khi ta xa e. e Chng minh rng e l cu nu v ch nu mi cy ti i ca G u cha e.

thi
Gii:- Gi s e l cu.Khi G e khng lin thng.Gi s T l mt cy khng cha e.Do T lin thng n s nm trong mt thnh phn lin thng ca G e , v vy T khng phi l cy ti i ca G. - o li:Gi s e nm trong mi cy ti i. Nu G e lin thng th n s cha mt cy ti i T. R rng T cng l mt cy ti i ca G, m T khng cha e, mu thun.Vy G e khng lin thng, do e l cu.

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62

thi
2008. Bi 6. a) V cy nh phn c c bng cch chn ln lt cc kha kh K1,K K2,,K K14 sao cho h kh kha mi nt ln hn kha ca cc nt thuc cy con bn tri v b hn kha ca cc cc nt thuc cy con bn phi.Th t ca cc kha nh sau:
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thi
K5 < K8 <K2 <K12 <K9 <K3<K6<K1<K14<K7<K4<K11<K10<K13 b) Nu tm ngu nhin mt kha K c trong cy th s php so snh trung bnh l bao nhiu? Ta gi thit rng xc sut K bng mt trong cc kha trong cy l nh nhau.

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K5 < K8 <K2 <K12 <K9 <K3<K6<K1<K14<K7<K4<K11<K10<K13

K1 K4

thi
di ng i trong : I = 0+2.1+4.2 + 6.3+ 4 = 2 +8+18+4 = 32 S php so snh trung bnh cho tm kim thnh cng: (I + n)/n = 46/14 = 3,29

K2

K5

K3

K7

K10

K8

K9 K12

K6

K14

K11

K13

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66

thi
thi HBK 2000. a) Xy dng cy biu din cho thut ton tm kim nh phn trn mng sp th t tng gm 13 phn t. b) Tm di ng i trong v di ng i ngoi ca cy. c) Cho bit kt qu duyt cy theo th t trc.

Appendix
Thut ton tm kim nh phn(binary search): Tm phn t x trong dy s tng dn. Nhp: dy a1,a2, ,an tng dn v phn t x. Xu X t :v tr t ca x trong t d ho dy h c 0. 0

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Appendix
Thut ton
k:=1,r:=n repeat i:=(k+r)div2; if ai<x then k:=i+1; if ai>x then r : = i-1: utill(x = ai or (k>r); if (x =ai)then xut i (tm thy x v tr i) else xut 0(khng tm thy x trong dy)

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