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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
KHOA VIN THNG 1

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N
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
K THUT A ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN

DI NG 3G+
Gio vin hng dn:TS.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Sinh vin thc hin :Bi Th Thy Dng
Lp
:D04VT1
H Ni, 11-2008
HC VIN CNG NGH

BU CHNH VIN THNG
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
KHOA VIN THNG 1
c Lp - T Do - Hnh Phc
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TI N TT NGHIP I HC
H v tn: Bi Th Thy Dng
Lp: D04VT1
Kho: 2004 2008
Ngnh hc: in T - Vin Thng
Tn ti:
K THUT A ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN
DI NG 3G+
Ni dung n:
Ni dung ca n c chia thnh ba phn chnh nh sau:
Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+
Tng quan v k thut a anten
K thut a anten trong HSPA+ v LTE
Ngy giao n:/...../2008
Ngy np n: /11/2008
Ngy . thng 11 nm 2008
Gio vin hng dn
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
im: ........ (bng ch ..)

Ngy..........thng 11 nm 2007
Gio vin hng dn
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
im: ........ (bng ch ..)

Ngy..........thng 11 nm 2008
Gio vin phn bin
n tt nghip
Mc lc
MC LC
MC LC.................................................................................................................... i
DANH MC HNH V.............................................................................................iii
DANH MC BNG BIU........................................................................................iv
THUT NG VIT TT.........................................................................................iv
LI NI U.........................................................................................................viii
CHNG 1............................................................................................................... 10
TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG 3G+...................................................10
1.1. M u............................................................................................................10
1.2. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng .............................................................10
1.3. Tng quan HSPA+.........................................................................................13
1.3.1. Kh nng ca HSPA+................................................................................14
1.3.2. c tnh ca HSPA+ ................................................................................14
1.3.2.1. MIMO.....................................................................................................15
1.3.1.2. iu ch bc cao HOM...........................................................................15
1.3.1.3. Kt ni gi lin tc CPC.........................................................................16
1.4. Tng quan cng ngh LTE .........................................................................18
1.4.1. Cc mc tiu yu cu ca LTE..................................................................19
1.4.1.1. Cc kh nng ca LTE............................................................................19
1.4.1.2. Hiu nng h thng.................................................................................20
1.4.1.3. Cc kha cnh lin quan ti trin khai.....................................................22
1.4.1.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn....................................................................24
1.4.1.5. Cc vn v mc phc tp..............................................................24
1.5. Tng kt..............................................................................................................25
CHNG 2............................................................................................................... 26
TNG QUAN V K THUT A ANTEN..........................................................26
2.1. M u............................................................................................................26
2.2. Cu hnh a anten..........................................................................................26
2.3. Li ch ca k thut a anten........................................................................27
2.4. M hnh MIMO tng qut.............................................................................27
2.5. Knh SVD MIMO..........................................................................................29
2.5.1. M hnh knh SVD MIMO........................................................................29
2.5.2. M hnh h thng SVD MIMO ti u.......................................................33
2.6. a anten thu....................................................................................................34
2.6.1. M hnh knh phn tp anten thu...............................................................34
2.6.2. S kt hp chn lc SC.........................................................................35
2.6.3. S kt hp t l cc i MRC...............................................................36
2.6.4. Kt hp loi b nhiu IRC.........................................................................38
2.7. a anten pht..................................................................................................41
2.7.1. Phn tp pht.............................................................................................42
2.7.1.1. S Alamouti hai anten pht vi mt anten thu...................................42
2.7.1.2. S Alamouti hai anten pht v Nr anten thu .....................................46
2.7.1.1. Phn tp tr.............................................................................................49
2.7.1.2. Phn tp tr vng CDD...........................................................................50
2.7.1.3. Phn tp bng m ha khng gian thi gian...........................................51
2.7.1.4. Phn tp da trn m ha khng gian-tn s...........................................52
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
n tt nghip
Mc lc
2.7.2. To bp sng pha pht..............................................................................53

2.8. Ghp knh khng gian...................................................................................56
2.8.1. Nguyn l c bn.......................................................................................56
2.8.2. Ghp knh da trn tin m ha................................................................60
2.8.3. X l b thu phi tuyn...............................................................................62
2.9. Tng kt..............................................................................................................63
CHNG 3............................................................................................................... 65
K THUT A ANTEN TRONG HSPA+ V LTE.............................................65
3.1. M u............................................................................................................65
3.2. K thut a anten trong HSPA+...................................................................65
3.1.1. Truyn dn HSDPA-MIMO......................................................................66
3.1.2. iu khin tc cho HSDPA-MIMO......................................................70
3.1.3. HARQ kt hp mm cho HSDPA-MIMO.................................................70
3.1.4. Tn hiu iu khin cho HSDPA-MIMO...................................................71
3.1.5. H tr knh iu khin ng ln MIMO ................................................74
3.1.6. Nng lc UE..............................................................................................79
3.3. K thut a anten trong LTE........................................................................82
3.3.1.Phn tp pht s dng m ha khi khng gian- tn s hai anten SFBC .. .83
3.3.2. Phn tp tr vng CDD..............................................................................84
3.3.2. To bp sng.............................................................................................84
3.3.3. Ghp knh khng gian...............................................................................86
3.3.4. Tn hiu hoa tiu truyn dn a anten ng xung..................................88
3.4. Tng kt..........................................................................................................89
KT LUN...............................................................................................................90
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................91
ii
n tt nghip
Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 3.6.V d v bo co PCI/CQI loi A v B cho UE c cu hnh MIMO......78
iii
n tt nghip
Danh mc bng biu
DANH MC BNG BIU

Hnh 3.6.V d v bo co PCI/CQI loi A v B cho UE c cu hnh MIMO......78
THUT NG VIT TT
3GPP
ACK
AMPS
ARIB
ARQ
ATIS
AWGN
BPSK
CCSA
CDD
Third Generation Partnership

Project
A
Acknowledgement
Nhm cng tc 3GPP
Xc nhn
H thng in thoi di ng tin
Advanced Mobile Phone System tin
Association of Radio Industries Hip hi cc doanh nghip v
and Businesses
cng nghip v tuyn
Automatic Repeat reQuest
Yu cu pht li t ng
Alliiance for
Telecommunications Industry
Lin minh cho cc gii php cng
Solutions
nghip vin thng
Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gauss trng cng
B
Binary Phase-Shift Keying
Kha dch pha nh phn
C
China Communications
Hip hi chun truyn thng
Standards Association
Trung Quc
Cyclic Delay Diversity
Phn tp tr vng
iv
n tt nghip
Danh mc bng biu
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m

European Conference of Postal
and Telecommunications
Hi ngh Chu u v qun l Bu
CEPT
Administations
chnh Vin thng
CPC
Continuous Packet Connectivity Kt ni gi lin tc
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
Knh hoa tiu chung
CQI
Channel Quality Indicator
Ch th cht lng knh
D
Dedicated Physical Control
DPCCH Channel
Knh iu khin vt l ring
DRX
Discontinuous Reception
Thu khng lin tc
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
Pht khng lin tc
D-TxAA Dual Transmit -Diversity Adaptive Array
E
E-AGCH E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel Knh cp pht tuyt i E-DCH
E-DCH
Enhanced Dedicated Channel
Knh ring nng cao
Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution and Enhanced Data
Tc s liu tng cng pht
EDGE
rates for Global Channel
trin GPRS
E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel Knh cp pht tng i E-DCH
F
Ghp song cng phn chia theo
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
tn s
FDM
Frequency Division Multiplex
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
Frequency Division Multiple
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn
FDMA
Access
s
G
Mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM/
GERAN GSM EDGE RAN
EDGE
GPRS
General Packet Radio Services
Dch v v tuyn gi chuntg
Global System for Mobile
H thng thng tin di dng ton
GSM
communications
cu
H
HARQ
Hybrid ARQ
ARQ lai ghp
HOM
High Order Modulation
iu ch bc cao
High Speed Downlink Packet
Truy nhp gi tc cao ng
HSDPA Access
xung
HSHigh Speed Dedicated Physical Knh vt l iu khin ring tc
DPCCH Control Channel
cao
HSPA
High Speed Packet Access
Truy nhp gi tc cao
HSHigh Speed Downlink Shared
Knh chia s ng xung tc
DSCH
Channel
cao
n tt nghip
HSPDSCH
HSSCCH
HSUPA
IRC
IMS
J-TACS
LTE
MAC
MBMS
MIMO
ML
MMSE
MRC
MUMIMO
High Speed Physical Downlink

Shared Channel
High Speed Shared Control
Channel
High Speed Uplink Packet
Access
I
Interference Rejection
Combining
Internet Multimedia Subsystem
J
Japanese Total Access
Communication System
L
Long Term Evolution
M
Medium Access Control
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast
Service
Multi Input Multi Output
Maximum Likelihood
Danh mc bng biu
Knh vt l chia s ng xung

tc cao
Knh iu khin chia s tc
cao
Truy nhp gi tc cao ng
ln
Kt hp trit nhiu
Phn h a phng tin Internet
H thng truyn thng truy nhp
hon ton Nht bn
Pht trin di hn
iu khin truy nhp mi trng
Minimum Mean Square Error

Maximum Ratio Combining
Dch v qung b /a phng

a u vo a u ra
Kh nng ging cc i
Sai li trung bnh bnh phng
cc tiu
Kt hp t l ln nht
Multi User MIMO
MIMO a ngi dng
N
NACK
Negative Acknowledgement
O
Orthogonal Frequency Division
OFDM
Multiplex
P
PARC
Per-Antenna Rate Control
PCI
Precoding Control Indicator
P-CPICH Primary CPICH
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular
R
RAN
Radio Access Network
RLC
Radio Link Control
S
SAE
System Architecture Evolution
SC
Selective Combining
S-CPICH Secondary CPICH
Khng xc nhn
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao
Ch th iu khin tin m ha
Knh CPICH s cp
Mng truy nhp v tuyn

iu khin lin kt v tuyn
Pht trin kin trc h thng
Kt hp la chn
Knh CPICH th cp
vi
n tt nghip
SDMA
SIC
SMS
SNR
STBC
STTD
SUMIMO
SVD
Spatial Division Multiple

Access
Successive Interference
Combining
Short Message Service
Signal to Noise Ratio
Space-Time Block Coding
Space-Time Transmit Diversity
TACS
Single User MIMO

Sigular Value Decomposition
T
Total Access Communication
System
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDM
Time Division Multiplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access

Telecommunication Technology
TTA
Association
Telecommunication Technology
TTC
Committee
TTI
Transmission Time Interval
U
UE
User Eqipment
Universal Mobile
UMTS
Telecommunications System
Universal Terrestrial Radio
UTRAN Access Network
V
VoIP
Voice over IP
W
Wideband Code Division
WCDMA Multiple Access
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
Z
ZF
Zero Forcing
Danh mc bng biu
a truy nhp phn chia khng

gian
Kt hp nhiu thnh cng
Dch v nhn tin
T s tn hiu trn tp m
M ha khi khng gian thi gian
Phn tp pht khng gian thi
gian
MIMO n ngi dng
Phn chia gi tr n
H thng truyn thng truy nhp
hon ton
Gho song cng phn chia theo
thi gian
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi
gian
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian
Lin hip cng ngh vin thng
y ban cng ngh vin thng
Khong thi gian truyn dn
Thit b ngi dng
H thng vin thng di dng ton
cu
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
ton cu
Thoi qua IP
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng rng
Mng cc b khng dy
Cng bc khng
vii
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Danh mc bng biu
LI NI U
Trong tin trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi, s ra i ca thng tin di
ng l mt bc ngot ln v thng tin di ng nhanh chng tr thnh mt
ngnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin, l lnh vc tin phong, iu kin kin
quyt cng nh c hi mi quc gia, mi dn tc thu hp khong cch pht
trin, trnh nguy c lc hu, tng cng nng lc cnh tranh. Cho n nay, thng
tin di ng tri qua nhiu th h. Th h th nht l th h thng tin di ng
tng t s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Thng
tin di ng th h hai s dng k thut s vi cc cng ngh a truy nhp phn
chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v theo m (CDMA). Ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin di
ng 3G c a vo thng mi ha, nhng nhu cu v cht lng dch v
cng nh tc d liu vn ngy cng tng. Do , s pht trin sau 3G ang
c cc t chc c bit l 3GPP nghin cu trin khai. Tiu biu cho cng ngh
thng tin di ng sau 3G l HSPA pht hnh 7 (HSPA +) v LTE. p ng nhu
cu v cht lng dch v v tc d liu, cc cng ngh ny c b sung
thm nhiu c tnh mi v tin b, mt trong s l k thut a anten MIMO.
Nhng nm gn y cc h thng a anten MIMO tr thnh cc ch
thu ht nhiu t chc nghin cu trn ton cu. H thng MIMO rt c trin vng
trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h sau bi l n khng ch cho php t
c hiu qu s dng ph tn cao hn na m cn c tnh kh thi v phn cng
cng nh phn mm do s tin b ca cc cng ngh x l tn hiu s DSP v bin
i tng t s tc ADC cao.
Vi mc ch tm hiu su v k thut MIMO v ng dng thc tin ca n
cng nh xu hng pht trin ca thng tin di ng, em chn ti K thut
a anten trong cng ngh thng tin di ng 3G+
Ni dung tm hiu ca n gm 3 chng s ln lt trnh by cc vn
sau:
Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+
Chng 1 ca n s gii thiu mt cch khi qut v s pht trin ca
h thng thng tin di ng ng thi trnh by nhng nt c bn nht ca hai cng
ngh HSPA+ v LTE.
Chng 2:Tng quan v k thut a anten
Trong chng ny, n s trnh by mt s k thut a anten c bn nht
cng nh cc k thut a anten c s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng sau
3G.
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Danh mc bng biu
Chng 3:K thut a anten trong HSPA+ v LTE

Chng 3 ca n trnh byk thut a anten s dng trong HSPA + v
LTE v mt s cc vn lin quan.
Do nhiu mt cn hn ch ng thi trong qu trnh tm hiu cng mang
nhiu tnh ch quan trong nhn nhn nn ni dung ca ti khng trnh khi
nhng sai st. Tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc thy c v bn
c n c hon thin hn.
Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n Thy gio Tin s Nguyn Phm Anh
Dng v cc thy c gio trong b mn V tuyn to iu kin tt trong sut
qu trnh hc tp v thc hin n. Ti xin cm n gia nh v bn b dnh
cho ti s quan tm, gip trong thi gian va qua v mong mun tip tc nhn
c nhng tnh cm qu bu trong cuc sng v trong cng tc.
H Ni, ngy thng nm 2008
Sinh vin
Bi Th Thy Dng
ix
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CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG 3G+
1.1. M u
Bt u t nhng th nghim u tin vi truyn dn v tuyn ca
Guglielmo Marcono trong nhng nm 1980, con ng cho truyn thng v tuyn
di ng thc s tri di. hiu c h thng truyn thng di ng 3G phc
tp ngy nay, iu quan trng l phi hiu c im xut pht cng nh hiu c
h thng t bo pht trin th no t mt cng ngh t dnh cho mt s c
nhn c bit ti cc h thng truyn thng di ng ton cu vi hn mt na dn
s th gii s dng nh ngy nay. S pht trin cc cng ngh di ng c s
thay i, t mt vn mang tnh quc gia hoc khu vc tr thnh mt nhim v
phc tp do t chc pht trin cc chun quc t m nhim, nh l 3GPP v lin
quan ti hng nghn con ngi. Cc cng ngh t bo m 3GPP nghin cu c
trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii, vi s lng ngi s dng trn 2 t trong
nm 2006. Bc tin mi nht ca 3GPP l nghin cu pht trin 3G ln LTE v
SAE. i ngc li thi gian, n s trnh by lch s pht trin ca h thng t
bo khi mi bt u hnh thnh, ngoi ra n s trnh by tng quan v mng truy
nhp v tuyn ca 3G+, l HSPA+ v LTE.
1.2. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng

S pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin di ng tnh n nay c tm tt nh
sau:
Cng ngh thng tin di ng 1G
Cc h thng 1G m bo truyn dn tng t da trn FDM vi kt ni
mng li da trn TDM. H thng truyn dn di ng u tin trn th gii l h
thng NMT tng t (H thng in thoi di ng Bc u), c gii thiu cc
quc gia Bc u nm 1981 cng thi im vi AMPS tng t (H thng di ng
tin tin) c s dng M. Cc cng ngh t bo khc trin khai rng ri trn
th gii l TACS v J-TACS. Chng c chung c im l thit b cng knh, cht
lng thoi thng khng n nh, xuyn m gia cc ngi dng l vn ph
bin.
Thng thng cc cng ngh 1G c trin khai ti mt s nc hoc nhm
cc nc, khng c tiu chun ha bi cc c quan tiu chun quc t v khng
c nh s dng cho quc t.
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Khc vi 1G, cc cng ngh 2G c thit k trin khai quc t. Thit k

