Technical Aptitude Questions Ebook

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Technical Aptitude Questions
Table of Contents
Data Structures Aptitude....................................................................................................3 C Aptitude ........................................................................................................................12 C++ Aptitude and OOPS..................................................................................................76 Quantitative Aptitude......................................................................................................105 UN ! C"ncepts...............................................................................................................123 #D$%S C"ncepts...........................................................................................................137 SQ&..................................................................................................................................155 C"'puter Net("r)s........................................................................................................163 Operatin* S+ste's..........................................................................................................171
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Data Structures Aptitude

Data Structures Aptitude
1. What is data structure? A data structure is a way of organi ing data that considers not only the ite!s stored" but also their relationship to each other# Advance $nowledge about the relationship between data ite!s allows designing of efficient algorith!s for the !anipulation of data# 2. List out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively? Co!piler Design" %perating Syste!" Database &anage!ent Syste!" Statistical analysis pac$age" 'u!erical Analysis" (raphics" Artificial Intelligence" Si!ulation
3. What are the major data structures used in the following areas : !"#$% &etwor' data model ( )ierarchical data model. )D*&S + Array ,i#e# Array of structures 'etwor$ data !odel + (raph .ierarchical data !odel + Trees *. +f you are using , language to implement the heterogeneous lin'ed list% what pointer type will you use? The heterogeneous lin$ed list contains different data types in its nodes and we need a lin$" pointer to connect the!# It is not possible to use ordinary pointers for this# So we go for void pointer# /oid pointer is capable of storing pointer to any type as it is a generic pointer type# -. #inimum num.er of /ueues needed to implement the priority /ueue? Two# %ne 0ueue is used for actual storing of data and another for storing priorities# 0. What is the data structures used to perform recursion?
Technical Aptitude Questions Stac$# *ecause of its 2IF% ,2ast In First %ut- property it re!e!bers its 3caller4 so $nows who! to return when the function has to return# )ecursion !a$es use of syste! stac$ for storing the return addresses of the function calls# 1very recursive function has its e/uivalent iterative 2non3recursive4 function. 5ven when such e0uivalent iterative procedures are written" e6plicit stac$ is to be used# 5. What are the notations used in 1valuation of 6rithmetic 1xpressions using prefix and postfix forms? 7olish and )everse 7olish notations# 7. ,onvert the expression 226 8 "4 9 , : 2! : 14 ; 2< 8 =44 to e/uivalent >refix and >ostfix notations. 7refi6 'otation8 9 : ; <A*C : D5 < F( 7ostfi6 'otation8 A* < C ; D5 : : F( < 9 ?. $orting is not possi.le .y using which of the following methods? 2a4 +nsertion 2.4 $election 2c4 1xchange 2d4 !eletion ,d- Deletion# =sing insertion we can perfor! insertion sort" using selection we can perfor! selection sort" using e6change we can perfor! the bubble sort ,and other si!ilar sorting !ethods-# *ut no sorting !ethod can be done >ust using deletion# 1@. 6 .inary tree with 2@ nodes has null .ranches? 2? 2et us ta$e a tree with @ nodes ,nA@-
'ull *ranches
It will have only B ,ie"@<?- null branches# In general" 6 .inary tree with n nodes has exactly n+1 null nodes. 11. What are the methods availa.le in storing se/uential files ? Straight !erging"
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Technical Aptitude Questions 'atural !erging" 7olyphase sort" Distribution of Initial runs# 12. )ow many different trees are possi.le with 1@ nodes ? ?D?C For e6a!ple" consider a tree with 1 nodes,nA1-" it will have the !a6i!u! co!bination of @ different ,ie" 21 : 1 A @- trees#
ii
iii
iv
In general8 +f there are n nodes% there exist 2n,n different trees. 13. List out few of the 6pplication of tree data3structure? The !anipulation of Arith!etic e6pression" Sy!bol Table construction" Synta6 analysis# 1*. List out few of the applications that ma'e use of #ultilin'ed $tructures? Sparse !atri6" Inde6 generation# 1-. +n tree construction which is the suita.le efficient data structure? 2a4 6rray 2.4 Lin'ed list 2c4 $tac' 2d4 Aueue 2e4 none ,b- 2in$ed list 10. What is the type of the algorithm used in solving the 7 Aueens pro.lem? *ac$trac$ing 15. +n an 6BL tree% at what condition the .alancing is to .e done? If the 3pivotal value4 ,or the 3.eight factor4- is greater than ? or less than +?# 17. What is the .uc'et siCe% when the overlapping and collision occur at same time?
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Technical Aptitude Questions %ne# If there is only one entry possible in the buc$et" when the collision occurs" there is no way to acco!!odate the colliding value# This results in the overlapping of values# 1?. Draverse the given tree using +norder% >reorder and >ostorder traversals. (iven tree8
A
Inorder 8 D . * 5 A F C I ( E 7reorder8 A * D . 5 C F ( I E 7ostorder8 . D 5 * F I E ( C A 2@. Dhere are 7% 1-% 13% 1* nodes were there in * different trees. Which of them could have formed a full .inary tree? ?@# In general8 Dhere are 2n,1 nodes in a full .inary tree. "y the method of elimination: Full binary trees contain odd nu!ber of nodes# So there cannot be full binary trees with F or ?C nodes" so re>ected# Gith ?1 nodes you can for! a complete binary tree but not a full binary tree# So the correct answer is ?@# N"te: Full and Co!plete binary trees are different# 6ll full .inary trees are complete .inary trees .ut not vice versa. 21. +n the given .inary tree% using array you can store the node * at which location? ?
2
B
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At location B ? )oot 2 2C? 1 )C? : 2C2 : )C2 C 2C1 : )C1 : 2CC @ )CC
where 2Cn !eans 2eft Child of node n and )Cn !eans )ight Child of node n 22. $ort the given values using Auic' $ort? B@ HD H@ FD F@ BD @@ @D C@
Sorting ta$es place fro! the pivot value" which is the first value of the given ele!ents" this is !ar$ed bold# The values at the left pointer and right pointer are indicated using 2 and ) respectively# 65 HD2 H@ FD F@ BD @@ @D C@)
Since pivot is not yet changed the sa!e process is continued after interchanging the values at 2 and ) positions 65 65 65 65 C@ C@ C@ C@ H@ 2 @D @D @D FD FD 2 @@ @@ F@ F@ F@ 2 BD ) BD BD BD ) F@ 2 @@ @@ ) FD FD @D ) H@ H@ H@ HD HD HD HD
Ghen the 2 and ) pointers cross each other the pivot value is interchanged with the value at right pointer# If the pivot is changed it !eans that the pivot has occupied its original position in the sorted order ,shown in bold italics- and hence two different arrays are for!ed" one fro! start of the original array to the pivot position:? and the other fro! pivot position<? to end# 60 2
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C@
@D
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65
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FD
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HD )
55 2 50 2
C@ C@ )
@D ) 55
60 60
65 65
70 ) 70
FD 2 FD 2
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-5 -5
In the ne6t pass we get the sorted for! of the array# .5 50 55 60 65 70 75 -0 -5
23. <or the given graph% draw the !<$ and "<$?
A I (
"<$: !<$:
The given graph8
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J & E
AI(.75&JE AI.75J&E(
2*. ,lassify the )ashing <unctions .ased on the various methods .y which the 'ey value is found. Direct !ethod" Subtraction !ethod" &odulo:Division !ethod" Digit:56traction !ethod" &id:S0uare !ethod" Folding !ethod" 7seudo:rando! !ethod# 2-. What are the types of ,ollision esolution Dechni/ues and the methods used in each of the type? %pen addressing ,closed hashing-" The !ethods used include8 %verflow bloc$" Closed addressing ,open hashingThe !ethods used include8 2in$ed list" F
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Technical Aptitude Questions *inary treeK 20. +n !"#$% what is the efficient data structure used in the internal storage representation? *< tree# *ecause in *< tree" all the data is stored only in leaf nodes" that !a$es searching easier# This corresponds to the records that shall be stored in leaf nodes# 25. !raw the "3tree of order 3 created .y inserting the following data arriving in se/uence : ?2 2* 0 5 11 7 22 * - 10 1? 2@ 57
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2C
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2D
22
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27.Ef the following tree structure% which is% efficient considering space and time complexities?
2a4 +ncomplete "inary Dree 2.4 ,omplete "inary Dree 2c4 <ull "inary Dree ,b- Co!plete *inary Tree# "y the method of elimination: Full binary tree loses its nature when operations of insertions and deletions are done# For inco!plete binary trees" e6tra storage is re0uired and overhead of '=22 node chec$ing ta$es place# So co!plete binary tree is the better one since the property of co!plete binary tree is !aintained even after operations li$e additions and deletions are done on it# 2?. What is a spanning Dree? A spanning tree is a tree associated with a networ$# All the nodes of the graph appear on the tree once# A !ini!u! spanning tree is a spanning tree organi ed so that the total edge weight between nodes is !ini!i ed# 3@. !oes the minimum spanning tree of a graph give the shortest distance .etween any 2 specified nodes? 'o# &ini!al spanning tree assures that the total weight of the tree is $ept at its !ini!u!# *ut it doesnFt !ean that the distance between any two nodes involved in the !ini!u!:spanning tree is !ini!u!#
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31. ,onvert the given graph with weighted edges to minimal spanning tree.
?
C?D
BDD
B?2
2LF@
1
1?D
2DD
@
CDD
?C2?
the e0uivalent !ini!al spanning tree is8 ?
1 B?2 1?D C 2DD @
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32. Which is the simplest file structure? 2a4 $e/uential 2.4 +ndexed 2c4 andom ,a- Se0uential 33. Whether Lin'ed List is linear or &on3linear data structure? According to Access strategies 2in$ed list is a linear one# According to Storage 2in$ed 2ist is a 'on:linear one# 3*. !raw a .inary Dree for the expression : 6 9 " 3 2, 8 !4 9 2> G A4 :
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3-. <or the following ,E"EL code% draw the "inary tree? D? ST=D5'TN)5C# D2 'A&5# D1 FI)STN'A&5 7IC I,?D-# D1 2ASTN'A&5 7IC I,?D-# D2 J5A)N%FNST=DJ# D1 FI)STNS5& 7IC II# D1 S5C%'DNS5& 7IC II# D? ST=D5'TN)5C
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FI)STN'A&5
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C Aptitude
C Aptitude
N"te / All the progra!s are tested under Turbo CMC<< co!pilers# It is assu!ed that" 7rogra!s run under D%S environ!ent" The underlying !achine is an 6FB syste!" 7rogra! is co!piled using Turbo CMC<< co!piler# The progra! output !ay depend on the infor!ation based on this assu!ptions ,for e6a!ple si eof,int- AA 2 !ay be assu!ed-# 7redict the output or error,s- for the following8 1. void main24 H int const 9 pI-J printf2KLdK%8829p44J M Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 Cannot !odify a constant value# 01p2anati"n8 p is a pointer to a Oconstant integerO# *ut we tried to change the value of the Oconstant integerO# 2. main24 H char sN OIKmanKJ int iJ for2iI@JsN i OJi884 printf2KPnLcLcLcLcK%sN i O%92s8i4%92i8s4%iNsO4J M Ans(er/ !!!! aaaa nnnn 01p2anati"n8 sPiQ" ;,i<s-" ;,s<i-" iPsQ are all different ways of e6pressing the sa!e idea# (enerally array na!e is the base address for that array# .ere s is the base address# i is the
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Technical Aptitude Questions inde6 nu!berMdisplace!ent fro! the base address# So" indirecting it with ; is sa!e as sPiQ# iPsQ !ay be surprising# *ut in the case of C it is sa!e as sPiQ# 3. main24 H float me I 1.1J dou.le you I 1.1J if2meIIyou4 printf2K+ love QK4J else printf2K+ hate QK4J M Ans(er/ I hate = 01p2anati"n8 For floating point nu!bers (float" double" long double) the values cannot be predicted e6actly# Depending on the nu!ber of bytes" the precession with of the value represented varies# Float ta$es C bytes and long double ta$es ?D bytes# So float stores D#L with less precision than long double# Rule of Thumb: 'ever co!pare or at:least be cautious when using floating point nu!bers with relational operators (AA " R" S" SA" RA"!A ) # *. main24 H static int var I -J printf2KLd K%var334J if2var4 main24J M Ans(er/ @C12? 01p2anati"n/ Ghen static storage class is given" it is initiali ed once# The change in the value of a static variable is retained even between the function calls# &ain is also treated li$e any other ordinary function" which can be called recursively# -. main24 H int cN OIH2.7%3.*%*%0.5%-MJ int j%9pIc%9/IcJ for2jI@JjR-Jj884 H printf2K Ld K%9c4J 88/J M for2jI@JjR-Jj884H printf2K Ld K%9p4J 88pJ M ?1
Technical Aptitude Questions M Ans(er/ 2222221CB@ 01p2anati"n/ Initially pointer c is assigned to both p and q# In the first loop" since only q is incre!ented and not c " the value 2 will be printed @ ti!es# In second loop p itself is incre!ented# So the values 2 1 C B @ will be printed# 0. main24 H extern int iJ iI2@J printf2KLdK%i4J M Ans(er/ Lin'er 1rror 8 =ndefined sy!bol TNiT 01p2anati"n/ e6tern storage class in the following declaration" extern int i; specifies to the co!piler that the !e!ory for i is allocated in so!e other progra! and that address will be given to the current progra! at the ti!e of lin$ing# *ut lin$er finds that no other variable of na!e i is available in any other progra! with !e!ory space allocated for it# .ence a lin$er error has occurred # 5. main24 H int iI31%jI31%'I@%lI2%mJ mIi88((j88(('88SSl88J printf2KLd Ld Ld Ld LdK%i%j%'%l%m4J M Ans(er/ DD?1? 01p2anati"n / 2ogical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 # And also the logical A'D ,UU- operator has higher priority over the logical %) ,VV- operator# So the e6pression 3i++ && ++ && !++" is e6ecuted first# The result of this e6pression is D ,:? UU :? UU D A D-# 'ow the e6pression is D VV 2 which evaluates to ? ,because %) operator always gives ? e6cept for 3D VV D4 co!bination: for which it gives D-# So the value of ! is ?# The values of other variables are also incre!ented by ?# 7. main24 H char 9pJ printf2KLd Ld K%siCeof29p4%siCeof2p44J
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Technical Aptitude Questions M Ans(er/ ?2 01p2anati"n/ The si eof,- operator gives the nu!ber of bytes ta$en by its operand# 7 is a character pointer" which needs one byte for storing its value ,a character-# .ence si eof,;p- gives a value of ?# Since it needs two bytes to store the address of the character pointer si eof,p- gives 2# ?. main24 H int iI3J switch2i4 H default:printf2KCeroK4J case 1: printf2KoneK4J .rea'J case 2:printf2KtwoK4J .rea'J case 3: printf2KthreeK4J .rea'J M M Ans(er / three 01p2anati"n / The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop# It is e6ecuted only when all other cases doesnTt !atch# 1@. main24 H printf2KLxK%31RR*4J M Ans(er/ fffD 01p2anati"n / :? is internally represented as all ?Ts# Ghen left shifted four ti!es the least significant C bits are filled with DTs#The W6 for!at specifier specifies that the integer value be printed as a he6adeci!al value# 11. main24 H char stringNOIK)ello WorldKJ display2string4J M
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Technical Aptitude Questions void display2char 9string4 H printf2KLsK%string4J M Ans(er/ ,ompiler 1rror : Type !is!atch in redeclaration of function display 01p2anati"n / In third line" when the function #ispl$% is encountered" the co!piler doesnTt $now anything about the function display# It assu!es the argu!ents and return types to be integers" ,which is the default type-# Ghen it sees the actual function #ispl$%& the argu!ents and type contradicts with what it has assu!ed previously# .ence a co!pile ti!e error occurs# 12. main24 H int cI3 32J printf2KcILdK%c4J M Ans(er/ cA2X 01p2anati"n/ .ere unary !inus ,or negation- operator is used twice# Sa!e !aths rules applies" ie# !inus ; !inusA plus# 'ote: .owever you cannot give li$e ::2# *ecause :: operator can only be applied to variables as a #e(rement operator ,eg#" i::-# 2 is a constant and not a variable# 13. Tdefine int char main24 H int iI0-J printf2KsiCeof2i4ILdK%siCeof2i44J M Ans(er/ si eof,i-A? 01p2anati"n/ Since the Ydefine replaces the string int by the !acro (h$r 1*. main24 H int iI1@J iIUiV1*J printf2KiILdK%i4J M Ans(er/ iAD
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01p2anati"n/ In the e6pression )i*1+ " '%T ,!- operator has !ore precedence than 3 R4 sy!bol# ) is a unary logical operator# !i ,!?D- is D ,not of true is false-# DR?C is false , ero-# 1-. TincludeRstdio.hV main24 H char sNOIHWaW%W.W%WcW%WPnW%WcW%WP@WMJ char 9p%9str%9str1J pI(sN3OJ strIpJ str1IsJ printf2KLdK%889p 8 889str13324J M Ans(er/ HH 01p2anati"n/ p is pointing to character TZnT# str? is pointing to character TaT <<;p# Op is pointing to TZnT and that is incre!ented by one#O the ASCII value of TZnT is ?D" which is then incre!ented to ??# The value of <<;p is ??# <<;str?" str? is pointing to TaT that is incre!ented by ? and it beco!es TbT# ASCII value of TbT is LF# 'ow perfor!ing ,?? < LF + 12-" we get HH,O&O-X So we get the output HH 88 O&O ,Ascii is HH-# 10. TincludeRstdio.hV main24 H int aN2ON2ON2O I H H1@%2%3%*M% H-%0%5%7M MJ int 9p%9/J pI(aN2ON2ON2OJ 9/I999aJ printf2KLd3333LdK%9p%9/4J M Ans(er/ So!e(arbage/alue:::? 01p2anati"n/ pAUaP2QP2QP2Q you declare only two 2D arrays" but you are trying to access the third 2D,which you are not declared- it will print garbage values# ;0A;;;a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer# 'ow 0 is pointing to starting address of a# If you print ;0" it will print first ele!ent of 1D array# 15. TincludeRstdio.hV main24
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Technical Aptitude Questions H struct xx H int xI3J char nameNOIKhelloKJ MJ struct xx 9sJ printf2KLdK%s3Vx4J printf2KLsK%s3Vname4J M Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror 01p2anati"n/ Jou should not initiali e variables in declaration 17. TincludeRstdio.hV main24 H struct xx H int xJ struct yy H char sJ struct xx 9pJ MJ struct yy 9/J MJ M Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror 01p2anati"n/ The structure yy is nested within structure 66# .ence" the ele!ents are of yy are to be accessed through the instance of structure 66" which needs an instance of yy to be $nown# If the instance is created after defining the structure the co!piler will not $now about the instance relative to 66# .ence for nested structure yy you have to declare !e!ber# 1?. main24 H printf2KPna.K4J printf2KP.siK4J printf2KPrhaK4J M Ans(er/ hai
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Technical Aptitude Questions 01p2anati"n/ Zn : newline Zb : bac$space Zr : linefeed 2@. main24 H int iI-J printf2KLdLdLdLdLdLdK%i88%i33%88i%33i%i4J M Ans(er/ C@@C@ 01p2anati"n/ The argu!ents in a function call are pushed into the stac$ fro! left to right# The evaluation is by popping out fro! the stac$# and the evaluation is fro! right to left" hence the result# 21. Tdefine s/uare2x4 x9x main24 H int iJ i I 0*Gs/uare2*4J printf2KLdK%i4J M Ans(er/ BC 01p2anati"n/ the !acro call s0uare,C- will substituted by C;C so the e6pression beco!es i A BCMC;C # Since M and ; has e0ual priority the e6pression will be evaluated as ,BCMC-;C i#e# ?B;C A BC 22. main24 H char 9pIKhai friendsK%9p1J p1IpJ while29pUIWP@W4 889p88J printf2KLs LsK%p%p14J M Ans(er/ ib>!gs>foet 01p2anati"n/ <<;p<< will be parse in the given order ;p that is value at the location currently pointed by p will be ta$en <<;p the retrieved value will be incre!ented when X is encountered the location will be incre!ented that is p<< will be e6ecuted
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Technical Aptitude Questions .ence" in the while loop initial value pointed by p is 3h4" which is changed to 3i4 by e6ecuting <<;p and pointer !oves to point" 3a4 which is si!ilarly changed to 3b4 and so on# Si!ilarly blan$ space is converted to 3!4# Thus" we obtain value in p beco!es [ib>! gs>foet\ and since p reaches 3ZD4 and p? points to p thus p?doesnot print anything# 23. Tinclude Rstdio.hV Tdefine a 1@ main24 H Tdefine a -@ printf2KLdK%a4J M Ans(er/ @D 01p2anati"n/ The preprocessor directives can be redefined anywhere in the progra!# So the !ost recently assigned value will be ta$en# 2*. Tdefine clrscr24 1@@ main24 H clrscr24J printf2KLdPnK%clrscr244J M Ans(er/ ?DD 01p2anati"n/ 7reprocessor e6ecutes as a seperate pass before the e6ecution of the co!piler# So te6tual replace!ent of clrscr,- to ?DD occurs#The input progra! to co!piler loo$s li$e this 8 !ain,] ?DDX printf,OWdZnO"?DD-X ^ 'ote: ?DDX is an e6ecutable state!ent but with no action# So it doesnTt give any proble! 2-. main24 H printf2KLpK%main4J M Ans(er/ So!e address will be printed# 01p2anati"n/
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Technical Aptitude Questions Function na!es are >ust addresses ,>ust li$e array na!es are addresses-# !ain,- is also a function# So the address of function !ain will be printed# Wp in printf specifies that the argu!ent is an address# They are printed as he6adeci!al nu!bers# 2H!ain,] clrscr,-X ^ clrscr,-X Ans(er/ 'o outputMerror 01p2anati"n/ The first clrscr,- occurs inside a function# So it beco!es a function call# In the second clrscr,-X is a function declaration ,because it is not inside any function-# 2Fenu! colors ]*2AC_"*2=5"()55'^ !ain,] printf,OWd##Wd##WdO"*2AC_"*2=5"()55'-X return,?-X ^ Ans(er/ D##?##2 01p2anati"n/ enu! assigns nu!bers starting fro! D" if not e6plicitly defined# 2Lvoid !ain,] char far ;farther";farthestX printf,OWd##WdO"si eof,farther-"si eof,farthest--X ^ Ans(er/ C##2 01p2anati"n/ the second pointer is of char type and not a far pointer 1D!ain,] int iACDD">A1DDX printf,OWd##WdO-X
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Technical Aptitude Questions ^ Ans(er/ CDD##1DD 01p2anati"n/ printf ta$es the values of the first two assign!ents of the progra!# Any nu!ber of printfTs !ay be given# All of the! ta$e only the first two values# If !ore nu!ber of assign!ents given in the progra!"then printf will ta$e garbage values# 1?!ain,] char ;pX pAO.elloOX printf,OWcZnO";U;p-X ^ Ans(er/ . 01p2anati"n/ ; is a dereference operator U is a reference operator# They can be applied any nu!ber of ti!es provided it is !eaningful# .ere p points to the first character in the string O.elloO# ;p dereferences it and so its value is .# Again U references it to an address and ; dereferences it to the value .# !ain,] int iA?X while ,iSA@] printf,OWdO"i-X if ,iR2goto hereX i<<X ^ ^ fun,] here8 printf,O77O-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 =ndefined label ThereT in function !ain 01p2anati"n/ 2abels have functions scope" in other words The scope of the labels is li!ited to functions # The label ThereT is available in function fun,- .ence it is not visible in function !ain#
12-
11-
!ain,] static char na!esP@QP2DQA]OpascalO"OadaO"OcobolO"OfortranO"OperlO^X int iX char ;tX tAna!esP1QX na!esP1QAna!esPCQX na!esPCQAtX for ,iADXiSACXi<<printf,OWsO"na!esPiQ-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 2value re0uired in function !ain 01p2anati"n/ Array na!es are pointer constants# So it cannot be !odified# void !ain,] int iA@X printf,OWdO"i<< < <<i-X ^ Ans(er/ %utput Cannot be predicted e6actly# 01p2anati"n/ Side effects are involved in the evaluation of i void !ain,] int iA@X printf,OWdO"i<<<<<i-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror 01p2anati"n/ The e6pression i<<<<<i is parsed as i << << < i which is an illegal co!bination of operators# YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] int iA?">A2X switch,i] case ?8 printf,O(%%DO-X brea$X
1C-
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Technical Aptitude Questions case >8 printf,O*ADO-X brea$X ^ ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror8 Constant e6pression re0uired in function !ain# 01p2anati"n/ The case state!ent can have only constant e6pressions ,this i!plies that we cannot use variable na!es directly so an error-# 'ote: 5nu!erated types can be used in case state!ents# 1H!ain,] int iX printf,OWdO"scanf,OWdO"Ui--X MM value ?D is given as input here ^ Ans(er/ ? 01p2anati"n/ Scanf returns nu!ber of ite!s successfully read and not ?MD# .ere ?D is given as input which should have been scanned successfully# So nu!ber of ite!s read is ?# Ydefine f,g"g2- gYYg2 !ain,] int var?2A?DDX printf,OWdO"f,var"?2--X ^ Ans(er/ ?DD !ain,] int iADX for,Xi<<Xprintf,OWdO"i-- X printf,OWdO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ ? 01p2anati"n/ before entering into the for loop the chec$ing condition is OevaluatedO# .ere it evaluates to D ,false- and co!es out of the loop" and i is incre!ented ,note the se!icolon after the for loop-#
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YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] char sPQA]TaT"TbT"TcT"TZnT"TcT"TZDT^X char ;p";str";str?X pAUsP1QX strApX str?AsX printf,OWdO"<<;p < <<;str?:12-X ^ Ans(er/ & 01p2anati"n/ p is pointing to character TZnT#str? is pointing to character TaT <<;p !eAnswer8Op is pointing to TZnT and that is incre!ented by one#O the ASCII value of TZnT is ?D# then it is incre!ented to ??# the value of <<;p is ??# < <;str? !eAnswer8Ostr? is pointing to TaT that is incre!ented by ? and it beco!es TbT# ASCII value of TbT is LF# both ?? and LF is added and result is subtracted fro! 12# i#e# ,??<LF:12-AHH,O&O-X YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] struct 66 ] int 6A1X char na!ePQAOhelloOX ^X struct 66 ;sA!alloc,si eof,struct 66--X printf,OWdO"s:R6-X printf,OWsO"s:Rna!e-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror 01p2anati"n/ Initiali ation should not be done for structure !e!bers inside the structure declaration YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] struct 66 ] int 6X
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Technical Aptitude Questions struct yy ] char sX struct 66 ;pX ^X struct yy ;0X ^X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror 01p2anati"n/ in the end of nested structure yy a !e!ber have to be declared# C1!ain,] e6tern int iX iA2DX printf,OWdO"si eof,i--X ^ Ans(er/ 2in$er error8 undefined sy!bol TNiT# 01p2anati"n/ e6tern declaration specifies that the variable i is defined so!ewhere else# The co!piler passes the e6ternal variable to be resolved by the lin$er# So co!piler doesnTt find an error# During lin$ing the lin$er searches for the definition of i# Since it is not found the lin$er flags an error# !ain,] printf,OWdO" out-X ^ int outA?DDX Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 undefined sy!bol out in function !ain# 01p2anati"n/ The rule is that a variable is available for use fro! the point of declaration# 5ven though a is a global variable" it is not available for !ain# .ence an error# !ain,] e6tern outX printf,OWdO" out-X ^ int outA?DDX Ans(er/
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Technical Aptitude Questions ?DD 01p2anati"n/ This is the correct way of writing the previous progra!# CB!ain,] show,-X ^ void show,] printf,OIT! the greatestO-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!pier error8 Type !is!atch in redeclaration of show# 01p2anati"n/ Ghen the co!piler sees the function show it doesnTt $now anything about it# So the default return type ,ie" int- is assu!ed# *ut when co!piler sees the actual definition of show !is!atch occurs since it is declared as void# .ence the error# The solutions are as follows8 ?# declare void show,- in !ain,- # 2# define show,- before !ain,-# 1# declare e6tern void show,- before the use of show,-# !ain, ] int aP2QP1QP2Q A ]]]2"C^"]H"F^"]1"C^^"]]2"2^"]2"1^"]1"C^^^X printf,[Wu Wu Wu Wd Zn\"a";a";;a";;;a-X printf,[Wu Wu Wu Wd Zn\"a<?";a<?";;a<?";;;a<?-X ^ Ans(er/ ?DD" ?DD" ?DD" 2 ??C" ?DC" ?D2" 1 01p2anati"n/ The given array is a 1:D one# It can also be viewed as a ?:D array# 2 C H F 1 C 2 2 2 1 1 C ?DD ?D2 ?DC ?DB ?DF ??D ??2 ??C ??B ??F ?2D ?22 thus" for the first printf state!ent a" ;a" ;;a give address of first ele!ent # since the indirection ;;;a gives the value# .ence" the first line of the output# for the second printf a<? increases in the third di!ension thus points to value at ??C" ;a<? incre!ents in second di!ension thus points to ?DC" ;;a
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Technical Aptitude Questions <? incre!ents the first di!ension thus points to ?D2 and ;;;a<? first gets the value at first location and then incre!ents it by ?# .ence" the output# CF!ain, ] int aP Q A ]?D"2D"1D"CD"@D^">";pX for,>ADX >S@X ><<] printf,[Wd\ ";a-X a<<X ^ p A aX for,>ADX >S@X ><<] printf,[Wd \ ";p-X p<<X ^ ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 lvalue re0uired# 01p2anati"n/ 5rror is in line with state!ent a<<# The operand !ust be an lvalue and !ay be of any of scalar type for the any operator" array na!e only when subscripted is an lvalue# Si!ply array na!e is a non:!odifiable lvalue# CL!ain, ] static int aP Q A ]D"?"2"1"C^X int ;pP Q A ]a"a<?"a<2"a<1"a<C^X int ;;ptr A pX ptr<<X printf,[Zn Wd Wd Wd\" ptr:p" ;ptr:a" ;;ptr-X ;ptr<<X printf,[Zn Wd Wd Wd\" ptr:p" ;ptr:a" ;;ptr-X ;<<ptrX printf,[Zn Wd Wd Wd\" ptr:p" ;ptr:a" ;;ptr-X <<;ptrX printf,[Zn Wd Wd Wd\" ptr:p" ;ptr:a" ;;ptr-X ^ Ans(er/ 111 222 333 3** 01p2anati"n/
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Technical Aptitude Questions 2et us consider the array and the two pointers with so!e address $ D ? 2 1 C ?DD ?D2 ?DC ?DB ?DF p ?DD ?D2 ?DC ?DB ?DF ?DDD ?DD2 ?DDC ?DDB ?DDF ptr ?DDD 2DDD After e6ecution of the instruction ptr<< value in ptr beco!es ?DD2" if scaling factor for integer is 2 bytes# 'ow ptr + p is value in ptr + starting location of array p" ,?DD2 + ?DDD- M ,scaling factor- A ?" ;ptr + a A value at address pointed by ptr + starting value of array a" ?DD2 has a value ?D2 so the value is ,?D2 + ?DD-M,scaling factor- A ?" ;;ptr is the value stored in the location pointed by the pointer of ptr A value pointed by value pointed by ?DD2 A value pointed by ?D2 A ?# .ence the output of the firs printf is ?" ?" ?# After e6ecution of ;ptr<< incre!ents value of the value in ptr by scaling factor" so it beco!es?DDC# .ence" the outputs for the second printf are ptr + p A 2" ;ptr + a A 2" ;;ptr A 2# After e6ecution of ;<<ptr incre!ents value of the value in ptr by scaling factor" so it beco!es?DDC# .ence" the outputs for the third printf are ptr + p A 1" ;ptr + a A 1" ;;ptr A 1# After e6ecution of <<;ptr value in ptr re!ains the sa!e" the value pointed by the value is incre!ented by the scaling factor# So the value in array p at location ?DDB changes fro! ?DB ?D ?DF"# .ence" the outputs for the fourth printf are ptr + p A ?DDB + ?DDD A 1" ;ptr + a A ?DF + ?DD A C" ;;ptr A C# @D!ain, ] char ;0X int >X for ,>ADX >S1X ><<- scanf,[Ws\ ",0<>--X for ,>ADX >S1X ><<- printf,[Wc\ ";,0<>--X for ,>ADX >S1X ><<- printf,[Ws\ ",0<>--X ^ 01p2anati"n/ .ere we have only one pointer to type char and since we ta$e input in the sa!e pointer thus we $eep writing over in the sa!e location" each ti!e shifting the pointer value by ?# Suppose the inputs are &%=S5" T)AC_ and /I)T=A2# Then for the first input suppose the pointer starts at location ?DD then the input one is stored as & % = S 5 ZD Ghen the second input is given the pointer is incre!ented as > value beco!es ?" so the input is filled in !e!ory starting fro! ?D?#
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Technical Aptitude Questions & T ) A C _ ZD The third input starts filling fro! the location ?D2 & T / I ) T = A 2 ZD This is the final value stored # The first printf prints the values at the position 0" 0<? and 0<2 A & T / The second printf prints three strings starting fro! locations 0" 0<?" 0<2 i#e &T/I)T=A2" T/I)T=A2 and /I)T=A2# @?!ain, ] void ;vpX char ch A 3g4" ;cp A [goofy\X int > A 2DX vp A UchX printf,[Wc\" ;,char ;-vp-X vp A U>X printf,[Wd\";,int ;-vp-X vp A cpX printf,[Ws\",char ;-vp < 1-X ^ Ans(er/ g2Dfy 01p2anati"n/ Since a void pointer is used it can be type casted to any other type pointer# vp A Uch stores address of char ch and the ne6t state!ent prints the value stored in vp after type casting it to the proper data type pointer# the output is 3g4# Si!ilarly the output fro! second printf is 32D4# The third printf state!ent type casts it to print the string fro! the C th value hence the output is 3fy4# !ain , ] static char ;sP Q A ][blac$\" [white\" [yellow\" [violet\^X char ;;ptrP Q A ]s<1" s<2" s<?" s^" ;;;pX p A ptrX ;;<<pX printf,[Ws\";::;<<p < 1-X ^ Ans(er/ c$ 01p2anati"n/ In this proble! we have an array of char pointers pointing to start of C strings# Then we have ptr which is a pointer to a pointer of type char and a variable p which is a pointer to a pointer to a pointer of type char# p hold the initial value of ptr" i#e# p A s<1# The ne6t state!ent incre!ent value in p by ? " thus now value of p A s<2# In the printf state!ent the e6pression