2G nhn mnh n tnh tng thch, kh nng chuyn mng phc tp v s dng
truyn dn ting s ha trn v tuyn. Tnh nng cui cng chnh l yu cu i vi
2G. Cc th d in hnh v h thng 2G l GSM v CDMAone (da trn tiu
chun TIA IS95). Chu u, CEPT xng d n GSM pht trin mt h
thng di ng ton Chu u. Cc hot ng ca GSM tip tc c thc hin trong
nm 1989 vi ETSI. Sau khi tnh ton cc xut da trn TDMA, CDMA v
FDMA gia nhng nm 1980, chun GSM cui cng c xy dng trn
TDMA. Cng lc , vic pht trin chun t bo cng c TIA thc hin M
vi chun IS-54 da trn TDMA, sau ny c gi n gin l US-TDMA. Tip
sau , s pht trin chun CDMA c TIA hon thnh trong nm 1993 vi
tn gi l IS-95. Nht Bn, chun TDMA 2G cng c pht trin vi tn gi l
PDC.
Cc chun ny c chiu hng bng hp, vi cc dch v bng thng
thp nh voice. H thng 2G cng mang li c hi cung cp cc dch v d liu
thng qua mng di ng. Cc dch v d liu u tin c gii thiu trong 2G l
tin nhn vn bn SMS v dch v d liu chuyn mch knh cho php truyn e-mail
v cc ng dng d liu khc. Tc d liu nh vo thi gian u l 9,6 kbps.
Cc tc cao hn c a ra sau bng cch gn nhiu khe thi gian cho
ngi dng v thay i s m ha.
Truyn d liu thng qua h thng t bo tr thnh s tht trong sut na sau
nhng nm 1990 vi GPRS c a ra trong GSM v d liu gi cng c a
vo cc cng ngh t bo khc nh chun PDC. Nhng cng ngh ny thng c
gi l 2,5G. S thnh cng ca dch v d liu khng dy iMode Nht Bn l mt
du hiu v kh nng ca cc ng dng truyn gi trong h thng di ng, mc d
trong thi im tc d liu cn rt thp.
S xut hin ca 3G v cc giao din v tuyn bng tn cao hn ca UTRA
mang li kh nng cho mt lot cc dch v mi ch c xut 2G v 2,5G.
Ngy nay, vic pht trin truy nhp v tuyn 3G c chuyn giao cho 3GPP. Tuy
nhin th cc bc khi to cho 3G c thc hin t u nhng nm 1990,
trc khi 3GPP hnh thnh mt thi gian kh di.
Chu u, 3G c t tn l UMTS. u nm 1998, ETSI la chn
WCDMA l cng ngh cho UMTS. WCDMA c th c hai gii php cho giao din
v tuyn: ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s v ghp song cng phn chia theo
thi gian. Chun WCDMA c thc hin song song trong ETSI v ARIB cho n
cui nm 1998 khi 3GPP c hnh thnh bi cc t chc pht trin chun t cc
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vng khc nhau trn th gii : ARIB (Nht), CCSA (Trung Quc), ETSI (Chu
u), ATIS (M), TTA (Hn Quc) v TTC (Nht).
Hnh 1.1 trnh by s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v xu hng tin
vo 4G.
Hnh 1.1. S pht trin cng ngh thng tin di ng

S pht trin t WCDMA ln HSPA v LTE din ra theo tng giai on,
c gi l pht hnh 3GPP. Cc nh cung cp thit b sn xut ra phn cng h tr
tng c im ring ca tng phin bn. Tng hp cc pht hnh ca 3GPP c
trnh by trong hnh 1.2
Pht hnh 99: ( hon chnh ). y l phin bn trin khai u tin ca
UMTS, nng cao tc cho GSM (EDGE). a s nhng trin khai ngy nay u
da vo pht hnh 99. Phin bn ny h tr cho mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM/
EDGE/ GPRS/ WCDMA.
Pht hnh 4: ( hon chnh) . Pht hnh ny h tr tin nhn a phng tin,
kt ni hiu qu vi c s h tng mng li thng qua mng ng trc IP.
Pht hnh 5: ( hon chnh): B sung chnh vo pht hnh 5 l HSDPA v
pha u tin ca IMS.
Pht hnh 6 : ( hon chnh) . Phin bn ny b sung HSUPA, h tr a
phng tin thng qua MBMS, nh r hiu sut cho my thu tin tin, tch hp
WLAN, v phin bn th hai ca IMS.
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Pht hnh 7:(Cha hon chnh). Cung cp cc chc nng d liu GSM nng
cao, ng thi bao gm cc ci tin cho cc tnh nng t cc phin bn trc. Kt
qu lm tng hiu sut, nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn, tng cng dung lng
v chng nhiu tt hn. Do , n thng c gi l 3G + (pht trin 3G ). Ngoi
ra trong pht hnh 7, HSPA+ cn h tr dch v VoIP.
Bc tin cui cng c nghin cu v pht trin trong 3GPP l ci tin
ca 3G vo mng truy nhp v tuyn LTE v mng li truy nhp gi SAE. n
nm 2009-2010, LTE v SAE c hy vng s trin khai.
Hnh 1.2. Cc pht hnh ca 3GPP
1.3. Tng quan HSPA+

Bc tin u tin ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA l a ra
HSDPA trong pht hnh 5. Mc d truyn dn d liu gi tng c h tr
trong pht hnh u tin ca chun WCDMA nhng HSDPA mang li nhng
tin b xa hn trong vic cung cp cc dch v d liu gi trong WCDMA, c v
mt h thng ln hiu nng ngi dng. Vic lm tng d liu gi ng xung ca
HSDPA c hon chnh bi nhng ci tin ng ln (Enhanced Uplink) c
gii thiu trong pht hnh 6 ca 3GPP/WCDMA. HSDPA v Enhanced Uplink
thng c gi l HSPA.
Yu cu quan trng i vi mt h thng t bo cung cp dch v d liu gi
l tc d liu cao v tr thp, dy tr vng ph tt v cung cp dung lng cao.
t c iu ny, HSPA gii thiu mt s k thut c bn trong phn II ca
WCDMA nh iu ch bc cao, ch lp lch nhanh (ph thuc knh) v iu
khin tc , ARQ lai nhanh vi kt hp mm. Nhn chung, HSPA cung cp tc
d liu ng xung v ng ln xpx 14 v 5,7 Mbit/s, RTT gim xung ng
thi ci thin dung lng so vi R99. Nhng nh khai thc UMTS nhanh chng
trin khai cc dch v di ng bng rng ca HSPA v tng dung lng d liu.
n tt nghip
1.3.1. Kh nng ca HSPA+

HSPA+ l tn gi mt tp nhng ci tin ca HSPA c a ra trong 3GPP
pht hnh 7 .Sau y l mt s kh nng ca HSPA +:
HSPA+ nhn i dung lng d liu so vi HSPA, do gim gi thnh
cho cc dch v d liu ng thi nng cao mng bng rng di ng.
HSPA+ cung cp dung lng thoi thng qua VoIP gp 3 ln so vi thoi
chuyn mch knh trong pht hnh 99 vi cng cht lng v m ha.
HSPA+ VoIP gip tng dung lng d liu trong m hnh ha trn VoIP
v d liu, p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca dch v d liu.
HSPA+ tng cng tri nghim cho ngi dng u cui vi tc d
liu nh cao, tr thp, thit lp cuc gi nhanh, thi gian cuc gi di
hn ng k ...HSPA+ h tr tc nh ng xung ti 28 Mbps (42
Mbps trong pht hnh 8) v ng ln 11 Mbps. HSPA + l mt ci tin
mang tnh kinh t nht ca HSPA, cho php cc nh khai thc UMTS s
dng c hiu qu nht c s vt cht ca h cng nh l u t vo
mng, ph tn v thit b. Ging HSPA, HSPA + c th tng thch vi c
cng ngh trc v sau n.
HSPA+ l mt gii php ti u vi sng mang 5 MHz v n cung cp
dung lng thoi v d liu xp x LTE trong cng di 5 MHz v cng s
anten.
1.3.2. c tnh ca HSPA+

Bng 1.1 a ra mt s c tnh ch yu ca HSPA + :
c tnh HSPA+
Li ch
MIMO 2x2 ng xung Nhn i tc d liu nh
Tng dung lng ng xung
iu ch bc cao HOM
Tc d liu ng xung tng 50%
64QAM ng xung, Nhn i tc d liu ng ln
16 QAM ng ln
Tng dung lng ng ln v xung
Kt ni gi ln tc CPC
Ci thin dung lng VoIP
DTX/DRX-Hot
ng Tng thi gian m thoi ln 50%
gim HS-SCCH
Trng thi hot ng Thit lp cuc gi nhanh
CELL_FACH nng cao
MBFSN
Tng dung lng qung b
Bng 1.1.Cc c tnh ch yu ca HSPA+
n tt nghip
1.3.2.1. MIMO
HSPA+ h tr MIMO 2x2 ng xung, s dng hai anten pht Node B
truyn lung d liu trc giao ti hai anten thu pha UE. S dng hai anten cng
thm x l tn hiu s c hai pha thu pht, MIMO c th tng dung lng ca h
thng v nhn i tc d liu m khng cn tng cng sut Node B hoc bng
thng.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, d liu trong h thng MIMO 2x2 c th
c pht trn hai lung trc giao. c hiu qu nht, MIMO cn SNR cao UE
v mi trng tn x l tng. SNR cao m bo cho UE c th gii m thnh cng
tn hiu n trong khi cng sut c phn u trn hai anten. Mi trng tn x l
tng m bo hai lung d liu trc giao khi chng c truyn ti UE.
Mt khc, trong mi trng LOS, kh c th h tr cc lung trc giao, do
m li MIMO c gii hn. MIMO mang li li ch nht trong mi trng
th v tn x tt v kch thc nh. Cn vi mi trng nng thn vi kch thc
ln v tn x t, MIMO khng mang li li ch to ln. HSPA + a ra s DTxAA cho MIMO 2x2 m n s trnh by trong chng sau. Trong nhng pht
hnh sau (pht hnh 8 v xa hn na), MIMO bc cao v UL MIMO s c xem
xt.
1.3.1.2. iu ch bc cao HOM

HSPA R6 h tr iu ch 16 QAM trn ng xung v QPSK trn ng
ln. HSPA+ p dng 64-QAM trn ng xung, lm tng tc d liu ln 50%
cho UE m t s SNR vn gi mc cao. Trn ng ln, iu ch 16- QAM nhn
i tc d liu cho UE . Tn hiu c pht i vi iu ch bc cao hn th nhy
vi nhiu hn v yu cu SNR cao hn pha thu c th gii iu ch thnh
cng. HOM lm tng ng k tc d liu cho ngi dng trong nhng iu kin
tt. Do , lu lng cho nhng ngi dng c SNR cao s c phc v nhanh
hn. Trong kch bn LOS, HOM s b li li m MIMO b gii hn.
Tc d liu MIMO (2x2 DL MIMO)
nh HSPA+
ng xung
28 Mbps (16-QAM)
ng ln
5,76 Mbps (QPSK)

11 Mbps (16-QAM)
Khng MIMO
14 Mbps (16-QAM)
21 Mbps (64-QAM)
5,76 Mbps (QPSK)
11 Mbps (16-QAM)
Bng 1.2. Tc d liu HSPA+
n tt nghip
1.3.1.3. Kt ni gi lin tc CPC

CPC bao gm mt vi c tnh vi mc ch ti u ha s h tr cho ngi
dng d liu gi trong mng HSPA. Vi vic gia tng cc dch v d liu gi, mt
s lng ln ngi s dng phi c h tr trong mt . H phi c duy tr kt
ni trong mt thi gian di, mc d c th h ch trng thi truyn d liu tch
cc trong mt thi gian no . Do , cc kt ni phi c duy tr, ng thi phi
trnh b ngt kt ni v ti thit lp kt ni ngi s dng cm nhn c tr l
nh nht.
Vic duy tr cc kt ni vi s lng ngi dng trong mt ln c ngha l
cc knh iu khin ng xung v ng ln cn c h tr. Cc knh iu
khin ng ln c bit quan trng m bo ng b. Tuy nhin, chng li gp
phn tng nhiu ng ln bao gm c knh DPCCH v HS-DPCCH. V vy, mc
ch ca CPC l gim thng tin tiu cho knh iu khin ng ln ca c
DPCCH v HS-DPCCH. Ngoi ra, vic gim thng tin tiu cho knh iu khin
ng ln cng rt quan trng, bi v vic gim st lin tc knh HS-SCCH lm
tiu tn cng sut ca UE. Do , cc c tnh ca CPC a ra gim c tiu
cho knh iu khin ng ln v ng xung.
Pht khng lin tc ng ln DTX.
DTX lm gim tiu knh iu khin ng ln. N cho php UE ngng
pht trn knh DPCCH ng ln trong khi khng c hot ng truyn dn trn
knh E-DCH v HS-DPCCH.. Do DTX tng dung lng ng ln bng cch
gim nhiu ng ln Node B.ng thi DTX c th tit kim cng sut, v th
ko di tui th cho pin.
Mc d knh DPCCH ng ln khng c pht lin tc, nhng n vn
c pht trong mt vi thi im theo mu bit trc. Hot ng ny mc ch
duy tr ng b v iu khin cng sut. Trong trng hp E-DCH v HSDPCCH s dng, th DPCCH ng ln s c pht song song.
linh hot hn, hai mu hot ng DPCCH ng ln c a ra vi mi
mt UE:
UE DTX chu k 1
UE DTX chu k 2
UE DTX chu k 2 c s dng khi khng c hat ng truyn d liu . UE
DTX chu k 1 c s dng tm thi ph thuc vo khong thi gian khng hot
ng ca E-DCH. Sau qu trnh truyn dn ng ln cui cng trn knh E-DCH,
UE s ch trong mt khong thi gian, c gi l ngng khng hat ng ca
UE DTX chu k 2, sau n s chuyn sang DTX chu k 1.
n tt nghip
Thu khng lin tc ng xung DRX

Trong HSPA pht hnh 5, UE phi duy tr knh HS-SCCH lin tc theo
di d liu ng xung. Trong HSPA +, mng c th gii hn phn khung m
UE gim st knh HS-SCCH lm gim cng sut tiu tn UE. Hot ng DRX
c iu khin bi tham s chu k UE_DRX, vi cc gi tr c th c l 4, 5, 8,
10, 16, hoc 20 phn khung. V d, nu chu k UE_DRX l 5 phn khung, th c
sau 5 phn khung UE ch phi duy tr knh HS-SCCH.
DRX cng tc ng n vic duy tr knh iu khin ng xung E-RGCH
v E-AGCH. Nhn chung, khi vic truyn d liu ng ln ang tip din hoc
va mi kt thc, UE s phi gim st cc knh ny. Nu khng c d liu ng
ln v qu trnh truyn dn cui cng vch ra mt ngng thi gian, th UE c th
dng vic gim st cc knh ny.
Ch l DRX ng xung ch c th thc hin c khi DTX hot ng.
Hot ng ny gip tit kim cng sut cho pin.
Ch hot ng gim HS-SCCH
Hnh 1.3.Hot ng gim HS-SCCH
n tt nghip
Ch hot ng gim HS-SCCH l mt ch c bit, n lm gim tiu

HS-SCCH v hn ch s tiu tn cng sut cho UE. N thay i cu trc thng
thng ca vic nhn d liu HSDPA. Thng thng, UE s c lin tc trn knh
HS-SCCH. UE c nh a ch thng qua nhn dng UE (16 bit H-RNTI
/HSDPA Radio Network Temporary Identifier) trn knh HS-SCCH. Ngay khi UE
nhn bit cc thng tin iu khin lin quan trn HS-SCCH, n s chuyn ti ti
nguyn HS-PDSCH v nhn d liu gi. S ny v c bn s thay i trong ch
hot ng gim HS-SCCH. Hot ng ny c ti u ha cho cc dch v gi
nh nh VoIP. Trm gc s quyt nh cho tng gi ch gim HS-SCCH hay
khng, c ngha l ch thng vn c thc hin.Nguyn l ca hot ng ny
c miu t trong hnh 1.3.
1.3.1.4. Trng thi CELL_FACH nng cao
Lu lng d liu nh thng bng n trong nhng thi im c bit. V
pha hiu nng ngi dng, iu ny thun li trong vic cu hnh HS-DSCH v EDCH mt cch nhanh chng c th pht i d liu ngi dng. V pha mng, s
khng th trnh c nhiu trong ng ln t DPCCH thm ch khi khng c d
liu truyn i. V pha UE, vic tiu tn cng sut l vn quan tm chnh. Thm
ch khi khng nhn d liu th UE vn cn pht DPCCH v gim st HS-SCCH.
gim bt cng sut tiu tn cho UE, WCDMA cng nh cc h thng t
bo khc, c mt s trng thi: URA_PCH, CELL_PCH, CELL_FACH v
CELL_DCH. Cng sut tiu tn s thp nht khi UE thuc mt trong hai trng thi
c bit, CELL_PCH v URA_PCH. Trong nhng trng thi ny, UE ng v ch
thc dy kim tra bn tin. trao i d liu, UE cn chuyn sang trng thi
CELL_FACH hoc CELL_DCH.
Trong CELL_FACH, UE cn pht i mt khi d liu nh mt phn trong
th tc truy nhp ngu nhin. UE cng gim st cc knh ng xung chung v
bo hiu RRC. Trng thi hot ng truyn dn cao c gi l CELL_DCH.
Trong trng thi ny, UE c th s dng HS-DSCH v E_DCH trao i d liu
vi mng. Trng thi ny cho php truyn mt khi lng ln d liu ngi dng
vi tc cao, ng thi n li tiu tn cng sut UE ln nht. Bo hiu RRC c
s dng chuyn UE sang cc trng thi khc nhau.
1.4. Tng quan cng ngh LTE