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Technical Aptitude Questions is evaluated ;<<p causes gets value s<? then the pre decre!ent is e6ecuted and we get s<? + ? A s # the indirection operator now gets the value fro! the array of s and adds 1 to the starting address# The string is printed starting fro! this position# Thus" the output is 3c$4# @1!ain,] int i" nX char ;6 A [girl\X n A strlen,6-X ;6 A 6PnQX for,iADX iSnX <<i] printf,[WsZn\"6-X 6<<X ^ ^ Ans(er/ ,blan$ spaceirl rl l 01p2anati"n/ .ere a string ,a pointer to char- is initiali ed with a value [girl\# The strlen function returns the length of the string" thus n has a value C# The ne6t state!ent assigns value at the nth location ,3ZD4- to the first location# 'ow the string beco!es [ZDirl\ # 'ow the printf state!ent prints the string after each iteration it incre!ents it starting position# 2oop starts fro! D to C# The first ti!e 6PDQ A 3ZD4 hence it prints nothing and pointer value is incre!ented# The second ti!e it prints fro! 6P?Q i#e [irl\ and the third ti!e it prints [rl\ and the last ti!e it prints [l\ and the loop ter!inates# int i">X for,iADXiSA?DXi<<] ><A@X assert,iS@-X ^ Ans(er/ )unti!e error8 Abnor!al progra! ter!ination# assert failed ,iS@-" Sfile na!eR"Sline nu!berR 01p2anati"n/ asserts are used during debugging to !a$e sure that certain conditions are satisfied# If assertion fails" the progra! will ter!inate reporting the sa!e# After debugging use" Yundef 'D5*=(
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Technical Aptitude Questions and this will disable all the assertions fro! the source code# Assertion is a good debugging tool to !a$e use of# @@!ain,] int iA:?X <iX printf,Oi A Wd" <i A Wd ZnO"i"<i-X ^ Ans(er/ i A :?" <i A :? 01p2anati"n/ =nary < is the only du!!y operator in C# Ghere:ever it co!es you can >ust ignore it >ust because it has no effect in the e6pressions ,hence the na!e du!!y operator-# Ghat are the files which are auto!atically opened when a C file is e6ecuted` Ans(er/ stdin" stdout" stderr ,standard input"standard output"standard error-#
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@H- what will be the position of the file !ar$er` a8 fsee$,ptr"D"S55_NS5T-X b8 fsee$,ptr"D"S55_NC=)-X Ans(er / a8 The S55_NS5T sets the file position !ar$er to the starting of the file# b8 The S55_NC=) sets the file position !ar$er to the current position of the file# @F!ain,] char na!eP?DQ"sP?2QX scanf,O ZOWP9ZOQZOO"s-X ^ .ow scanf will e6ecute` Ans(er/ First it chec$s for the leading white space and discards it#Then it !atches with a 0uotation !ar$ and then it reads all character upto another 0uotation !ar$# Ghat is the proble! with the following code seg!ent` while ,,fgets,receiving array"@D"fileNptr-- !A 5%FX Ans(er 3 01p2anati"n/ fgets returns a pointer# So the correct end of file chec$ is chec$ing for !A '=22#
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!ain,] !ain,-X ^ Ans(er/ )unti!e error 8 Stac$ overflow# 01p2anati"n/ !ain function calls itself again and again# 5ach ti!e the function is called its return address is stored in the call stac$# Since there is no condition to ter!inate the function call" the call stac$ overflows at runti!e# So it ter!inates the progra! and results in an error# !ain,] char ;cptr"cX void ;vptr"vX cA?DX vADX cptrAUcX vptrAUvX printf,OWcWvO"c"v-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error ,at line nu!ber C-8 si e of v is =n$nown# 01p2anati"n/ Jou can create a variable of type void ; but not of type void" since void is an e!pty type# In the second line you are creating variable vptr of type void ; and v of type void hence an error# !ain,] char ;str?AOabcdOX char str2PQAOabcdOX printf,OWd Wd WdO"si eof,str?-"si eof,str2-"si eof,OabcdO--X ^ Ans(er/ 2@@ 01p2anati"n/ In first si eof" str? is a character pointer so it gives you the si e of the pointer variable# In second si eof the na!e str2 indicates the na!e of the array whose si e is @ ,including the TZDT ter!ination character-# The third si eof is si!ilar to the second one# !ain,] char notX notA!2X
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Technical Aptitude Questions printf,OWdO"not-X ^ Ans(er/ D 01p2anati"n/ ! is a logical operator# In C the value D is considered to be the boolean value FA2S5" and any non: ero value is considered to be the boolean value T)=5# .ere 2 is a non: ero value so T)=5# !T)=5 is FA2S5 ,Dso it prints D# BCYdefine FA2S5 :? Ydefine T)=5 ? Ydefine '=22 D !ain,- ] if,'=22puts,O'=22O-X else if,FA2S5puts,OT)=5O-X else puts,OFA2S5O-X ^ Ans(er/ T)=5 01p2anati"n8 The input progra! to the co!piler after processing by the preprocessor is" !ain,-] if,Dputs,O'=22O-X else if,:?puts,OT)=5O-X else puts,OFA2S5O-X ^ 7reprocessor doesnTt replace the values given inside the double 0uotes# The chec$ by if condition is boolean value false so it goes to else# In second if :? is boolean value true hence OT)=5O is printed# !ain,] int $A?X printf,OWdAA? is OOWsO"$"$AA?ÒT)=5O8OFA2S5O-X ^ Ans(er/ ?AA? is T)=5 01p2anati"n/
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Technical Aptitude Questions Ghen two strings are placed together ,or separated by white:space- they are concatenated ,this is called as Ostringi ationO operation-# So the string is as if it is given as OWdAA? is WsO# The conditional operator, `8 evaluates to OT)=5O# BB!ain,] int yX scanf,OWdO"Uy-X MM input given is 2DDD if, ,yWCAAD UU yW?DD !A D- VV yW?DD AA D printf,OWd is a leap yearO-X else printf,OWd is not a leap yearO-X ^ Ans(er/ 2DDD is a leap year 01p2anati"n/ An ordinary progra! to chec$ if leap year or not# Ydefine !a6 @ Ydefine int arr?P!a6Q !ain,] typedef char arr2P!a6QX arr? listA]D"?"2"1"C^X arr2 na!eAOna!eOX printf,OWd WsO"listPDQ"na!e-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error ,in the line arr? list A ]D"?"2"1"C^01p2anati"n/ arr2 is declared of type array of si e @ of characters# So it can be used to declare the variable na!e of the type arr2# *ut it is not the case of arr?# .ence an error# Rule of Thumb: Ydefines are used for te6tual replace!ent whereas typedefs are used for declaring new types# int iA?DX !ain,] e6tern int iX ] int iA2DX ] const volatile unsigned iA1DX
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Technical Aptitude Questions printf,OWdO"i-X ^ printf,OWdO"i-X ^ printf,OWdO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ 1D"2D"?D 01p2anati"n/ T]T introduces new bloc$ and thus new scope# In the inner!ost bloc$ i is declared as" const volatile unsigned which is a valid declaration# i is assu!ed of type int# So printf prints 1D# In the ne6t bloc$" i has value 2D and so printf prints 2D# In the outer!ost bloc$" i is declared as e6tern" so no storage space is allocated for it# After co!pilation is over the lin$er resolves it to global variable i ,since it is the only variable visible there-# So it prints iTs value as ?D# BL!ain,] int ;>X ] int iA?DX >AUiX ^ printf,OWdO";>-X ^ Ans(er/ ?D 01p2anati"n8 The variable i is a bloc$ level variable and the visibility is inside that bloc$ only# *ut the lifeti!e of i is lifeti!e of the function so it lives upto the e6it of !ain function# Since the i is still allocated space" ;> prints the value stored in i since > points i# !ain,] int iA:?X :iX printf,Oi A Wd" :i A Wd ZnO"i":i-X ^ Ans(er/ i A :?" :i A ? 01p2anati"n/
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Technical Aptitude Questions :i is e6ecuted and this e6ecution doesnTt affect the value of i# In printf first you >ust print the value of i# After that the value of the e6pression :i A :,:?is printed# H?YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] const int iACX float >X > A <<iX printf,OWd WfO" i"<<>-X ^ Ans(er8 Co!piler error 01p2anati"n8 i is a constant# you cannot change the value of constant YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] int aP2QP2QP2Q A ] ]?D"2"1"C^" ]@"B"H"F^ ^X int ;p";0X pAUaP2QP2QP2QX ;0A;;;aX printf,OWd##WdO";p";0-X ^ Ans(er/ garbagevalue##? 01p2anati"n/ pAUaP2QP2QP2Q you declare only two 2D arrays# but you are trying to access the third 2D,which you are not declared- it will print garbage values# ;0A;;;a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer# now 0 is pointing to starting address of a#if you print ;0 !eAnswer8it will print first ele!ent of 1D array# YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] register iA@X char >PQA OhelloOX printf,OWs WdO">"i-X ^ Ans(er/ hello @ 01p2anati"n8
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Technical Aptitude Questions if you declare i as register co!piler will treat it as ordinary integer and it will ta$e integer value# i value !ay be stored either in register or in !e!ory# HC!ain,] int iA@">AB" X printf,OWdO"i<<<>-X ^ Ans(er/ ?? 01p2anati"n/ the e6pression i<<<> is treated as ,i<< < >struct aaa] struct aaa ;prevX int iX struct aaa ;ne6tX ^X !ain,] struct aaa abc"def"ghi">$lX int 6A?DDX abc#iADXabc#prevAU>$lX abc#ne6tAUdefX def#iA?Xdef#prevAUabcXdef#ne6tAUghiX ghi#iA2Xghi#prevAUdefX ghi#ne6tAU>$lX >$l#iA1X>$l#prevAUghiX>$l#ne6tAUabcX 6Aabc#ne6t:Rne6t:Rprev:Rne6t:RiX printf,OWdO"6-X ^ Ans(er/ 2 01p2anati"n/ above all state!ents for! a double circular lin$ed listX abc#ne6t:Rne6t:Rprev:Rne6t:Ri this one points to OghiO node the value of at particular node is 2# struct point ] int 6X int yX ^X struct point origin";ppX !ain,-
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Technical Aptitude Questions ] ppAUoriginX printf,Oorigin is,WdWd-ZnO",;pp-#6",;pp-#y-X printf,Oorigin is ,WdWd-ZnO"pp:R6"pp:Ry-X ^ Ans(er/ origin is,D"Dorigin is,D"D01p2anati"n8 pp is a pointer to structure# we can access the ele!ents of the structure either with arrow !ar$ or with indirection operator# 'ote: Since structure point is globally declared 6 U y are initiali ed as eroes HF!ain,] int iANlNabc,?D-X printf,OWdZnO"::i-X ^ int NlNabc,int i] return,i<<-X ^ Ans(er/ L 01p2anati"n/ return,i<<- it will first return i and then incre!ents# i#e# ?D will be returned# !ain,] char ;pX int ;0X long ;rX pA0ArADX p<<X 0<<X r<<X printf,OWp###Wp###WpO"p"0"r-X ^ Ans(er/ DDD?###DDD2###DDDC 01p2anati"n/ << operator when applied to pointers incre!ents address according to their corresponding data:types#
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!ain,] char cAT T"6"convert, -X getc,c-X if,,cRATaT- UU ,cSAT T-6Aconvert,c-X printf,OWcO"6-X ^ convert, ] return :12X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error 01p2anati"n/ declaration of convert and for!at of getc,- are wrong# !ain,int argc" char ;;argv] printf,Oenter the characterO-X getchar,-X su!,argvP?Q"argvP2Q-X ^ su!,nu!?"nu!2int nu!?"nu!2X ] return nu!?<nu!2X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error# 01p2anati"n/ argvP?Q U argvP2Q are strings# They are passed to the function su! without converting it to integer values# Y include Sstdio#hR int oneNdPQA]?"2"1^X !ain,] int ;ptrX ptrAoneNdX ptr<A1X printf,OWdO";ptr-X ^ Ans(er8 garbage value
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CD Copyright: Vyom Network (http://www.vyomworld.com) - All Rights Reserved
Technical Aptitude Questions 01p2anati"n/ ptr pointer is pointing to out of the array range of oneNd# F1Y includeSstdio#hR aaa,- ] printf,OhiO-X ^ bbb,-] printf,OhelloO-X ^ ccc,-] printf,ObyeO-X ^ !ain,] int ,;ptrP1Q-,-X ptrPDQAaaaX ptrP?QAbbbX ptrP2QAcccX ptrP2Q,-X ^ Ans(er8 bye 01p2anati"n/ ptr is array of pointers to functions of return type int#ptrPDQ is assigned to address of the function aaa# Si!ilarly ptrP?Q and ptrP2Q for bbb and ccc respectively# ptrP2Q,- is in effect of writing ccc,-" since ptrP2Q points to ccc# YincludeSstdio#hR !ain,] FI25 ;ptrX char iX ptrAfopen,O #cO"OrO-X while,,iAfgetch,ptr--!A5%Fprintf,OWcO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ contents of #c followed by an infinite loop 01p2anati"n/ The condition is chec$ed against 5%F" it should be chec$ed against '=22# !ain,] int i ADX>ADX
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Technical Aptitude Questions if,i UU ><<printf,OWd##WdO"i<<">-X printf,OWd##Wd"i">-X ^ Ans(er/ D##D 01p2anati"n/ The value of i is D# Since this infor!ation is enough to deter!ine the truth value of the boolean e6pression# So the state!ent following the if state!ent is not e6ecuted# The values of i and > re!ain unchanged and get printed# FH!ain,] int iX i A abc,-X printf,OWdO"i-X ^ abc,] NAI A ?DDDX ^ Ans(er/ ?DDD 01p2anati"n/ 'or!ally the return value fro! the function is through the infor!ation fro! the accu!ulator# .ere NA. is the pseudo global variable denoting the accu!ulator# .ence" the value of the accu!ulator is set ?DDD so the function returns value ?DDD# int iX !ain,-] int tX for , tACXscanf,OWdO"Ui-:tXprintf,OWdZnO"i-printf,OWd::O"t::-X ^ MM If the inputs are D"?"2"1 find the oMp Ans(er/ C::D 1::? 2::2 01p2anati"n/ 2et us assu!e so!e 6A scanf,OWdO"Ui-:t the values during e6ecution will be" t i 6 C D :C
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Technical Aptitude Questions 1 2 FL? 2 :2 D
!ain,-] int aA DXint b A 2DXchar 6 A?Xchar y A?DX if,a"b"6"yprintf,OhelloO-X ^ Ans(er/ hello 01p2anati"n/ The co!!a operator has associativity fro! left to right# %nly the right!ost value is returned and the other values are evaluated and ignored# Thus the value of last variable y is returned to chec$ in if# Since it is a non ero value if beco!es true so" OhelloO will be printed# !ain,-] unsigned int iX for,iA?XiR:2Xi::printf,Oc aptitudeO-X ^ 01p2anati"n/ i is an unsigned integer# It is co!pared with a signed value# Since the both types doesnTt !atch" signed is pro!oted to unsigned value# The unsigned e0uivalent of :2 is a huge value so condition beco!es false and control co!es out of the loop# In the following pg! add a st!t in the function fun such that the address of TaT gets stored in T>T# !ain,-] int ; >X void fun,int ;;-X fun,U>-X ^ void fun,int ;;$- ] int a ADX M; add a st!t here;M ^ Ans(er/ ;$ A Ua 01p2anati"n/ The argu!ent of the function is a pointer to a pointer# Ghat are the following notations of defining functions $nown as` i# int abc,int a"float b]
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Technical Aptitude Questions M; so!e code ;M ^ ii# int abc,a"bint aX float bX ] M; so!e code;M ^ Ans(er/ i# A'SI C notation ii# _ernighan U )itche notation L1!ain,] char ;pX pAOWdZnOX p<<X p<<X printf,p:2"1DD-X ^ Ans(er/ 1DD 01p2anati"n/ The pointer points to W since it is incre!ented twice and again decre!ented by 2" it points to TWdZnT and 1DD is printed# !ain,-] char aP?DDQX aPDQATaTXaP?QQATbTXaP2QATcTXaPCQATdTX abc,a-X ^ abc,char aPQ-] a<<X printf,OWcO";a-X a<<X printf,OWcO";a-X ^ 01p2anati"n/ The base address is !odified only in function and as a result a points to TbT then after incre!enting to TcT so bc will be printed# func,a"bint a"bX ] return, aA ,aAAb- -X ^ !ain,-
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Technical Aptitude Questions ] int process,-"func,-X printf,OThe value of process is Wd !Zn O"process,func"1"B--X ^ process,pf"val?"val2int ,;pf- ,-X int val?"val2X ] return,,;pf- ,val?"val2--X ^ Ans(er/ The value if process is D ! 01p2anati"n/ The function TprocessT has 1 para!eters : ?" a pointer to another function 2 and 1" integers# Ghen this function is invo$ed fro! !ain" the following substitutions for for!al para!eters ta$e place8 func for pf" 1 for val? and B for val2# This function returns the result of the operation perfor!ed by the function TfuncT# The function func has two integer para!eters# The for!al para!eters are substituted as 1 for a and B for b# since 1 is not e0ual to B" aAAb returns D# therefore the function returns D which in turn is returned by the function TprocessT# LBvoid !ain,] static int iA@X if,::i-] !ain,-X printf,OWd O"i-X ^ ^ Ans(er/ DDDD 01p2anati"n/ The variable OIO is declared as static" hence !e!ory for I will be allocated for only once" as it encounters the state!ent# The function !ain,- will be called recursively unless I beco!es e0ual to D" and since !ain,- is recursively called" so the value of static I ie#" D will be printed every ti!e the control is returned# void !ain,] int $Aret,si eof,float--X printf,OZn here value is WdO"<<$-X ^ int ret,int ret] ret <A 2#@X
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Technical Aptitude Questions return,ret-X ^ Ans(er/ .ere value is H 01p2anati"n/ The int ret,int ret-" ie#" the function na!e and the argu!ent na!e can be the sa!e# Firstly" the function ret,- is called in which the si eof,float- ie#" C is passed" after the first e6pression the value in ret will be B" as ret is integer hence the value stored in ret will have i!plicit type conversion fro! float to int# The ret is returned in !ain,- it is printed after and preincre!ent# LFvoid !ain,] char aPQAO?21C@ZDOX int iAstrlen,a-X printf,Ohere in 1 WdZnO"<<i-X ^ Ans(er/ here in 1 B 01p2anati"n/ The char array TaT will hold the initiali ed string" whose length will be counted fro! D till the null character# .ence the TIT will hold the value e0ual to @" after the pre:incre!ent in the printf state!ent" the B will be printed# void !ain,] unsigned giveitA:?X int gotitX printf,OWu O"<<giveit-X printf,OWu ZnO"gotitA::giveit-X ^ Ans(er/ D B@@1@ 01p2anati"n/ void !ain,] int iX char aPQAOZDOX if,printf,OWsZnO"a-printf,O%$ here ZnO-X else printf,OForget itZnO-X ^ Ans(er/
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Technical Aptitude Questions %$ here 01p2anati"n/ 7rintf will return how !any characters does it print# .ence printing a null character returns ? which !a$es the if state!ent true" thus O%$ hereO is printed# ?D?void !ain,] void ;vX int integerA2X int ;iAUintegerX vAiX printf,OWdO",int;-;v-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror# Ge cannot apply indirection on type void;# 01p2anati"n/ /oid pointer is a generic pointer type# 'o pointer arith!etic can be done on it# /oid pointers are nor!ally used for" ?# 7assing generic pointers to functions and returning such pointers# 2# As a inter!ediate pointer type# 1# =sed when the e6act pointer type will be $nown at a later point of ti!e# void !ain,] int iAi<<">A><<"$A$<<X printf,[WdWdWd\"i">"$-X ^ Ans(er/ (arbage values# 01p2anati"n/ 6n identifier is availa.le to use in program code from the point of its declaration. So e6pressions such as i A i<< are valid state!ents# The i" > and $ are auto!atic variables and so they contain so!e garbage value# =ar.age in is gar.age out 2=+=E4# void !ain,] static int iAi<<" >A><<" $A$<<X printf,[i A Wd > A Wd $ A Wd\" i" >" $-X ^ Ans(er/ iA?>A?$A?
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Technical Aptitude Questions 01p2anati"n/ Since static variables are initiali ed to ero by default# ?DCvoid !ain,] while,?-] if,printf,OWdO"printf,OWdO--brea$X else continueX ^ ^ Ans(er/ (arbage values 01p2anati"n/ The inner printf e6ecutes first to print so!e garbage value# The printf returns no of characters printed and this value also cannot be predicted# Still the outer printf prints so!ething and so returns a non: ero value# So it encounters the brea$ state!ent and co!es out of the while state!ent# !ain,] unsigned int iA?DX while,i::RADprintf,OWu O"i-X ^ Ans(er/ ?D L F H B @ C 1 2 ? D B@@1@ B@@1CK## 01p2anati"n/ Since i is an unsigned integer it can never beco!e negative# So the e6pression i:: RAD will always be true" leading to an infinite loop# ?D@YincludeSconio#hR !ain,] int 6"yA2" "aX if,6AyW2- A2X aA2X printf,OWd Wd O" "6-X ^ Ans(er/ (arbage:value D 01p2anati"n/ The value of yW2 is D# This value is assigned to 6# The condition reduces to if ,6- or in other words if,D- and so goes uninitiali ed#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 45u'6 #u2e/ ,hec$ all control paths to write bug free code# ?DB!ain,] int aP?DQX printf,OWdO";a<?:;a<1-X ^ Ans(er/ C 01p2anati"n/ ;a and :;a cancels out# The result is as si!ple as ? < 1 A C ! ?DHYdefine prod,a"b- a;b !ain,] int 6A1"yACX printf,OWdO"prod,6<2"y:?--X ^ Ans(er/ ?D 01p2anati"n/ The !acro e6pands and evaluates to as8 6<2;y:? AR 6<,2;y-:? AR ?D !ain,] unsigned int iAB@DDDX while,i<<!AD-X printf,OWdO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ ? 01p2anati"n/ 'ote the se!icolon after the while state!ent# Ghen the value of i beco!es D it co!es out of while loop# Due to post:incre!ent on i the value of i while printing is ?# ?DL!ain,] int iADX while,<,<i::-!ADi:Ai<<X printf,OWdO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ :?
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Technical Aptitude Questions 01p2anati"n/ Qnary 8 is the only dummy operator in ,# So it has no effect on the e6pression and now the while loop is" while,i::!AD- which is false and so brea$s out of while loop# The value +? is printed due to the post: decre!ent operator# ??1!ain,] float fA@"gA?DX enu!]iA?D">A2D"$A@D^X printf,OWdZnO"<<$-X printf,OWfZnO"fSS2-X printf,OWlfZnO"fWg-X printf,OWlfZnO"f!od,f"g--X ^ Ans(er/ 2ine no @8 5rror8 2value re0uired 2ine no B8 Cannot apply leftshift to float 2ine no H8 Cannot apply !od to float 01p2anati"n/ 5nu!eration constants cannot be !odified" so you cannot apply <<# *it:wise operators and W operators cannot be applied on float values# f!od,- is to find the !odulus values for floats as W operator is for ints# ??D!ain,] int iA?DX void pascal f,int"int"int-X f,i<<"i<<"i<<-X printf,O WdO"i-X ^ void pascal f,integer 8i"integer8>"integer 8$] write,i">"$-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 un$nown type integer Co!piler error8 undeclared function write 01p2anati"n/ 7ascal $eyword doesn4t !ean that pascal code can be used# It !eans that the function follows 7ascal argu!ent passing !echanis! in calling the functions# ???void pascal f,int i"int >"int $] printf,[Wd Wd Wd\"i" >" $-X ^
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Technical Aptitude Questions void cdecl f,int i"int >"int $] printf,[Wd Wd Wd\"i" >" $-X ^ !ain,] int iA?DX f,i<<"i<<"i<<-X printf,O WdZnO"i-X iA?DX f,i<<"i<<"i<<-X printf,O WdO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ ?D ?? ?2 ?1 ?2 ?? ?D ?1 01p2anati"n/ 7ascal argu!ent passing !echanis! forces the argu!ents to be called fro! left to right# cdecl is the nor!al C argu!ent passing !echanis! where the argu!ents are passed fro! right to left# ??2-# Ghat is the output of the progra! given below !ain,] signed char iADX for,XiRADXi<<- X printf,OWdZnO"i-X ^ Ans(er :?2F 01p2anati"n 'otice the se!icolon at the end of the for loop# T.e initial value of the i is set to D# The inner loop e6ecutes to incre!ent the value fro! D to ?2H ,the positive range of char- and then it rotates to the negative value of :?2F# The condition in the for loop fails and so co!es out of the for loop# It prints the current value of i that is :?2F# ??1- !ain,] unsigned char iADX for,XiRADXi<<- X printf,OWdZnO"i-X ^ Ans(er
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Technical Aptitude Questions infinite loop 01p2anati"n The difference between the previous 0uestion and this one is that the char is declared to be unsigned# So the i<< can never yield negative value and iRAD never beco!es false so that it can co!e out of the for loop# ??C- !ain,] char iADX for,XiRADXi<<- X printf,OWdZnO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ *ehavior is i!ple!entation dependent# 01p2anati"n/ The detail if the char is signedMunsigned by default is i!ple!entation dependent# If the i!ple!entation treats the char to be signed by default the progra! will print +?2F and ter!inate# %n the other hand if it considers char to be unsigned by default" it goes to infinite loop# Rule: Jou can write progra!s that have i!ple!entation dependent behavior# *ut dont write progra!s that depend on such behavior# ??@- Is the following state!ent a declarationMdefinition# Find what does it !ean` int ,;6-P?DQX Ans(er Definition# 6 is a pointer to array of,si e ?D- integers# Apply cloc$:wise rule to find the !eaning of this definition# ??B-# Ghat is the output for the progra! given below typedef enu! errorType]warning" error" e6ception"êrrorX !ain,] error g?X g?A?X printf,OWdO"g?-X ^ Ans(er Co!piler error8 &ultiple declaration for error 01p2anati"n
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Technical Aptitude Questions The na!e error is used in the two !eanings# %ne !eans that it is a enu!erator constant with value ?# The another use is that it is a type na!e ,due to typedef- for enu! errorType# (iven a situation the co!piler cannot distinguish the !eaning of error to $now in what sense the error is used8 error g?X g?AerrorX MM which error it refers in each case` Ghen the co!piler can distinguish between usages then it will not issue error ,in pure technical ter!s" na!es can only be overloaded in different na!espaces-# N"te8 the e6tra co!!a in the declaration" enu! errorType]warning" error" e6ception"^ is not an error# An e6tra co!!a is valid and is provided >ust for progra!!er4s convenience# ??Htypedef struct error]int warning" error" e6ceptionXêrrorX !ain,] error g?X g?#error A?X printf,OWdO"g?#error-X ^
Ans(er ? 01p2anati"n The three usages of na!e errors can be distinguishable by the co!piler at any instance" so valid ,they are in different na!espaces-# Typedef struct error]int warning" error" e6ceptionXêrrorX This error can be used only by preceding the error by struct $ayword as in8 struct error so!e5rrorX typedef struct error]int warning" error" e6ceptionXêrrorX This can be used only after # ,dot- or :R ,arrow- operator preceded by the variable na!e as in 8 g?#error A?X printf,OWdO"g?#error-X typedef struct error]int warning" error" e6ceptionXêrrorX This can be used to define variables without using the preceding struct $eyword as in8 error g?X Since the co!piler can perfectly distinguish between these three usages" it is perfectly legal and valid# 'ote
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Technical Aptitude Questions This code is given here to >ust e6plain the concept behind# In real progra!!ing don4t use such overloading of na!es# It reduces the readability of the code# 7ossible doesn4t !ean that we should use it! ??FYifdef so!ething int so!eADX Yendif !ain,] int thing A DX printf,OWd WdZnO" so!e "thing-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error 8 undefined sy!bol so!e 01p2anati"n/ This is a very si!ple e6a!ple for conditional co!pilation# The na!e so!ething is not already $nown to the co!piler !a$ing the declaration int so!e A DX effectively re!oved fro! the source code# ??LYif so!ething AA D int so!eADX Yendif !ain,] int thing A DX printf,OWd WdZnO" so!e "thing-X ^ Ans(er DD 01p2anati"n This code is to show that preprocessor e6pressions are not the sa!e as the ordinary e6pressions# If a na!e is not $nown the preprocessor treats it to be e0ual to ero# ?2D-# Ghat is the output for the following progra! !ain,] int arr2DP1QP1QX printf,OWdZnO" ,,arr2DAA; arr2D-UU,; arr2D AA arr2DPDQ-- -X
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Technical Aptitude Questions ^ Ans(er ? 01p2anati"n This is due to the close relation between the arrays and pointers# ' di!ensional arrays are !ade up of ,':?- di!ensional arrays# arr2D is !ade up of a 1 single arrays that contains 1 integers each # arr2D arr2DP?Q arr2DP2Q arr2DP1Q
The na!e arr2D refers to the beginning of all the 1 arrays# ;arr2D refers to the start of the first ?D array ,of 1 integers- that is the sa!e address as arr2D# So the e6pression ,arr2D AA ;arr2D- is true ,?-# Si!ilarly" ;arr2D is nothing but ;,arr2D < D-" adding a ero doesn4t change the valueM!eaning# Again arr2DPDQ is the another way of telling ;,arr2D < D-# So the e6pression ,;,arr2D < D- AA arr2DPDQ- is true ,?-# Since both parts of the e6pression evaluates to true the result is true,?- and the sa!e is printed# ?2?- void !ain,] if,aD AA ,unsigned int-:?printf,[Jou can answer this if you $now how values are represented in !e!ory\-X ^ Answer Jou can answer this if you $now how values are represented in !e!ory 56planation a ,tilde operator or bit:wise negation operator- operates on D to produce all ones to fill the space for an integer# +? is represented in unsigned value as all ?4s and so both are e0ual# ?22- int swap,int ;a"int ;b] ;aA;a<;bX;bA;a:;bX;aA;a:;bX ^ !ain,@@ Copyright: Vyom Network (http://www.vyomworld.com) - All Rights Reserved
Technical Aptitude Questions ] int 6A?D"yA2DX swap,U6"Uy-X printf,O6A Wd y A WdZnO"6"y-X ^ Answer 6 A 2D y A ?D 56planation This is one way of swapping two values# Si!ple chec$ing will help understand this# ?21!ain,] char ;p A [ay0!\X printf,[Wc\"<<;,p<<--X ^ Answer8 b !ain,] int iA@X printf,OWdO"<<i<<-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 2value re0uired in function !ain 01p2anati"n/ <<i yields an rvalue# For postfi6 << to operate an lvalue is re0uired# ?2@!ain,] char ;p A [ay0!\X char cX c A <<;p<<X printf,[Wc\"c-X ^ Ans(er/ b 01p2anati"n/ There is no difference between the e6pression <<;,p<<- and < <;p<<# 7arenthesis >ust wor$s as a visual clue for the reader to see which e6pression is first evaluated# ?2Bint aaa,- ]printf,[.i\-X^
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Technical Aptitude Questions int bbb,-]printf,[hello\-X^ iny ccc,-]printf,[bye\-X^ !ain,] int , ; ptrP1Q- ,-X ptrPDQ A aaaX ptrP?Q A bbbX ptrP2Q AcccX ptrP2Q,-X ^ Answer8 b%e 56planation8 int ,; ptrP1Q-,- says that ptr is an array of pointers to functions that ta$es no argu!ents and returns the type int# *y the assign!ent ptrPDQ A aaaX it !eans that the first function pointer in the array is initiali ed with the address of the function aaa# Si!ilarly" the other two array ele!ents also get initiali ed with the addresses of the functions bbb and ccc# Since ptrP2Q contains the address of the function ccc" the call to the function ptrP2Q,- is sa!e as calling ccc,-# So it results in printing ObyeO# ?2H!ain,] int iA@X printf,[Wd\"iA<<i AAB-X ^ Ans(er/ 1 01p2anati"n/ The e6pression can be treated as i A ,<<iAAB-" because AA is of higher precedence than A operator# In the inner e6pression" <<i is e0ual to B yielding true,?-# .ence the result# ?2F!ain,] char pP QAOWdZnOX pP?Q A TcTX printf,p"B@-X ^ Ans(er/ A 01p2anati"n/
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Technical Aptitude Questions Due to the assign!ent pP?Q A 3c4 the string beco!es" [WcZn\# Since this string beco!es the for!at string for printf and ASCII value of B@ is 3A4" the sa!e gets printed# ?2Lvoid , ; abc, int" void , ;def- ,- - - ,-X Answer88 abc is a ptr to a function which ta$es 2 para!eters #,a-# an integer variable#,b-# a ptrto a funtion which returns void# the return type of the function is void# 01p2anati"n/ Apply the cloc$:wise rule to find the result# ?1D!ain,] while ,strc!p,[so!e\"\so!eZD\-printf,[Strings are not e0ualZn\-X ^ Ans(er/ 'o output 01p2anati"n/ 5nding the string constant with ZD e6plicitly !a$es no difference# So [so!e\ and [so!eZD\ are e0uivalent# So" strc!p returns D ,false- hence brea$ing out of the while loop# !ain,] char str?PQ A ]3s4"4o4"4!4"4e4^X char str2PQ A ]3s4"4o4"4!4"4e4"4ZD4^X while ,strc!p,str?"str2-printf,[Strings are not e0ualZn\-X ^ Ans(er/ [Strings are not e0ual\ [Strings are not e0ual\ K# 01p2anati"n/ If a string constant is initiali ed e6plicitly with characters" 3ZD4 is not appended auto!atically to the string# Since str? doesn4t have null ter!ination" it treats whatever the values that are in the following positions as part of the string until it rando!ly reaches a 3ZD4# So str? and str2 are not the sa!e" hence the result# ?12@F Copyright: Vyom Network (http://www.vyomworld.com) - All Rights Reserved
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Technical Aptitude Questions int i A 1X for ,Xi<<ADX- printf,[Wd\"i-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror8 2value re0uired# 01p2anati"n/ As we $now that incre!ent operators return rvalues and hence it cannot appear on the left hand side of an assign!ent operation# ?11void !ain,] int ;!ptr" ;cptrX !ptr A ,int;-!alloc,si eof,int--X printf,[Wd\";!ptr-X int ;cptr A ,int;-calloc,si eof,int-"?-X printf,[Wd\";cptr-X ^ Ans(er/ garbage:value D 01p2anati"n/ The !e!ory space allocated by !alloc is uninitiali ed" whereas calloc returns the allocated !e!ory space initiali ed to eros# void !ain,] static int iX while,iSA?D,iR2-ì<<8i::X printf,[Wd\" i-X ^ Ans(er/ 12HBH 01p2anati"n/ Since i is static it is initiali ed to D# Inside the while loop the conditional operator evaluates to false" e6ecuting i::# This continues till the integer value rotates to positive value ,12HBH-# The while condition beco!es false and hence" co!es out of the while loop" printing the i value# !ain,] int iA?D">A2DX > A i" >`,i">-ì8>8>X printf,OWd WdO"i">-X ^
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Technical Aptitude Questions Ans(er/ ?D ?D 01p2anati"n/ The Ternary operator , ` 8 - is e0uivalent for if:then:else state!ent# So the 0uestion can be written as8 if,i">] if,i">> A iX else > A >X ^ else > A >X ?1B?# const char ;aX 2# char; const aX 1# char const ;aX :Differentiate the above declarations# Ans(er/ ?# TconstT applies to char ; rather than TaT , pointer to a constant char ;aATFT 8 illegal aAO.iO 8 legal 2# TconstT applies to TaT rather than to the value of a ,constant pointer to char ;aATFT aAO.iO 1# Sa!e as ?# ?1H!ain,] int iA@">A?DX iAiUA>UU?DX printf,OWd WdO"i">-X ^ Ans(er/ ? ?D 01p2anati"n/ The e6pression can be written as iA,iUA,>UU?D--X The inner e6pression ,>UU?D- evaluates to ? because >AA?D# i is @# i A @U? is ?# .ence the result#
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8 legal 8 illegal
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!ain,] int iAC">AHX > A > VV i<< UU printf,OJ%= CA'O-X printf,OWd WdO" i" >-X ^ Ans(er/ C? 01p2anati"n/ Dhe .oolean expression needs to .e evaluated only till the truth value of the expression is not 'nown. > is not e0ual to ero itself !eans that the e6pression4s truth value is ?# *ecause it is followed by VV and true SS 2anything4 IV true where 2anything4 will not .e evaluated. So the re!aining e6pression is not evaluated and so the value of i re!ains the sa!e# Si!ilarly when UU operator is involved in an e6pression" when any of the operands beco!e false" the whole e6pression4s truth value beco!es false and hence the re!aining e6pression will not be evaluated# false (( 2anything4 IV false where 2anything4 will not .e evaluated.
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!ain,] register int aA2X printf,OAddress of a A WdO"Ua-X printf,O/alue of a A WdO"a-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!pier 5rror8 TUT on register variable #u2e t" #e'e'6er/ 3 7address "8 9 "perat"r cann"t 6e app2ied "n re*ister varia62es.
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!ain,] float iA?#@X switch,i] case ?8 printf,O?O-X case 28 printf,O2O-X default 8 printf,ODO-X ^ ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror8 switch e6pression not integral 01p2anati"n/
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Technical Aptitude Questions $witch statements can .e applied only to integral types. ?C?!ain,] e6tern iX printf,OWdZnO"i-X ] int iA2DX printf,OWdZnO"i-X ^ ^ Ans(er/ 2in$er 5rror 8 =nresolved e6ternal sy!bol i 01p2anati"n/ The identifier i is available in the inner bloc$ and so using e6tern has no use in resolving it# ?C2!ain,] int aA2";f?";f2X f?Af2AUaX ;f2<A;f2<Aa<A2#@X printf,OZnWd Wd WdO"a";f?";f2-X ^ Ans(er/ ?B ?B ?B 01p2anati"n/ f? and f2 both refer to the sa!e !e!ory location a# So changes through f? and f2 ulti!ately affects only the value of a# ?C1!ain,] char ;pAO(%%DOX char aP QAO(%%DOX printf,OZn si eof,p- A Wd" si eof,;p- A Wd" strlen,p- A WdO" si eof,p-" si eof,;p-" strlen,p--X printf,OZn si eof,a- A Wd" strlen,a- A WdO" si eof,a-" strlen,a--X ^ Ans(er/ si eof,p- A 2" si eof,;p- A ?" strlen,p- A C si eof,a- A @" strlen,a- A C 01p2anati"n/ si eof,p- AR si eof,char;- AR 2 si eof,;p- AR si eof,char- AR ? Si!ilarly" si eof,a- AR si e of the character array AR @
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Technical Aptitude Questions When siCeof operator is applied to an array it returns the siCeof the array and it is not the sa!e as the si eof the pointer variable# .ere the si eof,awhere a is the character array and the si e of the array is @ because the space necessary for the ter!inating '=22 character should also be ta$en into account# ?CCYdefine DI&, array" type- si eof,array-Msi eof,type!ain,] int arrP?DQX printf,[The di!ension of the array is Wd\" DI&,arr" int--X ^ Ans(er/ ?D 01p2anati"n/ The si e of integer array of ?D ele!ents is ?D ; si eof,int-# The !acro e6pands to si eof,arr-Msi eof,int- AR ?D ; si eof,int- M si eof,int- AR ?D# int DI&,int arrayPQ] return si eof,array-Msi eof,int -X ^ !ain,] int arrP?DQX printf,[The di!ension of the array is Wd\" DI&,arr--X ^ Ans(er/ ? 01p2anati"n/ 6rrays cannot .e passed to functions as arguments and only the pointers can .e passed# So the argu!ent is e0uivalent to int ; array ,this is one of the very few places where PQ and ; usage are e0uivalent-# The return state!ent beco!es" si eof,int ;-M si eof,int- that happens to be e0ual in this case# !ain,] static int aP1QP1QA]?"2"1"C"@"B"H"F"L^X int i">X static ;pPQA]a"a<?"a<2^X for,iADXiS1Xi<<] for,>ADX>S1X><<printf,OWdZtWdZtWdZtWdZnO";,;,p<i-<>-"
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Technical Aptitude Questions ;,;,><p-<i-";,;,i<p-<>-";,;,p<>-<i--X ^ ^ Ans(er/ ? 2 1 C @ B H F L ? C H 2 @ F 1 B L ? 2 1 C @ B H F L ? C H 2 @ F 1 B L
01p2anati"n/ ;,;,p<i-<>- is e0uivalent to pPiQP>Q# ?CH!ain,] void swap,-X int 6A?D"yAFX swap,U6"Uy-X printf,O6AWd yAWdO"6"y-X ^ void swap,int ;a" int ;b] ;a 9A ;b" ;b 9A ;a" ;a 9A ;bX ^ Ans(er/ 6A?D yAF 01p2anati"n/ =sing 9 li$e this is a way to swap two variables without using a te!porary variable and that too in a single state!ent# Inside !ain,-" void swap,-X !eans that swap is a function that !ay ta$e any nu!ber of argu!ents ,not no argu!ents- and returns nothing# So this doesn4t issue a co!piler error by the call swap,U6"Uy-X that has two argu!ents# This convention is historically due to pre:A'SI style ,referred to as _ernighan and )itchie style- style of function declaration# In that style" the swap function will be defined as follows" void swap,int ;a" int ;b ] ;a 9A ;b" ;b 9A ;a" ;a 9A ;bX ^
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Technical Aptitude Questions where the argu!ents follow the ,-# So naturally the declaration for swap will loo$ li$e" void swap,- which !eans the swap can ta$e any nu!ber of argu!ents# ?CF!ain,] int i A 2@HX int ;i7tr A UiX printf,OWd WdO" ;,,char;-i7tr-" ;,,char;-i7tr<?- -X ^ Ans(er/ ?? 01p2anati"n/ The integer value 2@H is stored in the !e!ory as" DDDDDDD? DDDDDDD?" so the individual bytes are ta$en by casting it to char ; and get printed# ?CL!ain,] int i A 2@FX int ;i7tr A UiX printf,OWd WdO" ;,,char;-i7tr-" ;,,char;-i7tr<?- -X ^ Ans(er/ 2? 01p2anati"n/ The integer value 2@H can be represented in binary as" DDDDDDD? DDDDDDD?# )e!e!ber that the I'T52 !achines are 3s!all:endian4 !achines# $mall3endian means that the lower order .ytes are stored in the higher memory addresses and the higher order .ytes are stored in lower addresses# The integer value 2@F is stored in !e!ory as8 DDDDDDD? DDDDDD?D# ?@D!ain,] int iA1DDX char ;ptr A UiX ;<<ptrA2X printf,OWdO"i-X ^ Ans(er/ @@B 01p2anati"n/ The integer value 1DD in binary notation is8 DDDDDDD? DD?D??DD# It is stored in !e!ory ,s!all:endian- as8 DD?D??DD DDDDDDD?# )esult of the e6pression ;<<ptr A 2 !a$es the !e!ory representation as8 DD?D??DD
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Technical Aptitude Questions DDDDDD?D# So the integer corresponding to it is DDDDDD?D DD?D??DD AR @@B# ?@?Yinclude Sstdio#hR !ain,] char ; str A OhelloOX char ; ptr A strX char least A ?2HX while ,;ptr<<least A ,;ptrSleast - `;ptr 8leastX printf,OWdO"least-X ^ Ans(er/ D 01p2anati"n/ After 3ptr4 reaches the end of the string the value pointed by 3str4 is 3ZD4# So the value of 3str4 is less than that of 3least4# So the value of 3least4 finally is D# Declare an array of ' pointers to functions returning pointers to functions returning pointers to characters` Ans(er/ ,char;,;-, -- ,;ptrP'Q-, -X !ain,] struct student ] char na!eP1DQX struct date dobX ^studX struct date ] int day"!onth"yearX ^X scanf,OWsWdWdWdO" stud#rollno" Ustudent#dob#!onth" Ustudent#dob#year-X
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Ustudent#dob#day"
^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror8 =ndefined structure date 01p2anati"n/ Inside the struct definition of 3student4 the !e!ber of type struct date is given# The co!piler doesn4t have the definition of date structure ,forward reference is not allowed in C in this case- so it issues an error#
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Technical Aptitude Questions ?@C!ain,] struct dateX struct student ] char na!eP1DQX struct date dobX ^studX struct date ] int day"!onth"yearX ^X scanf,OWsWdWdWdO" stud#rollno" Ustudent#dob#day" Ustudent#dob#!onth" Ustudent#dob#year-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror8 =ndefined structure date 01p2anati"n/ %nly declaration of struct date is available inside the structure definition of 3student4 but to have a variable of type struct date the definition of the structure is re0uired# ?@@There were ?D records stored in [so!efile#dat\ but the following progra! printed ?? na!es# Ghat went wrong` void !ain,] struct student ] char na!eP1DQ" rollnoPBQX ^studX FI25 ;fp A fopen,[so!efile#dat\"\r\-X while,!feof,fp-] fread,Ustud" si eof,stud-" ? " fp-X puts,stud#na!e-X ^ ^ 01p2anati"n/ fread reads ?D records and prints the na!es successfully# It will return 5%F only when fread tries to read another record and fails reading 5%F ,and returning 5%F-# So it prints the last record again# After this only the condition feof,fp- beco!es false" hence co!es out of the while loop# Is there any difference between the two declarations" ?# int foo,int ;arrPQ- and
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Technical Aptitude Questions 2# int foo,int ;arrP2QAns(er/ 'o 01p2anati"n/ Functions can only pass pointers and not arrays# The nu!bers that are allowed inside the PQ is >ust for !ore readability# So there is no difference between the two declarations# ?@HGhat is the subtle error in the following code seg!ent` void fun,int n" int arrPQ] int ;pADX int iADX while,i<<Snp A UarrPiQX ;p A DX ^ Ans(er 3 01p2anati"n/ If the body of the loop never e6ecutes p is assigned no address# So p re!ains '=22 where ;p AD !ay result in proble! ,!ay rise to runti!e error ['=22 pointer assign!ent\ and ter!inate the progra!-# Ghat is wrong with the following code` int ;foo,] int ;s A !alloc,si eof,int-?DD-X assert,s !A '=22-X return sX ^ Ans(er 3 01p2anati"n/ assert !acro should be used for debugging and finding out bugs# The chec$ s !A '=22 is for errorMe6ception handling and for that assert shouldn4t be used# A plain if and the corresponding re!edy state!ent has to be given# Ghat is the hidden bug with the following state!ent` assert,val<< !A D-X Ans(er 3 01p2anati"n/ Assert !acro is used for debugging and re!oved in release version# In assert" the e6perssion involves side:effects# So the behavior of the code beco!es different in case of debug version and the release version thus leading to a subtle bug# #u2e t" #e'e'6er/ !onFt use expressions that have side3effects in assert statements.
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void !ain,] int ;i A D6CDDX MM i points to the address CDD ;i A DX MM set the value of !e!ory location pointed by iX ^ Ans(er/ =ndefined behavior 01p2anati"n/ The second state!ent results in undefined behavior because it points to so!e location whose value !ay not be available for !odification# Dhis type of pointer in which the non3availa.ility of the implementation of the referenced location is 'nown as Wincomplete typeW# Ydefine assert,cond- if,!,cond-- Z ,fprintf,stderr" Oassertion failed8 Ws" file Ws" line Wd ZnO"Ycond"Z NNFI25NN"NN2I'5NN-" abort,-void !ain,] int i A ?DX if,iAADassert,i S ?DD-X else printf,OThis state!ent beco!es else for if in assert !acroO-X ^ Answer8 'o output 01p2anati"n/ The else part in which the printf is there beco!es the else for if in the assert !acro# .ence nothing is printed# The solution is to use conditional operator instead of if state!ent" Ydefine assert,cond- ,,cond-`,D-8 ,fprintf ,stderr" Oassertion failed8 Z Ws" file Ws" line Wd ZnO"Ycond" NNFI25NN"NN2I'5NN-" abort,--'ote8 .owever this proble! of [!atching with nearest else\ cannot be solved by the usual !ethod of placing the if state!ent inside a bloc$ li$e this" Ydefine assert,cond- ] Z if,!,cond-- Z ,fprintf,stderr" Oassertion failed8 Ws" file Ws" line Wd ZnO"Ycond"Z NNFI25NN"NN2I'5NN-" abort,-- Z ^
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Is the following code legal` struct a
Technical Aptitude Questions ] int 6X struct a bX ^ Answer8 'o 01p2anati"n/ Is it not legal for a structure to contain a !e!ber that is of the sa!e type as in this case# *ecause this will cause the structure declaration to be recursive without end# ?B1Is the following code legal` struct a ] int 6X struct a ;bX ^ Ans(er/ Jes# 01p2anati"n/ ;b is a pointer to type struct a and so is legal# The co!piler $nows" the si e of the pointer to a structure even before the si e of the structure is deter!ined,as you $now the pointer to any type is of sa!e si e-# This type of structures is $nown as 3self:referencing4 structure# Is the following code legal` typedef struct a ] int 6X aType ;bX âType Ans(er/ 'o 01p2anati"n/ The typena!e aType is not $nown at the point of declaring the structure ,forward references are not !ade for typedefs-# Is the following code legal` typedef struct a aTypeX struct a ] int 6X aType ;bX ^X Ans(er/ Jes
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Technical Aptitude Questions 01p2anati"n/ The typena!e aType is $nown at the point of declaring the structure" because it is already typedefined# ?BBIs the following code legal` void !ain,] typedef struct a aTypeX aType so!e/ariableX struct a ] int 6X aType ;bX ^X ^ Ans(er/ 'o 01p2anati"n/ Ghen the declaration" typedef struct a aTypeX is encountered body of struct a is not $nown# This is $nown as 3inco!plete types4# void !ain,] printf,[si eof ,void ;- A Wd Zn[" si eof, void ;--X printf,[si eof ,int ;- A Wd Zn\" si eof,int ;--X printf,[si eof ,double ;- A Wd Zn\" si eof,double ;--X printf,[si eof,struct un$nown ;- A Wd Zn\" si eof,struct un$nown ;--X ^ Ans(er / si eof ,void ;- A 2 si eof ,int ;- A 2 si eof ,double ;- A 2 si eof,struct un$nown ;- A 2 01p2anati"n/ The pointer to any type is of sa!e si e# char inputStringP?DDQ A ]D^X To get string input fro! the $eyboard which one of the following is better` ?- gets,inputString2- fgets,inputString" si eof,inputString-" fpAns(er 3 01p2anati"n/ The second one is better because gets,inputString- doesnTt $now the si e of the string passed and so" if a very big input ,here" !ore than ?DD chars-
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Technical Aptitude Questions the charactes will be written past the input string# Ghen fgets is used with stdin perfor!s the sa!e operation as gets but is safe# ?BLGhich version do you prefer of the following two" ?- printf,[Ws\"str-X MM or the !ore curt one 2- printf,str-X Ans(er 3 01p2anati"n/ 7refer the first one# If the str contains any for!at characters li$e Wd then it will result in a subtle bug# void !ain,] int iA?D" >A2X int ;ipA Ui" ;>p A U>X int $ A ;ipM;>pX printf,[Wd\"$-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler 5rror8 [=ne6pected end of file in co!!ent started in line @\# 01p2anati"n/ The progra!!er intended to divide two integers" but by the [!a6i!u! !unch\ rule" the co!piler treats the operator se0uence M and ; as M; which happens to be the starting of co!!ent# To force what is intended by the progra!!er" int $ A ;ipM ;>pX MM give space e6plicity separating M and ; MMor int $ A ;ipM,;>p-X MM put braces to force the intention will solve the proble!# void !ain,] char chX for,chADXchSA?2HXch<<printf,[Wc Wd Zn[" ch" ch-X ^ Ans(er/ I!ple!entaion dependent 01p2anati"n/ The char type !ay be signed or unsigned by default# If it is signed then ch<< is e6ecuted after ch reaches ?2H and rotates bac$ to :?2F# Thus ch is always s!aller than ?2H# Is this code legal` int ;ptrX
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Technical Aptitude Questions ptr A ,int ;- D6CDDX Ans(er/ Jes 01p2anati"n/ The pointer ptr will point at the integer in the !e!ory location D6CDD# ?H1!ain,] char aPCQAO.522%OX printf,OWsO"a-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 Too !any initiali ers 01p2anati"n/ The array a is of si e C but the string constant re0uires B bytes to get stored# ?HC!ain,] char aPCQAO.522OX printf,OWsO"a-X ^ Ans(er/ .522Wb!ab!b```baa! 01p2anati"n/ The character array has the !e!ory >ust enough to hold the string [.522\ and doesnt have enough space to store the ter!inating null character# So it prints the .522 correctly and continues to print garbage values till it accidentally co!es across a '=22 character# ?H@!ain,] int aA?D";>X void ;$X >A$AUaX ><<X $<<X printf,OZn Wu Wu O">"$-X ^ Ans(er/ Co!piler error8 Cannot incre!ent a void pointer 01p2anati"n/ /oid pointers are generic pointers and they can be used only when the type is not $nown and as an inter!ediate address storage type# 'o pointer arith!etic can be done on it and you cannot apply indirection operator ,;on void pointers#
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!ain,] ] ] ^ printf,OWdO"i-X ^ printf,OWdO"i-X ^ int iX e6tern int iX int iA2DX const volatile unsigned iA1DX printf,OWdO"i-X
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7rintf can be i!ple!ented by using NNNNNNNNNN list# Ans(er/ /ariable length argu!ent lists ?HF- char ;so!eFun,] char ;te!p A [string constantOX return te!pX ^ int !ain,] puts,so!eFun,--X ^ Answer8 string constant 01p2anati"n8 The progra! suffers no proble! and gives the output correctly because the character constants are stored in codeMdata area and not allocated in stac$" so this doesn4t lead to dangling pointers# ?HLchar ;so!eFun?,] char te!pP Q A [stringOX return te!pX ^ char ;so!eFun2,] char te!pP Q A ]3s4" 3t4"4r4"4i4"4n4"4g4^X return te!pX ^ int !ain,] puts,so!eFun?,--X
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Technical Aptitude Questions puts,so!eFun2,--X ^ Answer8 (arbage values# 01p2anati"n8 *oth the functions suffer fro! the proble! of dangling pointers# In so!eFun?,te!p is a character array and so the space for it is allocated in heap and is initiali ed with character string [string\# This is created dyna!ically as the function is called" so is also deleted dyna!ically on e6iting the function so the string data is not available in the calling function !ain,- leading to print so!e garbage values# The function so!eFun2,also suffers fro! the sa!e proble! but the proble! can be easily identified in this case#
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C++ Aptitude and OOPS

C<< Aptitude and %%7S
'ote 8 All the progra!s are tested under Turbo C<< 1#D" C#@ and &icrosoft /C<< B#D co!pilers# It is assu!ed that" 7rogra!s run under Gindows environ!ent" The underlying !achine is an 6FB based syste!" 7rogra! is co!piled using Turbo CMC<< co!piler# The progra! output !ay depend on the infor!ation based on this assu!ptions ,for e6a!ple si eof,int- AA 2 !ay be assu!ed-# ?- class Sa!ple ] public8 int ;ptrX Sa!ple,int i] ptr A new int,i-X ^ aSa!ple,] delete ptrX ^ void 7rint/al,] cout SS OThe value is O SS ;ptrX ^ ^X void So!eFunc,Sa!ple 6] cout SS OSay i a! in so!eFunc O SS endlX ^ int !ain,] Sa!ple s?A ?DX So!eFunc,s?-X s?#7rint/al,-X ^ Ans(er / HB
Technical Aptitude Questions Say i a! in so!eFunc 'ull pointer assign!ent,)un:ti!e error01p2anati"n8 As the ob>ect is passed by value to So!eFunc the destructor of the ob>ect is called when the control returns fro! the function# So when 7rint/al is called it !eets up with ptr that has been freed#The solution is to pass the Sa!ple ob>ect by reference to So!eFunc8 void So!eFunc,Sa!ple U6] cout SS OSay i a! in so!eFunc O SS endlX ^ because when we pass ob>ects by refernece that ob>ect is not destroyed# while returning fro! the function# 2- Ghich is the para!eter that is added to every non:static !e!ber function when it is called` Ans(er/ 3this4 pointer 1- class base ] public8 int bvalX base,-] bvalADX^ ^X class deri8public base ] public8 int dvalX deri,-] dvalA?X^ ^X void So!eFunc,base ;arr"int si e] for,int iADX iSsi eX i<<"arr<<coutSSarr:RbvalX coutSSendlX ^ int !ain,] base *aseArrP@QX So!eFunc,*aseArr"@-X deri DeriArrP@QX So!eFunc,DeriArr"@-X
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Technical Aptitude Questions ^ Ans(er/ DDDDD D?D?D 01p2anati"n/ The function So!eFunc e6pects two argu!ents#The first one is a pointer to an array of base class ob>ects and the second one is the si eof the array#The first call of so!eFunc calls it with an array of bae ob>ects" so it wor$s correctly and prints the bval of all the ob>ects# Ghen So!efunc is called the second ti!e the argu!ent passed is the pointeer to an array of derived class ob>ects and not the array of base class ob>ects# *ut that is what the function e6pects to be sent# So the derived class pointer is pro!oted to base class pointer and the address is sent to the function# So!eFunc,- $nows nothing about this and >ust treats the pointer as an array of base class ob>ects# So when arr<< is !et" the si e of base class ob>ect is ta$en into consideration and is incre!ented by si eof,int- bytes for bval ,the deri class ob>ects have bval and dval as !e!bers and so is of si e RA si eof,int-<si eof,int- -# C- class base ] public8 void baseFun,-] coutSSOfro! baseOSSendlX^ ^X class deri8public base ] public8 void baseFun,-] coutSS Ofro! derivedOSSendlX^ ^X void So!eFunc,base ;base%b>] base%b>:RbaseFun,-X ^ int !ain,] base base%b>ectX So!eFunc,Ubase%b>ect-X deri deri%b>ectX So!eFunc,Uderi%b>ect-X ^ Ans(er/ fro! base fro! base 01p2anati"n/ As we have seen in the previous case" So!eFunc e6pects a pointer to a base class# Since a pointer to a derived class ob>ect is passed" it treats the argu!ent only as a base class pointer and the corresponding base function is called#
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@- class base ] public8 virtual void baseFun,-] coutSSOfro! baseOSSendlX^ ^X class deri8public base ] public8 void baseFun,-] coutSS Ofro! derivedOSSendlX^ ^X void So!eFunc,base ;base%b>] base%b>:RbaseFun,-X ^ int !ain,] base base%b>ectX So!eFunc,Ubase%b>ect-X deri deri%b>ectX So!eFunc,Uderi%b>ect-X ^ Ans(er/ fro! base fro! derived 01p2anati"n/ )e!e!ber that baseFunc is a virtual function# That !eans that it supports run: ti!e poly!orphis!# So the function corresponding to the derived class ob>ect is called# void !ain,] int a" ;pa" UraX pa A UaX ra A aX cout SSOaAOSSa SSO;paAOSS;pa SSOraOSSra X ^ M; Answer 8 Co!piler 5rror8 TraT"reference !ust be initiali ed 56planation 8 7ointers are different fro! references# %ne of the !ain differences is that the pointers can be both initiali ed and assigned" whereas references can only be initiali ed# So this code issues an error# ;M
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Technical Aptitude Questions const int si e A @X void print,int ;ptr] coutSSptrPDQX ^ void print,int ptrPsi eQ] coutSSptrPDQX ^ void !ain,] int aPsi eQ A ]?"2"1"C"@^X int ;b A new int,si e-X print,a-X print,b-X ^ M; Answer8 Co!piler 5rror 8 function Tvoid print,int ;-T already has a body 56planation8 Arrays cannot be passed to functions" only pointers ,for arrays" base addressescan be passed# So the argu!ents int ;ptr and int prtPsi eQ have no difference as function argu!ents# In other words" both the functoins have the sa!e signature and so cannot be overloaded# ;M class so!e] public8 aso!e,] coutSSOso!eTs destructorOSSendlX ^ ^X void !ain,] so!e sX s#aso!e,-X ^ M; Answer8 so!eTs destructor so!eTs destructor
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Technical Aptitude Questions 56planation8 Destructors can be called e6plicitly# .ere Ts#aso!e,-T e6plicitly calls the destructor of TsT# Ghen !ain,- returns" destructor of s is called again" hence the result# ;M Yinclude Siostrea!#hR class fig2d ] int di!?X int di!2X public8 fig2d,- ] di!?A@X di!2ABX^ virtual void operatorSS,ostrea! U rhs-X ^X void fig2d88operatorSS,ostrea! Urhs] rhs SSthis:Rdi!?SSO OSSthis:Rdi!2SSO OX ^ M;class fig1d 8 public fig2d ] int di!1X public8 fig1d,- ] di!1AHX^ virtual void operatorSS,ostrea! Urhs-X ^X void fig1d88operatorSS,ostrea! Urhs] fig2d88operator SS,rhs-X rhsSSthis:Rdi!1X ^ ;M void !ain,] fig2d ob>?X MM fig1d ob>2X MM ^
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ob>? SS coutX ob>2 SS coutX
Technical Aptitude Questions M; Answer 8 @B 56planation8 In this progra!" the SS operator is overloaded with ostrea! as argu!ent# This enables the TcoutT to be present at the right:hand:side# 'or!ally" TcoutT is i!ple!ented as global function" but it doesnTt !ean that TcoutT is not possible to be overloaded as !e!ber function# %verloading SS as virtual !e!ber function beco!es handy when the class in which it is overloaded is inherited" and this beco!es available to be overrided# This is as opposed to global friend functions" where friendTs are not inherited# ;M class op%verload] public8 bool operatorAA,op%verload te!p-X ^X bool op%verload88operatorAA,op%verload te!p-] if,;this AA te!p -] coutSSOThe both are sa!e ob>ectsZnOX return trueX ^ else] coutSSOThe both are differentZnOX return falseX ^ ^ void !ain,-] op%verload a?" a2X a?A Aa2X ^ Answer 8 )unti!e 5rror8 Stac$ %verflow 56planation 8 Eust li$e nor!al functions" operator functions can be called recursively# This progra! >ust illustrates that point" by calling the operator AA function recursively" leading to an infinite loop# class co!ple6] double reX double i!X
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Technical Aptitude Questions public8 co!ple6,- 8 re,?-"i!,D#@- ]^ bool operatorAA,co!ple6 Urhs-X operator int,-]^ ^X bool co!ple688operator AA ,co!ple6 Urhs-] if,,this:Rre AA rhs#re- UU ,this:Ri! AA rhs#i!-return trueX else return falseX ^ int !ain,-] co!ple6 c?X coutSS c?X ^ Answer 8 (arbage value 56planation8 The progra!!er wishes to print the co!ple6 ob>ect using output re:direction operator"which he has not defined for his lass#*ut the co!piler instead of giving an error sees the conversion function and converts the user defined ob>ect to standard ob>ect and prints so!e garbage value# class co!ple6] double reX double i!X public8 co!ple6,- 8 re,D-"i!,D- ]^ co!ple6,double n- ] reAn"i!AnX^X co!ple6,int !"int n- ] reA!"i!AnX^ void print,- ] coutSSreX coutSSi!X^ ^X void !ain,-] co!ple6 c1X double iA@X c1 A iX c1#print,-X ^ Answer8
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Technical Aptitude Questions @"@ 56planation8 Though no operatorA function ta$ing co!ple6" double is defined" the double on the rhs is converted into a te!porary ob>ect using the single argu!ent constructor ta$ing double and assigned to the lvalue# void !ain,] int a" ;pa" UraX pa A UaX ra A aX cout SSOaAOSSa SSO;paAOSS;pa SSOraOSSra X ^ Answer 8 Co!piler 5rror8 TraT"reference !ust be initiali ed 56planation 8 7ointers are different fro! references# %ne of the !ain differences is that the pointers can be both initiali ed and assigned" whereas references can only be initiali ed# So this code issues an error# 4r+ it :"urse28 ?- Deter!ine the output of the TC<<T Codelet# class base ] public 8 out,] coutSSObase OX ^ ^X class deri] public 8 out,] coutSSOderi OX ^ ^X void !ain,] deri dpP1QX base ;bp A ,base;-dpX for ,int iADX iS1Xi<<,bp<<-:Rout,-X ^
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Technical Aptitude Questions 2- Eustify the use of virtual constructors and destructors in C<<# 1- 5ach C<< ob>ect possesses the C !e!ber fns",which can be declared by the progra!!er e6plicitly or by the i!ple!entation if they are not available-# Ghat are those C functions` C- Ghat is wrong with this class declaration` class so!ething ] char ;strX public8 so!ething,-] st A new charP?DQX ^ aso!ething,] delete strX ^ ^X @- Inheritance is also $nown as :::::::: relationship# Containership as relationship# NNNNNNNN
B- Ghen is it necessary to use !e!ber:wise initiali ation list ,also $nown as header initiali ation list- in C<<` H- Ghich is the only operator in C<< which can be overloaded but '%T inherited# F- Is there anything wrong with this C<< class declaration` class te!p ] int value?X !utable int value2X public 8 void fun,int valconst] ,,te!p;- this-:Rvalue? A ?DX value2 A ?DX ^ ^X
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Technical Aptitude Questions 1. What is a modifier? Ans(er/ A !odifier" also called a !odifying function is a !e!ber function that changes the value of at least one data !e!ber# In other words" an operation that !odifies the state of an ob>ect# &odifiers are also $nown as 3!utators4# 2. What is an accessor? Ans(er/ An accessor is a class operation that does not !odify the state of an ob>ect# The accessor functions need to be declared as const operations 3. !ifferentiate .etween a template class and class template. Ans(er/
4e'p2ate c2ass/
A generic definition or a para!eteri ed class not instantiated until the client provides the needed infor!ation# It4s >argon for plain te!plates#
C2ass te'p2ate/
A class te!plate specifies how individual classes can be constructed !uch li$e the way a class specifies how individual ob>ects can be constructed# It4s >argon for plain classes# *. When does a name clash occur? Ans(er/ A na!e clash occurs when a na!e is defined in !ore than one place# For e6a!ple#" two different class libraries could give two different classes the sa!e na!e# If you try to use !any class libraries at the sa!e ti!e" there is a fair chance that you will be unable to co!pile or lin$ the progra! because of na!e clashes# -. !efine namespace. Ans(er/ It is a feature in c<< to !ini!i e na!e collisions in the global na!e space# This na!espace $eyword assigns a distinct na!e to a library that allows other libraries to use the sa!e identifier na!es without creating any na!e collisions# Further!ore" the co!piler uses the na!espace signature for differentiating the definitions# 0. What is the use of XusingF declaration. Ans(er/ A using declaration !a$es it possible to use a na!e fro! a na!espace without the scope operator# 5. What is an +terator class? Ans(er/ A class that is used to traverse through the ob>ects !aintained by a container class# There are five categories of iterators8 input iterators" output iterators"