Mc tiu ca LTE l nghin cu pht trin hiu nng h thng sau R6 RAN
c th trin khai vo nm 2010. Cc nghin cu ca LTE nhm gim gi thnh,
tng cng h tr cho cc dch v li nhun cao v ci thin khai thc bo dng
cng nh cung cp dch v. t c cc mc tiu ny cn a ra mt cng
n tt nghip
ngh v tuyn tim nng mi cho php nng cao hiu sut ph tn, thng lng
ngi s dng v gim thi gian tr, gim phc tp ca h thng (nht l i
vi cc giao din) v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn hiu qu d rng trin khai v
khai thc h thng.
C th tm tt cc nhim v, mc tiu nghin ca LTE v SAE nh sau:
1. V phn v tuyn (LTE):
Ci thin hiu sut ph tn, thng lng ngi s dung, tr.
n gin ha mng v tuyn.
H tr hiu qu cc dch v gi nh: MBMS, IMS.
2. V phn mng (SAE):
Ci thin tr, dung lng v thng lng.
n gin mng li.
Ti u ha lu lng IP v cc dch v.
n gin h tr v chuyn giao n cc cng ngh khng phi 3GPP.
1.4.1. Cc mc tiu yu cu ca LTE

Mc tiu ca LTE l t c thng lng ngi s dng cao hn trn c
ng ln v xung, hiu sut s dng ph tn cao hn v yu cu tng thch vi
cc mng ang tn ti ca 3GPP hay cc mng khc. Cc mc tiu LTE c th
hin di cc kha cnh sau.
1.4.1.1. Cc kh nng ca LTE

a. Tc s liu nh
Mc tiu LTE cho cc yu cu tc s liu nh ng xung ln n
100Mbps khi bng thng c cp pht l 20MHz (5bps/Hz) v tc nh ng
ln ln n 50 Mbps khi bng thng c cp pht l 20MHz (2,5bps/Hz). Cc mc
tiu v tc s liu nh ni trn c c t trong UE tham chun gm: (1) kh
nng ng xung vi hai anten ti UE, (2) kh nng ng ln vi mt anten ti
UE.
b. Tr mt bng iu khin v mt bng ngi s dng
Cc mc tiu gim tr c chia thnh cc yu cu cho tr mt bng iu
khin (mt bng C) v tr mt bng ngi s dng (mt bng U).
n tt nghip
Trng thi ng
Trng
thi tch cc
<50ms
(CELL_DCH)
(CELL_PCH)
<100ms
Trng thi ri
Hnh 1.4. Chuyn i trng thi trong LTE
LTE c thi gian chuyn i cc trng thi nh hn 100ms (nh trong ch
d ri Idle ca R6) vo trng thi tich cc (nh trong R6 CELL_DCH). N cng
cn m bo thi gian chuyn i nh hn 50ms t trng thi ng (nh trong R6
CELL_PCH) sang trng thi tch cc (nh trong R6_DCH).
Yu cu tr mt bng ngi s dng m bo tr nh hn 10ms. Tr mt
bng U c nh ngha l tr mt chiu gia mt gi ti lp IP trong UE (hoc
node bin ca UTRAN) n lp IP trong node bin ca UTRAN (hoc UE), node
bin ca UTRAN l giao din UTRAN vi mng li. Chun m bo tr mt bng
U ca LTE nh hn 5ms trong iu kin khng ti (ngha l mt ngi s dng vi
mt lung s liu i vi gi nh (chng hn ti tin bng khng cng vi tiu ).
Hnh 1.5. Yu cu tr mt bng U trong LTE
1.4.1.2. Hiu nng h thng

Hiu nng h thng ca LTE cp ti thng lng ca ngi s dng, hiu
sut ph tn, vng ph v MBMS tng cng hn.
a. Thng lng
Yu cu thng lng ca ngi s dng ca LTE c c t hai im:
vng ph v 5% ca phn b ngi s dng (95% ngi s dng c hiu nng tt
n tt nghip
hn). Mc tiu hiu sut ph tn cng c c t trong hiu xut ph tn c

nh ngha nh l thng lng h thng trong c o bng bit/s/Hz.
Tc nh (Mbps)
Hiu sut
(bit/Hz/s)
ph
tn
Thng lng ngi s

dng bin
HSDPA (R6)
LTE
ch LTE/ t
14,4
144
100/ t
0,75
1,84
0,006
0,0148
3-4 ln HSDPA/ t 2,5

2-3ln HSDPA/t
2,5
Bng 1.3. So snh thng s tc v hiu sut s dng bng tn gia LTE trn
ng xung v HSDPA
HSUPA (R6)
LTE
ch LTE/ t
Tc nh (Mbps)
5,7
57
50/ t
Hiu sut ph tn
(bit/Hz/s)
0,26
0,67
2-3 ln HSUPA/ t
2,6
Thng lng ngi

s dng bin
0,006
0,015
2-3 ln HSDPA/t 2,5
Bng 1.4. So snh thng s tc v hiu sut s dng bng tn gia LTE trn
ng ln v HSDPA
b. H tr di ng
Cc yu cu v di ng tp trung ln tc di chuyn u cui di ng. Mc
tiu ra l t c hiu nng cc i vi tc u cui di ng khong 015km/h, hiu nng ca h thng s gim khi tc u cui cao hn. i vi tc
trn 120km/h LTE m bo hiu nng cao duy tr kt ni trn ton mng t
bo. H thng LTE c th qun l tc ln ti 350km/h thm ch l 500km/h ph
thuc vo bng tn. LTE m bo cc dch v thoi ngang hng vi
WCDMA/HSPA.
c. Vng ph
Cc yu cu v vng ph tp trung ln vng ph (bn knh ) tc l khong
cch cc i t trm ti u cui di ng trong . Hiu sut, ph tn v thng
n tt nghip
lng yu cu cho cc bn knh 5km vi cc bn knh ti 30 km cho php gim

nh thng lng v cho php gim kh ln hiu sut s dng ph tn song vn p
ng tnh di ng.
d. MBMS tng cng
Cc yu cu MBMS tng cng cp ti ch qung b v ch pht
a phng. LTE phi m bo cc dch v tt hn cc dch v m R6 cung cp.
Yu cu cho trng hp qung b l hiu sut s dng ph tn l 1bit/s/Hz tng
ng vi 16 knh TV trong mi knh s dng 300Kbps trong bng thng 5MHz.
Tt nhin LTE m bo cung cp cc dch v thoi v MBMS ng thi, c trn
ln vi nhau.
1.4.1.3. Cc kha cnh lin quan ti trin khai

Cc yu cu lin quan ti trin khai bao gm cc kch bn trin khai, tnh
linh hot ph tn, trin khai ph v ng tn ti cng nh tng tc vi cc mng
tn ti khc ca 3GPP nh GSM,WCDMA /HSPA.
a. Trin khai ph tn
Yu cu LTE lm vic vi cc kch bn trin khai ph tn sau y:
ng tn ti trn cng vng a l hoc cng
GERAN/UTRAN trn cc knh ln cn.
i trm vi
ng tn ti trn cc knh ln cn hoc chng ln ti bin gii cc

nc.
E-UTRA phi c kh nng hot ng c lp (khng cn sng mang
khc).
Tt c cc bng tn u c cho php tun theo pht hnh v cc
nguyn tc bng tn c lp.
C s i vi cc yu cu v tnh linh hot ph l yu cu i vi h thng
LTE c trin khai trong cc bng tn c ca IMT-2000, c ngha l s ng
tn ti gia cc h thng trin khai trong cc bng tn ny bao gm GSM,
WCDMA/HSPA. LTE phi c kh nng trin khai truy nhp v tuyn da trn
LTE trong c n nh bng tn kp v bng tn n, ngha l LTE h tr c ghp
song cng phn chia theo tn s FDD v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian
TDD. Cc h thng FDD c trin khai trong cc n nh kp vi mt bng cho
tryn dn ng xung v mt bng khc ca truyn dn ng ln. Cc h thng
TDD c trin khai trong cc n nh bng tn n.
n tt nghip
H tr c ph n v ph kp c trong c t ca 3GPP ngay t pht hnh

R3, mc d hin nay mi trin khai FDD cho WCDMA v HSPA. LTE h tr c
FDD v TDD trong cng mt cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn.
LTE c kh nng nh li c trong min tn s v hot ng trong cc bng
tn khc nhau, yu cu tnh linh hot a ra cc danh sch n nh ph ca LTE
(1,25MHz; 1,6MHz; 2,5MHz; 5MHz; 15MHz v 20MHz).
Hnh 1.6. Bng tn hot ngca LTE

b. Cc vn tn ti v tng tc vi cc 3GPP RAT
LTE phi h tr tng tc vi cc h thng 3G hin c v vi cc h thng
khng theo chun 3GPP. LTE phi m bo kh nng ng tn ti gia cc nh
khai thc trong cc bng lin k v trn bin gii.
Tt c cc u cui LTE h tr khai thc UTRAN/GERAN phi c kh nng
h tr o, chuyn giao n/t c hai h thng UTRAN v GERAN. Ngoi ra LTE
cn phi h tr o gia cc RAT chng hn bng cch cung cp cho cc UE cc c
hi o trn ng ln v ng xung thng qua lp biu.
V th vn t ra y khng ch l vic tng thch ngc m c vic h
tr c ch chuyn giao gia cc mng 3GPP khc nhau. Ngoi ra cng cn nhn
mnh rng HSDPA vn l mt gii php 3G t 3GPP v n hon ton tng thch
ngc vi cc mng W-CDMA. Tng thch ngc l ht sc cn thit trong LTE.
n tt nghip
Bng sau m t gin on gia cc cng ngh khc nhau.

Phi thi gian thc (ms)
Thi gian thc (ms)
LTE sang WCDMA
500
300
LTE sang GSM
500
300
Bng 1.5. Yu cu gin on cho LTE

Cc yu cu trn c t ra cho cc trng hp trong cc mng UTRAN
v/ hoc GERAN cung cp h tr cc chuyn giao LTE. Thi gian chuyn giao ni
trn c coi l gi tr cc ti thiu, cc gi tr ny c th thay i khi kin trc
tng th v lp vt l c nh ngha chi tit.
1.4.1.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn

Cc yu cu qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c chia thnh
H tr tng cng cho QoS u cui u cui: Yu cu mt dch v phi
hp ci tin v cc yu cu v giao thc (bao hm c lp bo hiu cao hn) cho
cc ti nguyn v tuyn RAN v cc c tnh RAN.
H tr hiu qu cho truyn dn cc lp cao hn: Yu cu rng LTE RAN
phi cung cp cc c ch h tr truyn dn v khai thc hiu qu cc giao thc lp
cao hn trn giao din v tuyn, chng hn nh nn tiu IP.
H tr chia s ti v qun l ti chnh sch trn cc cng ngh truy nhp v
tuyn khc nhau: Yu cu xem xt cc c ch la chn li hng dn cc u
cui di ng chuyn ti cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn tng ng trong qu
trnh chuyn giao gia cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn.
1.4.1.5. Cc vn v mc phc tp
LTE bn cnh phi tha mn cc hiu nng yu cu, vn mc phc tp
cng phi c gim thiu n nh h thng v tng tc vi cc giai on
trc. iu ny cng cho php gim gi thnh thit b u cui v UTRAN.
Cc yu cu i vi LTE phi gim thiu mc phc tp cu UTRA UE
lin quan n kch thc, trng lng v dung lng acqui (ch ch v ch
tch cc) v cc trng thi UE n gin hn so vi UMTS, nhng vn m bo cc
dch v tin tin cu LTE. Hnh v sau th hin s n gin trong LTE so vi
UMTS v cc trng thi UE.
n tt nghip
Hnh 1.7. Trng thi UE v cc qu trnh chuyn i
Hnh 1.8. Cc trng thi UE trong UMTS
1.5. Tng kt
Nh vy, chng 1 trnh by tng quan qu trnh pht trin ca thng tin
di ng t 3G WCDMA ln 3G HSPA (3G+) v LTE (E3G/4G). C th ni HSPA
l hu 3G v LTE l tin 4G vi cng ngh LTE s em li cho vin thng di ng
th gii tin gn n 4G hn.
Ngoi ra, trong chng 1 n cng gii thiu khi qut v nhng c
tnh ci tin ca HSPA+ so vi nhng pht hnh trc : MIMO, iu ch bc cao,
kt ni gi lin tc CPC, nng cao CELL_FACH ng thi a ra nhng mc
tiu khi thit k LTE hng ti. Trong chng tip theo, n s trnh by tng
quan v k thut MIMO, mt trong nhng pht minh ln trong lnh vc v tuyn,
c ng dng trong h thng 3G v cc h thng thng tin di ng tng lai. Vi
MIMO, hiu nng c mc h thng v mc lin kt c nng cao ln ng k.
n tt nghip
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN V K THUT A ANTEN
2.1. M u
a anten l tn chung cho cho tp hp nhng k thut da trn vic s dng
nhiu anten pha thu/pha pht, v t nhiu kt hp vi k thut x l tn hiu,
thng c gi l MIMO. K thut a anten c th c s dng nng cao
hiu nng h thng, bao gm lm tng dung lng h thng (s ngi dng trong
mt tng) v tng vng ph (m rng ) cng nh l lm tng kh nng cung cp
dch v, v d, tc d liu ngi dng cao hn. Chng ny s cung cp ci nhn
tng quan v mt s k thut a anten khc nhau .
2.2. Cu hnh a anten

Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng trong cu hnh a anten l khong cch
gia hai phn t anten do khong cch cc anten c mi quan h vi tng quan
gia fading knh v tuyn (c xc nh bi tn hiu ti cc anten khc nhau). Cc
anten c t xa nhau tng quan fading thp. Ngc li, cc anten c
t gn nhau tng quan fading cao, bn cht l cc anten khc nhau s c
fading tc thi tng t nhau.
Khong cch thc t cn thit gia cc anten tng quan cao/ thp ph
thuc vo bc sng, tng ng l tn s sng mang c s dng. Tuy nhin, n
cng ph thuc vo kch bn khi trin khai. Trng hp cc anten trm gc, mi
trng macro-cell (tc l ln v v tr anten trm gc phi cao), khong cch
anten vo khong 10 bc sng th mi m bo tng quan thp, trong khi
th khong cch anten cho my u cui di ng khong na bc sng. L do
khc nhau gia trm gc vi my u cui di ng l do trong kch bn macro,
phn x a ng gy ra fading ch yu xut hin nhng vng gn xung quanh
my u cui di ng. Do , khi nhn t v tr my u cui th ta thy l nhng
ng khc nhau i n trong mt gc ln, tng quan vn s thp vi khong
cch anten tng ng nh. Cn nhn v tr trm gc, nhng ng khc nhau s
n trong mt gc nh hn nhiu, nn khong cch anten phi ln tng
quan thp.
Trong kch bn trin khai khc, v d trin khai kch bn micro-cell vi cc
anten trm gc thp hn nc nh v trin khai trong nh. Mi trng trm gc lc
n tt nghip
ny ging vi mi trng my u cui hn, cho nn khong cch gia cc anten

trm gc s nh hn vn m bo tng quan thp.
Cc anten gi thit trn c cng phn cc. Mt cch khc t c
tng quan fading thp l p dng phn cc khc nhau i vi anten khc nhau.
Khi cc anten c th c t gn nhau.
2.3. Li ch ca k thut a anten

K thut a anten mang li nhng li ch khc nhau ph thuc vo nhng
mc ch khc nhau:
Nhiu anten pht/ thu c th c s dng phn tp, chng li fading
knh v tuyn. Trong trng hp ny, knh khc nhau trn cc anten khc nhau s
c tng quan thp. t c iu th khong cch gia cc anten phi
ln (phn tp khng gian) hoc s dng cc anten c phn cc khc nhau (phn tp
phn cc).
Nhiu anten pht/thu c th c s dng nh hnh cho bp sng anten
tng (bp sng pha pht v bp sng pha thu) theo mt cch no . V d, ti a
ha li anten theo mt hng thu/pht nht nh hoc trit nhiu ln t tn
hiu. K thut to bp sng ny c th da trn c tng quan cao hoc thp
gia cc anten.
kh dng ca a anten pht v thu c th c s dng to ra nhiu
knh truyn song song thng qua giao din v tuyn. iu ny mang li kh nng
tn dng bng thng m khng cn gim thng tin vi cng cng sut. Ni cch
khc l kh nng cho tc d liu cao vi bng tn hn ch m khng cn thu hp
vng ph. Ta gi y l k thut ghp knh khng gian.
2.4. M hnh MIMO tng qut

M hnh knh MIMO tng qut gm N t anten pht v Nr anten thu c
minh ha trong hnh 2.1.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.1.M hnh knh MIMO vi Nt anten pht v Nr anten thu

Ma trn knh H cho m hnh MIMO c biu din nh sau:
h11
h 21
H=

h1N
r
h12
h 22
h 2N
hN 1
t
hN 2
t

hN N
t r
(2.1)
Trong :
hnm l li knh gia anten pht th n v anten thu th m.
x1 ,
Gi s: x =
y =y1 ,
=1 ,
x2,
T
xN
y2 ,
yN
2 ,
l s liu pht.
l s liu thu.
l tp m Gaus trng phc ca Nr my thu.
T l k hiu php ton chuyn v.