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Technical Aptitude Questions forward iterators" bidirectional iterators" rando! access# An iterator is an entity that gives access to the contents of a container ob>ect without violating encapsulation constraints# Access to the contents is granted on a one:at: a:ti!e basis in order# The order can be storage order ,as in lists and 0ueues- or so!e arbitrary order ,as in array indices- or according to so!e ordering relation ,as in an ordered binary tree-# The iterator is a construct" which provides an interface that" when called" yields either the ne6t ele!ent in the container" or so!e value denoting the fact that there are no !ore ele!ents to e6a!ine# Iterators hide the details of access to and update of the ele!ents of a container class# The si!plest and safest iterators are those that per!it read:only access to the contents of a container class# The following code frag!ent shows how an iterator !ight appear in code8 contNiter8Anew contNiterator,-X 68AcontNiter#ne6t,-X while 6MAnone do ### s,6-X ### 68AcontNiter#ne6t,-X endX In this e6a!ple" contNiter is the na!e of the iterator# It is created on the first line by instantiation of contNiterator class" an iterator class defined to iterate over so!e container class" cont# Succesive ele!ents fro! the container are carried to 6# The loop ter!inates when 6 is bound to so!e e!pty value# ,.ere" none-In the !iddle of the loop" there is s,6an operation on 6" the current ele!ent fro! the container# The ne6t ele!ent of the container is obtained at the botto! of the loop# ?. List out some of the EE!"#$ availa.le. Ans(er/ (5&ST%'5M%7A2 of (e!stone syste!s# %'T%S of %ntos# %b>ectivity of %b>ectivity inc# /ersant of /ersant ob>ect technology# %b>ect store of %b>ect Design# A)D5'T of A)D5'T software# 7%5T of 7%5T software# 1@. List out some of the o.ject3oriented methodologies. Ans(er/ %b>ect %riented Develop!ent ,%%D- ,*ooch ?LL?"?LLC-# %b>ect %riented Analysis and Design ,%%AMD- ,Coad and Jourdon ?LL?-# %b>ect &odelling Techni0ues ,%&T- ,)u!baugh ?LL?-# %b>ect %riented Software 5ngineering ,%b>ectory- ,Eacobson ?LL2-#
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Technical Aptitude Questions %b>ect %riented Analysis ,%%A- ,Shlaer and &ellor ?LL2-# The Fusion &ethod ,Cole!an ?LL?-#
11. What is an incomplete type? Ans(er/ Inco!plete types refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the i!ple!entation of the referenced location or it points to so!e location whose value is not available for !odification# 01a'p2e/ int ;iAD6CDD MM i points to address CDD ;iADX MMset the value of !e!ory location pointed by i# Inco!plete types are otherwise called uninitiali ed pointers# 12. What is a dangling pointer? Ans(er/ A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an ob>ect after its lifeti!e is over# This !ay occur in situations li$e returning addresses of the auto!atic variables fro! a function or using the address of the !e!ory bloc$ after it is freed# 13. !ifferentiate .etween the message and method. Ans(er/ %essa*e %et5"d %b>ects co!!unicate by sending !essages 7rovides response to a !essage# to each other# A !essage is sent to invo$e a !ethod# It is an i!ple!entation of an operation# 1*. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class? Ans(er/ A class that has no functionality of its own# Its !e!ber functions hide the use of a third party software co!ponent or an ob>ect with the non:co!patible interface or a non: ob>ect: oriented i!ple!entation# 1-. What is a &ull o.ject? Ans(er/ It is an ob>ect of so!e class whose purpose is to indicate that a real ob>ect of that class does not e6ist# %ne co!!on use for a null ob>ect is a return value fro! a !e!ber function that is supposed to return an ob>ect with so!e specified properties but cannot find such an ob>ect# 10. What is class invariant? Ans(er/ A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an ob>ect# It is a logical condition to ensure the correct wor$ing of a class# Class invariants !ust hold when an ob>ect is created" and they !ust be preserved under all operations of the class# In
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Technical Aptitude Questions particular all class invariants are both preconditions and post:conditions for all operations or !e!ber functions of the class# 15. What do you mean .y $tac' unwinding? Ans(er/ It is a process during e6ception handling when the destructor is called for all local ob>ects between the place where the e6ception was thrown and where it is caught# 17. !efine precondition and post3condition to a mem.er function. Ans(er/ Prec"nditi"n/ A precondition is a condition that !ust be true on entry to a !e!ber function# A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false# An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold# For e6a!ple" the interface invariants of stac' class say nothing about pushing yet another ele!ent on a stac$ that is already full# Ge say that isful24 is a precondition of the push operation# P"st,c"nditi"n/ A post:condition is a condition that !ust be true on e6it fro! a !e!ber function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function# A class is i!ple!ented correctly if post:conditions are never false# For e6a!ple" after pushing an ele!ent on the stac$" we $now that isempty24 !ust necessarily hold# This is a post:condition of the push operation# 1?. What are the conditions that have to .e met for a condition to .e an invariant of the class? Ans(er/ The condition should hold at the end of every constructor# The condition should hold at the end of every !utator,non:const- operation# 2@. What are proxy o.jects? Ans(er/ %b>ects that stand for other ob>ects are called pro6y ob>ects or surrogates# 01a'p2e/ te!plateSclass TR class Array2D ] public8 class Array?D ] public8 TU operatorPQ ,int inde6-X const TU operatorPQ ,int inde6- constX ### ^X
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Technical Aptitude Questions Array?D operatorPQ ,int inde6-X const Array?D operatorPQ ,int inde6- constX ### ^X The following then beco!es legal8 Array2DSfloatRdata,?D"2D-X ######## coutSSdataP1QPBQX MM fine .ere dataP1Q yields an Array?D ob>ect and the operator PQ invocation on that ob>ect yields the float in position,1"B- of the original two di!ensional array# Clients of the Array2D class need not be aware of the presence of the Array?D class# %b>ects of this latter class stand for one:di!ensional array ob>ects that" conceptually" do not e6ist for clients of Array2D# Such clients progra! as if they were using real" live" two:di!ensional arrays# 5ach Array?D ob>ect stands for a one:di!ensional array that is absent fro! a conceptual !odel used by the clients of Array2D# In the above e6a!ple" Array?D is a pro6y class# Its instances stand for one:di!ensional arrays that" conceptually" do not e6ist# 21. &ame some pure o.ject oriented languages# Ans(er/ S!alltal$" Eava" 5iffel" Sather# 22. &ame the operators that cannot .e overloaded. Ans(er/ si eof # #; #:R 88 `8 23. What is a node class? Ans(er/ A node class is a class that" relies on the base class for services and i!ple!entation" provides a wider interface to te users than its base class" relies pri!arily on virtual functions in its public interface depends on all its direct and indirect base class can be understood only in the conte6t of the base class can be used as base for further derivation can be used to create ob>ects# A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited fro! its base class# 2*. What is an orthogonal .ase class? Ans(er/ LD
Technical Aptitude Questions If two base classes have no overlapping !ethods or data they are said to be independent of" or orthogonal to each other# %rthogonal in the sense !eans that two classes operate in different di!ensions and do not interfere with each other in any way# The sa!e derived class !ay inherit such classes with no difficulty# 2-. What is a container class? What are the types of container classes? Ans(er/ A container class is a class that is used to hold ob>ects in !e!ory or e6ternal storage# A container class acts as a generic holder# A container class has a predefined behavior and a well:$nown interface# A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for !aintaining the list of ob>ects in !e!ory# Ghen a container class contains a group of !i6ed ob>ects" the container is called a heterogeneous containerX when the container is holding a group of ob>ects that are all the sa!e" the container is called a ho!ogeneous container# 20. What is a protocol class? Ans(er/ An abstract class is a protocol class if8 it neither contains nor inherits fro! classes that contain !e!ber data" non:virtual functions" or private ,or protected- !e!bers of any $ind# it has a non:inline virtual destructor defined with an e!pty i!ple!entation" all !e!ber functions other than the destructor including inherited functions" are declared pure virtual functions and left undefined# 25. What is a mixin class? Ans(er/ A class that provides so!e but not all of the i!ple!entation for a virtual base class is often called !i6in# Derivation done >ust for the purpose of redefining the virtual functions in the base classes is often called !i6in inheritance# &i6in classes typically donTt share co!!on bases# 27. What is a concrete class? Ans(er/ A concrete class is used to define a useful ob>ect that can be instantiated as an auto!atic variable on the progra! stac$# The i!ple!entation of a concrete class is defined# The concrete class is not intended to be a base class and no atte!pt to !ini!i e dependency on other classes in the i!ple!entation or behavior of the class# 2?.What is the handle class? Ans(er/ A handle is a class that !aintains a pointer to an ob>ect that is progra!!atically accessible through the public interface of the handle class# 01p2anati"n/ In case of abstract classes" unless one !anipulates the ob>ects of these classes through pointers and references" the benefits of the virtual functions are lost# =ser code !ay beco!e dependent on details of i!ple!entation classes because an abstract type
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Technical Aptitude Questions cannot be allocated statistically or on the stac$ without its si e being $nown# =sing pointers or references i!plies that the burden of !e!ory !anage!ent falls on the user# Another li!itation of abstract class ob>ect is of fi6ed si e# Classes however are used to represent concepts that re0uire varying a!ounts of storage to i!ple!ent the!# A popular techni0ue for dealing with these issues is to separate what is used as a single ob>ect in two parts8 a handle providing the user interface and a representation holding all or !ost of the ob>ectTs state# The connection between the handle and the representation is typically a pointer in the handle# %ften" handles have a bit !ore data than the si!ple representation pointer" but not !uch !ore# .ence the layout of the handle is typically stable" even when the representation changes and also that handles are s!all enough to !ove around relatively freely so that the user needn4t use the pointers and the references# 3@. What is an action class? Ans(er/ The si!plest and !ost obvious way to specify an action in C<< is to write a function# .owever" if the action has to be delayed" has to be trans!itted TelsewhereT before being perfor!ed" re0uires its own data" has to be co!bined with other actions" etc then it often beco!es attractive to provide the action in the for! of a class that can e6ecute the desired action and provide other services as well# &anipulators used with iostrea!s is an obvious e6a!ple# 01p2anati"n/ A co!!on for! of action class is a si!ple class containing >ust one virtual function# class Action ] public8 virtual int doNit, int -ADX virtual aAction, -X ^ (iven this" we can write code say a !e!ber that can store actions for later e6ecution without using pointers to functions" without $nowing anything about the ob>ects involved" and without even $nowing the na!e of the operation it invo$es# For e6a!ple8 class writeNfile 8 public Action ] FileU fX public8 int doNit,int] return fwrite, -#suceed, -X ^ ^X class errorN!essage8 public Action ] responseNbo6 db,!essage#cstr, -"OContinueO"OCancelO"O)etryO-X switch ,db#getresponse, -L2 Copyright: Vyom Network (http://www.vyomworld.com) - All Rights Reserved
Technical Aptitude Questions ] case D8 return DX case ?8 abort,-X case 28 currentNoperation#redo, -Xreturn ?X ^ ^X A user of the Action class will be co!pletely isolated fro! any $nowledge of derived classes such as writeNfile and errorN!essage# 31. When can you tell that a memory lea' will occur? Ans(er/ A !e!ory lea$ occurs when a progra! loses the ability to free a bloc$ of dyna!ically allocated !e!ory# 32.What is a parameteriCed type? Ans(er/ A te!plate is a para!eteri ed construct or type containing generic code that can use or !anipulate any type# It is called para!eteri ed because an actual type is a para!eter of the code body# 7oly!orphis! !ay be achieved through para!eteri ed types# This type of poly!orphis! is called para!eteric poly!orphis!# 7ara!eteric poly!orphis! is the !echanis! by which the sa!e code is used on different types passed as para!eters# 33. !ifferentiate .etween a deep copy and a shallow copy? Ans(er/ Deep copy involves using the contents of one ob>ect to create another instance of the sa!e class# In a deep copy" the two ob>ects !ay contain ht sa!e infor!ation but the target ob>ect will have its own buffers and resources# the destruction of either ob>ect will not affect the re!aining ob>ect# The overloaded assign!ent operator would create a deep copy of ob>ects# Shallow copy involves copying the contents of one ob>ect into another instance of the sa!e class thus creating a !irror i!age# %wing to straight copying of references and pointers" the two ob>ects will share the sa!e e6ternally contained contents of the other ob>ect to be unpredictable# 01p2anati"n/ =sing a copy constructor we si!ply copy the data values !e!ber by !e!ber# This !ethod of copying is called shallow copy# If the ob>ect is a si!ple class" co!prised of built in types and no pointers this would be acceptable# This function would use the values and the ob>ects and its behavior would not be altered with a shallow copy" only the addresses of pointers that are !e!bers are copied and not the value the address is pointing to# The data values of the ob>ect would then be inadvertently altered by the function# Ghen the function goes out of scope" the copy of the ob>ect with all its data is popped off the stac$#
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Technical Aptitude Questions If the ob>ect has any pointers a deep copy needs to be e6ecuted# Gith the deep copy of an ob>ect" !e!ory is allocated for the ob>ect in free store and the ele!ents pointed to are copied# A deep copy is used for ob>ects that are returned fro! a function# 3*. What is an opa/ue pointer? Ans(er/ A pointer is said to be opa0ue if the definition of the type to which it points to is not included in the current translation unit# A translation unit is the result of !erging an i!ple!entation file with all its headers and header files# 3-. What is a smart pointer? Ans(er/ A s!art pointer is an ob>ect that acts" loo$s and feels li$e a nor!al pointer but offers !ore functionality# In C<<" s!art pointers are i!ple!ented as template classes that encapsulate a pointer and override standard pointer operators# They have a nu!ber of advantages over regular pointers# They are guaranteed to be initiali ed as either null pointers or pointers to a heap ob>ect# Indirection through a null pointer is chec$ed# 'o delete is ever necessary# %b>ects are auto!atically freed when the last pointer to the! has gone away# %ne significant proble! with these s!art pointers is that unli$e regular pointers" they donTt respect inheritance# S!art pointers are unattractive for poly!orphic code# (iven below is an e6a!ple for the i!ple!entation of s!art pointers#
01a'p2e/
te!plate Sclass IR class s!artNpointer ] public8 s!artNpointer,-X s!artNpointer,const IU 6IU operator ;, -X const IU operator;, - constX I; operator:R,- constX
MM !a$es a null pointer MM !a$es pointer to copy of 6
s!artNpointer,const s!artNpointer SIR U-X const s!artNpointer SIR U operator A,const s!artNpointerSIRU-X as!artNpointer,-X private8 MM### ^X This class i!ple!ent a s!art pointer to an ob>ect of type I# The ob>ect itself is located on the heap# .ere is how to use it8 s!artNpointer Se!ployeeR pA e!ployee,O.arrisO"?111-X 2i$e other overloaded operators" p will behave li$e a regular pointer" coutSS;pX p:RraiseNsalary,D#@-X 30. LC What is reflexive association?
Technical Aptitude Questions Ans(er/ The Tis:aT is called a refle6ive association because the refle6ive association per!its classes to bear the is:a association not only with their super:classes but also with the!selves# It differs fro! a Tspeciali es:fro!T as Tspeciali es:fro!T is usually used to describe the association between a super:class and a sub:class# For e6a!ple8 7rinter is:a printer# 35. What is slicing? Ans(er/ Slicing !eans that the data added by a subclass are discarded when an ob>ect of the subclass is passed or returned by value or fro! a function e6pecting a base class ob>ect# 01p2anati"n/ Consider the following class declaration8 class base ] ### baseU operator A,const baseU-X base ,const baseU-X ^ void fun, ] base eA!X eA!X ^ As base copy functions donTt $now anything about the derived only the base part of the derived is copied# This is co!!only referred to as slicing# %ne reason to pass ob>ects of classes in a hierarchy is to avoid slicing# %ther reasons are to preserve poly!orphic behavior and to gain efficiency# 37. What is name mangling? Ans(er/ 'a!e !angling is the process through which your c<< co!pilers give each function in your progra! a uni0ue na!e# In C<<" all progra!s have at:least a few functions with the sa!e na!e# 'a!e !angling is a concession to the fact that lin$er always insists on all function na!es being uni0ue#
01a'p2e/
In general" !e!ber na!es are !ade uni0ue by concatenating the na!e of the !e!ber with that of the class e#g# given the declaration8 class *ar ] public8 int ivalX ### ^X ival beco!es so!ething li$e8 L@ MM a possible !e!ber na!e !angling
Technical Aptitude Questions ivalNN1*ar Consider this derivation8 class Foo 8 public *ar ] public8 int ivalX ### ^ The internal representation of a Foo ob>ect is the concatenation of its base and derived class !e!bers# MM 7seudo C<< code MM Internal representation of Foo class Foo ] public8 int ivalNN1*arX int ivalNN1FooX ### ^X =na!biguous access of either ival !e!bers is achieved through na!e !angling# &e!ber functions" because they can be overloaded" re0uire an e6tensive !angling to provide each with a uni0ue na!e# .ere the co!piler generates the sa!e na!e for the two overloaded instances,Their argu!ent lists !a$e their instances uni0ue-# 3?. What are proxy o.jects? Ans(er/ %b>ects that points to other ob>ects are called pro6y ob>ects or surrogates# Its an ob>ect that provides the sa!e interface as its server ob>ect but does not have any functionality# During a !ethod invocation" it routes data to the true server ob>ect and sends bac$ the return value to the ob>ect# *@. !ifferentiate .etween declaration and definition in ,88. Ans(er/ A declaration introduces a na!e into the progra!X a definition provides a uni0ue description of an entity ,e#g# type" instance" and function-# Declarations can be repeated in a given scope" it introduces a na!e in a given scope# There !ust be e6actly one definition of every ob>ect" function or class used in a C<< progra!# A declaration is a definition unless8 it declares a function without specifying its body" it contains an e6tern specifier and no initiali er or function body" it is the declaration of a static class data !e!ber without a class definition" it is a class na!e definition" it is a typedef declaration# A definition is a declaration unless8 it defines a static class data !e!ber" it defines a non:inline !e!ber function#
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Technical Aptitude Questions *1. What is cloning? Ans(er/ An ob>ect can carry out copying in two ways i#e# it can set itself to be a copy of another ob>ect" or it can return a copy of itself# The latter process is called cloning# *2. !escri.e the main characteristics of static functions. Ans(er/ The !ain characteristics of static functions include" It is without the a this pointer" It canTt directly access the non:static !e!bers of its class It canTt be declared const" volatile or virtual# It doesnTt need to be invo$ed through an ob>ect of its class" although for convenience" it !ay# *3. Will the inline function .e compiled as the inline function always? Yustify. Ans(er/ An inline function is a re0uest and not a co!!and# .ence it wonTt be co!piled as an inline function always# 01p2anati"n/ Inline:e6pansion could fail if the inline function contains loops" the address of an inline function is used" or an inline function is called in a co!ple6 e6pression# The rules for inlining are co!piler dependent# **. !efine a way other than using the 'eyword inline to ma'e a function inline. Ans(er/ The function !ust be defined inside the class# *-. )ow can a W::W operator .e used as unary operator? Ans(er/ The scope operator can be used to refer to !e!bers of the global na!espace# *ecause the global na!espace doesn4t have a na!e" the notation 88 !e!ber:na!e refers to a !e!ber of the global na!espace# This can be useful for referring to !e!bers of global na!espace whose na!es have been hidden by na!es declared in nested local scope# =nless we specify to the co!piler in which na!espace to search for a declaration" the co!piler si!ple searches the current scope" and any scopes in which the current scope is nested" to find the declaration for the na!e# *0. What is placement new? Ans(er/ Ghen you want to call a constructor directly" you use the place!ent new# So!eti!es you have so!e raw !e!ory thatTs already been allocated" and you need to construct an ob>ect in the !e!ory you have# %perator newTs special version place!ent new allows you to do it# class Gidget ] public 8
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Technical Aptitude Questions Gidget,int widgetsi e-X ### Gidget; ConstructNwidgetNintNbuffer,void ;buffer"int widgetsi e] return new,buffer- Gidget,widgetsi e-X ^ ^X This function returns a pointer to a Gidget ob>ect thatTs constructed within the buffer passed to the function# Such a function !ight be useful for applications using shared !e!ory or !e!ory:!apped IM%" because ob>ects in such applications !ust be placed at specific addresses or in !e!ory allocated by special routines# --./ 1. What do you mean .y analysis and design? 6nalysis: *asically" it is the process of deter!ining what needs to be done before how it should be done# In order to acco!plish this" the developer refers the e6isting syste!s and docu!ents# So" si!ply it is an art of discovery# !esign: It is the process of adoptingMchoosing the one a!ong the !any" which best acco!plishes the users needs# So" si!ply" it is co!pro!ising !echanis!# 2. What are the steps involved in designing? *efore getting into the design the designer should go through the S)S prepared by the Syste! Analyst# The !ain tas$s of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design# In Architectural Design we find what are the !ain !odules in the proble! do!ain# In Detailed Design we find what should be done within each !odule# 3. What are the main underlying concepts of o.ject orientation? %b>ects" !essages" class" inheritance and poly!orphis! are the !ain concepts of ob>ect orientation# *. What do u meant .y K$"+K of an o.ject? S*I stands for State" *ehavior and Identity# Since every ob>ect has the above three# $tate: It is >ust a value to the attribute of an ob>ect at a particular ti!e# "ehaviour8 It describes the actions and their reactions of that ob>ect# +dentity8 An ob>ect has an identity that characteri es its own e6istence# The identity !a$es it possible to distinguish any ob>ect in an una!biguous way" and independently
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Technical Aptitude Questions fro! its state# -. !ifferentiate persistent ( non3persistent o.jects? 7ersistent refers to an ob>ectTs ability to transcend ti!e or space# A persistent ob>ect storesMsaves its state in a per!anent storage syste! with out losing the infor!ation represented by the ob>ect# A non:persistent ob>ect is said to be transient or ephe!eral# *y default ob>ects are considered as non:persistent# 0. What do you meant .y active and passive o.jects? Active ob>ects are one which instigate an interaction which owns a thread and they are responsible for handling control to other ob>ects# In si!ple words it can be referred as client# 7assive ob>ects are one" which passively waits for the !essage to be processed# It waits for another ob>ect that re0uires its services# In si!ple words it can be referred as server# Diagra!8 client server ,Active- ,7assive5. What is meant .y software development method` Software develop!ent !ethod describes how to !odel and build software syste!s in a reliable and reproducible way# To put it si!ple" !ethods that are used to represent onesT thin$ing using graphical notations# 7. What are models and meta models? #odel: +t is a co!plete description of so!ething ,i#e# syste!-# #eta model: It describes the !odel ele!ents" synta6 and se!antics of the notation that allows their !anipulation# ?. What do you meant .y static and dynamic modeling? Static !odeling is used to specify structure of the ob>ects that e6ist in the proble! do!ain# These are e6pressed using class" o.ject and Q$1,6$1 diagrams# *ut Dyna!ic !odeling refers representing the ob>ect interactions during runti!e# It is represented by se/uence" activity" colla.oration and statechart diagrams# 1@. )ow to represent the interaction .etween the modeling elements? #odel element is >ust a notation to represent ,(raphically- the entities that e6ist in the proble! do!ain# e#g# for !odeling ele!ent is class notation" ob>ect notation etc# )elationships are used to represent the interaction between the !odeling ele!ents# The following are the )elationships#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 6ssociation: ItsT >ust a se!antic connection two classes# e#g#8 uses class A class * 6ggregation: ItsT the relationship between two classes which are related in the fashion that master and slave# The !aster ta$es full rights than the slave# Since the slave wor$s under the !aster# It is represented as line with dia!ond in the !aster area# e68 car contains wheels" etc# car car wheels
,ontainment: This relationship is applied when the part contained with in the whole part" dies when the whole part dies# It is represented as dar$ed dia!ond at the whole part# e6a!ple8 class A] MMso!e code ^X class * ] A aaX MM an ob>ect of class AX MM so!e code for class *X ^X In the above e6a!ple we see that an ob>ect of class A is instantiated with in the class *# so the ob>ect class A dies when the ob>ect class * dies#we can represnt it in diagra! li$e this# class A class *
=eneraliCation: This relationship used when we want represents a class" which captures the co!!on states of ob>ects of different classes# It is represented as arrow line pointed at the class" which has captured the co!!on states# class A
class *
class C
!ependency: It is the relationship between dependent and independent classes# Any

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Technical Aptitude Questions change in the independent class will affect the states of the dependent class# DIA()A&8 class A class * 11. Why generaliCation is very strong? 5ven though (enerali ation satisfies Structural" Interface" *ehaviour properties# It is !athe!atically very strong" as it is Antisy!!etric and Transitive# 6ntisymmetric: e!ployee is a person" but not all persons are e!ployees# &athe!atically all As4 are *" but all *s4 not A# Dransitive: AAR*" *ARc then AARc# A# Sales!an# *# 5!ployee# C# 7erson# 'ote: All the other relationships satisfy all the properties li$e Structural properties" Interface properties" *ehaviour properties# 12. !ifferentiate 6ggregation and containment? Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part# Ge can addMsubtract so!e properties in the part ,slave- side# It wonTt affect the whole part# *est e6a!ple is Car" which contains the wheels and so!e e6tra parts# 5ven though the parts are not there we can call it as car# *ut" in the case of contain!ent the whole part is affected when the part within that got affected# The hu!an body is an apt e6a!ple for this relationship# Ghen the whole body dies the parts ,heart etc- are died# 13. ,an lin' and 6ssociation applied interchangea.ly? 'o" Jou cannot apply the lin$ and Association interchangeably# Since lin$ is used represent the relationship between the two ob>ects# *ut Association is used represent the relationship between the two classes# lin$ 88 student8Abhilash course8&CA Association88 student course 1*. what is meant .y Kmethod3warsK? *efore ?LLC there were different !ethodologies li$e )u!baugh" *ooch" Eacobson" &eyer etc who followed their own notations to !odel the syste!s# The developers were in a dile!!a to choose the !ethod which best acco!plishes their needs# This particular span was called as O!ethod:warsO 1-. Whether unified method and unified modeling language are same or different? =nified !ethod is convergence of the )u!baugh and *ooch# =nified !odeling lang# is the fusion of )u!baugh" *ooch and Eacobson as well as *etrand &eyer ,whose contribution is Ose0uence diagra!O-# ItsT the superset of all the !ethodologies# 10. Who were the three famous amigos and what was their contri.ution to the o.ject community?