Khi , quan h gia tn hiu u vo x vi tn hiu u ra y c xc nh
bi biu thc sau:
n tt nghip
h12 h N 1 x1 1
y1 h11
t
y h
h 22 h N 2 x 2 2
2
21
t
+
=
y N r h N 1 h N 2 h N N x N t N r
r
t r
r
(2.2)
C th vit li quan h vo ra knh ma trn NrxNt trong phng trnh (2.2)

nh sau:
y= Hx+
(2.3)
2.5. Knh SVD MIMO

2.5.1. M hnh knh SVD MIMO
Xt mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn bao gm N t anten pht v Nr anten thu
nh trn hnh 2.1.
tin phn tch ta vit li phng trnh (2.3)
y= Hx+
Trong l vector AWGN phc c phn b
2=
(2.3)
c (0, ) v E
H = 2 I N
N0
; N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
2
H l ma trn knh Nr x Nt. Khi khong cch gia cc anten ln hn na bc

sng v mi trng nhiu tn x, ta c th coi H c cc hng v cc ct c lp vi
nhau. Khi ny, phn chia gi tr n SVD cho ta:
H=UDVH
(2.4)
Vi U v V l cc ma trn nht phn c kch thc N r xNr v Nt xNt

Ton t (.)H l chuyn v Hermitian
i vi ma trn nht phn, ta c :UUH=INr v VVH=INt
D l ma trn c kch thc Nr x Nt, gm NA gi tr n khng m c k
hiu l 11 / 2 ,...,
/2
1
N
A
trn ng cho chnh ca n. Trong N A=min (Nt, Nr), v i
vi i=1,2,...,N l cc gi tr eigen ca ma trn HH H. Cc gi tr eigen ca ma trn

HHH c xc nh nh sau:
det (HHH - I )=0
(2.5)
n tt nghip
hay:
det(Q- I )=0
(2.6)
Trong Q l ma trn Wirshart c xc nh nh sau:

H
HH , N r < N t
Q= H
H H, N r N t
(2.7)
Cc ct ca ma trn U l vector eigen ca HH H cn cc ct ca ma trn V l

vector eigen ca HHH. S cc gi tr eigen khc khng ca HH H chnh bng hng
ca ma trn ny.
Nu Nt= Nr th D l mt ma trn ng cho. Nu N t >Nr th D gm mt ma
trn ng cho Nr x Nr v sau l Nt Nr ct bng khng.
Trong trng hp s anten pht ln hn s anten thu, D s c to ra t ma
trn vung bc Nr v tip sau l Nt- Nr ct bng 0 nh sau:
1/2
1
0
D=
0
0
1/2
N
1/2
2
0 0
0 0

0 0
(2.8)
Trong trng hp ny ma trn V ch c N r hng s dng c, cn N t- Nr

hng cn li khng s dng c. Khi ny N r phn t u ca ma trn x c s
dng v Nt- Nr phn t cn li ca n c t vo khng. Trng hp c bit c
Nt anten pht nhng ch c mt anten thu (Nr = 1). Khi ny ma trn U c kch thc
1x1 v ch s dng c mt hng ca ma trn V.
Trng hp th hai tng ng vi khi s anten thu nhiu hn s anten pht
(Nt <Nr). Trong trng hp ny vn nh trc ta c V l ma trn N t x Nt v U l ma
trn Nr x Nr, nhng ma trn D l ma trn N t x Nr c to thnh t ma trn ng
cho Nt x Nt theo sau l Nr Nt hng bng khng:
n tt nghip
1/2
1
0

D= 0
1/2
0
2

0 1/2
N
t
0
0

0
0
0
(2.9)
Trng hp c bit khi ch c mt anten pht v N r anten thu.

Thao tc trn c gi l phn chia gi tr n ma trn H. Kt qu phn chia
cho ta cc ng cho khc khng vi kch thc xc nh theo (2.4).
Gi s ta nhn trc x vi V v y vi UH ta c:
UHy = ~
y = U H (HVx + ) = U H UDV H Vx + U H = Dx + ~
Trong :
(2.10)
~
y =U H y
~
=U H
Phng trnh ny dn n m hnh SVD MIMO sau:

N
r H
~
y n = 1/2
n x n + u nm n
(2.11)
m =1
Trong n=1,2,...,NA.
p dng nh l trung tm, ta c:
~
y n = 1/2
n x n + n
Trong n l AWGN c phn b

min khng gian.
(2.12)
c (0, )
trong my thu nhng trong
C th coi NA lung song song c truyn trong cc knh khng gian trc
giao. Ging nh i vi OFDM, c th s dng m hnh knh phainh phng song
song tng ng phn tch v m phng knh MIMO.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.2. Phn chia knh phainh phng MIMO thnh cc knh phainh
phng song song tng ng da trn SVD
n c coi l li knh v c th c s dng nh gi BER ti pha
thu. Nu ta s dng tch sng nht qun v coi rng bit i th SNR ti my thu
c xc nh nh sau:
2
xn n
2n
Enn
2n
(2.13)
Trong n=1,2,...,NA; En l nng lng tn hiu iu ch, n l gi tr eigen

ca ma trn H v 2 =
N0
l mt ph cng sut tp m AWGN.
2
Nu cho rng knh tnh v bin tn hiu khng i ging nh trong

trng hp BPSK, th SNR trn mt knh s l:
=
Ebn
(2.14)
2n
Vi Eb l nng lng bit.

Xc sut li bit trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
2E b n
Pr = Q
N0
n
Trong
Pr
l xc sut li bit ca mt knh khng gian.
Xc sut li bit trung bnh c tnh nh sau:
(2.15)
n tt nghip
N
A
1
Paverage =
Pr
N A n =1 n
(2.16)
2.5.2. M hnh h thng SVD MIMO ti u

Gi s x c nhn trc mi ma trn V v y c nhn trc vi ma trn
U ta c cc biu thc sau:
H
z = U H y = U H (HxV +)
= U H UDV H Vx +U H
= Dx +U
(2.17)
V ma trn D l ma trn c cho ha, nn ta c th phn ha quan h gia

z v x vo dng:
z n = 1/2
n x n + n
(2.18)
Trong n=1,2,...,NA.
Biu thc (2.18) cho php xy dng h thng SVD MIMO ti u gm N A
knh pha inh phng song song nh trn hnh (2.3)
Hnh 2.3. M hnh SVD MIMO ti u

T hnh 2.3, thy rng ti my pht SVD MIMO , trc ht lung k hiu s
liu c chia lung khng gian thnh N t lung . Sau , cc lung ny c nhn
vi cc ct ca ma trn V nhn c cc k hiu pht vo khng gian. Ti my
thu SVD MIMO, cc k hiu thu c nhn vi ma trn U H tch ra cc lung
khng gian. SVD ta s c N A knh khng gian song song xc nh theo cng
thc (2.4)
n tt nghip
2.6. a anten thu

K thut a anten c s dng ph bin nht trong lch s v t phc tp
nht l k thut a anten thu. N thng c gi l phn tp thu hoc phn tp Rx
mc d khng phi lc no mc ch ca k thut ny cng l phn tp chng li
fading knh v tuyn.
2.6.1. M hnh knh phn tp anten thu

Trong m hnh knh fadinh c 1 anten pht v N r anten thu, ma trn knh
nh sau:
H = [h1,h2,,hNr]
(2.19)
Trong hm l li ca ng truyn t anten pht n my thu m vi

m=1,2,,Nr.
Quan h gia tn hiu vo v ra ca h thng:
Ym(k) = hm(k)*x(k) + m(k)
(2.20)
Trong k l thi im xt; tp m m ~ N(0,2); 2 = N0/2.

Ta cn tch k hiu x(1) da trn y 1(1), y2(1),, yNr(1). Nu cc anten
cch xa nhau, ta c th coi li knh h m c lp Rayleigh vi nhau v ta nhn
c li phn tp Nr.
i vi iu ch BPSK, xc sut li c tnh nh sau:
Q(
(2.21)
Trong = 2Eb/N0 trong iu kin knh fadinh Rayleigh vi li hm c

phn b ng nht c lp: N(0,2)
h
Nr
= hm2
(2.22)
m =1
Vi ||h||2 SNR l tng SNR thu i vi vecto knh cho trc h. C th phn
tch song tng t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) thu khi cho iu kin li knh
thnh hai thnh phn sau:
h
=N r
1
N
(2.23)
n tt nghip
Thnh phn th nht tng ng vi li dn; vic s dng nhiu anten v

kt hp nht qun dn n tng cng sut thu hiu dung tng tuyn tnh vi N r;
tng gp i Nr s cho li cng sut 3dB. Thnh phn th hai th hin li
phn tp: vic ly trung bnh trn tt c cc ng truyn c lp dn n xc sut
trong tng li thu nh s gim. Lu rng nu ch c li cng sut m
khng c li phn tp khi tng N r. Mt khc ngay c khi tt c h m u c lp
vi nhau th thnh phn th hai :
2
1
1 Nr
2
h =
h m (1)
Nr
N r m =1
(2.24)
S hi t vo 1 khi Nr ln (gi thit rng li knh c chun ha n

phng sai bng 1)
2.6.2. S kt hp chn lc SC
S ny s dng b kt hp n gin nht, trong b kt hp ch n
gin c tnh cng tn hiu tc thi trong N r anten thu, sau chn la anten
c tn hiu mnh nht. V SC loi b nng lng hu ch t cc lung nn s
ny r rng khng phi l ti u, tuy nhin do tnh n gin ca n nn n c s
dng trong nhiu trng hp khi cn gim bt cc yu cu phn cng. S kt
hp chn lc c cho trn hnh 2.4.
Hnh 2.4. S kt hp chn lc

xc nh li phn tp trong trng hp ny, ta tin hnh nh sau. Gi
s SNR tc thi ca mt nhnh l m =
Em
2m
, SNR trung bnh ca mi nhnh l
n tt nghip
0 =
E0
2m
, trong Em l nng lng tn hiu tc thi trn nhnh i, cn E 0 l nng
lng cng sut tn hiu trn mt nhnh v

nhnh m.
0m = N 0 /2
l mt tp m song bin
Xc sut SNR trn mi nhnh nh hn hoc bng mt gi tr

nh sau:
P( m g ) =1 e
/
g 0
trc
(2.25)
Xc sut tt c SNR trong tt c cc nhnh cng nh hn

PN
g cho
( g ) =P(1 , 2 ,..., N
/ r
g
0
g ) =
1 e
g nh
sau:
(2.26)
Nu coi rng g l ngng m di n ta s khng chn bt k nhnh no,

th PN r ( g ) s l xc sut mt thng tin v phng trnh xc sut mt thng tin s
gim i ng k khi s anten thu Nr tng.
T phng trnh ta c th xc nh xc sut t nht c mt anten c la
chn nh sau:
P(t nht mt nhnh
g ) =1 PN ( g )
r
(2.27)
Ly vi phn ta c th tm c mt xc sut, ly tch phn mt xc

sut ta s tnh c SNR trung bnh N r nh sau:
N
1
m =1 m
r
= 0
(2.28)
Phng trinh cho thy khi s anten thu N r ln, vic tng anten thu ci thin
SNR trung bnh khng ng k.
2.6.3. S kt hp t l cc i MRC
Hnh (2.5) m t nguyn l c bn ca cch kt hp cc tn hiu thu y 1,...,yNr
Nr anten, cc tn hiu thu c nhn vi trng s phc w1* ,..., w *Nr trc khi cng
vi nhau.
Trong k hiu vector, s kt hp tuyn tnh anten thu c biu din nh
sau:
n tt nghip
x = w1*
y
1
w *N .
R
y N R
= w H .y
(2.29)
Gi thit l tn hiu pht ch b nh hng ca fading khng chn lc tn s

v tp m trng, tc l khng c hin tng tn thi knh v tuyn, tn hiu thu
cc anten khc nhau trong hnh 6.1 c biu din nh sau:
y
1
y =
yN
R
h
1
=

hN
R
1
.x +
= h.x +
(2.30)
Trong s l tn hiu pht, vector h l li knh phc v vector n l tp

m gy nh hng ti tn hiu thu cc anten khc nhau.
Hnh 2.5. Kt hp anten thu tuyn tnh

D dng c th thy rng, ti a t l tn hiu/tp m sau khi kt hp
tuyn tnh, vector trng s w phi c la chn:

w MRC = h
(2.31)
y c gi l Kt hp t l cc i MRC. Trng s MRC thc hin hai

mc ch:
Quay pha tn hiu thu ti cc anten khc nhau b pha p ng knh v
m bo tn hiu c sp xp pha trc khi kt hp vi nhau.
n tt nghip
Cn bng tn hiu t l vi li p ng knh, p dng trng s cao hn

cho tn hiu thu mnh hn.
Trong trng hp cc anten khng tng quan, khong cch gia cc anten
ln hoc hng phn cc khc nhau th li knh h 1...hNr khng tng quan vi
nhau v s kt hp tuyn tnh anten s a ra phn tp bc N r . V mt to bp
sng pha thu, la chn cc trng s anten theo (2.31) tng ng vi mt bp pha
thu c li ln nht theo hng ca tn hiu. Do , s dng a anten thu c th
lm tng t s tn hiu/tp m sau b kt hp t l vi s lng anten thu.
MRC l mt chin lc kt hp anten thch hp khi tn hiu thu ch yu b
nh hng bi tp m. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, tn hiu thu b nh
hng chnh ca nhiu t nhiu anten pht trong h thng hn l tp m. Trong
hon cnh s lng tn hiu nhiu kh ln xp x cng tn hiu, MRC vn l
mt la chn tt. Lc ny, nhiu tng s xut hin tng i ging tp m, khng
c hng n c th. Tuy nhin, trong nhng hon cnh ch c mt ngun nhiu
tri (tng qut ln, s lng ngun nhiu tri c gii hn), nh c minh ha
trong hnh 2.6, hiu nng s c ci thin nu thay v la chn trng s anten
ti a ha t s tn hiu/ tp m sau khi kt hp, th cc trng s s c la chn
trit nhiu. V mt to bp sng thu, iu ny tng ng vi vic lm yu i bp
sng pha nhiu v tp trung bp sng theo hng tn hiu.
2.6.4. Kt hp loi b nhiu IRC

p dng vic kt hp anten vi mc tiu l trit nhiu c gi l Kt hp
loi b nhiu IRC.
Trong trng hp c mt ngun nhiu tri nh trnh by s lc trong
hnh 2.6, biu thc (2.30) c th m rng:
y
1
y =
yN
R
h
1
=

hN
R
I,1
.x +
h I, N
1
.x +
I
= h.x + h .x +
I I
(2.32)
Trong xI l tn hiu nhiu pht, h I l li knh phc t ngun nhiu ti

Nr anten thu. p dng (2.29) vo (2.32), thy r rng tn hiu nhiu s b trit tiu
hon ton nu trng s w c chn sao cho
w H .h I = 0
(2.33)
n tt nghip
Tng qut, s c Nr-1 gii php khng tm thng biu th s linh hot
khi la chn vector trng s. S linh hot ny c th c s dng trit nhiu
tri. c bit hn, trong trng hp tng qut vi N r anten thu s c kh nng (t
nht l v mt l thuyt) trit tiu hon ton N r-1 ngun nhiu. Tuy nhin vi mt
la chn trng s anten no m c th trit hon ton mt s ngun nhiu tri th
c th lm tng tp m sau khi kt hp anten.
Hnh 2.6. Kch bn ng xung vi mt ngun nhiu tri

V vy, cng ging nh cn bng tuyn tnh, khi la chn trng s anten w
phi m bo ti thiu ha sai s trung bnh qun phng:
x
=E x
(2.34)
V c gi l kt hp sai s trung bnh qun phng cc tiu MMSE

Tuy hnh 2.6 minh ha kch bn ng xung vi trm gc gy nhiu, IRC
cng c th c p dng cho ng ln trit nhiu t my di ng.Vi trng
hp ny, my di ng gy nhiu c th cng (nhiu trong ) hoc bn cnh
(nhiu ngoi ) vi my di ng mc tiu. Trit nhiu trong lin quan ti trng
hp ng ln khng trc giao, l khi nhiu my di ng pht ng thi s
dng cng ti nguyn thi gian-tn s. Trit nhiu trong ng ln bng IRC
thng thng c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA)
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.7. Kch bn pha thu vi mt ngun nhiu mnh t my u cui di ng

a) Nhiu trong . B) Nhiu ngoi
Trong thc t, knh v tuyn lun b nh hng ca tn thi, tng ng
vi tnh chn lc tn s gy ra mo tn hiu bng rng. Mt phng php lm
gim mo l cn bng tuyn tnh c v thi gian v tn s.
C th thy rng kt hp anten tuyn tnh v cn bng tuyn tnh c nhiu
im ging nhau:
Cn bng/lc tuyn tnh trong min thi gian/tn s l cch x l c p
dng vi nhng tn hiu thu ti nhng thi im khc nhau (tn s khc nhau) vi
mc ch lm ti a t s SNR sau b cn bng, trit mo tn hiu gy ra do tnh
chn lc tn s ca knh v tuyn (cn bng ZF, MMSE...)
Kt hp anten thu tuyn tnh l cch x l tuyn tnh c p dng vi tn
hiu thu ti cc anten khc nhau, tc l x l trong min khng gian vi mc ch
lm ti a t s SNR sau b kt hp (kt hp da trn MRC), trit cc ngun nhiu
c th.
Do , trong trng hp chung ca knh la chn tn s v a anten thu, c
hai phng php x l/lc tuyn tnh khng gian/thi gian u c p dng nh
minh ha trong hnh 2.8, vic lc tuyn tnh c th c coi l chung cho cc
trng s anten trong hnh 2.4. Cc b lc c la chn lm gim nh hng
ca tp m, nhiu v mo tn hiu.
c bit trong trng hp vic chn thm tin t chu k c p dng pha
pht th qu trnh x l tuyn tnh khng gian/tn s c minh ha nh hnh 2.9
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.8. X l tuyn tnh khng gian/thi gian 2 chiu (2 anten thu)
Hnh 2.9. X l tuyn tnh khng gian/ tn s 2 chiu (2 anten thu)

Qu trnh x l khng gian/tn s phc tho trong hnh 2.9 m khng c
IDFT c th c ng dng nu phn tp thu c s dng trong truyn dn
OFDM. Trong trng hp OFDM, khng xy ra mo tn hiu do tnh la chn tn
s ca knh v tuyn. Do , cc h s min tn s hnh 2.9 c th c la chn
m ch tnh n nhiu v tp m. V nguyn l, iu ny c ngha l cc lc kt
hp anten MRC v IRC c p dng trn c s tng sng mang con.
2.7. a anten pht

Nh mt s thay th hoc b sung cho k thut a anten thu, phn tp v to
bp sng cng c th t c vi vic p dng k thut a anten pht. Vic s
n tt nghip
dng nhiu anten pht rt ph hp vi ng xung, nh l nhiu anten pht trm

gc. Trong trng hp ny, vic s dng nhiu anten pht a ra c hi phn tp
v to bp m khng cn thm anten thu.Mt khc, v l do phc tp nn vic s
dng nhiu anten pht cho ng ln tc l my u cui khng my hp dn.
Trng hp ny tt hn l s dng a anten thu trm gc.
2.7.1. Phn tp pht

Nu khng bit cc knh ng xung ca cc anten pht khc nhau c kh
dng khng, k thut anten pht khng th thc hin to bp sng c m ch
thc hin phn tp. t c phn tp th gia cc knh ca cc anten khc nhau
phi c tng quan rt thp. Nh ni n trong phn 2.1 iu ny c c
bng cch tng khong cch gia cc anten hoc cc anten phn cc khc nhau.
2.7.1.1. S Alamouti hai anten pht vi mt anten thu

S Alamouti c thit k cho hai anten pht, tuy nhin mc nht
nh c th c tng qut ha cho nhiu hn hai anten.
Vi pha inh phng, hai anten pht v mt anten thu, c th vit knh thu
n nh sau:
y(k) = h1 (k).x1 (k) + h 2 (k)x 2 (k) + (k)
(2.35)
Trong , hn l li knh t anten pht n, k l ch s biu th thi im

pht. S Alamouti pht hai k hiu phc x 1 v x2 trn hai thi gian k hiu trn
hai anten 1 v 2 nh sau: ti thi im k, x 1(k) = x1 v x2(k) = x2; ti thi im k+1 ,
x1(k+1) = x *2 v x2(k+1)= x1* .
Nu coi rng knh khng i trong thi gian hai k hiu v t h 1 = h1(k) =
h1(k+1), h2 = h2(k) = h2(k+1), khi ny c th vit ma trn vo dng sau:
y(k)
y(k + 1) = [ h1
x
h 2 ]. 1
x 2
x *2 (k)
+
x1* (k + 1)
(2.36)
C th vit li phng trnh trn vo dng sau:

y(k) h1 h 2 x1 (k)
* . +
* = *
*
y(k + 1) h 2 h1 x 2 (k + 1)
(2.37)
Nhn thy ct ca ma trn ch nht trong phng trnh trn trc giao vi
nhau. V th nhim v tch sng x 1 v x2 c chia thnh hai nhim v v hng
trc giao.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.10. S Alamouti hai anten pht v mt anten thu

S Alamouti lm vic cho tt c cc kiu chm k hiu x 1, x2 khc nhau,
tuy nhin n gin, y ch xt BPSK vi truyn 2 bit trong thi gian hai k
hiu. Trong s m lp cn s dng 4-PAM t c cng tc bt. t
c cng khong cch ti thiu nh cc k hiu BPSK trong s Alamouti, cn
tng 5 ln nng lng k hiu.
Hnh 2.10 cho trnh by s Allamouti hai anten pht v mt anten thu vi
3 chc nng sau:
M ha v chui cc k hiu pht ti my pht
S kt hp ti my thu
n tt nghip
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng ging cc i

a. M ha v chui pht
Trong khong thi gian cho trc mt k hiu, hai k hiu c truyn ng
thi t hai anten pht. K hiu tn hiu pht t anten mt l x 1(k)=x1 v tn hiu
pht t anten hai l x2(k)=x2. Trong thi gian k hiu tip theo, x1(k+1) = x *2
c pht i t anten mt v x2(k+1)= x1* c pht i t anten hai.
K hiu h1(k) v h2(k) l p ng knh cho ng truyn t anten pht 1 v
ng truyn t anten pht 2 ti thi im k. Gi thit phainh khng i trong thi
gian hai k hiu pht, c th vit:
j
(2.38a)
(2.38b)
h1 (k) = h1 (k +1) = h1 =1e 1

h 2 (k) = h 2 (k +1) = h 2 = 2 e 1
Trong T l di k hiu v kT l thi gian xt. Khi ny ta c th vit

cc biu thc sau cho cc k hiu thu:
y1 = y(k) = h1x1 + h 2 x 2 + 1
y 2 = y(k +1) = h1x *2 + h 2 x1* + 2
(2.39)
Trong y1 v y2 l k hiu cho cc tn hiu thu ti thi im k v k+1, 1

v 2 l cc bin ngu nhin phc th hin tp m c phn b Gauss.
T (2.38), c th vit li phng trnh (2.39) vo dng sau:
y = Hx +
Trong :
(2.40)
y = y1
h
H = *1
h 2
y*2
l vector thu.
h2
h1*
(2.41)
l ma trn knh tng ng.

x =
x
T
x2
= 1
*2
]T
b. S kt hp
Gi thit rng my thu hon ton bit c trng thi knh. B kt hp thc
hin nhn bn tri vector thu y vi ma trn chuyn v Hermitian H H c :
n tt nghip
h *
~
x = HHy = 1
*
h 2
h1*
= h *
2
h 2 y1
H
. * + H
y
h1
h 2 h1
. *
h1
h 2
h 2 + h 2
1
2
=
0
h 2 x1
H
. + H
- h1*
x
2
~
H
.x + H
2
2
h1 + h 2
~
(2.42)
S dng khai trin (2.42), c cc c tnh ca cc k hiu x 1 v x2 nh

sau:
~
x1 = (12 + 22 ).x1 + h1*1 + h 2 *2
(2.43a)
~
x 2 = (12 + 22 ).x 2 h1**2 + h *2 1
(2.43b)
B kt hp trn hnh to ra hai k hiu kt hp v gi chng n b quyt

nh kh ging cc i.
c.Quy tc quyt nh kh nng ging cc i
T hai tn hiu u ra b kt hp, b tch sng kh ging cc i s chn ra
hai tn hiu c tnh x1 v x2 sao cho:
d(~
x1 , x1 ) d(~
x1 , x k )
(2.44)
d(~
x 2 , x 2 ) d(~
x2,xk )
(2.45)
d. SNR tng hp c th c tnh nh sau (nu coi rng nng lng tn hiu
pht chia u cho hai anten)
=
(12 + 22 ) 2 E s
(12 + 22 ) 2 2
(12 + 22 ) E s
2
2
2
2
n E
s
= 1
2
2
Trong Eb l nng lng ca tn hiu pht,

tp m n bin.
(2.46)
2 = N 0 /2
vi N0 l cng sut
n tt nghip
2.7.1.2. S Alamouti hai anten pht v Nr anten thu
Hnh 2.11.S Alamouti hai anten pht v hai anten thu

Trong trng hp ny s dng hai anten pht v N r anten thu. minh ha,
ta xt trng hp hai anten thu (Nr = 2) nh trn hnh 2.11 . Xt qu trnh x l
trong thi gian hai k hiu v coi rng li knh khng thay i trong thi gian
ny.
M ha v chui pht ca cc k hiu thng tin trong trng hp ny nh
sau:
Anten 1
Anten 2
Thi im k
x1
x2
Thi im k+1
- x*
2
x*
1
n tt nghip
Bng 2.1. M ha v chui k hiu pht cho s phn tp pht hai anten
Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
Anten pht 1
h11
h12
Anten pht 2
h21
h22
Bng 2.2 .nh ngha cc knh gia anten pht v anten thu
Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
Thi gian k
h11
h12
Thi gian k+1
h21
h22
Bng 2.3. K hiu cc tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu

Biu thc cho cc tn hiu thu nh sau:
y1 (k) = y1 = h11x1 + h 21x 2 + 1 (k)
(2.47a)
y1 (k +1) = y 2 = h11x *2 + h 21x1* + 1 (k +1)
(2.47b)
y 2 (k) = y 3 = h12 x1 + h 22 x 2 + 2 (k)
(2.47c)
y 2 (k +1) = y 4 = h12 x *2 + h 21x1* + 2 (k +1)
(2.47d)
Trong ,
h nm = nm .e
nm
l li ng truyn t anten pht n n anten
thu m.
T phng trnh (2.47), i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu t my thu th
nht ti thi im k v k+1, ta c:
Y1=H1x+N1
(2.48)
Trong :
Y1 = y1
h11
H1 = *
h 21
y*2
*
h11
h
21
l ma trn knh tng ng

x = [ x1 x 2 ] T
n tt nghip
1* (k +1)
N1 = 1 (k)
Tng t i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu t my thu th hai, ta c:

Y2=H2x+N2
Trong :
(2.49)
T
Y2 =y 3
y*
4
h12
H2 = *
h 22
h 22
*
h12
l ma trn knh tng ng

x = [ x1 x 2 ] T v
N 2 = 2 (k)
*
2 (k +1)
tnh ton c tnh, nhn (4.72) v (4.73) vi cc ma trn knh chuyn v

Hermitian tng ng:
H1H Y1 = H1H H1x + H1H N1
H
H
HH
2 Y2 = H 2 H 2 x + H 2 N 2
(2.50)
(2.51)
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh (2.50) v (2.51) vi nhau:

H
H
H
H
~
x = H1H Y + H H
2 Y2 = [ H1 H1 + H 2 H 2 ].x + H1 N1 + H 2 N 2
Trong :
(2.52)
~
x = [~
x1 ~
x2 ]T ,
h*
h 21
H1H = *11
h 21 h11
h*
12
HH
2 = *
h 22
h 22
h12
Khai trin (2.52) ta c:
2
2
* (k) + h * (k + 1) + h * (k) + h * (k + 1)
x1 = 11
+ 12
+ 221 + 222 .x1 + h11
1
21 1
12 2
22 2
(2.53)
2
2
*
*
x 2 = 11
+ 12
+ 221 + 222 .x 2 h111* (k +1) + h *
211 (k) h12 2 (k +1) + h 22 2 (k)
(2.54)
n tt nghip
Sau cc tn hiu kt hp ny c a n b tch sng kh ging cc

i, ti y c tnh cho x1 c chn da trn cc tiu chun:
Chn xi nu v ch nu:
(112 +122 + 221 + 222 1). x i 2 +d 2 (~x1 , x i ) (112 +122 + 221 + 222 1). x k 2 + d 2 (~x1, x k )
(2.55)
Hay:
d 2 (~
x1, x i ) d 2 (~
x1, x k ), i k
(2.56)
Tng t i vi x2, s dng quy tc trn chn xi nu v ch nu

d 2 (~
x 2 , x i ) d 2 (~
x 2 , x k ), i k
(2.57)
SNR trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:

2
2 2
2 2 2
2
nm
nm E
E
s = m =1 n =1
s
= m =1 n =1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2nm
(2.58)
m =1 n =1
Nh vy, cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn

hiu t tng anten, ngha l s kt hp ging nh trng hp mt anten thu.
2.7.1.1. Phn tp tr
Knh v tuyn thng b tn thi, tn hiu truyn t u pht ti u thu theo
qua nhiu tuyn fading c lp c tr khc nhau, mang li kh nng phn tp a
ng hoc phn tp tn s tng ng. Truyn dn a ng mang li li ch v
hiu nng ng truyn v tuyn, vi gi thit l s lng ng truyn khng qu
ln v s truyn dn phi cha cng c b mo tn hiu v d bng cch
truyn dn OFDM hoc s dng b cn bng tin tin pha thu.
Nu bn thn knh v tuyn khng tn thi, k thut a anten pht c th
c s dng to tn thi gi, tng ng l tnh chn lc tn s gi bng cch
pht cc tn hiu ging nhau vi tr tng ng khc nhau t nhiu anten. Bng cch
ny, fading t cc anten khc nhau s c tng quan thp, t c th t c
phn tp tn s. Loi phn tp tr ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.12 vi trng
hp 2 anten pht. Tr tng ng T s c la chn m bo ph hp vi tnh
chn lc tn s thng qua bng tn ca tn hiu pht i. Hnh 2.12 minh ha vi
trng hp 2 anten pht. Phn tp tr c th c m rng vi nhiu hn 2 anten
pht vi tr tng ng khc nhau trn mi anten.
n tt nghip
Phn tp tr bn cht l khng th thy c my u cui. ch c th

thy c mt knh v tuyn gy ra tn thi. Do , phn tp tr c th c a
vo h thng truyn thng di dng mt cch d dng m khng cn bt k mt s
h tr c bit no v chun giao din v tuyn. Phn tp tr cng c p dng
trong mt s s truyn dn c bn, nhng s ny c thit k li dng
fading chn lc tn s, bao gm WCDMA v CDMA2000.
Hnh 2.12. Phn tp tr 2 anten
2.7.1.2. Phn tp tr vng CDD

Phn tp tr vng CDD tng t nh phn tp tr, khc ch l CDD hot
ng theo khi v p dng dch vng thay v tr tuyn tnh cho cc anten khc
nhau. Do CDD c p dng cho nhng s truyn dn da trn khi nh
OFDM v DFTS-OFDM.
Trong trng hp truyn dn OFDM, dch vng tn hiu min thi gian th
tng ng l dch pha ph thuc tn s trc khi iu ch OFDM nh c minh
ha trong hnh 6.8b. Ging nh phn tp tr, n cng to ra tnh la chn tn s gi
my thu.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.13. Phn tp tr vng 2 anten (CDD)
2.7.1.3. Phn tp bng m ha khng gian thi gian

M ha khng gian thi gian l thut ng ch nhng s truyn dn a
anten m vic iu ch cc k hiu c nh x sang min thi gian v khng
gian (a anten pht) t c phn tp. M ha khi khng gian - thi gian
STBC phc tp hn s phn tp pht khng gian- thi gian STTD, STBC l mt
phn ca chun 3G CDMA t pht hnh u tin ca n.
Nh minh ha trong hnh 2.14, STTD thc hin theo tng cp k hiu iu
ch. Cc k hiu iu ch c pht trc tip trn anten u tin. Tuy nhin, trn
anten th hai th t ca cc k hiu s o li, ng thi o du v chuyn lin
hp phc.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.14. Phn tp pht khng gian- thi gian WCDMA (STTD)
Truyn dn STTD c biu th theo vector nh sau:
y 2n h1
=
y = *
*
y 2n + 1 h 2
h 2 x 2n
.
= H.x
h1* x *2n +1
(2.59)
Trong y2n v y2n+1 l k hiu thu trong khong 2n v 2n+1. Biu thc trn
c gi thit l cc tham s h 1 v h2 khng thay i trong khong 2 k hiu k
nhau. Ma trn H l ma trn nht phn. K hiu pht x 2n v x2n+1 s c phc hi li
bng cch nhn ma trn W=H-1 vi ma trn vector r
Hnh 2.15. Phn tp pht khng gian/tn s 2 anten
2.7.1.4. Phn tp da trn m ha khng gian-tn s

M ha khi khng gian- tn s SFBC cng ging nh m ha khi khng
gian -thi gian ch khc nhau l vic m ha thc hin trong min tn s ch khng
n tt nghip
phi trong min thi gian. V th, SFBC c ng dng trong OFDM v nhng s
truyn dn min tn s. Khng gian tn s tng ng vi STTD (m
c gi l phn tp pht khng gian- tn s SFTD) nh c minh ha trong hnh
2.15. Khi tn hiu iu ch (min tn s) a 0, a1, a2, a3,... c nh x trc tip sang
cc sng mang OFDM trn anten th nht, trong khi khi k hiu
* , a * ,a * , a * ,...
a1
c nh x sang cc sng mang con tng ng anten th hai.
0
3
2
Hnh 2.16. To bp song c in vi tng cao anten cao:

a) Cu hnh anten. b) Cu trc bp sng
So snh hnh 2.15 vi na tri hnh 2.13, ta thy v bn cht s khc nhau
gia SFBC vi phn tp tr vng l ch khi k hiu iu ch min tn s c
nh x nh th no ti anten th hai. Li ch ca SFBC so vi CDD l SFBC cung
cp phn tp ngay mc k hiu iu ch trong khi CDD phi da vo m ha
knh kt hp vi an xen min tn s a ra phn tp.
2.7.2. To bp sng pha pht