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Technical Aptitude Questions The Three a!igos na!ely" Yames um.augh 2E#D4: A veteran in analysis who ca!e up with an idea about the ob>ects and their )elationships ,in particular Associations-# =rady "ooch: A veteran in design who ca!e up with an idea about partitioning of syste!s into subsyste!s# +var Yaco.son 2E.jectory4: The father of =S5CAS5S" who described about the user and syste! interaction# 15. !ifferentiate the class representation of "ooch% um.augh and Q#L? If you loo$ at the class representaiton of )u!baugh and =&2" It is so!e what si!ilar and both are very easy to draw# Represent$tion: -0T 102# /i$3r$m:
*ooch8 In this !ethod classes are represented as OCloudsO which are not very easy to draw as for as the developerTs view is concern# /i$3r$m:
17. What is an Q$1,6$1? Why it is needed? A =se Case is a description of a set of se0uence of actions that a syste! perfor!s that yields an observable result of value to a particular action# In SSAD process SAR In %%AD =S5CAS5# It is represented elliptically# Represent$tion:
1?. Who is an 6ctor? An Actor is so!eone or so!ething that !ust interact with the syste!#In addition to that an Actor initiates the process,that is =S5CAS5-# It is represented as a stic$!an li$e this# /i$3r$m:
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2@. What is guard condition? (uard condition is one" which acts as a firewall# The access fro! a particular ob>ect can be !ade only when the particular condition is !et# For 56a!ple" custo!er chec$ custo!er nu!ber AT&# .ere the ob>ect on the custo!er accesses the AT& facility only when the guard condition is !et# 21. !ifferentiate the following notations? +: :o.j1 :o.j2 ++: :o.j1 :o.j2
In the above representation I" ob>? sends !essage to ob>2# *ut in the case of II the data is transferred fro! ob>? to ob>2# 22. Q$1,6$1 is an implementation independent notation. )ow will the designer give the implementation details of a particular Q$1,6$1 to the programmer? This can be acco!plished by specifying the relationship called Orefine!ent\ which tal$s about the two different abstraction of the sa!e thing# %r e6a!ple" calculate pay calculate class? class2 class1 23. $uppose a class acts an 6ctor in the pro.lem domain% how to represent it in the static model? In this scenario you can use [stereotype\# Since stereotype is >ust a string that gives e6tra se!antic to the particular entityM!odel ele!ent# It is given with in the SS RR# class A SS ActorRR attributes !ethods# 2*. Why does the function arguments are called as KsignaturesK? The argu!ents distinguish functions with the sa!e na!e ,functional poly!orphis!-# The na!e alone does not necessarily identify a uni0ue function# .owever" the na!e and its argu!ents ,signatures- will uni0uely identify a function# In real life we see suppose" in class there are two guys with sa!e na!e" but they can be easily identified by their signatures# The sa!e concept is applied here#
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Technical Aptitude Questions e68 class person ] public8 char getse6,-X void setse6,char-X void setse6,int-X ^X In the above e6a!ple we see that there is a function setse6,- with sa!e na!e but with different signature#
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Quantitative Aptitude
Quantitative Aptitude
01ercise 1 S"2ve t5e 8"22"(in* and c5ec) (it5 t5e ans(ers *iven at t5e end. ?# It was calculated that H@ !en could co!plete a piece of wor$ in 2D days# Ghen wor$ was scheduled to co!!ence" it was found necessary to send 2@ !en to another pro>ect# .ow !uch longer will it ta$e to co!plete the wor$` A student divided a nu!ber by 2M1 when he re0uired to !ultiply by 1M2# Calculate the percentage of error in his result# A dishonest shop$eeper professes to sell pulses at the cost price" but he uses a false weight of L@Dg!# for a $g# .is gain is KW# A software engineer has the capability of thin$ing ?DD lines of code in five !inutes and can type ?DD lines of code in ?D !inutes# .e ta$es a brea$ for five !inutes after every ten !inutes# .ow !any lines of codes will he co!plete typing after an hour` A !an was engaged on a >ob for 1D days on the condition that he would get a wage of )s# ?D for the day he wor$s" but he have to pay a fine of )s# 2 for each day of his absence# If he gets )s# 2?B at the end" he was absent for wor$ for ### days# A contractor agreeing to finish a wor$ in ?@D days" e!ployed H@ !en each wor$ing F hours daily# After LD days" only 2MH of the wor$ was co!pleted# Increasing the nu!ber of !en by NNNNNNNN each wor$ing now for ?D hours daily" the wor$ can be co!pleted in ti!e# what is a percent of b divided by b percent of a` ,aa ,bb ,c? ,d?D ,d?DD
2# 1# C#
@#
B#
H# F#
A !an bought a horse and a cart# If he sold the horse at ?D W loss and the cart at 2D W gain" he would not lose anythingX but if he sold the horse at @W loss and the cart at @W gain" he would lose )s# ?D in the bargain# The a!ount paid by hi! was )s#NNNNNNN for the horse and )s#NNNNNNNN for the cart#
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Technical Aptitude Questions L# A tennis !ar$er is trying to put together a tea! of four players for a tennis tourna!ent out of seven available# !ales : a" b and cX fe!ales + !" n" o and p# All players are of e0ual ability and there !ust be at least two !ales in the tea!# For a tea! of four" all players !ust be able to play with each other under the following restrictions8 b should not play with !" c should not play with p" and a should not play with o# Ghich of the following state!ents !ust be false` ?# b and p cannot be selected together 2# c and o cannot be selected together 1# c and n cannot be selected together# ?D:?2# The following figure depicts three views of a cube# *ased on this" answer 0uestions ?D:?2# B ? 2 2 @ 22 1 1 C B
?D# ??# ?2#
The nu!ber on the face opposite to the face carrying ? is NNNNNNN # The nu!ber on the faces ad>acent to the face !ar$ed @ are NNNNNNN # Ghich of the following pairs does not correctly give the nu!bers on the opposite faces# ,?B"@ ,2C"? ,1?"1 ,CC"2 Five far!ers have H" L" ??" ?1 U ?C apple trees" respectively in their orchards# 2ast year" each of the! discovered that every tree in their own orchard bore e6actly the sa!e nu!ber of apples# Further" if the third far!er gives one apple to the first" and the fifth gives three to each of the second and the fourth" they would all have e6actly the sa!e nu!ber of apples# Ghat were the yields per tree in the orchards of the third and fourth far!ers` Five boys were cli!bing a hill# E was following .# ) was >ust ahead of (# _ was between ( U .# They were cli!bing up in a colu!n# Gho was the second`
?1#
?C#
?@:?F Eohn is undecided which of the four novels to buy# .e is considering a spy thriller" a &urder !ystery" a (othic ro!ance and a science fiction novel# The boo$s are written by )oth$o" (or$y" *urchfield and .opper" not necessary in that order" and published by .eron" 7iegon" *lue>a and sparrow" not necessary in that order#
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Technical Aptitude Questions ? 2 1 C ?@# ?B# ?H# ?F# ,?- The boo$ by )oth$o is published by Sparrow# ,2- The Spy thriller is published by .eron# ,1- The science fiction novel is by *urchfield and is not published by *lue>a# ,C-The (othic ro!ance is by .opper# 7igeon publishes NNNNNNNNNNNN# The novel by (or$y NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN# Eohn purchases boo$s by the authors whose na!es co!e first and third in alphabetical order# .e does not buy the boo$s NNNNNN# %n the basis of the first paragraph and state!ent ,2-" ,1- and ,C- only" it is possible to deduce that ?# )oth$o wrote the !urder !ystery or the spy thriller 2# Sparrow published the !urder !ystery or the spy thriller 1# The boo$ by *urchfield is published by Sparrow# If a light flashes every B seconds" how !any ti!es will it flash in c of an hour` If point 7 is on line seg!ent A*" then which of the following is always true` ,?- A7 A 7* ,2- A7 R 7* ,1- 7* R A7 ,C- A* R A7 ,@- A* R A7 < 7* All !en are vertebrates# So!e !a!!als are vertebrates# Ghich of the following conclusions drawn fro! the above state!ent is correct# All !en are !a!!als All !a!!als are !en So!e vertebrates are !a!!als# 'one Ghich of the following state!ents drawn fro! the given state!ents are correct` (iven8 All watches sold in that shop are of high standard# So!e of the .&T watches are sold in that shop# a- All watches of high standard were !anufactured by .&T# b- So!e of the .&T watches are of high standard# c- 'one of the .&T watches is of high standard# d- So!e of the .&T watches of high standard are sold in that shop# ?# 2# 1# C# @# B#
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?L# 2D# 2?#
22#
21:2H# Ashland is north of 5ast 2iverpool and west of Coshocton# *owling green is north of Ashland and west of Frederic$town# Dover is south and east of Ashland# 5ast 2iverpool is north of Frederic$town and east of Dover# Frederic$town is north of Dover and west of Ashland# Coshocton is south of Frederic$town and west of Dover#
21#
Ghich of the towns !entioned is furthest of the north + west ,a- Ashland ,b- *owling green ,c- Coshocton ,d- 5ast 2iverpool ,e- Frederic$town Ghich of the following !ust be both north and east of Frederic$town` ,a- Ashland ,b- Coshocton ,c- 5ast 2iverpool I a only II b only III c only I/ a U b /aUc Ghich of the following towns !ust be situated both south and west of at least one other town` A# Ashland only *# Ashland and Frederic$town C# Dover and Frederic$town D# Dover" Coshocton and Frederic$town 5# Coshocton" Dover and 5ast 2iverpool# Ghich of the following state!ents" if true" would !a$e the infor!ation in the nu!bered state!ents !ore specific` ,a- Coshocton is north of Dover# ,b- 5ast 2iverpool is north of Dover ,c- Ashland is east of *owling green# ,d- Coshocton is east of Frederic$town ,e- *owling green is north of Frederic$town Ghich of the nu!bered state!ents gives infor!ation that can be deduced fro! one or !ore of the other state!ents` ,A- ? ,*- 2 ,C- 1 ,D- C ,5- B 5ight friends .arsha" Fa$is" *ala>i" 5swar" Dhinesh" Chandra" (eetha" and Ah!ed are sitting in a circle facing the center# *ala>i is sitting between (eetha and Dhinesh# .arsha is third to the left of *ala>i and second to the right of Ah!ed# Chandra is sitting between Ah!ed and (eetha and *ala>i and 5shwar are not sitting opposite to each other# Gho is third to the left of Dhinesh` If every alternative letter starting fro! * of the 5nglish alphabet is written in s!all letter" rest all are written in capital letters" how the !onth [ Septe!ber\ be written# ,?Sept5&b5r ,2S5pTe&*5r ,1Septe!be) ,CSepte&ber ,@'one of the above# The length of the side of a s0uare is represented by 6<2# The length of the side of an e0uilateral triangle is 26# If the s0uare and the e0uilateral triangle have e0ual peri!eter" then the value of 6 is NNNNNNN#
2C#
2@#
2B#
2H#
2F#
2L#
1D#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 1?# 12# 11# 1C# It ta$es &r# _arthi$ y hours to co!plete typing a !anuscript# After 2 hours" he was called away# Ghat fractional part of the assign!ent was left inco!plete` Ghich of the following is larger than 1M@` ,?d ,21LM@D ,1HM2@ ,C1M?D ,@@LM?DD
The nu!ber that does not have a reciprocal is NNNNNNNNNNNN# There are 1 persons Sudhir" Arvind" and (auri# Sudhir lent cars to Arvind and (auri as !any as they had already# After so!e ti!e Arvind gave as !any cars to Sudhir and (auri as !any as they have# After so!eti!e (auri did the sa!e thing# At the end of this transaction each one of the! had 2C# Find the cars each originally had# A !an bought a horse and a cart# If he sold the horse at ?D W loss and the cart at 2D W gain" he would not lose anythingX but if he sold the horse at @W loss and the cart at @W gain" he would lose )s# ?D in the bargain# The a!ount paid by hi! was )s#NNNNNNN for the horse and )s#NNNNNNNN for the cart#
1@#
.ns4ers: ?# Ans(er/ 1D days# 01p2anati"n/ "efore: %ne day wor$ %ne !an4s one day wor$ &ow: 'o# %f wor$ers %ne day wor$
A A A A
? M 2D ? M , 2D ; H@@D @D ; ? M , 2D ; H@-
The total no# of days re0uired to co!plete the wor$ A ,H@ ; 2D- M @D A 1D 2# Ans(er/ DW 01p2anati"n/ Since 16 M 2 A 6 M ,2 M 1Ans(er/ @#1 W 01p2anati"n/ .e sells L@D gra!s of pulses and gains @D gra!s# If he sells ?DD gra!s of pulses then he will gain ,@D M L@D- ;?DD A @#2B Ans(er/ 2@D lines of codes
1#
C#
?DL
@#
Ans(er/ H days 01p2anati"n/ The e0uation portraying the given proble! is8 ?D ; 6 + 2 ; ,1D + 6- A 2?B where 6 is the nu!ber of wor$ing days# Solving this we get 6 A 21 'u!ber of days he was absent was H ,1D:21- days# Ans(er/ ?@D !en# 01p2anati"n/ %ne day4s wor$ %ne hour4s wor$ %ne !an4s wor$
B#
A A A
2 M ,H ; LD2 M ,H ; LD ; F2 M ,H ; LD ; F ; H@-
The re!aining wor$ ,@MH- has to be co!pleted within BD days" because the total nu!ber of days allotted for the pro>ect is ?@D days# So we get the e0uation ,2 ; ?D ; 6 ; BD- M ,H ; LD ; F ; H@- A @MH where 6 is the nu!ber of !en wor$ing after the LDth day# Ge get 6 A 22@ Since we have H@ !en already" it is enough to add only ?@D !en# H# Ans(er/ ,c- ? 01p2anati"n/ a percent of b 8 ,aM?DD- ; b b percent of a 8 ,bM?DD- ; a a percent of b divided by b percent of a 8 ,,a M ?DD -;b- M ,bM?DD- ; a -- A ? Ans(er/ Cost price of horse A )s# CDD U the cost price of cart A 2DD# 01p2anati"n/, 2et 6 be the cost price of the horse and y be the cost price of the cart# In the first sale there is no loss or profit# ,i#e#- The loss obtained is e0ual to the gain# Therefore ,?DM?DD- ; 6 A ,2DM?DD- ; y
F#
I A 2 ; y :::::::::::::::::,?In the second sale" he lost )s# ?D# ,i#e#- The loss is greater than the profit by )s# ?D#
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Therefore ,@ M ?DD- ; 6 A ,@ M ?DD- ; y < ?D :::::::,2Substituting ,?- in ,2- we get ,?D M ?DD- ; y A ,@ M ?DD- ; y < ?D ,@ M ?DD- ; y A ?D % 5 600 Fro! ,?- 2 ; 2DD A x 5 +00 L# Ans(er/ 1# 01p2anati"n/ Since inclusion of any !ale player will re>ect a fe!ale fro! the tea!# Since there should be four !e!ber in the tea! and only three !ales are available" the girl" n should included in the tea! always irrespective of others selection# Ans(er/ @ Ans(er/ ?"2"1 U C Ans(er/ * Ans(er/ ?? U L apples per tree# 01p2anati"n/ 2et a" b" c" d U e be the total nu!ber of apples bored per year in A" *" C" D U 5 3s orchard# (iven that a < ? A b < 1 A c + ? A d < 1 A e + B *ut the 0uestion is to find the nu!ber of apples bored per tree in C and D 3s orchard# If is enough to consider c + ? A d < 1# Since the nu!ber of trees in C4s orchard is ?? and that of D4s orchard is ?1# 2et 6 and y be the nu!ber of apples bored per tree in C U d 3s orchard respectively# Therefore ?? 6 + ? A ?1 y < 1 *y trial and error !ethod" we get the value for 6 and y as ?? and L Ans(er/ (# 01p2anati"n/ The order in which they are cli!bing is ) + ( + _ + . + E Ans(er/ 'ovel 'a!e Spy thriller
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?D# ??# ?2# ?1#
?C#
?@ + ?F Author )ath$o 7ublisher .eron
Technical Aptitude Questions &urder !ystery (othic ro!ance Science fiction 01p2anati"n/ (iven 'ovel 'a!e Spy thriller &urder !ystery (othic ro!ance Science fiction (or$y *urchfield .opper 7iegon *lue>a Sparrow
Author )ath$o (or$y *urchfield .opper
7ublisher .eron 7iegon *lue>a Sparrow
Since *lue>a doesn4t publish the novel by *urchfield and .eron publishes the novel spy thriller" 7iegon publishes the novel by *urchfield# Since .opper writes (othic ro!ance and .eron publishes the novel spy thriller" *lue>a publishes the novel by .opper# Since .eron publishes the novel spy thriller and .eron publishes the novel by (or$y" (or$y writes Spy thriller and )ath$o writes &urder !ystery# ?L# Ans(er/ C@? ti!es# 01p2anati"n/ There are BD !inutes in an hour# In c of an hour there are ,BD ; c- !inutes A C@ !inutes# In c of an hour there are ,BD ; C@- seconds A 2HDD seconds# 2ight flashed for every B seconds# In 2HDD seconds 2HDDMB A C@D ti!es# The count start after the first flash" the light will flashes C@? ti!es in c of an hour# Ans(er/ ,C01p2anati"n/ 7 A * Since p is a point on the line seg!ent A*" A* R A7 2?# 22# Ans(er/ ,cAns(er/ ,b- U ,d-#
2D#
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Technical Aptitude Questions Ah!ed 21 : 2H#Ans(er/ Fa$is 2F# Ans(er/ Fa$is 01p2anati"n/ )arsha 5swar Dhinesh 678 Ans(er/ ,@-# 01p2anati"n/ Since every alternative letter starting fro! * of the 5nglish alphabet is written in s!all letter" the letters written in s!all letter are b" d" f### In the first two answers the letter 5 is written in both s!all U capital letters" so they are not the correct answers# *ut in third and fourth answers the letter is written in s!all letter instead capital letter" so they are not the answers8 Ans(er/ 6AC 01p2anati"n/ Since the side of the s0uare is 6 < 2" its peri!eter A C ,6 < 2- A C6 < F Since the side of the e0uilateral triangle is 26" its peri!eter A 1 ; 26 A B6 Also" the peri!eters of both are e0ual# ,i#e#- C6 < F A B6 ,i#e#- 26 A F 6 A C# Ans(er/ @ ,y + 2- M y# 01p2anati"n/ To type a !anuscript $arthi$ too$ y hours# Therefore his speed in typing A ?My# .e was called away after 2 hours of typing# Therefore the wor$ co!pleted A ?My ; 2# Therefore the re!aining wor$ to be co!pleted A ? + 2My# ,i#e#- wor$ to be co!pleted A ,y:2-My Ans(er/ ,2Ans(er/ ? 01p2anati"n/ *ala>i Chandra =eetha
908
1?#
12# 11#
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Technical Aptitude Questions %ne is the only nu!ber e6ists without reciprocal because the reciprocal of one is one itself# 1C# Ans(er/ Sudhir had 1L cars" Arvind had 2? cars and (auri had ?2 cars# 01p2anati"n/ Sudhir Arvind Finally 2C *efore (auri4s transaction ?2 *efore Arvind4s transaction B *efore Sudhir4 s transaction 1L 1@# 2C ?2 C2 2?
(auri 2C CF 2C ?2
Ans(er/ Cost price of horse8 )s# CDD U Cost price of cart8 )s# 2DD 01p2anati"n/ 2et 6 be the cost of horse U y be the cost of the cart# ?D W of loss in selling horse A 2D W of gain in selling the cart Therefore ,?D M ?DD- ; 6 A ,2D ; ?DD- ; y 6 A 2y :::::::::::,?@ W of loss in selling the horse is ?D !ore than the @ W gain in selling the cart# Therefore ,@ M ?DD- ; 6 : ?D A ,@ M ?DD- ; y @6 : ?DDD A @y Substituting ,??Dy : ?DDD A @y @y A ?DDD y A 2DD 6 A CDD fro! ,?-
01ercise 2.1 :or the follo4in3& fin# the next term in the series ?# B" 2C" BD"?2D" 2?D a- 11B b- 1BB c- 11D d- BBD , T#T !eans product-
Ans(er 8 a- 11B 01p2anati"n 8 The series is ?#2#1" 2#1#C" 1#C#@" C#@#B" @#B#H" ##### 2# ?" @" ?1" 2@ Ans(er 8 C? 01p2anati"n 8 The series is of the for! D92<?92" ?92<292"###
??C
Technical Aptitude Questions 1# D" @" F" ?H Ans(er 8 2C 01p2anati"n 8 ?92:?" 292<?" 192:?" C92<?" @92:? C# ?" F" L" BC" 2@ ,.int 8 5very successive ter!s are related-
Ans(er 8 2?B 01p2anati"n 8 ?92" 291" 192" C91" @92" B91 @# F"2C"?2"1B"?F"@C Ans(er 8 2H B# H?"HB"BL"HC"BH"H2 Ans(er 8 BH H# @"L"?B"2L"@C Ans(er 8 ?D1 01p2anati"n 8 @;2:?ALX L;2:2A?BX ?B;2:1A2LX 2L;2:CA@CX @C;2:@A?D1 F# ?"2"C"?D"?B"CD"BC ,Successive ter!s are relatedAns(er 8 2DD 01p2anati"n 8 The series is powers of 2 ,29D"29?"##-# All digits are less than F# 5very second nu!ber is in octal nu!ber syste!# ?2F should follow BC# ?2F base ?D A 2DD base F# 01ercise 2.2 :in# the o## m$n out8 ?# 1"@"H"?2"?1"?H"?L Ans(er 8 ?2 01p2anati"n 8 All but ?2 are odd nu!bers 2# 2"@"?D"?H"2B"1H"@D"BC Ans(er 8 BC 01p2anati"n 8 2<1A@X @<@A?DX ?D<HA?HX ?H<LA2BX 2B<??A1HX 1H<?1A@DX @D<?@AB@X 1# ?D@"F@"BD"1D"D":C@":LD Ans(er 8 D 01p2anati"n 8 ?D@:2DAF@X F@:2@ABDX BD:1DA1DX 1D:1@A:@X :@:CDA:C@X :C@:C@A:LDX 01ercise 3 ;ol<e the follo4in38
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?# Ghat is the nu!ber of eros at the end of the product of the nu!bers fro! ? to ?DD` Ans(er 8 ?2H 2# A fast typist can type so!e !atter in 2 hours and a slow typist can type the sa!e in 1 hours# If both type co!binely" in how !uch ti!e will they finish` Ans(er 8 ? hr ?2 !in 01p2anati"n / The fast typistTs wor$ done in ? hr A ?M2 The slow typistTs wor$ done in ? hr A ?M1 If they wor$ co!binely" wor$ done in ? hr A ?M2<?M1 A @MB So" the wor$ will be co!pleted in BM@ hours# i#e#" ?<?M@ hours A ?hr ?2 !in 1# (avas$arTs average in his first @D innings was @D# After the @?st innings" his average was @?# .ow !any runs did he score in his @?st innings# ,supposing that he lost his wic$et in his @?st inningsAns(er 8 ?D? 01p2anati"n 8 Total score after @D innings A @D;@D A 2@DD Total score after @? innings A @?;@? A 2BD? So" runs !ade in the @?st innings A 2BD?:2@DD A ?D? If he had not lost his wic$et in his @?st innings" he would have scored an unbeaten @D in his @?st innings# C# %ut of FD coins" one is counterfeit# Ghat is the !ini!u! nu!ber of weighings needed to find out the counterfeit coin` Ans(er 8 C @# Ghat can you conclude fro! the state!ent 8 All green are blue" all blue are red# ` ,iso!e blue are green ,iiso!e red are green ,iiiso!e green are not red ,ivall red are blue ,a- i or ii but not both ,b- i U ii only ,c- iii or iv but not both ,d- iii U iv Ans(er 8 ,bB# A rectangular plate with length F inches" breadth ?? inches and thic$ness 2 inches is available# Ghat is the length of the circular rod with dia!eter F inches and e0ual to the volu!e of the rectangular plate` Ans(er 8 1#@ inches 01p2anati"n 8 /olu!e of the circular rod ,cylinder- A /olu!e of the rectangular plate ,22MH-;C;C;h A F;??;2 h A HM2 A 1#@
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Technical Aptitude Questions H# Ghat is the su! of all nu!bers between ?DD and ?DDD which are divisible by ?C ` Ans(er 8 1@1L2 01p2anati"n 8 The nu!ber closest to ?DD which is greater than ?DD and divisible by ?C is ??2" which is the first ter! of the series which has to be su!!ed# The nu!ber closest to ?DDD which is less than ?DDD and divisible by ?C is LLC" which is the last ter! of the series# ??2 < ?2B < #### < LLC A ?C,F<L< ### < H?- A 1@1L2 F# If s,a- denotes s0uare root of a" find the value of s,?2<s,?2<s,?2< ###### upto infinity# Ans(er 8 C 01p2anati"n 8 2et 6 A s,?2<s,?2<s,?2<##### Ge can write 6 A s,?2<6-# i#e#" 692 A ?2 < 6# Solving this 0uadratic e0uation" we get 6 A :1 or 6AC# Su! cannot be :ve and hence su! A C# L# A cylindrical container has a radius of eight inches with a height of three inches# Co!pute how !any inches should be added to either the radius or height to give the sa!e increase in volu!e` Ans(er 8 ?BM1 inches 01p2anati"n 8 2et 6 be the a!ount of increase# The volu!e will increase by the sa!e a!ount if the radius increased or the height is increased# So" the effect on increasing height is e0ual to the effect on increasing the radius# i#e#" ,22MH-;F;F;,1<6- A ,22MH-;,F<6-;,F<6-;1 Solving the 0uadratic e0uation we get the 6 A D or ?BM1# The possible increase would be by ?BM1 inches# ?D# Gith >ust si6 weights and a balance scale" you can weigh any unit nu!ber of $gs fro! ? to 1BC# Ghat could be the si6 weights` Ans(er 8 ?" 1" L" 2H" F?" 2C1 ,All powers of 1??# Diophantus passed one si6th of his life in childhood" one twelfth in youth" and one seventh !ore as a bachelorX five years after his !arriage a son was born who died four years before his father at half his final age# .ow old is Diophantus` Ans(er 8 FC years 01p2anati"n 8 6MB < 6M?2 < 6MH < @ < 6M2 < C A 6 ?2 # If ti!e at this !o!ent is L 7#&#" what will be the ti!e 21LLLLLLLL2 hours later` Ans(er 8 ? 7#&# 01p2anati"n 8 2C billion hours later" it would be L 7#&# and F hours before that it would be ? 7#&# ?1# .ow big will an angle of one and a half degree loo$ through a glass that !agnifies things three ti!es` Ans(er 8 ? ?M2 degrees 01p2anati"n 8 The !agnifying glass cannot increase the !agnitude of an angle#
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Technical Aptitude Questions ?C# Divide C@ into four parts such that when 2 is added to the first part" 2 is subtracted fro! the second part" 2 is !ultiplied by the third part and the fourth part is divided by two" all result in the sa!e nu!ber# Ans(er8 F" ?2" @" 2D 01p2anati"n8 a < b < c < d AC@X a<2 A b:2 A 2c A dM2X aAb:CX c A ,b:2-M2X d A 2,b:2-X b:C < b < ,b:2-M2 < 2,b:2- A C@X ?@# I drove BD $! at 1D $!ph and then an additional BD $! at @D $!ph# Co!pute !y average speed over !y ?2D $!# Ans(er 8 1H ?M2 01p2anati"n 8 Ti!e re0d for the first BD $! A ?2D !in#X Ti!e re0d for the second BD $! A H2 !in#X Total ti!e re0d A ?L2 !in Avg speed A ,BD;?2D-M?L2 A 1H ?M2 Auestions 10 and 15 are .ased on the following : Five e6ecutives of 5uropean Corporation hold a Conference in )o!e &r# A converses in Spanish U Italian &r# *" a spaniard" $nows 5nglish also &r# C $nows 5nglish and belongs to Italy &r# D converses in French and Spanish &r# 5 " a native of Italy $nows French ?B# Ghich of the following can act as interpreter if &r# C U &r# D wish to converse a- only &r# A b- %nly &r# * c- &r# A U &r# * d- Any of the other three Ans(er 8 d- Any of the other three# 01p2anati"n 8 Fro! the data given" we can infer the following# A $nows Spanish" Italian * $nows Spanish" 5nglish C $nows Italian" 5nglish D $nows Spanish" French 5 $nows Italian" French To act as an interpreter between C and D" a person has to $now one of the co!binations ItalianUSpanish" ItalianUFrench" 5nglishUSpanish" 5nglishUFrench A" *" and 5 $now atleast one of the co!binations# ?H# If a Bth e6ecutive is brought in" to be understood by !a6i!u! nu!ber of original five he should be fluent in a- 5nglish U French b- Italian U Spanish c- 5nglish U French d- French U Italian Ans(er 8 b- Italian U Spanish 01p2anati"n 8 'o of e6ecutives who $now i- 5nglish is 2 ii- Spanish is 1 iii- Italian is 1
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Technical Aptitude Questions iv- French is 2 Italian U Spanish are spo$en by the !a6i!u! no of e6ecutives# So" if the Bth e6ecutive is fluent in Italian U Spanish" he can co!!unicate with all the original five because everybody $nows either Spanish or Italian# ?F# Ghat is the su! of the first 2@ natural odd nu!bers` Ans(er 8 B2@ 01p2anati"n 8 The su! of the first n natural odd nos is s0uare,n-# ?<1 A C A s0uare,2- ?<1<@ A L A s0uare,1?L# The su! of any seven consecutive nu!bers is divisible by a- 2 b- H c- 1 d- ?? 01ercise 3 Tr% the follo4in38 ?# There are seventy cler$s wor$ing in a co!pany" of which 1D are fe!ales# Also" 1D cler$s are !arriedX 2C cler$s are above 2@ years of ageX ?L !arried cler$s are above 2@ years" of which H are !alesX ?2 !ales are above 2@ years of ageX and ?@ !ales are !arried# .ow !any bachelor girls are there and how !any of these are above 2@` 2# A !an sailed off fro! the 'orth 7ole# After covering 2"DDD !iles in one direction he turned Gest" sailed 2"DDD !iles" turned 'orth and sailed ahead another 2"DDD !iles till he !et his friend# .ow far was he fro! the 'orth 7ole and in what direction` 1# .ere is a series of co!!ents on the ages of three persons E" )" S by the!selves# S 8 The difference between )Ts age and !ine is three years# E 8 ) is the youngest# ) 8 5ither I a! 2C years old or E 2@ or S 2B# E 8 All are above 2C years of age# S 8 I a! the eldest if and only if ) is not the youngest# ) 8 S is elder to !e# E 8 I a! the eldest# ) 8 S is not 2H years old# S 8 The su! of !y age and ETs is two !ore than twice )Ts age# %ne of the three had been telling a lie throughout whereas others had spo$en the truth# Deter!ine the ages of S"E")# C# In a group of five people" what is the probability of finding two persons with the sa!e !onth of birth` @# A father and his son go out for a Twal$:and:runT every !orning around a trac$ for!ed by an e0uilateral triangle# The fatherTs wal$ing speed is 2 !ph and his
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Technical Aptitude Questions running speed is @ !ph# The sonTs wal$ing and running speeds are twice that of his father# *oth start together fro! one ape6 of the triangle" the son going cloc$wise and the father anti:cloc$wise# Initially the father runs and the son wal$s for a certain period of ti!e# Thereafter" as soon as the father starts wal$ing" the son starts running# *oth co!plete the course in C@ !inutes# For how long does the father run` Ghere do the two cross each other` B# The Director of &edical Services was on his annual visit to the 5'T .ospital# Ghile going through the out patientsT records he ca!e across the following data for a particular day 8 O 5ar consultations C@X 'ose @DX Throat HDX 5ar and 'ose 1DX 'ose and Throat 2DX 5ar and Throat 1DX 5ar" 'ose and Throat ?DX Total patients ?DD#O Then he ca!e to the conclusion that the records were bogus# Gas he right` H# A!ongst )a!" Sha! and (obind are a doctor" a lawyer and a police officer# They are !arried to )adha" (ita and Sita ,not in order-# 5ach of the wives have a profession# (obindTs wife is an artist# )a! is not !arried to (ita# The lawyerTs wife is a teacher# )adha is !arried to the police officer# Sita is an e6pert coo$# GhoTs who` F# Ghat should co!e ne6t` ?" 2" C" ?D" ?B" CD" BC" Auestions ?312 are .ased on the following : Three adults + )oberto" Sarah and /ic$y + will be traveling in a van with five children + Freddy" .illary" Eonathan" 2upe" and &arta# The van has a driver4s seat and one passenger seat in the front" and two benches behind the front seats" one beach behind the other# 5ach bench has roo! for e6actly three people# 5veryone !ust sit in a seat or on a bench" and seating is sub>ect to the following restrictions8 An adult !ust sit on each bench# 5ither )oberto or Sarah !ust sit in the driver4s seat# Eonathan !ust sit i!!ediately beside &arta# L# %f the following" who can sit in the front passenger seat ` ,a- Eonathan ,b- 2upe ,c- )oberto ,d- Sarah ,e- /ic$y ?D# Ghich of the following groups of three can sit together on a bench` ,a- Freddy" Eonathan and &arta ,b- Freddy" Eonathan and /ic$y ,c- Freddy" Sarah and /ic$y ,d- .illary" 2upe and Sarah ,e- 2upe" &arta and )oberto ??# If Freddy sits i!!ediately beside /ic$y" which of the following cannot be true ` a# Eonathan sits i!!ediately beside Sarah b# 2upe sits i!!ediately beside /ic$y c# .illary sits in the front passenger seat d# Freddy sits on the sa!e bench as .illary
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Technical Aptitude Questions e# .illary sits on the sa!e bench as )oberto ?2# If Sarah sits on a bench that is behind where Eonathan is sitting" which of the following !ust be true ` a# .illary sits in a seat or on a bench that is in front of where &arta is sitting b# 2upe sits in a seat or on a bench that is in front of where Freddy is sitting c# Freddy sits on the sa!e bench as .illary d# 2upe sits on the sa!e bench as Sarah e# &arta sits on the sa!e bench as /ic$y ?1# &a$e si6 s0uares of the sa!e si e using twelve !atch:stic$s# ,.int 8 Jou will need an adhesive to arrange the re0uired figure?C# A far!er has two rectangular fields# The larger field has twice the length and C ti!es the width of the s!aller field# If the s!aller field has area _" then the are of the larger field is greater than the area of the s!aller field by what a!ount` ,a- B_ ,b- F_ ,c- ?2_ ,d- H_ ?@# 'ine e0ual circles are enclosed in a s0uare whose area is 1Bs0 units# Find the area of each circle# ?B# There are L cards# Arrange the! in a 1;1 !atri6# Cards are of C colors# They are red" yellow" blue" green# Conditions for arrange!ent8 one red card !ust be in first row or second row# 2 green cards should be in 1 rd colu!n# Jellow cards !ust be in the 1 corners only# Two blue cards !ust be in the 2nd row# At least one green card in each row# ?H# Is less than w` and w are real nu!bers# ,I- 2 A 2@ ,II- w A L To answer the 0uestion" a- 5ither I or II is sufficient b- *oth I and II are sufficient but neither of the! is alone sufficient c- I U II are sufficient d- *oth are not sufficient ?F# A spea$s truth HDW of the ti!eX * spea$s truth FDW of the ti!e# Ghat is the probability that both are contradicting each other` ?L# In a fa!ily H children donTt eat spinach" B donTt eat carrot" @ donTt eat beans" C donTt eat spinach U carrots" 1 donTt eat carrot U beans" 2 donTt eat beans U spinach# %ne doesnTt eat all 1# Find the no# of children# 2D# Anna" *ena" Catherina and Diana are at their !onthly business !eeting# Their occupations are author" biologist" che!ist and doctor" but not necessarily in that order# Diana >ust told the neighbour" who is a biologist that Catherina was on her
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Technical Aptitude Questions way with doughnuts# Anna is sitting across fro! the doctor and ne6t to the che!ist# The doctor was thin$ing that *ena was a good na!e for parentTs to choose" but didnTt say anything# Ghat is each personTs occupation`
UNIX Concepts
='II Concepts
S5CTI%' : I FI25 &A'A(5&5'T I' ='II 1. )ow are devices represented in Q&+Z? All devices are represented by files called special files that are located inMdev directory# Thus" device files and other files are na!ed and accessed in the sa!e way# A Tregular fileT is >ust an ordinary data file in the dis$# A Tbloc$ special fileT represents a device with characteristics si!ilar to a dis$ ,data transfer in ter!s of bloc$s-# A Tcharacter special fileT represents a device with characteristics si!ilar to a $eyboard ,data transfer is by strea! of bits in se0uential order-# 2. What is WinodeW? All ='II files have its description stored in a structure called TinodeT# The inode contains info about the file:si e" its location" ti!e of last access" ti!e of last !odification" per!ission and so on# Directories are also represented as files and have an associated inode# In addition to descriptions about the file" the inode contains pointers to the data bloc$s of the file# If the file is large" inode has indirect pointer to a bloc$ of pointers to additional data bloc$s ,this further aggregates for larger files-# A bloc$ is typically F$# Inode consists of the following fields8 File owner identifier File type File access per!issions File access ti!es 'u!ber of lin$s File si e 2ocation of the file data 3. "rief a.out the directory representation in Q&+Z A =ni6 directory is a file containing a correspondence between filena!es and inodes# A directory is a special file that the $ernel !aintains# %nly $ernel !odifies directories" but processes can read directories# The contents of a directory are a list of filena!e and inode nu!ber pairs# Ghen new directories are created" $ernel !a$es two entries na!ed T#T ,refers to the directory itself- and T##T ,refers to parent directory-# Syste! call for creating directory is !$dir ,pathna!e" !ode-# *. What are the Qnix system calls for +GE?
Technical Aptitude Questions open,pathna!e"flag"!ode- : open file creat,pathna!e"!ode- : create file close,filedes- : close an open file read,filedes"buffer"bytes- : read data fro! an open file write,filedes"buffer"bytes- : write data to an open file lsee$,filedes"offset"fro!- : position an open file dup,filedes- : duplicate an e6isting file descriptor dup2,oldfd"newfd- : duplicate to a desired file descriptor fcntl,filedes"c!d"arg- : change properties of an open file ioctl,filedes"re0uest"arg- : change the behaviour of an open file The difference between fcntl anf ioctl is that the for!er is intended for any open file" while the latter is for device:specific operations# -. )ow do you change <ile 6ccess >ermissions? 5very file has following attributes8 ownerTs user ID , ?B bit integer ownerTs group ID , ?B bit integer File access !ode word Tr w 6 :r w 6: r w 6T ,user per!ission:group per!ission:others per!issionr:read" w:write" 6:e6ecute To change the access !ode" we use ch!od,filena!e"!ode-# 56a!ple ?8 To change !ode of !yfile to Trw:rw:r::T ,ie# read" write per!ission for user : read"write per!ission for group : only read per!ission for others- we give the args as8 ch!od,!yfile"DBBC- # 5ach operation is represented by discrete values TrT is C TwT is 2 T6T is ? Therefore" for TrwT the value is B,C<2-# 56a!ple 28 To change !ode of !yfile to Trw6r::r::T we give the args as8 ch!od,!yfile"DHCC-# 0. What are lin's and sym.olic lin's in Q&+Z file system? A lin$ is a second na!e ,not a file- for a file# 2in$s can be used to assign !ore than one na!e to a file" but cannot be used to assign a directory !ore than one na!e or lin$ filena!es on different co!puters# Sy!bolic lin$ TisT a file that only contains the na!e of another file#%peration on the sy!bolic lin$ is directed to the file pointed by the it#*oth the li!itations of lin$s are eli!inated in sy!bolic lin$s# Co!!ands for lin$ing files are8 2in$ ln filena!e? filena!e2 Sy!bolic lin$ ln :s filena!e? filena!e2
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5. What is a <+<E? FIF% are otherwise called as Tna!ed pipesT# FIF% ,first:in:first:out- is a special file which is said to be data transient# %nce data is read fro! na!ed pipe" it cannot be read again# Also" data can be read only in the order written# It is used in interprocess co!!unication where a process writes to one end of the pipe ,producer- and the other reads fro! the other end ,consu!er-# 7. )ow do you create special files li'e named pipes and device files? The syste! call !$nod creates special files in the following se0uence# ?# $ernel assigns new inode" 2# sets the file type to indicate that the file is a pipe" directory or special file" 1# If it is a device file" it !a$es the other entries li$e !a>or" !inor device nu!bers# For e6a!ple8 If the device is a dis$" !a>or device nu!ber refers to the dis$ controller and !inor device nu!ber is the dis$# ?. !iscuss the mount and unmount system calls The privileged !ount syste! call is used to attach a file syste! to a directory of another file syste!X the un!ount syste! call detaches a file syste!# Ghen you !ount another file syste! on to your directory" you are essentially splicing one directory tree onto a branch in another directory tree# The first argu!ent to !ount call is the !ount point" that is " a directory in the current file na!ing syste!# The second argu!ent is the file syste! to !ount to that point# Ghen you insert a cdro! to your uni6 syste!Ts drive" the file syste! in the cdro! auto!atically !ounts to MdevMcdro! in your syste!# 1@. )ow does the inode map to data .loc' of a file? Inode has ?1 bloc$ addresses# The first ?D are direct bloc$ addresses of the first ?D data bloc$s in the file# The ??th address points to a one:level inde6 bloc$# The ?2th address points to a two:level ,double in:direction- inde6 bloc$# The ?1th address points to a three:level,triple in:direction-inde6 bloc$# This provides a very large !a6i!u! file si e with efficient access to large files" but also s!all files are accessed directly in one dis$ read# 11. What is a shell? A shell is an interactive user interface to an operating syste! services that allows an user to enter co!!ands as character strings or through a graphical user interface# The shell converts the! to syste! calls to the %S or for$s off a process to e6ecute the co!!and# Syste! call results and other infor!ation fro! the %S are presented to the user through an interactive interface# Co!!only used shells are sh"csh"$s etc# S5CTI%' : II 7)%C5SS &%D52 and I7C 1. "rief a.out the initial process se/uence while the system .oots up. Ghile booting" special process called the TswapperT or TschedulerT is created with
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Technical Aptitude Questions 7rocess:ID D# The swapper !anages !e!ory allocation for processes and influences C7= allocation# The swapper inturn creates 1 children8 the process dispatcher" vhand and dbflush with IDs ?"2 and 1 respectively# This is done by e6ecuting the file MetcMinit# 7rocess dispatcher gives birth to the shell# =ni6 $eeps trac$ of all the processes in an internal data structure called the 7rocess Table ,listing co!!and is ps :el-# 2. What are various +!s associated with a process? =ni6 identifies each process with a uni0ue integer called 7rocessID# The process that e6ecutes the re0uest for creation of a process is called the Tparent processT whose 7ID is T7arent 7rocess IDT# 5very process is associated with a particular user called the TownerT who has privileges over the process# The identification for the user is T=serIDT# %wner is the user who e6ecutes the process# 7rocess also has T5ffective =ser IDT which deter!ines the access privileges for accessing resources li$e files# getpid,- :process id getppid,- :parent process id getuid,- :user id geteuid,- :effective user id 3. 1xplain for'24 system call. The efor$,-T used to create a new process fro! an e6isting process# The new process is called the child process" and the e6isting process is called the parent# Ge can tell which is which by chec$ing the return value fro! efor$,-T# The parent gets the childTs pid returned to hi!" but the child gets D returned to hi!# *. >redict the output of the following program code !ain,] for$,-X printf,O.ello Gorld!O-X ^ Ans(er/ .ello Gorld!.ello Gorld! 01p2anati"n8 The for$ creates a child that is a duplicate of the parent process# The child begins fro! the for$,-#All the state!ents after the call to for$,- will be e6ecuted twice#,once by the parent process and other by child-# The state!ent before for$,- is e6ecuted only by the parent process# -. >redict the output of the following program code !ain,] for$,-X for$,-X for$,-X
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Technical Aptitude Questions printf,O.ello Gorld!O-X ^ Ans(er/ O.ello GorldO will be printed F ti!es# 01p2anati"n8 29n ti!es where n is the nu!ber of calls to for$,0. List the system calls used for process management: ;%stem ($lls /es(ription for$,To create a new process e6ec,To e6ecute a new progra! in a process wait,To wait until a created process co!pletes its e6ecution e6it,To e6it fro! a process e6ecution getpid,To get a process identifier of the current process getppid,To get parent process identifier nice,To bias the e6isting priority of a process br$,To increaseMdecrease the data seg!ent si e of a process 5. )ow can you getGset an environment varia.le from a program? (etting the value of an environ!ent variable is done by using egetenv,-T# Setting the value of an environ!ent variable is done by using eputenv,-T# 7. )ow can a parent and child process communicate? A parent and child can co!!unicate through any of the nor!al inter:process co!!unication sche!es ,pipes" soc$ets" !essage 0ueues" shared !e!ory-" but also have so!e special ways to co!!unicate that ta$e advantage of their relationship as a parent and child# %ne of the !ost obvious is that the parent can get the e6it status of the child# ?. What is a Com.ie? Ghen a progra! for$s and the child finishes before the parent" the $ernel still $eeps so!e of its infor!ation about the child in case the parent !ight need it : for e6a!ple" the parent !ay need to chec$ the childTs e6it status# To be able to get this infor!ation" the parent calls ewait,-TX In the interval between the child ter!inating and the parent calling ewait,-T" the child is said to be a e o!bieT ,If you do epsT" the child will have a efT in its status field to indicate this#1@. What are the process states in Qnix? As a process e6ecutes it changes state according to its circu!stances# =ni6 processes have the following states8 )unning 8 The process is either running or it is ready to run # Gaiting 8 The process is waiting for an event or for a resource# Stopped 8 The process has been stopped" usually by receiving a signal# fo!bie 8 The process is dead but have not been re!oved fro! the process table# 11. What )appens when you execute a program? Ghen you e6ecute a progra! on your ='II syste!" the syste! creates a special
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Technical Aptitude Questions environ!ent for that progra!# This environ!ent contains everything needed for the syste! to run the progra! as if no other progra! were running on the syste!# 5ach process has process conte6t" which is everything that is uni0ue about the state of the progra! you are currently running# 5very ti!e you e6ecute a progra! the ='II syste! does a for$" which perfor!s a series of operations to create a process conte6t and then e6ecute your progra! in that conte6t# The steps include the following8 Allocate a slot in the process table" a list of currently running progra!s $ept by ='II# Assign a uni0ue process identifier ,7ID- to the process# iCopy the conte6t of the parent" the process that re0uested the spawning of the new process# )eturn the new 7ID to the parent process# This enables the parent process to e6a!ine or control the process directly# After the for$ is co!plete" ='II runs your progra!# 12. What )appens when you execute a command? Ghen you enter TlsT co!!and to loo$ at the contents of your current wor$ing directory" ='II does a series of things to create an environ!ent for ls and the run it8 The shell has ='II perfor! a for$# This creates a new process that the shell will use to run the ls progra!# The shell has ='II perfor! an e6ec of the ls progra!# This replaces the shell progra! and data with the progra! and data for ls and then starts running that new progra!# The ls progra! is loaded into the new process conte6t" replacing the te6t and data of the shell# The ls progra! perfor!s its tas$" listing the contents of the current directory# 13. What is a !aemon? A dae!on is a process that detaches itself fro! the ter!inal and runs" disconnected" in the bac$ground" waiting for re0uests and responding to the!# It can also be defined as the bac$ground process that does not belong to a ter!inal session# &any syste! functions are co!!only perfor!ed by dae!ons" including the send!ail dae!on" which handles !ail" and the ''T7 dae!on" which handles =S5'5T news# &any other dae!ons !ay e6ist# So!e of the !ost co!!on dae!ons are8 init8 Ta$es over the basic running of the syste! when the $ernel has finished the boot process# inetd8 )esponsible for starting networ$ services that do not have their own stand: alone dae!ons# For e6a!ple" inetd usually ta$es care of inco!ing rlogin" telnet" and ftp connections# cron8 )esponsible for running repetitive tas$s on a regular schedule# 1*. What is WpsW command for? The ps co!!and prints the process status for so!e or all of the running processes# The infor!ation given are the process identification nu!ber ,7ID-"the a!ount of ti!e that the process has ta$en to e6ecute so far etc# 1-. )ow would you 'ill a process? The $ill co!!and ta$es the 7ID as one argu!entX this identifies which process to ?2F
Technical Aptitude Questions ter!inate# The 7ID of a process can be got using TpsT co!!and# 10. What is an advantage of executing a process in .ac'ground? The !ost co!!on reason to put a process in the bac$ground is to allow you to do so!ething else interactively without waiting for the process to co!plete# At the end of the co!!and you add the special bac$ground sy!bol" U# This sy!bol tells your shell to e6ecute the given co!!and in the bac$ground# 56a!ple8 cp ;#; ##Mbac$upU ,cp is for copy15. )ow do you execute one program from within another? The syste! calls used for low:level process creation are e6eclp,- and e6ecvp,-# The e6eclp call overlays the e6isting progra! with the new one " runs that and e6its# The original progra! gets bac$ control only when an error occurs# e6eclp,path"fileNna!e"argu!ents##-X MMlast argu!ent !ust be '=22 A variant of e6eclp called e6ecvp is used when the nu!ber of argu!ents is not $nown in advance# e6ecvp,path"argu!entNarray-X MMargu!ent array should be ter!inated by '=22 17. What is +>,? What are the various schemes availa.le? The ter! I7C ,Inter:7rocess Co!!unication- describes various ways by which different process running on so!e operating syste! co!!unicate between each other# /arious sche!es available are as follows8 >ipes: %ne:way co!!unication sche!e through which different process can co!!unicate# The proble! is that the two processes should have a co!!on ancestor ,parent:child relationship-# .owever this proble! was fi6ed with the introduction of na!ed:pipes ,FIF%-# #essage Aueues : &essage 0ueues can be used between related and unrelated processes running on a !achine# $hared #emory: This is the fastest of all I7C sche!es# The !e!ory to be shared is !apped into the address space of the processes ,that are sharing-# The speed achieved is attributed to the fact that there is no $ernel involve!ent# *ut this sche!e needs synchroni ation# /arious for!s of synchronisation are !ute6es" condition:variables" read:write loc$s" record:loc$s" and se!aphores# S5CTI%' : III &5&%)J &A'A(5&5'T 1. What is the difference .etween $wapping and >aging? $wapping:
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Technical Aptitude Questions Ghole process is !oved fro! the swap device to the !ain !e!ory for e6ecution# 7rocess si e !ust be less than or e0ual to the available !ain !e!ory# It is easier to i!ple!entation and overhead to the syste!# Swapping syste!s does not handle the !e!ory !ore fle6ibly as co!pared to the paging syste!s# >aging: %nly the re0uired !e!ory pages are !oved to !ain !e!ory fro! the swap device for e6ecution# 7rocess si e does not !atter# (ives the concept of the virtual !e!ory# It provides greater fle6ibility in !apping the virtual address space into the physical !e!ory of the !achine# Allows !ore nu!ber of processes to fit in the !ain !e!ory si!ultaneously# Allows the greater process si e than the available physical !e!ory# De!and paging syste!s handle the !e!ory !ore fle6ibly# 2. What is major difference .etween the )istoric Qnix and the new "$! release of Qnix $ystem B in terms of #emory #anagement? .istoric =ni6 uses Swapping + entire process is transferred to the !ain !e!ory fro! the swap device" whereas the =ni6 Syste! / uses De!and 7aging + only the part of the process is !oved to the !ain !e!ory# .istoric =ni6 uses one Swap Device and =ni6 Syste! / allow !ultiple Swap Devices# 3. What is the main goal of the #emory #anagement? It decides which process should reside in the !ain !e!ory" &anages the parts of the virtual address space of a process which is non:core resident" &onitors the available !ain !e!ory and periodically write the processes into the swap device to provide !ore processes fit in the !ain !e!ory si!ultaneously# *. What is a #ap? A &ap is an Array" which contains the addresses of the free space in the swap device that are allocatable resources" and the nu!ber of the resource units available there# Address ? =nits ?D"DDD
This allows First:Fit allocation of contiguous bloc$s of a resource# Initially the &ap contains one entry + address ,bloc$ offset fro! the starting of the swap area- and the total nu!ber of resources# _ernel treats each unit of &ap as a group of dis$ bloc$s# %n the allocation and freeing of the resources _ernel updates the &ap for accurate infor!ation# -. What scheme does the [ernel in Qnix $ystem B follow while choosing a swap device among the multiple swap devices? _ernel follows )ound )obin sche!e choosing a swap device a!ong the !ultiple swap devices in =ni6 Syste! /#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 0. What is a egion? A )egion is a continuous area of a process4s address space ,such as te6t" data and stac$-# The $ernel in a 3)egion Table4 that is local to the process !aintains region# )egions are sharable a!ong the process# 5. What are the events done .y the [ernel after a process is .eing swapped out from the main memory? Ghen _ernel swaps the process out of the pri!ary !e!ory" it perfor!s the following8 _ernel decre!ents the )eference Count of each region of the process# If the reference count beco!es ero" swaps the region out of the !ain !e!ory" _ernel allocates the space for the swapping process in the swap device" _ernel loc$s the other swapping process while the current swapping operation is going on" The _ernel saves the swap address of the region in the region table# 7. +s the >rocess .efore and after the swap are the same? =ive reason. 7rocess before swapping is residing in the pri!ary !e!ory in its original for!# The regions ,te6t" data and stac$- !ay not be occupied fully by the process" there !ay be few e!pty slots in any of the regions and while swapping _ernel do not bother about the e!pty slots while swapping the process out# After swapping the process resides in the swap ,secondary !e!ory- device# The regions swapped out will be present but only the occupied region slots but not the e!pty slots that were present before assigning# Ghile swapping the process once again into the !ain !e!ory" the _ernel referring to the 7rocess &e!ory &ap" it assigns the !ain !e!ory accordingly ta$ing care of the e!pty slots in the regions# ?. What do you mean .y u3area 2user area4 or u3.loc'? This contains the private data that is !anipulated only by the _ernel# This is local to the 7rocess" i#e# each process is allocated a u:area# 1@. What are the entities that are swapped out of the main memory while swapping the process out of the main memory? All !e!ory space occupied by the process" process4s u:area" and _ernel stac$ are swapped out" theoretically# 7ractically" if the process4s u:area contains the Address Translation Tables for the process then _ernel i!ple!entations do not swap the u:area# 11. What is <or' swap? for$,- is a syste! call to create a child process# Ghen the parent process calls for$,- syste! call" the child process is created and if there is short of !e!ory then the child process is sent to the read:to:run state in the swap device" and return to the user state without swapping the parent process# Ghen the !e!ory will be available the child process will be swapped into the !ain !e!ory#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 12. What is 1xpansion swap? At the ti!e when any process re0uires !ore !e!ory than it is currently allocated" the _ernel perfor!s 56pansion swap# To do this _ernel reserves enough space in the swap device# Then the address translation !apping is ad>usted for the new virtual address space but the physical !e!ory is not allocated# At last _ernel swaps the process into the assigned space in the swap device# 2ater when the _ernel swaps the process into the !ain !e!ory this assigns !e!ory according to the new address translation !apping# 13. )ow the $wapper wor's? The swapper is the only process that swaps the processes# The Swapper operates only in the _ernel !ode and it does not uses Syste! calls instead it uses internal _ernel functions for swapping# It is the archetype of all $ernel process# 1*. What are the processes that are not .othered .y the swapper? =ive eason. fo!bie process8 They do not ta$e any up physical !e!ory# 7rocesses loc$ed in !e!ories that are updating the region of the process# _ernel swaps only the sleeping processes rather than the 3ready:to:run4 processes" as they have the higher probability of being scheduled than the Sleeping processes# 1-. What are the re/uirements for a swapper to wor'? The swapper wor$s on the highest scheduling priority# Firstly it will loo$ for any sleeping process" if not found then it will loo$ for the ready:to:run process for swapping# *ut the !a>or re0uire!ent for the swapper to wor$ the ready:to:run process !ust be core:resident for at least 2 seconds before swapping out# And for swapping in the process !ust have been resided in the swap device for at least 2 seconds# If the re0uire!ent is not satisfied then the swapper will go into the wait state on that event and it is awa$en once in a second by the _ernel# 10. What are the criteria for choosing a process for swapping into memory from the swap device? The resident ti!e of the processes in the swap device" the priority of the processes and the a!ount of ti!e the processes had been swapped out# 15. What are the criteria for choosing a process for swapping out of the memory to the swap device? The process4s !e!ory resident ti!e" 7riority of the process and The nice value# 17. What do you mean .y nice value? 'ice value is the value that controls ]incre!ents or decre!ents^ the priority of the process# This value that is returned by the nice ,- syste! call# The e0uation for using nice value is8 >riority I 2\recent ,>Q usage]Gconstant4 8 2.ase3 priority4 8 2nice value4
Technical Aptitude Questions %nly the ad!inistrator can supply the nice value# The nice ,- syste! call wor$s for the running process only# 'ice value of one process cannot affect the nice value of the other process# 1?. What are conditions on which deadloc' can occur while swapping the processes? All processes in the !ain !e!ory are asleep# All 3ready:to:run4 processes are swapped out# There is no space in the swap device for the new inco!ing process that are swapped out of the !ain !e!ory# There is no space in the !ain !e!ory for the new inco!ing process# 2@. What are conditions for a machine to support !emand >aging? &e!ory architecture !ust based on 7ages" The !achine !ust support the 3restartable4 instructions# 21. What is Xthe principle of localityF? It4s the nature of the processes that they refer only to the s!all subset of the total data space of the process# i#e# the process fre0uently calls the sa!e subroutines or e6ecutes the loop instructions# 22. What is the wor'ing set of a process? The set of pages that are referred by the process in the last 3n4" references" where 3n4 is called the window of the wor$ing set of the process# 23. What is the window of the wor'ing set of a process? The window of the wor$ing set of a process is the total nu!ber in which the process had referred the set of pages in the wor$ing set of the process# 2*. What is called a page fault? 7age fault is referred to the situation when the process addresses a page in the wor$ing set of the process but the process fails to locate the page in the wor$ing set# And on a page fault the $ernel updates the wor$ing set by reading the page fro! the secondary device# 2-. What are data structures that are used for !emand >aging? _ernel contains C data structures for De!and paging# They are" 7age table entries" Dis$ bloc$ descriptors" 7age fra!e data table ,pfdata-" Swap:use table# 20. What are the .its that support the demand paging? /alid" )eference" &odify" Copy on write" Age# These bits are the part of the page table entry" which includes physical address of the page and protection bits#
Technical Aptitude Questions 7age address
Age Copy on write
&odify )eference
/alid 7rotection
25. )ow the [ernel handles the for'24 system call in traditional Qnix and in the $ystem B Qnix% while swapping? _ernel in traditional =ni6" !a$es the duplicate copy of the parent4s address space and attaches it to the child4s process" while swapping# _ernel in Syste! / =ni6" !anipulates the region tables" page table" and pfdata table entries" by incre!enting the reference count of the region table of shared regions# 27. !ifference .etween the for'24 and vfor'24 system call? During the for$,- syste! call the _ernel !a$es a copy of the parent process4s address space and attaches it to the child process# *ut the vfor$,- syste! call do not !a$es any copy of the parent4s address space" so it is faster than the for$,- syste! call# The child process as a result of the vfor$,syste! call e6ecutes e6ec,- syste! call# The child process fro! vfor$,- syste! call e6ecutes in the parent4s address space ,this can overwrite the parent4s data and stac$ which suspends the parent process until the child process e6its# 2?. What is "$$2"loc' $tarted .y $ym.ol4? A data representation at the !achine level" that has initial values when a progra! starts and tells about how !uch space the $ernel allocates for the un:initiali ed data# _ernel initiali es it to ero at run:ti!e# 3@. What is >age3$tealer process? This is the _ernel process that !a$es roo!s for the inco!ing pages" by swapping the !e!ory pages that are not the part of the wor$ing set of a process# 7age:Stealer is created by the _ernel at the syste! initiali ation and invo$es it throughout the lifeti!e of the syste!# _ernel loc$s a region when a process faults on a page in the region" so that page stealer cannot steal the page" which is being faulted in# 31. &ame two paging states for a page in memory? The two paging states are8 The page is aging and is not yet eligible for swapping" The page is eligible for swapping but not yet eligible for reassign!ent to other virtual address space# 32. What are the phases of swapping a page from the memory? 7age stealer finds the page eligible for swapping and places the page nu!ber in the list of pages to be swapped# _ernel copies the page to a swap device when necessary and clears the valid bit in the page table entry" decre!ents the pfdata reference count" and places the pfdata table entry at the end of the free list if its reference count is D# 33. What is page fault? +ts types?
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Technical Aptitude Questions 7age fault refers to the situation of not having a page in the !ain !e!ory when any process references it# There are two types of page fault 8 /alidity fault" 7rotection fault# 3*. +n what way the <ault )andlers and the +nterrupt handlers are different? Fault handlers are also an interrupt handler with an e6ception that the interrupt handlers cannot sleep# Fault handlers sleep in the conte6t of the process that caused the !e!ory fault# The fault refers to the running process and no arbitrary processes are put to sleep# 3-. What is validity fault? If a process referring a page in the !ain !e!ory whose valid bit is not set" it results in validity fault# The valid bit is not set for those pages8 that are outside the virtual address space of a process" that are the part of the virtual address space of the process but no physical address is assigned to it# 30. What does the swapping system do if it identifies the illegal page for swapping? If the dis$ bloc$ descriptor does not contain any record of the faulted page" then this causes the atte!pted !e!ory reference is invalid and the $ernel sends a \$egmentation violation] signal to the offending process# This happens when the swapping syste! identifies any invalid !e!ory reference# 35. What are states that the page can .e in% after causing a page fault? %n a swap device and not in !e!ory" %n the free page list in the !ain !e!ory" In an e6ecutable file" &ar$ed [de!and ero\" &ar$ed [de!and fill\# 37. +n what way the validity fault handler concludes? It sets the valid bit of the page by clearing the !odify bit# It recalculates the process priority# 3?. 6t what mode the fault handler executes? At the _ernel &ode# *@. What do you mean .y the protection fault? 7rotection fault refers to the process accessing the pages" which do not have the access per!ission# A process also incur the protection fault when it atte!pts to write a page whose copy on write bit was set during the for$,- syste! call# *1. ?1@)ow the [ernel handles the copy on write .it of a page% when the .it is set?