Nu thng tin v cc knh ng xung ca cc anten pht khc nhau, v
cc thng tin chi tit hn v pha ca knh tng ng c bit pha anten pht,
th ngoi kh nng cung cp phn tp, k thut a anten pht cn a ra kh nng
to bp sng. Ni chung, to bp sng lm tng cng tn hiu pha thu theo
h s NT, t l vi s anten pht. Khi tho lun v s truyn dn da trn a
anten to bp sng c th tch ring gia hai trng hp tng quan cao v
thp.
n tt nghip
tng quan cao tc l trong cu hnh anten th khong cch gia cc

anten nh nh hnh 2.16a. Trong trng hp ny, cc knh gia cc anten khc
nhau v mt my thu no s ging nhau, ging v fading knh v tuyn, ngoi
tr s khc nhau v pha ph thuc hng. Bp sng truyn dn tng c th c
li theo cc hng khc nhau bng cch p dng dch pha khc nhau cho cc tn
hiu c truyn trn cc anten khc nhau nh minh ha trong hnh 2.16b.
To bp anten pht vi dch pha khc nhau p dng cho cc anten c
tng quan cao thng c gi l to bp phn lp. Do khong cch gia cc
anten nh, bp sng tng s tng i rng v bt k mt s thay i no v hng
bp sng ( trong thc t s l s thay i dch pha ) s c thc hin chm. S
thay i ny da trn cc c tnh v hng my di dng u cui xut pht t cc
php o ng ln. Ngoi ra, do gi thit tng quan gia cc anten cao, to
bp phn lp khng th mang li kh nng phn tp m ch lm tng cng tn
hiu thu m thi.
Hnh 2.17. To bp sng da trn tin m ha trong trng hp tng quan

anten thp
tng quan gia cc anten thp tc l khong cch gia cc anten kh
ln nh minh ha trong hinh 2.17 hoc phn cc khc nhau. Vi tng quan
thp, nguyn l to bp c bn tng t nh trong hnh 2.16, tc l tn hiu c
pht trn cc anten khc nhau s c nhn vi trng s phc khc nhau. Tuy
nhin, tri ngc vi to bp phn lp, lc ny trng s anten s mang gi tr phc
tc l pha v bin ca tn hiu s c thay i. N phn nh mt thc t l do
tng quan thp nn pha v h s tng ch tc thi trn mi anten s khng
ging nhau.
n tt nghip
Vic p dng cc trng s khc nhau cho cc tn hiu c pht trn cc

anten khc nhau c th c biu din di dng vector ging nh p dng mt
vector tin m ha v cho tn hiu pht nh sau:
x
1
x =
x N
T
v
1
=

vN
T
.x = v.x
(2.60)
Gi thit l tn hiu c pht i t cc anten khc nhau ch b tc ng bi

fading phng v nhiu trng, tc l s khng c tn thi knh v tuyn, cng
sut tn hiu thu ln nht, cc trng s tin m ha s c la chn theo cng
thc:
vi =
h*
i
N
hk
(2.61)
k =1
y l lin hp phc chun ha ca hi m bo cng sut pht tng c

nh. V th vector tin m ha phi :
Quay pha tn hiu pht b li pha knh tc thi v m bo tn hiu thu
c chnh pha.
Gn cng sut cho cc anten khc nhau vi quy tc l cng sut cao s c
gn anten c iu kin knh tt ( li anten cao)
m bo gi cng sut pht tng khng i
S khc nhau chnh gia to bp sng c in theo hnh 2.16 vi gi thit
tng quan anten cao v to bp theo hnh 2.17 vi gi thit tng quan anten
thp l i vi trng hp th hai th cn nhiu thng tin v knh hn, bao gm
vic c tnh fading tc thi ca knh. Do vic cp nht vector tin m ha
c thc hin trong thi gian tng i ngn cp nht li s thay i fading.
Khi thay i cc trng s ca b tin m ha cng phi tnh n fading tc thi bao
gm li knh tc thi, tp bp nhanh nh hnh 2.17 cng a ra phn tp.
Ngoi ra, t nht trong trng hp truyn dn da trn FDD, vi truyn dn
ng ln v ng xung thc hin trong bng tn khc nhau, fading v th m s
khng tng quan gia ng ln v ng xung. Do , ch my u cui di
ng mi xc nh fading ng xung. My u cui s bo co v c tnh knh
ng xung cho trm gc bng tn hiu ng ln. My u cui la chn vector
n tt nghip
tin m ha thch hp t mt tp hp hu hn cc vector tin m ha c gi l

codebook, v bo co v trm gc.
Mt khc, trong trng hp TDD, vi truyn dn ng ln v ng xung
thc hin trong cng bng tn nhng ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau, gia ng
ln v ng xung s c tng quan fading cao. Trong trng hp ny, trm gc
c th xc nh fading ng xung tc thi (t nht l v mt l thuyt) t cc
php o trn ng ln m khng cn hi tip. Tuy nhin phi gi thit my u
cui pht lin tc trn ng ln.
Hnh 2.18.Tin m ha trn mi sng mang con ca OFDM (2 anten pht)
2.8. Ghp knh khng gian

Vic s dng nhiu anten c pha thu v pha pht c coi nh l mt
cch ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m/nhiu v phn tp chng li fading so
vi vic ch s dng nhiu anten pha pht hoc pha thu. c th c gi l
ghp knh khng gian, cho php tn dng hiu qu hn t s tn hiu trn tp
m/nhiu v tc d liu tng ln ng k qua giao din v tuyn.
2.8.1. Nguyn l c bn
T cc phn trc c th thy r l k thut a anten pha thu v pha pht
gip ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m pha thu tng ng vi s lng anten bng
cch p dng k thut to bp sng pht v thu.Trong trng hp tng qut vi
Nt an ten pht v Nr anten thu, t s tn hiu trn tp m c th tng ln tng ng
vi Nt xNr , v cho php tng tc d liu vi gi thit bng thng
n tt nghip
khng gii hn. Tuy nhin, nu trong trng hp bng thng b gii hn trong di
hot ng th tc d liu s bo ha khi bng thng khng th tng c na.
hiu v bo ha tc d liu, xem xt biu thc c bn v dung lng
knh chun ha sau y:
C
S
= log 2 1 +
BW
N
(2.62)
Bng phng php to bp, t s S/N c th tng tng ng vi N t x Nr..

Nhn chung, log 2 ( x +1) x khi x nh. Tc l vi S/N thp, dung lng knh s
tng theo t s S/N. Vi x ln, log 2 (1 + x) = log 2 ( x) , tc l vi S/N ln th dung
lng knh s tng theo hm logarithm ca S/N.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp nhiu anten pht v anten thu mt iu kin
c th, ta c th to ra N L= min (Nt, NR) knh song song (cng sut tn hiu c
chia ra cho mi knh) vi t s tn hiu trn tp m gim xung N L ln. Dung lng
mi knh c tnh nh sau:
N S
C
= log 2 1 + R
BW
NL N
(2.63)
Khi , dung lng tng i vi mi cu hnh a anten c xc nh nh

sau:
N S
NR
C
S
= N L .log 2 1 + R = min{ N T , N R } .log 2 1 +
.
BW
NL N
min{ N T , N R } N
(2.64)
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.19. Cu hnh anten 2x2

Do , trong nhng iu kin c th no , dung lng knh c th tng
tuyn tnh vi s lng anten, trnh khi b bo ha tc d liu. c gi l
ghp knh khng gian. Thut ng x l anten MIMO thng hay c s dng
mc d thut ng ny dng chung cho tt c trng hp a anten pht v thu, bao
gm c phn tp pht v thu.
hiu c nguyn l c bn m cc knh song song c to ra, ta xem
xt cu hnh 2x2 anten bao gm 2 anten pht v 2 anten thu v gi thit l tn hiu
c pht ch b nh hng bi fading phng v nhiu trng, tc l khng c tn
thi knh v tuyn.
Da trn hnh 2.19, tn hiu thu c th c biu din nh sau:
h1,2 x1 1
y h
. + = H.x +
y = 1 =
y 2 h 2,1 h 2,2 x 2 2
1,1
(2.65)
Trong H l ma trn knh 2x2. Gi thit khng c tp m v ma trn H kh

o, vector x v tn hiu x1 v x2 c th c phc hi hon ton pha thu m
khng c nhiu gia cc tn hiu bng cch nhn vector thu y vi ma trn W= H-1
x1
x
= W.y = 1 + H 1.
x 2
x2
Biu thc ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.20
(2.66)
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.20. Thu tuyn tnh/Gii ghp knh cc tnh hiu c ghp khng gian
Mc d vector x c th c phc hi hon ton trong trng hp khng c
tp m, min l ma trn H kh o, (2.66) cng ch ra rng cc c tnh ca H cng
quyt nh phm vi no m vic gii iu ch hai tn hiu s lm tng mc tp m.
hiu v ma trn H th ta cng phi hiu rng tn hiu pht i t hai anten
pht s gy nhiu cho nhau. Hai anten thu c th c s dng thc hin s
IRC, bn cht l trit nhiu ca tn hiu t anten th nht ln anten th hai v
ngc li. Cc hng ca ma trn W thc hin chc nng ny.
Trong trng hp tng qut, cu hnh a anten s bao gm N T anten pht v
NR anten thu. S lng tn hiu song song c th c ghp knh khng gian s ln
hn NL=min (NT, NR). C th hiu c bng trc gic l:
Hin nhin s khng th c nhiu hn N T tn hiu c c th c pht i
t NT anten pht, tc l s lng tn hiu c ghp knh ln nht l N T.
Vi NR anten thu, s lng tn hiu nhiu c th b trit tiu ln nht l N R-1,
tc l s lng tn hiu c c ghp ln nht l N R.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.21. Ghp knh khng gian da trn tin m ha

Tuy nhin, s lng cc tn hiu c ghp khng gian hay cn gi l bc
ghp knh khng gian, s nh hn NL trong nhng trng hp sau y :
Trong iu kin knh xu (t s tn hiu/ tp m thp) th ghp knh khng
gian khng c li v dung lng knh l mt hm tuyn tnh vi t s tn hiu/ tp
m. Trong trng hp ny, s dng a anten pht v thu cho to bp sng ci
thin t s tn hiu/ tp m hn l ghp knh.
Trong nhiu trng hp, bc ghp khng gian c xc nh da trn cc
thuc tnh ca ma trn knh kch thc N R xNT. Nhng anten tha s c s dng
to bp sng. S kt hp gia to bp sng v ghp knh khng gian c th t
c ghp knh da trn tin m ha.
2.8.2. Ghp knh da trn tin m ha

Tin m ha tuyn tnh trong ghp knh khng gian tc l x l tuyn tnh
bng ma trn tin m ha kch thc N T x NL c p dng pha pht nh c
minh ha trong hnh 2.21 trong trng hp tng qut N L bng hoc nh hn N T, tc
l NL tn hiu c ghp knh v c pht i bi N T anten.
Ch l ghp knh khng gian da trn tin m ha c th c coi l tng
qut cho to bp da trn tin m ha vi vector tin m ha c kch thc N T x 1
thay cho NT x NL.
Tin m ha trong hnh 2.21 c th v hai mc ch sau:
n tt nghip
Trong trng hp s tn hiu ghp khng gian bng s anten pht (N L = NT),
tin m ha c s dng trc giao cc lung song song, cho php tng cng
cch ly tn hiu pha thu.
Hnh 2.22. Trc giao ha tn hiu ghp khng gian thng qua tin m ha. i,i l
gi tr eigen th i ca ma trn HHH
Trong trng hp s tn hiu ghp nh hn s anten pht N L < NT, tin m
ha c s dng sp xp NL tn hiu ghp knh ln NT anten pht bao gm c
ghp knh khng gian v to bp sng.
xc nhn rng tin m ha c th tng cng cch ly cc tn hiu ghp
knh, ta biu din ma trn knh H di dng SVD
H = W. .V H
(2.67)
Trong , tng ct ca V v W to nn mt tp trc giao v l mt ma trn

NL x NL vi cc gi tr c trng N L ca HHH l phn t trn ng cho. Bng
cch p dng ma trn V l ma trn tin m ha pha pht v ma trn W H pha
thu. Nu ma trn knh tng ng H'= W l ma trn ng cho th s khng c
nhiu gia cc tn hiu ghp knh pha thu. ng thi, nu c V v W c cc ct
trc giao, cng sut pht cng nh mc nhiu b gii iu ch (gi thit l nhiu
trng) c thay i.
Ni mt cch r rng hn, trong trng hp tin m ha, mi tn hiu thu s
c mc cht lng no , ph thuc vo gi tr c trng ca ma trn knh. iu
ny ch ra li ch tim tng ca vic p dng s tng thch kt ni ng trong
min khng gian, tc l la chn tng ng t l m ha hoc s iu ch cho
mi tn hiu c truyn i.
n tt nghip
Trong thc t, ma trn tin m ha khng bao gi tng ng vi ma trn

knh mt cch hon ho, v lun c nhiu gia cc tn hiu ghp khng gian. Nhiu
ny c th c x l bng cch thm vo b thu chc nng x l tuyn tnh hoc
phi tuyn..
Hnh 2.23. Truyn dn mt t m (a) v a t m (b)

xc nh ma trn tin m ha V, cn phi bit v ma trn knh H. Tng
t nh to bp sng da trn b tin m ha, cch tip cn chung l c tnh knh
pha thu v quyt nh ma trn tin m ha ph hp t mt tp cc ma trn tin
m ha kh dng (codebook). Pha thu sau s phn hi li thng tin v ma trn
tin m ha la chn pha pht.
2.8.3. X l b thu phi tuyn

Phn trc m t v cch s dng vic x l tuyn tnh phc hi tn
hiu ghp knh khng gian. Tuy nhin, tng hiu sut gii iu ch th c th p
dng x l b thu phi tuyn.
ti u b thu c th s dng thut ton tch sng ML (Kh nng ging
nht). Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp th thut ton ny kh phc tp. Do vy,
mt s phng n c xut gim thiu phc tp.
Mt phng php phi tuyn khc cho gii iu ch tn hiu ghp knh khng
gian l s dng SIC (Trit nhiu thnh cng). SIC yu cu cc tn hiu a vo phi
c m ha ring bit trc khi ghp knh khng gian. Do vy thng c gi l
truyn dn a t m. Ngc li vi truyn dn a t m l truyn dn mt t m,
trong cc tn hiu ghp knh c m ha cng nhau.N c th c hiu mt
cch tng quan l d liu xut pht t mt ngun nhng sau s c gii ghp
knh thnh cc tn hiu khc nhau c th ghp khng gian trc khi m ha
knh.
n tt nghip
Nh trong hnh 2.24 ch ra, vi SIC, trc tin my thu s gii iu ch

v gii m tng tn hiu ghp khng gian th nht. D liu sau khi c gii m
chnh xc s c m ha li v loi tr dn trong tn hiu thu. Do , tn hiu ghp
th hai c th c gii iu ch v gii m m khng b nhiu t tn hiu th nht
(t nht l trong trng hp l tng). Sau d liu c gii m chnh xc ca
tn hiu th hai s c m ha li v tr dn trong tn hiu thu trc khi gii m
tn hiu th ba. Cc bc c th c tip tc thc hin cho n khi tt c cc tn
hiu c gii iu ch v gii m.
Hnh 2.24. Gii ghp knh/gii m tn hiu ghp khng gian da trn SIC
R rng l vi SIC, tn hiu u tin c gii m s mc nhiu cao hn so
vi cc tn hiu c gii m sau ny. Nh vy, thc hin mt cch chnh xc
hn th tn hiu c gii m trc phi mnh hn nhng tn hiu sau. Vi gi thit
truyn dn a t m nh hnh 2.23b, iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch p
dng cc s iu ch v t l m ha khc nhau i vi cc tn hiu khc nhau.
S iu ch bc thp, t l m ha thp tc l tc d liu thp s c p
dng cho tn hiu c gii m trc. K thut ny thng c gi l iu khin
t l trn anten PARC.
2.9. Tng kt
Trong chng 2, n trnh by nhng k thut a anten kinh in nht
c s dng trong h thng thng tin v tuyn ni chung v trong cc h thng
thng tin di ng 3G+ (HSPA+ v LTE ) ni ring. Cc s MIMO c thit k
khai thc ti nguyn no trong mi trng truyn v tuyn, tc d liu
n tt nghip
c nng cao bng cch truyn nhiu lung d liu song song. Do nhn chung
k thut a anten c ng dng trong 3G+ vi mc ch ln nht l tng tc d
liu, nng cao hiu sut s dng ng truyn v tuyn. C th k thut a anten
trong HSPA+ v LTE s dc trnh by trong chng 3.
n tt nghip
Chng3:K thut a anten trong HSPA+ v LTE
CHNG 3
K THUT A ANTEN TRONG HSPA+ V LTE
3.1. M u
3GPP pht hnh 7 a ra mt s c tnh mi. MIMO l mt trong nhng
c tnh mi v quan trng ca HSPA pht hnh 7, c a ra lm tng tc
d liu nh thng qua truyn dn a lung. Ni mt cch tng quan nht th
MIMO l s dng nhiu anten pha pht v pha thu, c th c s dng phn
tp v t tng t s sng mang/nhiu. Tuy nhin, nhn chung thut ng ny dng
cho trng hp truyn dn a lp hoc a lung, n nh mt phng tin lm
tng tc d liu trong mt knh. Do , MIMO hoc ghp knh khng gian
c coi l mt phng tin ci thin thng lng ngi dng u cui. ng
nhin, khi thng lng ngi dng u cui tng th s lm tng thng lng ca
h thng. Nh trnh by trong chng trc, cc s MIMO c thit k
khai thc ti nguyn no trong mi trng truyn v tuyn, tc d liu c
nng cao bng cch truyn nhiu lung d liu song song. Tuy nhin, t c
tc d liu cao th phi tha mn mt t s sng mang trn nhiu tng ng
pha thu. Do vy, ghp knh khng gian thng c ng dng trong nhng nh
hoc gn trm gc, bi v nhng v tr ny t s sng mang trn nhiu thng
cao. Cn nhng v tr m t s sng mang trn nhiu thp, UE-MIMO s c s
dng phn tp thu trong truyn dn n lung.
3.2. K thut a anten trong HSPA+

Qu trnh tch hp cng ngh MIMO trong HSPA+ phi mt mt thi gian
kh lu. C rt nhiu phng n c nh gi v thc hin. Kt qu cui cng l
quyt nh m rng s phn tp pht vng kn ca pht hnh 99 WCDMA bao
gm c ghp knh khng gian. Phng php ny c gi l D-TxAA (Double
Transmit Antenna Array) . N ch p dng c cho knh chia s ng xung tc
cao HS- DSCH.
Truyn dn trn hai lung tr ln c h tr bi HSDPA-MIMO. HSDPAMIMO l mt s nhiu t m v cho php my thu trit nhiu thnh cng pha
thit b ngi dng .Mi lung s c x l tng vt l ging nhau : m ha, tri
ph v iu ch ging nh trong trng hp HSDPA mt lp tng ng. Sau khi
m ha, tri ph v iu ch, tin m ha tuyn tnh s c thc hin trc khi sp
n tt nghip
xp ti 2 anten pht. Tin m ha mang li nhiu li ch khng ch vi truyn a

lung m ngay c vi truyn dn mt lung khi s dng phn tp pht. Do vy, tin
m ha trong truyn dn n lung cng ging nh phn tp pht ch vng kn
(s khc nhau ch yu bo hiu v tc cp nht). V c bn, c th coi y l
mt kiu to bp n gin. Ngoi ra, tin m ha cn c s dng lm cho hai
lung tn hiu gn nh trc giao ti pha thu. N s lm gim nhiu gia hai lung
tin hiu cng nh lm gim vic x l tn hiu s pha thu.
3.1.1. Truyn dn HSDPA-MIMO
Hnh 3.1. X l knh HS-DSCH trong trng hp truyn dn MIMO
n tt nghip
h tr truyn dn hai lung, knh HS-DSCH c thay i ph hp

truyn hai khi d liu trn mt TTI. Mi khi l mt lung d liu. Tng khi s
c gn thm CRC v c m ha ring. Do s dng c hai khi trong truyn
dn, HSDPA-MIMO l mt s a t m. N cho php my thu SIC trong UE.
Cng ging nh truyn dn mt lung, vic x l mi lung tng vt l s
l thc hin nhim v tri ph. trnh khi vic lng ph ngun m ha knh, c
hai lung s c m ha s dng cng mt tp m ngun. pha thu, hai lung
ny s c tch ra nh vo cc phng php x l thch hp pha thu, v d nh
phng php trit nhiu.
Vi D-TxAA, hai lung d liu c lp (chnh xc hn l khi truyn dn)
c truyn ng thi trn knh v tuyn vi m ha knh WCDMA ging nhau.
Mi khi s c x l v m ha knh ring. Sau qu trnh tri ph mi lung c
th coi nh tn hiu trn mt anten o.Trc khi mi tn hiu anten o ny c
a ti anten vt l, cc tn hiu s c tin m ha da trn cc trng s ti u
ha khi truyn trn knh v tuyn. Vi mi lung, b tin m ha ch n gin l
mt cp trng s. Lung i s c nhn vi trng s phc w j trc khi a ti
anten j, trng s t w1 n w4 l cc trng s kh dng.
Hnh 3.2. S D-TxAA

S dng tin m ha mang li li ch trong mt s trng hp c bit l khi
truyn mt lung. Trong trng hp ny, tin m ha mang li c phn tp v
li dn khi c hai anten pht c s dng v cc trng s c la chn sao cho
tn hiu t hai anten cng li ti b thu mt cch nht qun. iu ny lm tng t s
n tt nghip
sng mang trn nhiu my thu so vi vic khng tin m ha, do lm tng vng
ph i vi mt tc d liu no .
Lung d liu u tin s c nhn vi w 1 v w2, lung th hai th c
nhn vi w3 v w4. Cc trng s ny c th c gi tr nh sau:
w1 = w 3 =
1
2
(3.1)
w 4 = w 2
(3.2)
1 + j
w 2
,
2
1 j
,
2
1 + j
,
2
1 j
(3.3)
Trong trng hp truyn dn hai lung, tin m ha c th c s dng

gip my thu tch hai lung. Nu cc trng s lung hai c chn l vector c
trng (trc giao) ca ma trn h s ti my thu, hai lung s khng gy nhiu vi
nhau. Do , khi trng s cho lung th nht c la chn, trng s w 3, w4 cho
lung th hai phi tha mn yu cu l to ra ct ca ma trn tin m ha trc giao.
w
W= 1
w 2
w3
w 4
(3.4)
w2 c th c 4 gi tr, ty theo 4 gi tr ca ma trn tin m ha w. Gi tr ca

ma trn tin m ha s khng thay i trong sut mt phn khung. Vic ci t cc
trng s c thc hin node B. Node B la chn cc trng s ti u da trn
bo co PCI t UE trn ng ln. Cc bn tin hi tip ny s c ch r trong
phn sau.
Sau khi nhn vi cc trng s, hai lung d liu c a n b cng trc
khi a ln anten, v th mi anten s pht i mt phn ca mi lung. Ch l hai
khi d liu khc nhau s c s iu ch v m ha khc nhau ph thuc vo tc
d liu yu cu v iu kin knh v tuyn
thc hin gii iu ch d liu pht i, UE yu cu vic c tnh knh
phi c tin hnh gia cc anten o trm gc v cc anten vt l UE. Nh vy
s c tng s 4 knh cn c c tnh. Ngoi ra, tn hiu hoa tiu c th c pht
i trn mi anten o nhng khng cn tng thch vi UE, vi gi thit tn hiu hoa
tiu s cp c pht i ti anten u tin. Knh hoa tiu chung s c truyn i
t mi anten vt l.
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.3. Mu iu ch knh hoa tiu chung vi A=1+j

C hai trng hp c th xy ra. Th nht l knh hoa tiu s cp c cu
hnh trn tng anten, s dng cng m ha knh v m ngu nhin ha trn tt c
anten.Trng hp th hai l knh hoa tiu s cp c cu hnh trn anten u tin,
knh hoa tiu th cp c cu hnh trn mt anten khc. Ni r hn tc l, mt
anten s pht i mu iu ch anten 1 ca knh P-CPICH. Anten cn li s pht
mu iu ch anten 2 ca P-CPICH hoc mu iu ch anten 1 ca S-CPICH.
Trong trng hp th nht, cc mu hoa tiu trc giao s c s dng trn cc
hoa tiu khc nhau. C hai s u cho php UE c tnh knh t anten pht ti
anten thu. Vi cc thng tin v ma trn tin m ha m node B s dng, UE c th
thc hin c tnh knh t mi anten o ti anten vt l pha thu. l knh
HW , trong
h1,1
H =
h 2,1
h1,2
h 2,2
(3.5)
Trong , h i, j l c tnh knh gia anten vt l i trm gc v anten vt l

j UE.Do , ma trn tin m ha s c bo cho UE trn knh HS-SCCH. DTxAA yu cu tn hiu phn hi t UE trm gc c th a ra quyt nh chnh
xc khi la chn trng s tin m ha cng nh s m ha v iu ch. Trc
tin, UE phi xc nh vector tin m ha s cp cho khi truyn dn th nht, bao
gm w1 v w=2. Do w1 c nh, nn thng tin phn hi ch bao gm gi tr ca
w2. 2 bit c s dng trn HS-SCCH bo hiu cho mt trong bn gi tr ca w 2.
Cc trng s khc trn HS- DSCH th s c tnh theo w 2. Thng tin phn hi ny
c gi l thng tin iu khin tin m ha PCI. ng thi,UE cng khuyn co
v vic nn truyn mt lung hay hai lung trong iu kin knh hin thi. Trong
trng hp truyn hai lung, vector tin m ha th cp bao gm trng s w 3 v w4
s c tnh trm gc, bi v cc trng s ny phi trc giao vi vector tin m
n tt nghip
ha s cp w1 v w2. Do , UE khng cn thit phi bo co v vector th cp.

Vic iu chnh trng s tin m ha c thc hin bin ca cc phn khung.
Ngoi ra, UE cn ch nh v s m ha v iu ch ti u cho mi lung v
c bo co ny c gi l CQI.
Da vo cc bo co PCI/CQI, b lp lch trm gc s quyt nh c th
truyn mt lung hay hai lung ti UE, v kch thc ca gi tin (kch thc khi
truyn dn ) l bao nhiu, s iu ch no c s dng cho tng lung. Vic
bo hiu ma trn tin m ha lm n gin hn nhiu cho hot ng ca UE so vi
vic c tnh cc trng s anten trong trng hp phn tp pht vng ng pht
hnh 99. Ch trong trng hp ch h tr truyn mt lung do iu kin knh,
phng php c bn chnh l s phn tp pht vng kn nh trong pht hnh 99
3.1.2. iu khin tc cho HSDPA-MIMO

Vic iu khin tc cho mi lung cng tng t nh trong trng hp
truyn dn n lung. Tuy nhin, c ch iu khin yu cu xc nh s lung
truyn i cng nh xc nh ma trn tin m ha. V th, vi mi TTI, c ch iu
khin tc s xc nh s lung, kch thc khi truyn cho mt lung, s lng
m cho m ha knh, s iu ch v ma trn tin m ha. Thng tin ny s c
a n cho UE trn knh HS-SCCH, cng nh trong trng hp khng phi l
truyn dn MIMO. Khi b lp lch thc hin iu khin kch thc hai khi truyn
dn ca mi lung, tc d liu ca hai lung ny v th m s c iu khin
mt cch c lp.
Truyn dn a lung thng ch c li khi t s sng mang trn nhiu cao
v do n c s dng mang li tc d liu cao nht. Vi trng hp ch
cn tc thp hn th s s dng truyn dn mt lung. Lc ny, hai anten vt l
s thc hin phn tp v ch c mt anten o mang d liu ngi dng.
Tng t nh pht hnh 6, c ch iu khin tc da vo thng tin phn
hi UE c trong c tnh knh tc thi Vi trng hp truyn dn hai lung, thng
tin v tc d liu trn mi lung phi c bit r. Tuy nhin, khi b lp lch
ca node B t do la chn s lng anten pht i vi mt UE th tc d liu
ch yu s l tc trong trng hp truyn dn n lung. Lc ny, CQI s c
m rng c th thc hin bo co cho c hai trng hp, cng nh l ch ra ma
trn tin m ha c s dng.
3.1.3. HARQ kt hp mm cho HSDPA-MIMO

i vi mi lung, vic x l HARQ lp vt l hay vic s dng nhiu qu
trnh HARQ s tng t nh trng hp truyn dn n lung. Tuy nhin, khi
n tt nghip
nhiu lung c pht trn nhiu anten khc nhau, th phi c mt lung c thu
chnh xc, cc lung khc c th yu cu pht li phn ti trng. Nu lung u tin
thu b li th vic gii m lung th hai cng s khng chnh xc nu ta s dng
SIC. Do , trn mi lung, ACK/NAK s c gi i t UE ti Node B.
3.1.4. Tn hiu iu khin cho HSDPA-MIMO

h tr MIMO, tn hiu iu khin ngoi bng s c thay i sao cho
ph hp. Cn tn hiu trong bng th yu cu khng c thay i trong kt cu
tiu MAC-hs. ng thi vic la chn hng i u tin cng khng b nh
hng khi ng dng MIMO. Tuy nhin, h tr hiu qu cho tc d liu m
MIMO a ra, lp MAC v RLC s c b sung thm mt s phn on linh
hot. Tn hiu iu khin ngoi bng s c mang trn knh HS-SCCH. Khi chc
nng MIMO c cho php UE, khun dng ph hp ca HS-SCCH s c la
chn s dng cung cp cc thng tin b sung. S c mt knh HS-SCCH mi
loi M dnh cho khi hat ng ch MIMO.
Hnh 3.4. Thng tin knh HS-DSCH khi h tr MIMO

HS-SCCH c phn chia thnh hai phn. Phn mt c m rng cha
thng tin v s lung truyn ti UE (mt lung hay hai lung) v s iu ch
tng ng cng nh ma trn no trong bn ma trn tin m ha m node B s
dng. Cn khun dng phn th hai ca HS-SCCH s ph thuc vo vic s dng
truyn dn mt lung hay hai lung. Vi trng hp sau, cc bit thng tin b sung
s c pht i trong phn hai mang thng tin HARQ v kch thc khi truyn
cho lung th hai. Mc d s lng cc bit trn knh HS-SCCH c tng ln khi
chc nng MIMO c cho php, nhng h s tri ph ca HS-SCCH vn c
gi nguyn l 128. Cc bit ny vn s c t va vn trong lp vt l bng cch
iu chnh t l ph hp gia hai phn ca HS-SCCH. Hnh 3.3. ch ra thng tin
knh HS-DSCH trong trng hp h tr MIMO. Thng tin trong mu xm l so
snh vi pht hnh 5.
n tt nghip
Nu mt khi truyn dn c pht i, cc thng tin sau s c knh HSSCCH loi M pht i
Thng tin v tp m knh (7 bit)
S iu ch + thng tin s khi truyn i (3 bit)
Thng tin trng s tin m ha (2 bit)
Thng tin kch thc khi truyn (6 bit)
Thng tin qu trnh HARQ (4 bit)
Phin bn chm sao tn hiu (2 bit)
Nhn dng UE (16 bit)
Nu hai khi c truyn, thng tin sau s c pht i trn HS- SCCH loi
M:
Thng tin v tp m knh (7 bit)
S iu ch + thng tin s khi truyn i (3 bit)
Thng tin trng s tin m ha cho khi truyn s cp (2bit)
Kch thc khi truyn s cp (6 bit)
Kch thc khi truyn th cp (6 bit)
Thng tin v qu trnh H-ARQ (4 bit)
Phin bn chm tn hiu cho khi d liu s cp (2 bit)
Phin bn chm tn hiu cho khi d liu th cp (2 bit)
Nhn dng UE (16 bit)
Thng tin v s iu ch v s khi d liu c pht i s c m ha

cng nhau nh ch ra trong bng 3.1
n tt nghip
S iu
ch+s khi
truyn ti (3 bit)
S iu ch S iu ch S khi
khi s cp
khi th cp
truyn ti
111
16QAM
16QAM
110
16QAM
QPSK
100
16QAM
011
QPSK
000
QPSK
1
QPSK
2
1
Bng 3.1. Bin dch thng tin s iu ch v thng tin khi truyn ti t HSDSCH
Thng tin trng s tin m ha cho khi d liu s cp bao gm trng s
w2 nh m t. Cc trng s khc s c tnh theo w 2.
Bo hiu cho qu trnh HARQ cng khc vi HSDPA trong pht hnh 5.
Trong pht hnh 5, s c trn 8 qu trnh HARQ c bo hiu. m bo truyn
d liu lin tc th phi bo hiu t nht 6 qu trnh HARQ. Nh vy, trong truyn
dn hai lung MIMO, th con s nh nht l 12. Mi mt qu trnh s c xc
nhn c lp. V mt l thuyt, qu trnh HARQ trn mi lung hon ton c lp
vi nhau. Tuy nhin, iu ny lm tng thng tin mo u mt cch ng k (8 bit).
Do , vic kt hp cc qu trnh HARQ cn c quan tm.
gim bt thng tin mo u, qu trnh HARQ ch c bo hiu cho
lung d liu s cp trong 4 bit, cn HARQ cho lung th hai th c tnh theo
quy tc nht nh. Do , s ch c mt php nh x mt- mt gia qu trnh
HARQ cho lung s cp vi lung th cp. V d v mi quan h ny c trnh
by trong bng 3.2.
S qu trnh HARQ
trn lung s cp
S qu trnh HARQ
trn lung th cp
9 10 11
10
11
Bng 3.2. Kt hp cc qu trnh HARQ cho truyn dn a lung (12 qu trnh

HARQ)
n tt nghip
Ch l ch c qu trnh HARQ chn mi c cu hnh MIMO.
3.1.5. H tr knh iu khin ng ln MIMO

Khng ch c knh iu khin ng xung, MIMO cng gy nh hng ti
knh iu khin ng ln tc l knh HS-DPCCH.
Tn hiu iu khin ngoi bng ng ln bao gm ACK/NAK, PCI v CQI,
c pht i trn knh HS-DPCCH. Bo co PCI c a ra b xung cho bo
co CQI.. Vic m ha knh cho PCI/CQI v cho HARQ-ACK c thc hin mt
cch ring bit. Hnh 3.5 th hin nguyn l .
Hnh 3.5.M ha knh cho knh HS-DPCCH

10 bit bn tin HARQ c bin dch trong bng 3.3. Bn tin ACK/NACK
c a ra cho khi d liu s cp v th cp.
Trong trng hp truyn n lung th ch c mt bit ACK/NAK mi c
pht i, khun dng tng t nh trong pht hnh 5. Trong trng hp truyn hai
lung, hai bit ACK/NAK s c m ha cng nhau thnh 10 bit v c truyn i
trong mt khe trn knh HS-DPCCH.
n tt nghip
Bn tin HARQ-ACK w0
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
w6
w7
Bn tin HARQ-ACK vi trng hp truyn mt khi
ACK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NACK
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bn tin HARQ-ACK vi trng hp truyn hai khi
Bn tin Bn tin
cho khi cho khi
s cp
th cp
ACK
ACK
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
ACK
NACK
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
NACK
ACK
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
NACK
NACK
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
PRE/POST
PRE
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
POST
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
w8
w9
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
Bng 3.3 .Bin dch HARQ trong hot ng MIMO

Thng tin iu khin tin m ha PCI bao gm 2 bit ch ra ma trn no trong
bn ma trn tin m ha ph hp nht vi iu kin knh pha UE. CQI th ch ra
tc d liu m UE khuyn co trong trng hp truyn dn s dng PCI. C hai
bo co CQI n lung v hai lung u c th c s dng khi b lp lch ra
quyt nh truyn mt lung, thm ch l hai lung khi iu kin knh cho php, v
d nh khi lng d liu truyn i khng qu ln. Trong trng hp ny, bn tin
CQI mt lung s c yu cu. Cn trong trng hp truyn hai lung th hin
nhin trn mi lung s c mt bn tin CQI.. Khi vic phn tch cht lng d liu
mt lung (truyn dn n lung) t bn tin CQI hai lung qu phc tp th hai loi
CQI sau s c a ra:
Loi A, bao gm PCI, s lng anten ( mt hoc hai), cng nh l CQI cho
tng lung.
Loi B bao gm PCI v CQI trong trng hp truyn n lung
Vi bo co loi A, UE s la chn cc gi tr CQI 1 v CQI2 ph hp cho
mi lung trong truyn hai lung hoc cc gi tr CQI trong truyn n lung. Sau
to ra gi tr CQI bo co trn knh HS-DPCCH nh sau:
15 CQI1 + CQI 2 + 31 (1)
CQI =
CQI s ( 2)
(1)vi truyn hai lung
n tt nghip
(2)vi truyn mt lung