Technical Aptitude Questions In situations li$e" where the copy on write bit of a page is set and that page is shared by !ore than one process" the _ernel allocates new page and copies the content to the new page and the other processes retain their references to the old page# After copying the _ernel updates the page table entry with the new page nu!ber# Then _ernel decre!ents the reference count of the old pfdata table entry# In cases li$e" where the copy on write bit is set and no processes are sharing the page" the _ernel allows the physical page to be reused by the processes# *y doing so" it clears the copy on write bit and disassociates the page fro! its dis$ copy ,if one e6ists-" because other process !ay share the dis$ copy# Then it re!oves the pfdata table entry fro! the page:0ueue as the new copy of the virtual page is not on the swap device# It decre!ents the swap:use count for the page and if count drops to D" frees the swap space# *2. <or which 'ind of fault the page is chec'ed first? The page is first chec$ed for the validity fault" as soon as it is found that the page is invalid ,valid bit is clear-" the validity fault handler returns i!!ediately" and the process incur the validity page fault# _ernel handles the validity fault and the process will incur the protection fault if any one is present# *3. +n what way the protection fault handler concludes? After finishing the e6ecution of the fault handler" it sets the modify and protection bits and clears the copy on write bit# It recalculates the process:priority and chec$s for signals# **. )ow the [ernel handles .oth the page stealer and the fault handler? The page stealer and the fault handler thrash because of the shortage of the !e!ory# If the su! of the wor$ing sets of all processes is greater that the physical !e!ory then the fault handler will usually sleep because it cannot allocate pages for a process# This results in the reduction of the syste! throughput because _ernel spends too !uch ti!e in overhead" rearranging the !e!ory in the frantic pace#
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RDBMS Concepts
)D*&S Concepts
1. What is data.ase? A database is a logically coherent collection of data with so!e inherent !eaning" representing so!e aspect of real world and which is designed" built and populated with data for a specific purpose# 2. What is !"#$? It is a collection of progra!s that enables user to create and !aintain a database# In other words it is general:purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining" constructing and manipulating the database for various applications# 3. What is a !ata.ase system? The database and D*&S software together is called as Database syste!# *. -. 6dvantages of !"#$? )edundancy is controlled# =nauthorised access is restricted# 7roviding !ultiple user interfaces# 5nforcing integrity constraints# 7roviding bac$up and recovery# !isadvantage in <ile >rocessing $ystem? Data redundancy U inconsistency# Difficult in accessing data# Data isolation# Data integrity# Concurrent access is not possible# Security 7roble!s#
0. !escri.e the three levels of data a.straction? The are three levels of abstraction8 >hysical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored# Logical level: The ne6t higher level of abstraction" describes what data are stored in database and what relationship a!ong those data# Biew level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database# 5. ?1H!efine the Kintegrity rulesK
Technical Aptitude Questions There are two Integrity rules# 1ntity +ntegrity: States that [7ri!ary $ey cannot have '=22 value\ eferential +ntegrity: States that [Foreign _ey can be either a '=22 value or should be 7ri!ary _ey value of other relation# 7. What is extension and intension? 1xtension : It is the nu!ber of tuples present in a table at any instance# This is ti!e dependent# +ntension : It is a constant value that gives the na!e" structure of table and the constraints laid on it# ?. What is $ystem ? What are its two major su.systems? Syste! ) was designed and developed over a period of ?LHC:HL at I*& San Eose )esearch Center# It is a prototype and its purpose was to de!onstrate that it is possible to build a )elational Syste! that can be used in a real life environ!ent to solve real life proble!s" with perfor!ance at least co!parable to that of e6isting syste!# Its two subsyste!s are )esearch Storage Syste! )elational Data Syste!# 1@. )ow is the data structure of $ystem different from the relational structure? =nli$e )elational syste!s in Syste! ) Do!ains are not supported 5nforce!ent of candidate $ey uni0ueness is optional 5nforce!ent of entity integrity is optional )eferential integrity is not enforced 11. What is !ata +ndependence? Data independence !eans that [the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data\# In other words" The ability to !odify the sche!a definition in one level should not affect the sche!a definition in the ne6t higher level# Two types of Data Independence8 7hysical Data Independence8 &odification in physical level should not affect the logical level# 2ogical Data Independence8 &odification in logical level should affect the view level# &ED1: Logical !ata +ndependence is more difficult to achieve 12. What is a view? )ow it is related to data independence? A view !ay be thought of as a virtual table" that is" a table that does not really e6ist in its own right but is instead derived fro! one or !ore underlying base table# In other words" there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary#
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Technical Aptitude Questions (rowth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views# Thus the view can insulate users fro! the effects of restructuring and growth in the database# .ence accounts for logical data independence# 13. What is !ata #odel? A collection of conceptual tools for describing data" data relationships data se!antics and constraints# 1*. What is 13 model? This data !odel is based on real world that consists of basic ob>ects called entities and of relationship a!ong these ob>ects# 5ntities are described in a database by a set of attributes# 1-. What is E.ject Eriented model? This !odel is based on collection of ob>ects# An ob>ect contains values stored in instance variables with in the ob>ect# An ob>ect also contains bodies of code that operate on the ob>ect# These bodies of code are called !ethods# %b>ects that contain sa!e types of values and the sa!e !ethods are grouped together into classes# 10. What is an 1ntity? It is a TthingT in the real world with an independent e6istence# 15. What is an 1ntity type? It is a collection ,set- of entities that have sa!e attributes# 17. What is an 1ntity set? It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database# 1?. What is an 1xtension of entity type? The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set# 2@. What is Wea' 1ntity set? An entity set !ay not have sufficient attributes to for! a pri!ary $ey" and its pri!ary $ey co!pro!ises of its partial $ey and pri!ary $ey of its parent entity" then it is said to be Gea$ 5ntity set# 21. What is an attri.ute? It is a particular property" which describes the entity# 22. What is a elation $chema and a elation? A relation Sche!a denoted by ),A?" A2" K" An- is !ade up of the relation na!e ) and the list of attributes Ai that it contains# A relation is defined as a set of tuples# 2et r be the relation which contains set tuples ,t?" t2" t1" ###" tn-# 5ach tuple is an ordered list of n:values tA,v?"v2" ###" vn-#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 23. What is degree of a elation? It is the nu!ber of attribute of its relation sche!a# 2*. What is elationship? It is an association a!ong two or !ore entities# 2-. What is elationship set? The collection ,or set- of si!ilar relationships# 20. What is elationship type? )elationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set a!ong a given set of entity types# 25. What is degree of elationship type? It is the nu!ber of entity type participating# 2-. What is !!L 2!ata !efinition Language4? A data base sche!a is specifies by a set of definitions e6pressed by a special language called DD2# 20. What is B!L 2Biew !efinition Language4? It specifies user views and their !appings to the conceptual sche!a# 25. What is $!L 2$torage !efinition Language4? This language is to specify the internal sche!a# This language !ay specify the !apping between two sche!as# 27. What is !ata $torage 3 !efinition Language? The storage structures and access !ethods used by database syste! are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DD2 called data storage:definition language# 2?. What is !#L 2!ata #anipulation Language4? This language that enable user to access or !anipulate data as organised by appropriate data !odel# >rocedural !#L or Low level: D&2 re0uires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data# &on3>rocedural !#L or )igh level: D&2 re0uires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data# 31. What is !#L ,ompiler? It translates D&2 state!ents in a 0uery language into low:level instruction that the 0uery evaluation engine can understand# 32. What is Auery evaluation engine? It e6ecutes low:level instruction generated by co!piler#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 33. What is !!L +nterpreter? It interprets DD2 state!ents and record the! in tables containing !etadata# 3*. What is ecord3at3a3time? The 2ow level or 7rocedural D&2 can specify and retrieve each record fro! a set of records# This retrieve of a record is said to be )ecord:at:a:ti!e# 3-. What is $et3at3a3time or $et3oriented? The .igh level or 'on:procedural D&2 can specify and retrieve !any records in a single D&2 state!ent# This retrieve of a record is said to be Set:at:a:ti!e or Set: oriented# 30. What is elational 6lge.ra? It is procedural 0uery language# It consists of a set of operations that ta$e one or two relations as input and produce a new relation# 35. What is elational ,alculus? It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by 5#F# Codd# 5#g# of languages based on it are DS2 A27.A" Q=52# 37. )ow does Duple3oriented relational calculus differ from domain3oriented relational calculus The tuple:oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i#e#" variable whose only per!itted values are tuples of that relation# 5#g# Q=52 The do!ain:oriented calculus has do!ain variables i#e#" variables that range over the underlying do!ains instead of over relation# 5#g# I22" D5D=C5# 3?. What is normaliCation? It is a process of analysing the given relation sche!as based on their Functional Dependencies ,FDs- and pri!ary $ey to achieve the properties &ini!i ing redundancy &ini!i ing insertion" deletion and update ano!alies# *@. What is <unctional !ependency? A Functional dependency is denoted by I J between two sets of attributes I and J that are subsets of ) specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can for! a relation state r of )# The constraint is for any two tuples t? and t2 in r if t?PIQ A t2PIQ then they have t?PJQ A t2PJQ# This !eans the value of I co!ponent of a tuple uni0uely deter!ines the value of co!ponent J# *1. When is a functional dependency < said to .e minimal? 5very dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side# Ge cannot replace any dependency I A in F with a dependency J A where J is a proper subset of I and still have a set of dependency that is e0uivalent to F# Ge cannot re!ove any dependency fro! F and still have set of dependency that is e0uivalent to F#
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*2. What is #ultivalued dependency? &ultivalued dependency denoted by I J specified on relation sche!a )" where I and J are both subsets of )" specifies the following constraint on any relation r of )8 if two tuples t? and t2 e6ist in r such that t?PIQ A t2PIQ then t1 and tC should also e6ist in r with the following properties t1P6Q A tCPIQ A t?PIQ A t2PIQ t1PJQ A t?PJQ and tCPJQ A t2PJQ t1PfQ A t2PfQ and tCPfQ A t?PfQ where Pf A ,):,I = J-- Q *3. What is Lossless join property? It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation sche!as after deco!position# **. What is 1 &< 2&ormal <orm4? The do!ain of attribute !ust include only ato!ic ,si!ple" indivisible- values# *-. What is <ully <unctional dependency? It is based on concept of full functional dependency# A functional dependency I J is full functional dependency if re!oval of any attribute A fro! I !eans that the dependency does not hold any !ore# *0. What is 2&<? A relation sche!a ) is in 2'F if it is in ?'F and every non:pri!e attribute A in ) is fully functionally dependent on pri!ary $ey# *5. What is 3&<? A relation sche!a ) is in 1'F if it is in 2'F and for every FD I A either of the following is true I is a Super:$ey of )# A is a pri!e attribute of )# In other words" if every non pri!e attribute is non:transitively dependent on pri!ary $ey# *7. What is ",&< 2"oyce3,odd &ormal <orm4? A relation sche!a ) is in *C'F if it is in 1'F and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD I A" I !ust be a candidate $ey# *?. What is *&<? A relation sche!a ) is said to be in C'F if for every &ultivalued dependency I J that holds over )" one of following is true I is subset or e0ual to ,or- IJ A )# I is a super $ey# -@. What is -&<? ?C2
Technical Aptitude Questions A )elation sche!a ) is said to be @'F if for every >oin dependency ])?" )2" ###" )n^ that holds )" one the following is true )i A ) for so!e i# The >oin dependency is i!plied by the set of FD" over ) in which the left side is $ey of )# -1. What is !omain3[ey &ormal <orm? A relation is said to be in D_'F if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the the constraint can be enforced by si!ply enforcing the do!ain constraint and $ey constraint on the relation# -2. What are partial% alternate%% artificial% compound and natural 'ey? >artial [ey: It is a set of attributes that can uni0uely identify wea$ entities and that are related to sa!e owner entity# It is so!eti!e called as Discri!inator# 6lternate [ey: All Candidate _eys e6cluding the 7ri!ary _ey are $nown as Alternate _eys# 6rtificial [ey8 If no obvious $ey" either stand alone or co!pound is available" then the last resort is to si!ply create a $ey" by assigning a uni0ue nu!ber to each record or occurrence# Then this is $nown as developing an artificial $ey# ,ompound [ey/ If no single data ele!ent uni0uely identifies occurrences within a construct" then co!bining !ultiple ele!ents to create a uni0ue identifier for the construct is $nown as creating a co!pound $ey# &atural [ey/ Ghen one of the data ele!ents stored within a construct is utili ed as the pri!ary $ey" then it is called the natural $ey# -3. What is indexing and what are the different 'inds of indexing? Inde6ing is a techni0ue for deter!ining how 0uic$ly specific data can be found# Types8 *inary search style inde6ing *:Tree inde6ing Inverted list inde6ing &e!ory resident table Table inde6ing -*. What is system catalog or catalog relation? )ow is .etter 'nown as? A )D*&S !aintains a description of all the data that it contains" infor!ation about every relation and inde6 that it contains# This infor!ation is stored in a collection of relations !aintained by the syste! called !etadata# It is also called data dictionary# --. What is meant .y /uery optimiCation? The phase that identifies an efficient e6ecution plan for evaluating a 0uery that has the least esti!ated cost is referred to as 0uery opti!i ation# ?C1
-0. What is join dependency and inclusion dependency? Yoin !ependency: A Eoin dependency is generali ation of &ultivalued dependency#A ED ])?" )2" ###" )n^ is said to hold over a relation ) if )?" )2" )1" ###" )n is a lossless: >oin deco!position of ) # There is no set of sound and co!plete inference rules for ED# +nclusion !ependency: An Inclusion Dependency is a state!ent of the for! that so!e colu!ns of a relation are contained in other colu!ns# A foreign $ey constraint is an e6a!ple of inclusion dependency# -5. What is dura.ility in !"#$? %nce the D*&S infor!s the user that a transaction has successfully co!pleted" its effects should persist even if the syste! crashes before all its changes are reflected on dis$# This property is called durability# -7. What do you mean .y atomicity and aggregation? 6tomicity: 5ither all actions are carried out or none are# =sers should not have to worry about the effect of inco!plete transactions# D*&S ensures this by undoing the actions of inco!plete transactions# 6ggregation: A concept which is used to !odel a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships# It is used when we need to e6press a relationship a!ong relationships# -?. What is a >hantom !eadloc'? In distributed deadloc$ detection" the delay in propagating local infor!ation !ight cause the deadloc$ detection algorith!s to identify deadloc$s that do not really e6ist# Such situations are called phanto! deadloc$s and they lead to unnecessary aborts# 0@. What is a chec'point and When does it occur? A Chec$point is li$e a snapshot of the D*&S state# *y ta$ing chec$points" the D*&S can reduce the a!ount of wor$ to be done during restart in the event of subse0uent crashes# 01. What are the different phases of transaction? Different phases are Analysis phase )edo 7hase =ndo phase 02. What do you mean .y flat file data.ase? It is a database in which there are no progra!s or user access languages# It has no cross:file capabilities but is user:friendly and provides user:interface !anage!ent#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 03. What is Ktransparent !"#$K? It is one" which $eeps its 7hysical Structure hidden fro! user# 0*. "rief theory of &etwor'% )ierarchical schemas and their properties 'etwor$ sche!a uses a graph data structure to organi e records e6a!ple for such a database !anage!ent syste! is CTC( while a hierarchical sche!a uses a tree data structure e6a!ple for such a syste! is I&S# 0-. What is a /uery? A 0uery with respect to D*&S relates to user co!!ands that are used to interact with a data base# The 0uery language can be classified into data definition language and data !anipulation language# 00. What do you mean .y ,orrelated su./uery? Sub0ueries" or nested 0ueries" are used to bring bac$ a set of rows to be used by the parent 0uery# Depending on how the sub0uery is written" it can be e6ecuted once for the parent 0uery or it can be e6ecuted once for each row returned by the parent 0uery# If the sub0uery is e6ecuted for each row of the parent" this is called a correlated su./uery# A correlated sub0uery can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent sub0uery colu!ns in its G.5)5 clause# Colu!ns fro! the sub0uery cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent 0uery# The following e6a!ple de!onstrates a non:correlated sub0uery# 5#g# Select ; Fro! C=ST Ghere T?DMD1M?LLDT I' ,Select %DAT5 Fro! %)D5) Ghere C=ST#C'=& A %)D5)#C'=&05. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems? Addition" deletion and !odification# 07. &ame the .uffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored =>#it" *uffer 0?. What are the unary operations in elational 6lge.ra? 7)%E5CTI%' and S525CTI%'# 5@. 6re the resulting relations of > E!Q,D and YE+& operation the same? 'o# > E!Q,D8 Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another# YE+&8 Concatenation of rows fro! one relation and related rows fro! another# 51. What is !"#$ [1 &1L? Two i!portant pieces of )D*&S architecture are the $ernel" which is the software" and the data dictionary" which consists of the syste!:level data structures used by the $ernel to !anage the database Jou !ight thin$ of an )D*&S as an operating syste! ,or set of subsyste!s-" designed specifically for controlling data accessX its pri!ary functions are storing"
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Technical Aptitude Questions retrieving" and securing data# An )D*&S !aintains its own list of authori ed users and their associated privilegesX !anages !e!ory caches and pagingX controls loc$ing for concurrent resource usageX dispatches and schedules user re0uestsX and !anages space usage within its table:space structures # 52. &ame the su.3systems of a !"#$ IM%" Security" 2anguage 7rocessing" 7rocess Control" Storage &anage!ent" 2ogging and )ecovery" Distribution Control" Transaction Control" &e!ory &anage!ent" 2oc$ &anage!ent 53. Which part of the !"#$ ta'es care of the data dictionary? )ow Data dictionary is a set of tables and database ob>ects that is stored in a special area of the database and !aintained e6clusively by the $ernel# 5*. What is the jo. of the information stored in data3dictionary? The infor!ation in the data dictionary validates the e6istence of the ob>ects" provides access to the!" and !aps the actual physical storage location# 5-. &ot only !"#$ ta'es care of locating data it also deter!ines an opti!al access path to store or retrieve the data 50. )ow do you communicate with an !"#$? Jou co!!unicate with an )D*&S using Structured Query 2anguage ,SQ255. !efine $AL and state the differences .etween $AL and other conventional programming Languages SQ2 is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on nor!ali ed relational database structures# The pri!ary difference between SQ2 and other conventional progra!!ing languages is that SQ2 state!ents specify what data operations should be perfor!ed rather than how to perfor! the!# 57. &ame the three major set of files on dis' that compose a data.ase in Eracle There are three !a>or sets of files on dis$ that co!pose a database# All the files are binary# These are Database files Control files )edo logs The !ost i!portant of these are the database files where the actual data resides# The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself# All three sets of files !ust be present" open" and available to %racle for any data on the database to be useable# Githout these files" you cannot access the database" and the database ad!inistrator !ight have to recover so!e or all of the database using a bac$up" if there is one# 5?. What is an Eracle +nstance?
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Technical Aptitude Questions The %racle syste! processes" also $nown as %racle bac$ground processes" provide functions for the user processesgfunctions that would otherwise be done by the user processes the!selves %racle database:wide syste! !e!ory is $nown as the S(A" the system glo.al area or shared glo.al area# The data and control structures in the S(A are shareable" and all the %racle bac$ground processes and user processes can use the!# The co!bination of the S(A and the %racle bac$ground processes is $nown as an Eracle instance 7@. What are the four Eracle system processes that must always .e up and running for the data.ase to .e usea.le The four %racle syste! processes that !ust always be up and running for the database to be useable include !"W ,Database Griter-" L=W ,2og Griter-" $#E& ,Syste! &onitor-" and >#E& ,7rocess &onitor-# 71. What are data.ase files% control files and log files. )ow many of these files should a data.ase have at least? Why? !ata.ase <iles The database files hold the actual data and are typically the largest in si e# Depending on their si es" the tables ,and other ob>ects- for all the user accounts can go in one database filegbut thatTs not an ideal situation because it does not !a$e the database structure very fle6ible for controlling access to storage for different users" putting the database on different dis$ drives" or bac$ing up and restoring >ust part of the database# Jou !ust have at least one database file but usually" !ore than one files are used# In ter!s of accessing and using the data in the tables and other ob>ects" the nu!ber ,or location- of the files is i!!aterial# The database files are fi6ed in si e and never grow bigger than the si e at which they were created ,ontrol <iles The control files and redo logs support the rest of the architecture# Any database !ust have at least one control file" although you typically have !ore than one to guard against loss# The control file records the na!e of the database" the date and ti!e it was created" the location of the database and redo logs" and the synchroni ation infor!ation to ensure that all three sets of files are always in step# 5very ti!e you add a new database or redo log file to the database" the infor!ation is recorded in the control files# edo Logs Any database !ust have at least two redo logs# These are the >ournals for the databaseX the redo logs record all changes to the user ob>ects or syste! ob>ects# If any type of failure occurs" the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a consistent state without losing any co!!itted transactions# In the case of non:data loss failure" %racle can apply the infor!ation in the redo logs auto!atically without intervention fro! the D*A# The redo log files are fi6ed in si e and never grow dyna!ically fro! the si e at which they were created#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 72. What is EW+!? The )%GID is a uni0ue database:wide physical address for every row on every table# %nce assigned ,when the row is first inserted into the database-" it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is dropped# The )%GID consists of the following three co!ponents" the co!bination of which uni0uely identifies the physical storage location of the row# %racle database file nu!ber" which contains the bloc$ with the rows %racle bloc$ address" which contains the row The row within the bloc$ ,because each bloc$ can hold !any rowsThe )%GID is used internally in inde6es as a 0uic$ !eans of retrieving rows with a particular $ey value# Application developers also use it in SQ2 state!ents as a 0uic$ way to access a row once they $now the )%GID 73. What is Eracle "loc'? ,an two Eracle "loc's have the same address? %racle Ofor!atsO the database files into a nu!ber of %racle bloc$s when they are first createdg!a$ing it easier for the )D*&S software to !anage the files and easier to read data into the !e!ory areas# The bloc$ si e should be a !ultiple of the operating syste! bloc$ si e# )egardless of the bloc$ si e" the entire bloc$ is not available for holding dataX %racle ta$es up so!e space to !anage the contents of the bloc$# This bloc$ header has a !ini!u! si e" but it can grow# These %racle bloc$s are the s!allest unit of storage# Increasing the %racle bloc$ si e can i!prove perfor!ance" but it should be done only when the database is first created# 5ach %racle bloc$ is nu!bered se0uentially for each database file starting at ?# Two bloc$s can have the sa!e bloc$ address if they are in different database files# 7*. What is data.ase Drigger? A database trigger is a 72MSQ2 bloc$ that can defined to auto!atically e6ecute for insert" update" and delete state!ents against a table# The trigger can e defined to e6ecute once for the entire state!ent or once for every row that is inserted" updated" or deleted# For any one table" there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers# A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in 72MSQ2# 7-. &ame two utilities that Eracle provides% which are use for .ac'up and recovery. Along with the )D*&S software" %racle provides two utilities that you can use to bac$ up and restore the database# These utilities are 1xport and +mport# The 1xport utility du!ps the definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an operating syste! binary file# The +mport utility reads the file produced by an e6port" recreates the definitions of ob>ects" and inserts the data If 56port and I!port are used as a !eans of bac$ing up and recovering the database" all the changes !ade to the database cannot be recovered since the e6port was perfor!ed# The best you can do is recover the database to the ti!e when the e6port was last perfor!ed# 70. What are stored3procedures? 6nd what are the advantages of using them.
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Technical Aptitude Questions Stored procedures are database ob>ects that perfor! a user defined operation# A stored procedure can have a set of co!pound SQ2 state!ents# A stored procedure e6ecutes the SQ2 co!!ands and returns the result to the client# Stored procedures are used to reduce networ$ traffic# 75. )ow are exceptions handled in >LG$AL? =ive some of the internal exceptionsW name 72MSQ2 e6ception handling is a !echanis! for dealing with run:ti!e errors encountered during procedure e6ecution# =se of this !echanis! enables e6ecution to continue if the error is not severe enough to cause procedure ter!ination# The e6ception handler !ust be defined within a subprogra! specification# 5rrors cause the progra! to raise an e6ception with a transfer of control to the e6ception:handler bloc$# After the e6ception handler e6ecutes" control returns to the bloc$ in which the handler was defined# If there are no !ore e6ecutable state!ents in the bloc$" control returns to the caller# Qser3!efined 1xceptions 72MSQ2 enables the user to define e6ception handlers in the declarations area of subprogra! specifications# =ser acco!plishes this by na!ing an e6ception as in the following e6a!ple8 otNfailure 5IC57TI%'X In this case" the e6ception na!e is otNfailure. Code associated with this handler is written in the 5IC57TI%' specification area as follows8 5IC57TI%' when %TNFAI2=)5 then outNstatusNcode 8A gNoutNstatusNcodeX outN!sg 8A gNoutN!sgX The following is an e6a!ple of a subprogra! e6ception8 5IC57TI%' when '%NDATANF%='D then gNoutNstatusNcode 8A TFAI2TX )AIS5 otNfailureX Githin this e6ception is the )AIS5 state!ent that transfers control bac$ to the otNfailure e6ception handler# This techni0ue of raising the e6ception is used to invo$e all user: defined e6ceptions# $ystem3!efined 1xceptions 56ceptions internal to 72MSQ2 are raised auto!atically upon error# '%NDATANF%='D is a syste!:defined e6ception# Table below gives a co!plete list of internal e6ceptions# >LG$AL internal exceptions. 01cepti"n Na'e C=)S%)NA2)5ADJN%75' D=7N/A2N%'NI'D5I I'/A2IDNC=)S%) I'/A2IDN'=&*5) 2%(I'ND5'I5D
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Orac2e 0rr"r %)A:DB@?? %)A:DDDD? %)A:D?DD? %)A:D?H22 %)A:D?D?H
Technical Aptitude Questions '%NDATANF%='D '%TN2%((5DN%' 7)%()A&N5))%) ST%)A(5N5))%) TI&5%=TN%'N)5S%=)C5 T%%N&A'JN)%GS T)A'SACTI%'N*AC_5DN%=T /A2=5N5))%) f5)%NDI/ID5 %)A:D?CD1 %)A:D?D?2 %)A:DB@D? %)A:DB@DD %)A:DDD@? %)A:D?C22 %)A:DDDB? %)A:DB@D2 %)A:D?CHB
In addition to this list of e6ceptions" there is a catch:all e6ception na!ed ED)1 $ that traps all errors for which specific error handling has not been established# 77. !oes >LG$AL support KoverloadingK? 1xplain The concept of overloading in 72MSQ2 relates to the idea that you can define procedures and functions with the sa!e na!e# 72MSQ2 does not loo$ only at the referenced na!e" however" to resolve a procedure or function call# The count and data types of for!al para!eters are also considered# 72MSQ2 also atte!pts to resolve any procedure or function calls in locally defined pac$ages before loo$ing at globally defined pac$ages or internal functions# To further ensure calling the proper procedure" you can use the dot notation# 7refacing a procedure or function na!e with the pac$age na!e fully 0ualifies any procedure or function reference# 7?. Da.les derived from the 1 ! a- Are totally unnor!alised b- Are always in ?'F c- Can be further denor!alised d- &ay have !ulti:valued attributes ,b- Are always in ?'F ?@. $purious tuples may occur due to i. "ad normaliCation ii. Dheta joins iii. Qpdating ta.les from join a- i U ii b- ii U iii c- i U iii d- ii U iii ,a- i U iii because theta >oins are >oins !ade on $eys that are not pri!ary $eys# ?1. 6 " , is a set of attri.utes. Dhe functional dependency is as follows 6" 3V " 6, 3V , , 3V " a- is in ?'F
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Technical Aptitude Questions b- is in 2'F c- is in 1'F d- is in *C'F ,a- is in ?'F since ,AC-< A ] A" *" C^ hence AC is the pri!ary $ey# Since C * is a FD given" where neither C is a _ey nor * is a pri!e attribute" this it is not in 1'F# Further * is not functionally dependent on $ey AC thus it is not in 2'F# Thus the given FDs is in ?'F# ?2. +n mapping of 1 ! to !<! a- entities in 5)D should correspond to an e6isting entityMstore in DFD b- entity in DFD is converted to attributes of an entity in 5)D c- relations in 5)D has ? to ? correspondence to processes in DFD d- relationships in 5)D has ? to ? correspondence to flows in DFD ,a- entities in 5)D should correspond to an e6isting entityMstore in DFD ?3. 6 dominant entity is the entity a- on the ' side in a ? 8 ' relationship b- on the ? side in a ? 8 ' relationship c- on either side in a ? 8 ? relationship d- nothing to do with ? 8 ? or ? 8 ' relationship ,b- on the ? side in a ? 8 ' relationship ?*. $elect W&E D)W% ,Q$DE#1 <rom ,Q$D^!DL$ Where 1=+E& I W&W Erder "y ,Q$DE#1 Qnion $elect W16$DW% ,Q$DE#1 <rom ,Q$D^!DL$ Where 1=+E& I W1W Erder "y ,Q$DE#1 The above is a- 'ot an error b- 5rror : the string in single 0uotes T'%)T.T and TS%=T.T c- 5rror : the string should be in double 0uotes d- 5rror : %)D5) *J clause ,d- 5rror : the %)D5) *J clause# Since %)D5) *J clause cannot be used in ='I%'S ?-. What is $torage #anager? It is a progra! !odule that provides the interface between the low:level data stored in database" application progra!s and 0ueries sub!itted to the syste!# ?0. What is "uffer #anager? It is a progra! !odule" which is responsible for fetching data fro! dis$ storage into !ain !e!ory and deciding what data to be cache in !e!ory# ?5. What is Dransaction #anager?
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Technical Aptitude Questions It is a progra! !odule" which ensures that database" re!ains in a consistent state despite syste! failures and concurrent transaction e6ecution proceeds without conflicting# ?7. What is <ile #anager? It is a progra! !odule" which !anages the allocation of space on dis$ storage and data structure used to represent infor!ation stored on a dis$# ??. What is 6uthoriCation and +ntegrity manager? It is the progra! !odule" which tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraint and chec$s the authority of user to access data# 1@@. What are stand3alone procedures? 7rocedures that are not part of a pac$age are $nown as stand:alone because they independently defined# A good e6a!ple of a stand:alone procedure is one written in a SQ2;For!s application# These types of procedures are not available for reference fro! other %racle tools# Another li!itation of stand:alone procedures is that they are co!piled at run ti!e" which slows e6ecution# 1@1. What are cursors give different types of cursors. 72MSQ2 uses cursors for all database infor!ation accesses state!ents# The language supports the use two types of cursors +mplicit 1xplicit 1@2. What is cold .ac'up and hot .ac'up 2in case of Eracle4? ,old "ac'up: It is copying the three sets of files ,database files" redo logs" and control file- when the instance is shut down# This is a straight file copy" usually fro! the dis$ directly to tape# Jou !ust shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy# If a cold bac$up is perfor!ed" the only option available in the event of data file loss is restoring all the files fro! the latest bac$up# All wor$ perfor!ed on the database since the last bac$up is lost# )ot "ac'up: So!e sites ,such as worldwide airline reservations syste!s- cannot shut down the database while !a$ing a bac$up copy of the files# The cold bac$up is not an available option# So different !eans of bac$ing up database !ust be used g the hot bac$up# Issue a SQ2 co!!and to indicate to %racle" on a tablespace:by:tablespace basis" that the files of the tablespace are to bac$ed up# The users can continue to !a$e full use of the files" including !a$ing changes to the data# %nce the user has indicated that heMshe wants to bac$ up the tablespace files" heMshe can use the operating syste! to copy those files to the desired bac$up destination# The database !ust be running in A)C.I/52%( !ode for the hot bac$up option#
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Technical Aptitude Questions If a data loss failure does occur" the lost database files can be restored using the hot bac$up and the online and offline redo logs created since the bac$up was done# The database is restored to the !ost consistent state without any loss of co!!itted transactions# 1@3. What are 6rmstrong rules? )ow do we say that they are complete andGor sound The well:$nown inference rules for FDs )efle6ive rule 8 If J is subset or e0ual to I then I J# Aug!entation rule8 If I J then If Jf# Transitive rule8 If ]I J" J f^ then I f# Deco!position rule 8 If I Jf then I J# =nion or Additive rule8 If ]I J" I f^ then I Jf# 7seudo Transitive rule 8 If ]I J" GJ f^ then GI f# %f these the first three are $nown as A!strong )ules# They are sound because it is enough if a set of FDs satisfy these three# They are called co!plete because using these three rules we can generate the rest all inference rules# 1@*. )ow can you find the minimal 'ey of relational schema? &ini!al $ey is one which can identify each tuple of the given relation sche!a uni0uely# For finding the !ini!al $ey it is re0uired to find the closure that is the set of all attributes that are dependent on any given set of attributes under the given set of functional dependency# .l3o8 ? Deter!ining I<" closure for I" given set of FDs F ?# Set I< A I 2# Set %ld I< A I< 1# For each FD J f in F and if J belongs to I < then add f < to I C# )epeat steps 2 and 1 until %ld I< A I< .l3o8?? Deter!ining !ini!al _ for relation sche!a )" given set of FDs F ?# Set _ to ) that is !a$e _ a set of all attributes in ) 2# For each attribute A in _ a# Co!pute ,_ + A-< with respect to F b# If ,_ + A-< A ) then set _ A ,_ + A-< 1@-. What do you understand .y dependency preservation? (iven a relation ) and a set of FDs F" dependency preservation states that the closure of the union of the pro>ection of F on each deco!posed relation )i is e0ual to the closure of F# i#e#"
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Technical Aptitude Questions ,,)?,F-- = K = ,)n,F---< A F< if deco!position is not dependency preserving" then so!e dependency is lost in the deco!position# 1@0. What is meant .y >roactive% etroactive and $imultaneous Qpdate. >roactive Qpdate: The updates that are applied to database before it beco!es effective in real world # etroactive Qpdate: The updates that are applied to database after it beco!es effective in real world # $imulatneous Qpdate: The updates that are applied to database at the sa!e ti!e when it beco!es effective in real world # 1@5. What are the different types of YE+& operations? 1/ui Yoin: This is the !ost co!!on type of >oin which involves only e0uality co!parisions# The disadvantage in this type of >oin is that there
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SQL
SQ2
1. Which is the su.set of $AL commands used to manipulate Eracle !ata.ase structures% including ta.les? Data Definition 2anguage ,DD22. What operator performs pattern matching? 2I_5 operator 3. What operator tests column for the a.sence of data? IS '=22 operator *. Which command executes the contents of a specified file? STA)T Sfilena!eR or bSfilena!eR -. What is the parameter su.stitution sym.ol used with +&$1 D +&DE command? U 0. Which command displays the $AL command in the $AL .uffer% and then executes it? )=' 5. What are the wildcards used for pattern matching? N for single character substitution and W for !ulti:character substitution 7. $tate true or false. 1Z+$D$% $E#1% 6&_ are operators in $AL. True ?. $tate true or false. UI% RV% ;I all denote the same operation. True 1@. What are the privileges that can .e granted on a ta.le .y a user to others? Insert" update" delete" select" references" inde6" e6ecute" alter" all 11. What command is used to get .ac' the privileges offered .y the = 6&D command? )5/%_5 12. Which system ta.les contain information on privileges granted and privileges o.tained? ?@@
Technical Aptitude Questions =S5)NTA*N7)I/SN&AD5" =S5)NTA*N7)I/SN)5CD 13. Which system ta.le contains information on constraints on all the ta.les created? =S5)NC%'ST)AI'TS 1*. D Q&,6D1 D6"L1 1#>J !1L1D1 < E# 1#>J Will the outputs of the a.ove two commands differ? *oth will result in deleting all the rows in the table 5&7# 1-. What is the difference .etween D Q&,6D1 and !1L1D1 commands? T)='CAT5 is a DD2 co!!and whereas D525T5 is a D&2 co!!and# .ence D525T5 operation can be rolled bac$" but T)='CAT5 operation cannot be rolled bac$# G.5)5 clause can be used with D525T5 and not with T)='CAT5# 10. What command is used to create a ta.le .y copying the structure of another ta.le? Ans(er / C)5AT5 TA*25 ## AS S525CT co!!and 01p2anati"n / To copy only the structure" the G.5)5 clause of the S525CT co!!and should contain a FA2S5 state!ent as in the following# C)5AT5 TA*25 '5GTA*25 AS S525CT ; F)%& 5IISTI'(TA*25 G.5)5 ?A2X If the G.5)5 condition is true" then all the rows or rows satisfying the condition will be copied to the new table# 15. What will .e the output of the following /uery?
$1L1,D 1>L6,12D 6&$L6D12LD +#2 D +#2WUU 6D)1& UUW%WUW4% WUW4% W6&W% W99W4%W9W%WD EQ"L1W4 < E# !Q6LJ
T)%=*25T.5T)%=*25 17. What will .e the output of the following /uery? $1L1,D !1,E!12D 6&$L6D12W6W%W123*-057?@W%W1111111111W4% W1W%W_1$W% W&EW 4J Ans(er / '% 01p2anati"n / The 0uery chec$s whether a given string is a nu!erical digit# 1?. What does the following /uery do? $1L1,D $6L 8 &BL2,E##%@4 < E# 1#>J This displays the total salary of all e!ployees# The null values in the co!!ission colu!n will be replaced by D and added to salary# 2@. Which date function is used to find the difference .etween two dates? &%'T.SN*5TG55'
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21. Why does the following command give a compilation error? ! E> D6"L1 (D6"L1^&6#1J /ariable na!es should start with an alphabet# .ere the table na!e starts with an TUT sy!bol# 22. What is the advantage of specifying W+D) = 6&D E>D+E& in the = 6&D command? The privilege receiver can further grant the privileges heMshe has obtained fro! the owner to any other user# 23. What is the use of the ! E> option in the 6LD1 D6"L1 command? It is used to drop constraints specified on the table# 2*. What is the value of XcommF and XsalF after executing the following /uery if the initial value of XsalF is 1@@@@? Q>!6D1 1#> $1D $6L I $6L 8 1@@@% ,E## I $6L9@.1J sal A ??DDD" co!! A ?DDD 2-. What is the use of !1$, in $AL? Ans(er / D5SC has two purposes# It is used to describe a sche!a as well as to retrieve rows fro! table in descending order# 01p2anati"n / The 0uery S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 %)D5) *J 5'A&5 D5SC will display the output sorted on 5'A&5 in descending order# 20. What is the use of ,6$,6!1 ,E&$D 6+&D$? Ghen this clause is used with the D)%7 co!!and" a parent table can be dropped even when a child table e6ists# 25. Which function is used to find the largest integer less than or e/ual to a specific value? F2%%) 27. What is the output of the following /uery? $1L1,D D Q&,2123*.-057%324 < E# !Q6LJ ?2DD
;@2 A @1>R?>;
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Technical Aptitude Questions . SC;0%AS Da.le 1 : S4UD 0S 7'A&5 ,/A)C.A)-" S72AC5 ,/A)C.A)-" C%=)S5 ,/A)C.A)-" CC%ST ,'=&*5)Da.le 2 : SO<4=A#0 7'A&5 ,/A)C.A)-" TIT25 ,/A)C.A)-" D5/I' ,'=&*5)-" DC%ST ,'=&*5)-" S%2D ,'=&*5)Da.le 3 : P#O>#A%%0# 7'A&5 ,/A)C.A)-" D%* ,DAT5-" D%E ,DAT5-" S5I ,C.A)-" 7)%F? ,/A)C.A)-" 7)%F2 ,/A)C.A)-" SA2 ,'=&*5)2>B>'/ : 7'A&5 + 7rogra!!er 'a!e" S72AC5 + Study 7lace" CC%ST + Course Cost" D5/I' + Developed in" SC%ST + Software Cost" DC%ST + Develop!ent Cost" 7)%F? + 7roficiency ? QU0# 0S / 1. <ind out the selling cost average for pac'ages developed in Eracle. 2. !isplay the names% ages and experience of all programmers. 3. !isplay the names of those who have done the >=!,6 course. *. What is the highest num.er of copies sold .y a pac'age? -. !isplay the names and date of .irth of all programmers .orn in 6pril. 0. !isplay the lowest course fee. 5. )ow many programmers have done the !,6 course. 7. )ow much revenue has .een earned through the sale of pac'ages developed in ,. ?. !isplay the details of software developed .y a'esh. 1@. )ow many programmers studied at >entafour. 11. !isplay the details of pac'ages whose sales crossed the -@@@ mar'. 12. <ind out the num.er of copies which should .e sold in order to recover the development cost of each pac'age. 13. !isplay the details of pac'ages for which the development cost has .een recovered. 1*. What is the price of costliest software developed in B"? 1-. )ow many pac'ages were developed in Eracle ? 10. )ow many programmers studied at > 6=6D)+? 15. )ow many programmers paid 1@@@@ to 1-@@@ for the course? 17. What is the average course fee? 1?. !isplay the details of programmers 'nowing ,.