Vi truyn dn hai lung, da trn gi tr ca CQ 1 v CQI2, bng CQI mi
c a ra nh sau:
CQI1 hoc
CQI2
Kch thc
khi truyn
ti
S hiu HSPDSH
iu ch
AWGN SINR
ttng ng
4748
15
QPSK
-5.0
4748
15
QPSK
-3.0
4748
15
QPSK
-1.5
4748
15
QPSK
6101
15
QPSK
7564
15
QPSK
9210
15
16QA
M
10629
15
16QA
M
12488
15
16QA
M
14936
15
16QA
M
10
17548
15
16QA
M
00
11
20251
15
16QA
M
12
22147
15
16QA
M
13
22147
15
16QA
M
2.0
14
22147
15
16QA
M
3.0
n tt nghip
Bng 3.4. Bng CQI cho UE loi 15 trong trng hp truyn hai lung (bn tin
loi A)
CQI1 hoc
CQI2
Kch thc
khi truyn
ti
S hiu HSPDSH
iu ch
AWGN SINR
ttng ng
4748
15
QPSK
-5.0
4748
15
QPSK
-3.0
4748
15
QPSK
-1.5
4748
15
QPSK
6101
15
QPSK
7564
15
QPSK
9210
15
16QA
M
10629
15
16QA
M
12488
15
16QA
M
14936
15
16QA
M
10
17548
15
16QA
M
00
11
20251
15
16QA
M
12
22147
15
16QA
M
13
24222
15
16QA
M
14
26490
15
16QA
M
n tt nghip
Bng 3.5. Bng CQI cho UE loi 16 trong trng hp truyn hai lung (bn tin
loi A)
Vi bn tin loi B, CQI s bao gm 5 bit ging nhau m nhng pht hnh
u tin s dng. Trong khi vi bn tin loi A, CQI bao gm 8 bit. Trong c hai
loi ny, CQI v PCI c gn vi nhau v c m ha thnh 20 bit s dng m
ha khi nh c ch ra trong hnh 3.6.
Cng ging nh trng hp thng thng- khng s dng k thut MIMO,
cc bo co PCI/CQI c truyn trong hai khe ca knh HS-DPCCH. c th
thch hp vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc nhau, N bo co PCI/CQI trong M
bo co s l loi A, M-N bo co cn li l loi B. T l N/M thng c cu
hnh bi bo hiu RRC.
Hnh 3.6.V d v bo co PCI/CQI loi A v B cho UE c cu hnh MIMO

Vic UE c phi bo co CQI loi A hay B khng c quyt nh bi cc
lp cao hn. T l bo co loi A so vi tng s bo co CQI c th c cu hnh
linh ng. Tham s AWGN SINR tng ng cho mt khi d liu s khc vi
tham s c th p ng hiu sut t l li khi ra.
NIR l kch thc b m o m UE s s dng cho vic tnh ton CQI.
Gi tr PCI bo co ng ln c tnh trong UE theo trng s tin m
ha w2 nh bng 3.6
w2
Gi tr PCI
1+j
2
1 j
2
n tt nghip
-1 + j
2
-1 j
2
Bng 3.6. Bng nh x trng s tin m ha sang gi tr PCI
Gi tr PCI s c pht cng vi gi tr CQI, tc l t hp PCI/CQI. T hp ny

c to ra nh sau:
Hnh 3.7.T hp PCI/CQI
3.1.6. Nng lc UE
cho php nhiu ch hot ng cho UE, vic h tr MIMO s khng
bt buc i vi tt c UE. Mt khc, do truyn dn a lung ch yu lm tng
tc d liu nh, cho nn MIMO s l mt c tnh ca loi UE cao cp. Hay ni
cch khc, MIMO l mt nng lc ca UE, tc l khng phi tt c UE u h tr
MIMO. Nhng UE thuc loi mi c h tr MIMO c a ra trong bng 3.7:
Loi 15 v 16
H tr MIMO vi iu ch QPSK v 16 QAM
Khng h tr 64 QAM
Tc d liu ti a ca loi 16 l 27,6 Mbps
n tt nghip
Loi 17 v 18
H tr MIMO vi iu ch QPSK v 16 QAM
H tr 64 QAM nhng khng ng thi vi MIMO
Tc d liu ti a ca loi 18 l 27,6 Mbps
n tt nghip
Loi
HSDSCH
S m TTI
HSnh
DSCH nht
ln
nht
S bit ln nht ca mt Tng s bit knh mm

khi HS-DSCH trong
mt TTI
Loi 1
7298
19200
Loi 2
7298
28800
Loi 3
7298
28800
Loi 4
7298
38400
Loi 5
7298
57600
Loi 6
7298
67200
Loi 7
14411
115200
14411
134400
20251
172800
27952
172800
Loi 11
3630
14400
Loi 12
34800
28800
Loi 13
43128
259200
43128
259200
23370
345600
27952
345600
1 34800 (khng MIMO)
0
Loi 8
0
Loi 9
5
Loi 10
5
5
Loi 14
5
Loi 15
5
Loi 16
5
Loi 17
259200 (khng MIMO)
n tt nghip
5
Loi 18
23370(khng 64 QAM)
1
1 43128(khng MIMO)
27952(khng 64 QAM)
345600(khng 64 QAM)
259200(khng MIMO)
345600(khng 64 QAM)
Bng 3.7 .UE pht hnh 7 t 15-18 h tr MIMO
3.3. K thut a anten trong LTE

Song song vi HSPA, 3GPP cng c a ra mt cng ngh truy nhp v
tuyn mi gi l LTE. LTE hng ti nhng trng hp ph tn phc tp hn v
c t gii hn hn v tnh tng thch. Do , s ci tin mng di dng th h 3 s
bao gm hai con ng song song (HSPA v LTE), c hai u c nhng c im
ring p ng nhng ci tin truy nhp v tuyn. Hnh v di y m t v mi
quan h gia HSPA v LTE.
Hnh 3.8.Quan h gia HSPA v LTE
Ngay t u, LTE h tr a anten c trm gc v my u cui di ng

nh mt thnh phn khng th thiu. Trong nhiu kha cnh, vic s dng k thut
a anten rt quan trng t c hiu nng LTE. a anten c th c s dng
trong nhiu cch khc nhau vi mc ch khc nhau.
S MIMO ng ln cho LTE khc vi s ng xung v hn ch v
phc tp my u cui. Vi ng ln, MU-MIMO c th c s dng. Nhiu
ngi s dng pht tn hiu trn cng khi ti nguyn. N cn c gi l SDMA.
S ny yu cu ch c mt anten pht pha UE. Nhng UE cng chia s mt
n tt nghip
khi ti nguyn s phi p dng cc mu hoa tiu trc giao. Trong phn ny gii
thiu k thut a anten trn ng xung ca LTE.
Hnh 3.6 trnh by s lc v cc bc trong qu trnh to tn hiu bng gc
ng xung LTE bao gm cc bc truyn dn MIMO.
Hnh 3.9. S tng qut to tn hiu bng gc ng xung

i vi ng xung LTE, s t m ln nht bng hai, s anten pht ln
nht l 4.. Ni cch khc, l trong trng hp ghp knh, th s lung ghp ln nht
c quy nh l 2.
Vic x l knh bao gm vic Sp xp anten, tc l x l cc khi k hiu
iu ch t hai khi m ha v sau sp xp ln cc anten pht. Vic sp xp
anten LTE bao gm hai bc l Sp xp theo lp v Tin m ha.
Vic chia thnh hai chc nng tch bit nh trn c th d dng xc nh
v biu din cc s a anten khc nhau, bao gm phn tp pht vng h, to bp
sng v ghp knh khng gian trong mt c cu a anten. ng sau nhng v d v
s truyn dn a anten l a ra vic thc hin chng trong c cu a anten
LTE.
3.3.1.Phn tp pht s dng m ha khi khng gian- tn s hai

anten SFBC
Sp xp theo lp thc hin gii iu ch cc k hiu ca mi t m thnh
mt hoc nhiu lp. Do , s lp t nht l bng vi s khi pht i.
Tin m ha thc hin trch ra mt k hiu iu ch t mi lp, x l cc k
hiu ny, sp xp chng trong min tn s v a ra anten. Nh trn hnh v, ta
thy tin m ha thc hin trn vector vi kch thc N L , trong mi vector bao
gm mt k hiu t mi lp.
n tt nghip
Trong trng hp m ha khi khng gian- tn s hai anten, s c mt t m

n (tc l khng ghp knh) tng ng vi hai lp. Sp xp theo lp thc hin
gii iu ch cc k hiu ca t m ln hai lp. Sau Tin m ha s p dng m
khng gian tn s i vi tng vector vi
Hnh 3.10.M ha khi khng gian-tn s SFBC trong c cu a anten LTE
3.3.2. Phn tp tr vng CDD

Phn tp CDD c th c s dng kt hp vi ghp knh khng gian trong
LTE. Cc tn hiu t cc anten s c lm tr i. iu ny to ra tn hiu a
dng nhn to m b thu nhn c. Do , phn tp tn s knh v tuyn s
c tng cng. Trong LTE, mng s la chn cc cu hnh CDD khc nhau bao
gm : tr ln, tr nh hoc zero.
3.3.2. To bp sng
Trong trng hp to bp sng, c mt t m tng ng vi mt lp, tc l
tng Sp xp theo lp s trong sut.Tng Tin m ha s p dng vector tin m
ha w kch thc NA cho mi k hiu xi.
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.11.To bp sng trong trong c cu a anten LTE
n tt nghip
3.3.3. Ghp knh khng gian

Ghp knh khng gian cho php ng thi pht cc lung d liu khc nhau
trn cng khi ti nguyn. Cc lung ny c th ca mt ngi dng (SU-MIMO)
hoc ca nhiu ngi dng khc nhau (MU-MIMO). Trong khi SU-MIMO cho
php tng tc d liu ca mt ngi dng th MU-MIMO cho php tng dung
lng tng.
Trong trng tng qut s c hai t m, N L lp v NA anten vi N L 2 v
N A N L . Trong hnh v m t trng hp ba lp N L = 3 v bn anten N A= 4. Ta
thy l t m u tin c sp xp vo lp u tin, trong khi , t m th hai
c sp xp vo lp th hai v ba. Do , s k hiu iu ch t m th hai s
gp i t m th nht m bo s k hiu bng nhau trn mi lp. Tng tin
m ha sau s p dng ma trn tin m ha W kch thc N L x NA cho vector vi
mi lp.
Hnh 3.12.Ghp knh khng gian trong khung hot ng a anten LTE (NL=3,
NA=4)
Nhn chung, ghp knh khng gian LTE thc hin ch yu l tin m ha
da vo bng m (codebook), c ngha l i vi mt s anten NA v mt s lp
NL, s c mt tp cc ma trn tin m ha c a ra la chn cho ph hp.
Bng m cho trng hp hai anten pht ca LTE c a ra trong bng 3.8.
n tt nghip
Ch s bng m
(codebook)
S lp
1
1
0

0
1

1 1
2 1
1
2
1 1

2 j
1
2
1
1

1
j

1 1
2 0
0
1
1 1
2
1
1
1
1 1
2
j
1
j
Bng 3.8. Bng m tin m ha cho trng hp hai anten pht

Da vo cc thng s o c trn tn hiu tham chiu ng xung cc
anten khc nhau, my u cui di ng quyt nh s lp (hng) thch hp v ma
trn tin m ha tng ng. Sau , cc thng tin ny s c bo co cho mng.
Mng s thu nhn cc thng tin ny nhng khng cn ph thuc vo n khi quyt
nh la chn hng v tp ma trn tin m ha s c s dng cho truyn dn
ng xung thc t. Mng thng quyt nh chn mt tp hp cc ma trn tin
m ha hn l bo co t my u cui di ng, cho nn mng cn phi bo hiu
mt cch r rng v ma trn tin m ha c s dng.
Mt phng php tng t c s dng vi trng hp to bp a anten
ng xung, da trn cc thng s o c t tn hiu tham chiu ng xung
ca cc anten khc nhau, my u cui quyt nh la chn vector tin m ha
(vector to bp) thch hp v bo co cho mng. Mng s thu nhn cc thng tin
ny nhng khng cn ph thuc vo n khi quyt nh la chn vector tin m ha
s c s dng cho truyn dn ng xung thc t. Cng ging nh ghp knh
khng gian, mng phi bo hiu r rng vector to bp s dng i vi my u
cui.
n tt nghip
3.3.4. Tn hiu hoa tiu truyn dn a anten ng xung

Hnh 3.13 l cu trc tn hiu tham chiu trong trng hp ghp knh khng
gian ng xung.
Hnh 3.13. Tn hiu hoa tiu ghp knh khng gian ng xung
Trong trng hp truyn dn mt lung, s c nhiu nht l mt khi truyn
ti vi kch thc ng cho mi TTI.
Trong trng hp truyn a lung, s c trn hai khi truyn ti c kch
thc ng cho mi TTI, trong mi khi tng ng vi mt t m. Mc d LTE
h tr ghp knh khng gian vi 4 anten, nhng s t m gii hn ch c 2. Trong
hnh 3.13, khi mt tn hiu tham chiu c pht i t mt anten th cc anten khc
trong cng mt s trng thi khng s dng (Idle).
n tt nghip
3.4. Tng kt
Nh vy, trong chng cui n trnh by k thut a anten
MIMO trong HSPA+ v LTE bao gm s v vn v iu khin, tn hiu hoa
tiu Ngoi ra, cn mt s vn lin quan nhng do hn ch v nhiu mt nn
n khng trnh by c nh s PACR s dng trong HSPA+, hay hiu nng
ca MIMO-HSPA, MIMO-LTE..
n tt nghip
Kt lun
KT LUN
Sau thi gian nghin cu tm hiu cng vi s gip tn tnh ca thy gio
T.S Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, n c hon thnh v t c mt s ni
dung chnh sau:
1. Tm hiu v cng ngh mng truy nhp v tuyn ca 3G+ :HSPA pht
hnh 7 v LTE v cc kha cnh c bn. Trong phn ny, n nu bt cc c tnh
ci tin ca HSPA+, cc mc tiu ca LTE, tc ng ln ng xung ca cc
cng ngh ny.
2. Nghin cu tm hiu v k thut a anten MIMO: phn tp, to bp sng
v ghp knh khng gian. n tp trung vo cc k thut c ng dng nhiu
nht trong h thng 3G v pht trin 3G.
3. Cc s MIMO c bn trong HSPA+ v LTE cng cc vn c lin
quan: tn hiu iu khin, tham chiu anten..
Hng nghin cu tip theo ca n l k thut a anten trong 3GPP pht
hnh 8. Vi thi lng v kin thc cn hn ch nn n tt nghip khng
trnh by c ht cc vn v khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong
nhn c s ng gp kin ca thy c gio v bn b n c hon thin
hn.
Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS. Nguyn Phm Anh
Dng tn tnh hng dn em trong qu trnh hc tp, tm hiu, nghin cu. Em
xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio, gia nh v bn b ng vin gip
trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu ti Hc vin cng nh hon thnh n
ny.
n tt nghip
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
1.Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold and Per Beming, 3G evolution
HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Elsevier, 2007.
2.TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng,Thng tin di ng, Gio trnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, NXB Bu in,2001.
3.TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, WiMax, Gio trnh, Hc vin cng ngh
Bu chnh vin thng,2-2008.
4.Ari Hotimen, Olav Tirkkonen, Risto Wichman, Multi Antenna Transceiver
for 3G and Beyond, John Wiley &Son,2003.
5. Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS- HSPA evolution and
LTE, Wiley, 2007.
6.3GPP TS 25.211, Physical channels and Mapping of Transport channels
onto physical channels (FDD),Release 7.

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA VIN THNG 1

K THUT A ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN

Gio vin hng dn:TS.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

HC VIN CNG NGH

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

KHOA VIN THNG 1

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

im: ........ (bng ch ..)

TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

im: ........ (bng ch ..)

2.7.2. To bp sng pha pht..............................................................................53

Danh mc bng biu

DANH MC BNG BIU

Third Generation Partnership

Nhm cng tc 3GPP

Danh mc bng biu

Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m

High Speed Physical Downlink

Danh mc bng biu

Knh vt l chia s ng xung

Minimum Mean Square Error

Dch v qung b /a phng

Multi User MIMO

MIMO a ngi dng

Mng truy nhp v tuyn

Spatial Division Multiple

Single User MIMO

Time Division Duplex

Time Division Multiplex

Time Division Multiple Access

Danh mc bng biu

a truy nhp phn chia khng

Danh mc bng biu

Danh mc bng biu

Chng 3:K thut a anten trong HSPA+ v LTE

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

1.2. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

Khc vi 1G, cc cng ngh 2G c thit k trin khai quc t. Thit k

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

Hnh 1.1. S pht trin cng ngh thng tin di ng

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

Hnh 1.2. Cc pht hnh ca 3GPP

1.3. Tng quan HSPA+

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

1.3.1. Kh nng ca HSPA+

1.3.2. c tnh ca HSPA+

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

1.3.1.2. iu ch bc cao HOM

5,76 Mbps (QPSK)

Bng 1.2. Tc d liu HSPA+

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

1.3.1.3. Kt ni gi lin tc CPC

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

Thu khng lin tc ng xung DRX

Hnh 1.3.Hot ng gim HS-SCCH

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

Ch hot ng gim HS-SCCH l mt ch c bit, n lm gim tiu

1.4. Tng quan cng ngh LTE

Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+

1.4.1. Cc mc tiu yu cu ca LTE