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,/A)C.A)-"
SC%ST
Technical Aptitude Questions 2@. )ow many programmers 'now either , or >ascal? 21. )ow many programmers donFt 'now , and ,88? 22. )ow old is the oldest male programmer? 23. What is the average age of female programmers? 2*. ,alculate the experience in years for each programmer and display along with their names in descending order. 2-. Who are the programmers who cele.rate their .irthdays during the current month? 20. )ow many female programmers are there? 25. What are the languages 'nown .y the male programmers? 27. What is the average salary? 2?. )ow many people draw -@@@ to 5-@@? 3@. !isplay the details of those who donFt 'now ,% ,88 or >ascal. 31. !isplay the costliest pac'age developed .y each programmer. 32. >roduce the following output for all the male programmers >rogrammer #r. 6rvind : has 1- years of experience C>D;: ?# S525CT A/(,SC%ST- F)%& S%FTGA)5 G.5)5 D5/I' A T%)AC25TX 2# S525CT 7'A&5"T)='C,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5"D%*-M?2OA(5O" T)='C,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5"D%E-M?2- O5I75)I5'C5O F)%& 7)%()A&&5)X 1# S525CT 7'A&5 F)%& ST=DI5S G.5)5 C%=)S5 A T7(DCATX C# S525CT &AI,S%2D- F)%& S%FTGA)5X @# S525CT 7'A&5" D%* F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 D%* 2I_5 TWA7) WTX B# S525CT &I',CC%ST- F)%& ST=DI5SX H# S525CT C%='T,;- F)%& ST=DI5S G.5)5 C%=)S5 A TDCATX F# S525CT S=&,SC%ST;S%2D:DC%ST- F)%& S%FTGA)5 ()%=7 *J D5/I' .A/I'( D5/I' A TCTX L# S525CT ; F)%& S%FTGA)5 G.5)5 7'A&5 A T)A_5S.TX ?D# S525CT ; F)%& ST=DI5S G.5)5 S72AC5 A T75'TAF%=)TX ??# S525CT ; F)%& S%FTGA)5 G.5)5 SC%ST;S%2D:DC%ST R @DDDX ?2# S525CT C5I2,DC%STMSC%ST- F)%& S%FTGA)5X ?1# S525CT ; F)%& S%FTGA)5 G.5)5 SC%ST;S%2D RA DC%STX ?C# S525CT &AI,SC%ST- F)%& S%FTGA)5 ()%=7 *J D5/I' .A/I'( D5/I' A T/*TX ?@# S525CT C%='T,;- F)%& S%FTGA)5 G.5)5 D5/I' A T%)AC25TX ?B# S525CT C%='T,;- F)%& ST=DI5S G.5)5 S72AC5 A T7)A(AT.ITX ?H# S525CT C%='T,;- F)%& ST=DI5S G.5)5 CC%ST *5TG55' ?DDDD A'D ?@DDDX ?F# S525CT A/(,CC%ST- F)%& ST=DI5SX ?L# S525CT ; F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 7)%F? A TCT %) 7)%F2 A TCTX
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Technical Aptitude Questions 2D# S525CT ; F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 7)%F? I' ,TCT"T7ASCA2T- %) 7)%F2 I' ,TCT"T7ASCA2T-X 2?# S525CT ; F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 7)%F? '%T I' ,TCT"TC<<T- A'D 7)%F2 '%T I' ,TCT"TC<<T-X 22# S525CT T)='C,&AI,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5"D%*-M?2-- F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 S5I A T&TX 21# S525CT T)='C,A/(,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5"D%*-M?2-- F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 S5I A TFTX 2C# S525CT 7'A&5" T)='C,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5"D%E-M?2F)%& 7)%()A&&5) %)D5) *J 7'A&5 D5SCX 2@# S525CT 7'A&5 F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 T%NC.A),D%*"T&%'TA T%NC.A),SJSDAT5"T&%'T-X 2B# S525CT C%='T,;- F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 S5I A TFTX 2H# S525CT DISTI'CT,7)%F?- F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 S5I A T&TX 2F# S525CT A/(,SA2- F)%& 7)%()A&&5)X 2L# S525CT C%='T,;- F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 SA2 *5TG55' @DDD A'D H@DDX 1D# S525CT ; F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 7)%F? '%T I' ,TCT"TC< <T"T7ASCA2T- A'D 7)%F2 '%T I' ,TCT"TC<<T"T7ASCA2T-X 1?# S525CT 7'A&5"TIT25"SC%ST F)%& S%FTGA)5 G.5)5 SC%ST I' ,S525CT &AI,SC%ST- F)%& S%FTGA)5 ()%=7 *J 7'A&5-X 12#S525CT T&r#T VV 7'A&5 VV T : has T VV T)='C,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5"D%E-M?2- VV T years of e6perienceT [7rogra!!er\ F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 S5I A T&T ='I%' S525CT T&s#T VV 7'A&5 VV T : has T VV T)='C ,&%'T.SN*5TG55' ,SJSDAT5"D%E-M?2VV T years of e6perienceT [7rogra!!er\ F)%& 7)%()A&&5) G.5)5 S5I A TFTX
. SC;0%A /
Da.le 1 : />ET D57T'% ,'%T '=22 " '=&*5),2--" D'A&5 ,/A)C.A)2,?C--" 2%C ,/A)C.A)2,?1Da.le 2 : >0E 5&7'% ,'%T '=22 " '=&*5),C--" 5'A&5 ,/A)C.A)2,?D--" E%* ,/A)C.A)2,L--" &() ,'=&*5),C--" .I)5DAT5 ,DAT5-" SA2 ,'=&*5),H"2--" C%&& ,'=&*5),H"2--" D57T'% ,'=&*5),2-&() is the e!pno of the e!ployee who! the e!ployee reports to# D57T'% is a foreign $ey# QU0# 0S
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1. List all the employees who have at least one person reporting to them. 2. List the employee details if and only if more than 1@ employees are present in department no 1@. 3. List the name of the employees with their immediate higher authority. *. List all the employees who do not manage any one. -. List the employee details whose salary is greater than the lowest salary of an employee .elonging to deptno 2@. 0. List the details of the employee earning more than the highest paid manager. 5. List the highest salary paid for each jo.. 7. <ind the most recently hired employee in each department. ?. +n which year did most people join the company? !isplay the year and the num.er of employees. 1@. Which department has the highest annual remuneration .ill? 11. Write a /uery to display a X9F against the row of the most recently hired employee. 12. Write a correlated su.3/uery to list out the employees who earn more than the average salary of their department. 13. <ind the nth maximum salary. 1*. $elect the duplicate records 2 ecords% which are inserted% that already exist4 in the 1#> ta.le. 1-. Write a /uery to list the length of service of the employees 2of the form n years and m months4. C>D;: ?# S525CT DISTI'CT,A#5'A&5- F)%& 5&7 A" 5&7 * G.5)5 A#5&7'% A *#&()X or S525CT 5'A&5 F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 5&7'% I' ,S525CT &() F)%& 5&7-X 2# S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 D57T'% I' ,S525CT D57T'% F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J D57T'% .A/I'( C%='T,5&7'%-R?D A'D D57T'%A?D-X 1# S525CT A#5'A&5 O5&72%J55O" *#5'A&5 O)57%)TS T%O F)%& 5&7 A" 5&7 * G.5)5 A#&()A*#5&7'%X C# S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 5&7'% I' , S525CT 5&7'% F)%& 5&7 &I'=S S525CT &() F)%& 5&7-X @# S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 SA2 R , S525CT &I',SA2- F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J D57T'% .A/I'( D57T'%A2D-X B# S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 SA2 R , S525CT &AI,SA2- F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J E%* .A/I'( E%* A T&A'A(5)T -X H# S525CT E%*" &AI,SA2- F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J E%*X F# S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 ,D57T'%" .I)5DAT5- I' ,S525CT D57T'%" &AI,.I)5DAT5- F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J D57T'%-X L# S525CT T%NC.A),.I)5DAT5"TJJJJT- OJ5A)O" C%='T,5&7'%- O'%# %F 5&72%J55SO F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J T%NC.A),.I)5DAT5"TJJJJT- .A/I'( C%='T,5&7'%- A ,S525CT &AI,C%='T,5&7'%-- F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J T%NC.A),.I)5DAT5"TJJJJT--X
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Technical Aptitude Questions ?D# S525CT D57T'%" 27AD,S=&,?2;,SA2<'/2,C%&&"D---"?@OC%&75'SATI%'O F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J D57T'% .A/I'( S=&, ?2;,SA2<'/2,C%&&"D--- A ,S525CT &AI,S=&,?2;,SA2<'/2,C%&&"D---- F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J D57T'%-X ??# S525CT 5'A&5" .I)5DAT5" 27AD,T;T"F- O)5C5'T2J .I)5DO F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 .I)5DAT5 A ,S525CT &AI,.I)5DAT5- F)%& 5&7- ='I%' S525CT 5'A&5 'A&5" .I)5DAT5" 27AD,T T"?@- O)5C5'T2J .I)5DO F)%& 5&7 G.5)5 .I)5DAT5 !A ,S525CT &AI,.I)5DAT5- F)%& 5&7-X ?2# S525CT 5'A&5"SA2 F)%& 5&7 5 G.5)5 SA2 R ,S525CT A/(,SA2F)%& 5&7 F G.5)5 5#D57T'% A F#D57T'%-X ?1# S525CT 5'A&5" SA2 F)%& 5&7 A G.5)5 U' A ,S525CT C%='T ,DISTI'CT,SA2-- F)%& 5&7 * G.5)5 A#SA2SA*#SA2-X ?C# S525CT ; F)%& 5&7 A G.5)5 A#5&7'% I' ,S525CT 5&7'% F)%& 5&7 ()%=7 *J 5&7'% .A/I'( C%='T,5&7'%-R?- A'D A#)%GID!A&I' ,)%GID--X ?@# S525CT 5'A&5 O5&72%J55O"T%NC.A),T)='C,&%'T.SN*5TG55',SJSDAT5".I)5DAT5-M? 2--VVT J5A)S TVV T%NC.A),T)='C,&%D,&%'T.SN*5TG55' ,SJSDAT5" .I)5DAT5-"?2---VVT &%'T.S T O25'(T. %F S5)/IC5O F)%& 5&7X
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Computer Networks
Co!puter 'etwor$s
1. What are the two types of transmission technology availa.le? ,i- *roadcast and ,ii- point:to:point 2. What is su.net? A generic ter! for section of a large networ$s usually separated by a bridge or router# 3. !ifference .etween the communication and transmission. Trans!ission is a physical !ove!ent of infor!ation and concern issues li$e bit polarity" synchronisation" cloc$ etc# Co!!unication !eans the !eaning full e6change of infor!ation between two co!!unication !edia# *. What are the possi.le ways of data exchange? ,i- Si!ple6 ,ii- .alf:duple6 ,iii- Full:duple6# -. What is $6>? Series of interface points that allow other co!puters to co!!unicate with the other layers of networ$ protocol stac$# 0. What do you meant .y Ktriple ZK in &etwor's? The function of 7AD ,7ac$et Asse!bler Disasse!bler- is described in a docu!ent $nown as I#1# The standard protocol has been defined between the ter!inal and the 7AD" called I#2FX another standard protocol e6ists between hte 7AD and the networ$" called I#2L# Together" these three reco!!endations are often called Otriple IO 5. What is frame relay% in which layer it comes? Fra!e relay is a pac$et switching technology# It will operate in the data lin$ layer# 7. What is terminal emulation% in which layer it comes? Telnet is also called as ter!inal e!ulation# It belongs to application layer# ?. What is "eaconing? The process that allows a networ$ to self:repair networ$s proble!s# The stations on the networ$ notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the trans!issions# *eaconing is used in To$en ring and FDDI networ$s# ?B1
1@. What is redirector? )edirector is software that intercepts file or prints IM% re0uests and translates the! into networ$ re0uests# This co!es under presentation layer# 11. What is &1D"+E$ and &1D"1Q+? '5T*I%S is a progra!!ing interface that allows IM% re0uests to be sent to and received fro! a re!ote co!puter and it hides the networ$ing hardware fro! applications# '5T*5=I is 'et*I%S e6tended user interface# A transport protocol designed by !icrosoft and I*& for the use on s!all subnets# 12. What is 6+!? A !ethod for providing fault tolerance by using !ultiple hard dis$ drives# 13. What is passive topology? Ghen the co!puters on the networ$ si!ply listen and receive the signal" they are referred to as passive because they don4t a!plify the signal in any way# 56a!ple for passive topology : linear bus# 1*. What is "router? .ybrid devices that co!bine the features of both bridges and routers# 1-. What is cladding? A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber:optic cable# 10. What is point3to3point protocol A co!!unications protocol used to connect co!puters to re!ote networ$ing services including Internet service providers# 15. )ow =ateway is different from outers? A gateway operates at the upper levels of the %SI !odel and translates infor!ation between two co!pletely different networ$ architectures or data for!ats 17. What is attenuation? The degeneration of a signal over distance on a networ$ cable is called attenuation# 1?. What is #6, address? The address for a device as it is identified at the &edia Access Control ,&AClayer in the networ$ architecture# &AC address is usually stored in )%& on the networ$ adapter card and is uni0ue# 2@. !ifference .etween .it rate and .aud rate. *it rate is the nu!ber of bits trans!itted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the nu!ber of signal units per second that are re0uired to represent those bits# .aud rate I .it rate G &
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Technical Aptitude Questions where ' is no:of:bits represented by each signal shift# 21. What is "andwidth? 5very line has an upper li!it and a lower li!it on the fre0uency of signals it can carry# This li!ited range is called the bandwidth# 22. What are the types of Dransmission media? Signals are usually trans!itted over so!e trans!ission !edia that are broadly classified in to two categories# a4 =uided #edia: These are those that provide a conduit fro! one device to another that include twisted:pair" coa6ial cable and fiber:optic cable# A signal traveling along any of these !edia is directed and is contained by the physical li!its of the !ediu!# Twisted: pair and coa6ial cable use !etallic that accept and transport signals in the for! of electrical current# %ptical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the for! of light# .4 Qnguided #edia: This is the wireless !edia that transport electro!agnetic waves without using a physical conductor# Signals are broadcast either through air# This is done through radio co!!unication" satellite co!!unication and cellular telephony# 23. What is >roject 7@2? It is a pro>ect started by I555 to set standards to enable interco!!unication between e0uip!ent fro! a variety of !anufacturers# It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer" the data lin$ layer and to so!e e6tent the networ$ layer to allow for interconnectivity of !a>or 2A' protocols# It consists of the following8 FD2#? is an internetwor$ing standard for co!patibility of different 2A's and &A's across protocols# FD2#2 2ogical lin$ control ,22C- is the upper sublayer of the data lin$ layer which is non:architecture:specific" that is re!ains the sa!e for all I555:defined 2A's# &edia access control ,&AC- is the lower sublayer of the data lin$ layer that contains so!e distinct !odules each carrying proprietary infor!ation specific to the 2A' product being used# The !odules are 5thernet 2A' ,FD2#1-" To$en ring 2A' ,FD2#C-" To$en bus 2A' ,FD2#@-# FD2#B is distributed 0ueue dual bus ,DQD*- designed to be used in &A's# 2*. What is >rotocol !ata Qnit? The data unit in the 22C level is called the protocol data unit ,7D=-# The 7D= contains of four fields a destination service access point ,DSA7-" a source service access point ,SSA7-" a control field and an infor!ation field# DSA7" SSA7 are addresses used by the 22C to identify the protocol stac$s on the receiving and sending !achines that are generating and using the data# The control field specifies whether the 7D= fra!e is a infor!ation fra!e ,I : fra!e- or a supervisory fra!e ,S : fra!e- or a unnu!bered fra!e ,= : fra!e-#
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2-. What are the different type of networ'ing G internetwor'ing devices? epeater: Also called a regenerator" it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer# It receives the signal in the networ$ before it beco!es wea$" regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy bac$ in to the lin$# "ridges: These operate both in the physical and data lin$ layers of 2A's of sa!e type# They divide a larger networ$ in to s!aller seg!ents# They contain logic that allow the! to $eep the traffic for each seg!ent separate and thus are repeaters that relay a fra!e only the side of the seg!ent containing the intended recipent and control congestion# outers: They relay pac$ets a!ong !ultiple interconnected networ$s ,i#e# 2A's of different type-# They operate in the physical" data lin$ and networ$ layers# They contain software that enable the! to deter!ine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular trans!ission# =ateways: They relay pac$ets a!ong networ$s that have different protocols ,e#g# between a 2A' and a GA'-# They accept a pac$et for!atted for one protocol and convert it to a pac$et for!atted for another protocol before forwarding it# They operate in all seven layers of the %SI !odel# 20. What is +,#>? IC&7 is Internet Control &essage 7rotocol" a networ$ layer protocol of the TC7MI7 suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagra! proble!s bac$ to the sender# It uses the echo test M reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding# It also handles both control and error !essages# 25. What are the data units at different layers of the D,> G +> protocol suite? The data unit created at the application layer is called a !essage" at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a seg!ent or an user datagra!" at the networ$ layer the data unit created is called the datagra!" at the data lin$ layer the datagra! is encapsulated in to a fra!e and finally trans!itted as signals along the trans!ission !edia# 27. What is difference .etween 6 > and 6 >? The address resolution protocol ,A)7- is used to associate the 12 bit I7 address with the CF bit physical address" used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its networ$ by sending a A)7 0uery pac$et that includes the I7 address of the receiver# The reverse address resolution protocol ,)A)7- allows a host to discover its Internet address when it $nows only its physical address# 2?. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the D,> segment and +> datagram?
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Technical Aptitude Questions The header should have a !ini!u! length of 2D bytes and can have a !a6i!u! length of BD bytes# 3@. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses? Class A D#D#D#D : ?2H#2@@#2@@#2@@ Class * ?2F#D#D#D : ?L?#2@@#2@@#2@@ Class C ?L2#D#D#D : 221#2@@#2@@#2@@ Class D 22C#D#D#D : 21L#2@@#2@@#2@@ Class 5 2CD#D#D#D : 2CH#2@@#2@@#2@@ 31. What is the difference .etween D<D> and <D> application layer protocols? The Trivial File Transfer 7rotocol ,TFT7- allows a local host to obtain files fro! a re!ote host but does not provide reliability or security# It uses the funda!ental pac$et delivery services offered by =D7# The File Transfer 7rotocol ,FT7- is the standard !echanis! provided by TC7 M I7 for copying a file fro! one host to another# It uses the services offer by TC7 and so is reliable and secure# It establishes two connections ,virtual circuits- between the hosts" one for data transfer and another for control infor!ation# 32. What are major types of networ's and explain? Server:based networ$ 7eer:to:peer networ$ 7eer:to:peer networ$" co!puters can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources# Server:based networ$s provide centrali ed control of networ$ resources and rely on server co!puters to provide security and networ$ ad!inistration 33. What are the important topologies for networ's? "Q$ topology: In this each co!puter is directly connected to pri!ary networ$ cable in a single line# 6dvantages: Ine6pensive" easy to install" si!ple to understand" easy to e6tend# $D6 topology: In this all co!puters are connected using a central hub# 6dvantages: Can be ine6pensive" easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical proble!s# +&= topology: In this all co!puters are connected in loop# 6dvantages: All co!puters have e0ual access to networ$ !edia" installation can be si!ple" and signal does not degrade as !uch as in other topologies because each co!puter regenerates it#
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3*. What is mesh networ'? A networ$ in which there are !ultiple networ$ lin$s between co!puters to provide !ultiple paths for data to travel# 3-. What is difference .etween .ase.and and .road.and transmission? In a baseband trans!ission" the entire bandwidth of the cable is consu!ed by a single signal# In broadband trans!ission" signals are sent on !ultiple fre0uencies" allowing !ultiple signals to be sent si!ultaneously# 30. 1xplain -3*33 rule? In a 5thernet networ$" between any two points on the networ$ "there can be no !ore than five networ$ seg!ents or four repeaters" and of those five seg!ents only three of seg!ents can be populated# 35. What #6Q? In to$en )ing " hub is called &ultistation Access =nit,&A=-# 37. What is the difference .etween routa.le and non3 routa.le protocols? )outable protocols can wor$ with a router and can be used to build large networ$s# 'on:)outable protocols are designed to wor$ on s!all" local networ$s and cannot be used with a router 3?. Why should you care a.out the E$+ eference #odel? It provides a fra!ewor$ for discussing networ$ operations and design# *@. What is logical lin' control? %ne of two sublayers of the data lin$ layer of %SI reference !odel" as defined by the I555 FD2 standard# This sublayer is responsible for !aintaining the lin$ between co!puters when they are sending data across the physical networ$ connection# *1. What is virtual channel? /irtual channel is nor!ally a connection fro! one source to one destination" although !ulticast connections are also per!itted# The other na!e for virtual channel is virtual circuit# *2. What is virtual path? Along any trans!ission path fro! a given source to a given destination" a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path# *3. What is pac'et filter? 7ac$et filter is a standard router e0uipped with so!e e6tra functionality# The e6tra functionality allows every inco!ing or outgoing pac$et to be inspected# 7ac$ets !eeting so!e criterion are forwarded nor!ally# Those that fail the test are dropped# **. What is traffic shaping?
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Technical Aptitude Questions %ne of the !ain causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy# If hosts could be !ade to trans!it at a unifor! rate" congestion would be less co!!on# Another open loop !ethod to help !anage congestion is forcing the pac$et to be trans!itted at a !ore predictable rate# This is called traffic shaping# *-. What is multicast routing? Sending a !essage to a group is called !ulticasting" and its routing algorith! is called !ulticast routing# *0. What is region? Ghen hierarchical routing is used" the routers are divided into what we will call regions" with each router $nowing all the details about how to route pac$ets to destinations within its own region" but $nowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions# *5. What is silly window syndrome? It is a proble! that can ruin TC7 perfor!ance# This proble! occurs when data are passed to the sending TC7 entity in large bloc$s" but an interactive application on the receiving side reads ? byte at a ti!e# *7. What are !igrams and Drigrams? The !ost co!!on two letter co!binations are called as digra!s# e#g# th" in" er" re and an# The !ost co!!on three letter co!binations are called as trigra!s# e#g# the" ing" and" and ion# *?. 1xpand +!16. ID5A stands for International Data 5ncryption Algorith!# -@. What is wide3mouth frog? Gide:!outh frog is the si!plest $nown $ey distribution center ,_DCauthentication protocol# -1. What is #ail =ateway? It is a syste! that perfor!s a protocol translation between different electronic !ail delivery protocols# -2. What is +=> 2+nterior =ateway >rotocol4? It is any routing protocol used within an autono!ous syste!# -3. What is 1=> 21xterior =ateway >rotocol4? It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autono!ous syste!s use to identify the set of networ$s that can be reached within or via each autono!ous syste!# -*. What is autonomous system? It is a collection of routers under the control of a single ad!inistrative authority and that uses a co!!on Interior (ateway 7rotocol#
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--. What is "=> 2"order =ateway >rotocol4? It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networ$s that can be reached with in an autono!ous syste!# *(7 enables this infor!ation to be shared with the autono!ous syste!# This is newer than 5(7 ,56terior (ateway 7rotocol-# -0. What is =ateway3to3=ateway protocol? It is a protocol for!erly used to e6change routing infor!ation between Internet core routers# -5. What is &BD 2&etwor' Birtual Derminal4? It is a set of rules defining a very si!ple virtual ter!inal interaction# The '/T is used in the start of a Telnet session# -7. What is a #ulti3homed )ost? It is a host that has a !ultiple networ$ interfaces and that re0uires !ultiple I7 addresses is called as a &ulti:ho!ed .ost# -?. What is [er.eros? It is an authentication service developed at the &assachusetts Institute of Technology# _erberos uses encryption to prevent intruders fro! discovering passwords and gaining unauthori ed access to files# 0@. What is E$><? It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well" can route traffic along !ultiple paths" and uses $nowledge of an InternetTs topology to !a$e accurate routing decisions# 01. What is >roxy 6 >? It is using a router to answer A)7 re0uests# This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local" when in fact is lies beyond router# 02. What is $L+> 2$erial Line +nterface >rotocol4? It is a very si!ple protocol used for trans!ission of I7 datagra!s across a serial line# 03. What is +> 2 outing +nformation >rotocol4? It is a si!ple protocol used to e6change infor!ation between the routers# 0*. What is source route? It is a se0uence of I7 addresses identifying the route a datagra! !ust follow# A source route !ay optionally be included in an I7 datagra! header#
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Operating Systems
%perating Syste!s
Following are a few basic 0uestions that cover the essentials of %S8 1. 1xplain the concept of eentrancy. It is a useful" !e!ory:saving techni0ue for !ultiprogra!!ed ti!esharing syste!s# A eentrant >rocedure is one in which !ultiple users can share a single copy of a progra! during the sa!e period# )eentrancy has 2 $ey aspects8 The progra! code cannot !odify itself" and the local data for each user process !ust be stored separately# Thus" the per!anent part is the code" and the te!porary part is the pointer bac$ to the calling progra! and local variables used by that progra!# 5ach e6ecution instance is called activation# It e6ecutes the code in the per!anent part" but has its own copy of local variablesMpara!eters# The te!porary part associated with each activation is the activation record# (enerally" the activation record is $ept on the stac$# 'ote8 A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting progra!" and still e6ecute correctly on returning to the procedure# 2. 1xplain "eladyWs 6nomaly. Also called FIF% ano!aly# =sually" on increasing the nu!ber of fra!es allocated to a processT virtual !e!ory" the process e6ecution is faster" because fewer page faults occur# So!eti!es" the reverse happens" i#e#" the e6ecution ti!e increases even when !ore fra!es are allocated to the process# This is *eladyTs Ano!aly# This is true for certain page reference patterns# 3. What is a .inary semaphore? What is its use? A binary se!aphore is one" which ta$es only D and ? as values# They are used to i!ple!ent !utual e6clusion and synchroni e concurrent processes# *. What is thrashing? It is a pheno!enon in virtual !e!ory sche!es when the processor spends !ost of its ti!e swapping pages" rather than e6ecuting instructions# This is due to an inordinate nu!ber of page faults# -. List the ,offmanWs conditions that lead to a deadloc'. &utual 56clusion8 %nly one process !ay use a critical resource at a ti!e# .old U Gait8 A process !ay be allocated so!e resources while waiting for others# 'o 7re:e!ption8 'o resource can be forcible re!oved fro! a process holding it#
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Technical Aptitude Questions Circular Gait8 A closed chain of processes e6ist such that each process holds at least one resource needed by another process in the chain# 0. What are short3% long3 and medium3term scheduling? 2ong ter! scheduler deter!ines which progra!s are ad!itted to the syste! for processing# It controls the degree of multiprogramming# %nce ad!itted" a >ob beco!es a process# &ediu! ter! scheduling is part of the swapping function# This relates to processes that are in a bloc$ed or suspended state# They are swapped out of real:!e!ory until they are ready to e6ecute# The swapping:in decision is based on !e!ory: !anage!ent criteria# Short ter! scheduler" also $now as a dispatcher e6ecutes !ost fre0uently" and !a$es the finest:grained decision of which process should e6ecute ne6t# This scheduler is invo$ed whenever an event occurs# It !ay lead to interruption of one process by pree!ption# 5. What are turnaround time and response time? Turnaround ti!e is the interval between the sub!ission of a >ob and its co!pletion# )esponse ti!e is the interval between sub!ission of a re0uest" and the first response to that re0uest# 7. What are the typical elements of a process image? =ser data8 &odifiable part of user space# &ay include progra! data" user stac$ area" and progra!s that !ay be !odified# =ser progra!8 The instructions to be e6ecuted# Syste! Stac$8 5ach process has one or !ore 2IF% stac$s associated with it# =sed to store para!eters and calling addresses for procedure and syste! calls# 7rocess control *loc$ ,7C*-8 Info needed by the %S to control processes# ?. What is the Dranslation Loo'aside "uffer 2DL"4? In a cached syste!" the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is !aintained in registers called the T2* that aids in faster loo$up# T2* contains those page:table entries that have been !ost recently used# 'or!ally" each virtual !e!ory reference causes 2 physical !e!ory accesses:: one to fetch appropriate page:table entry" and one to fetch the desired data# =sing T2* in:between" this is reduced to >ust one physical !e!ory access in cases of T2*:hit# 1@. What is the resident set and wor'ing set of a process? )esident set is that portion of the process i!age that is actually in real:!e!ory at a particular instant# Gor$ing set is that subset of resident set that is actually needed for e6ecution# ,)elate this to the variable:window si e !ethod for swapping techni0ues#11. When is a system in safe state?
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Technical Aptitude Questions The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there e6ists at least one te!poral order in which all processes can be run to co!pletion without resulting in a deadloc$# 12. What is cycle stealing? Ge encounter cycle stealing in the conte6t of Direct &e!ory Access ,D&A-# 5ither the D&A controller can use the data bus when the C7= does not need it" or it !ay force the C7= to te!porarily suspend operation# The latter techni0ue is called cycle stealing# 'ote that cycle stealing can be done only at specific brea$ points in an instruction cycle# 13. What is meant .y arm3stic'iness? If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one trac$ of a storage dis$" then they !ay !onopoli e the device by repeated re0uests to that trac$# This generally happens with !ost co!!on device scheduling algorith!s ,2IF%" SSTF" C: SCA'" etc-# .igh:density !ultisurface dis$s are !ore li$ely to be affected by this than low density ones# 1*. What are the stipulations of ,2 level security? C2 level security provides for8 Discretionary Access Control Identification and Authentication Auditing )esource reuse 1-. What is .usy waiting? The repeated e6ecution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is called busy:waiting# The C7= is not engaged in any real productive activity during this period" and the process does not progress toward co!pletion# 10. 1xplain the popular multiprocessor thread3scheduling strategies. Load $haring: 7rocesses are not assigned to a particular processor# A global 0ueue of threads is !aintained# 5ach processor" when idle" selects a thread fro! this 0ueue# 'ote that load .alancing refers to a sche!e where wor$ is allocated to processors on a !ore per!anent basis# =ang $cheduling: A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the sa!e ti!e" on a ?:to:? basis# Closely related threads M processes !ay be scheduled this way to reduce synchroni ation bloc$ing" and !ini!i e process switching# (roup scheduling predated this strategy# !edicated processor assignment: 7rovides i!plicit scheduling defined by assign!ent of threads to processors# For the duration of progra! e6ecution" each progra! is allocated a set of processors e0ual in nu!ber to the nu!ber of threads in the progra!# 7rocessors are chosen fro! the available pool# !ynamic scheduling: The nu!ber of thread in a progra! can be altered during the course of e6ecution#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 15. When does the condition WrendeCvousW arise? In !essage passing" it is the condition in which" both" the sender and receiver are bloc$ed until the !essage is delivered# 17. What is a trap and trapdoor? Trapdoor is a secret undocu!ented entry point into a progra! used to grant access without nor!al !ethods of access authentication# A trap is a software interrupt" usually the result of an error condition# 1?. What are local and glo.al page replacements? 2ocal replace!ent !eans that an inco!ing page is brought in only to the relevant processT address space# (lobal replace!ent policy allows any page fra!e fro! any process to be replaced# The latter is applicable to variable partitions !odel only# 2@. !efine latency% transfer and see' time with respect to dis' +GE. See$ ti!e is the ti!e re0uired to !ove the dis$ ar! to the re0uired trac$# )otational delay or latency is the ti!e it ta$es for the beginning of the re0uired sector to reach the head# Su! of see$ ti!e ,if any- and latency is the access ti!e# Ti!e ta$en to actually transfer a span of data is transfer ti!e# 21. !escri.e the "uddy system of memory allocation. Free !e!ory is !aintained in lin$ed lists" each of e0ual si ed bloc$s# Any such bloc$ is of si e 29$# Ghen so!e !e!ory is re0uired by a process" the bloc$ si e of ne6t higher order is chosen" and bro$en into two# 'ote that the two such pieces differ in address only in their $th bit# Such pieces are called buddies# Ghen any used bloc$ is freed" the %S chec$s to see if its buddy is also free# If so" it is re>oined" and put into the original free:bloc$ lin$ed:list# 22. What is time3stamping? It is a techni0ue proposed by 2a!port" used to order events in a distributed syste! without the use of cloc$s# This sche!e is intended to order events consisting of the trans!ission of !essages# 5ach syste! TiT in the networ$ !aintains a counter Ci# 5very ti!e a syste! trans!its a !essage" it incre!ents its counter by ? and attaches the ti!e:sta!p Ti to the !essage# Ghen a !essage is received" the receiving syste! T>T sets its counter C> to ? !ore than the !a6i!u! of its current value and the inco!ing ti!e: sta!p Ti# At each site" the ordering of !essages is deter!ined by the following rules8 For !essages 6 fro! site i and y fro! site >" 6 precedes y if one of the following conditions holds####,a- if TiST> or ,b- if TiAT> and iS># 23. )ow are the waitGsignal operations for monitor different from those for semaphores? If a process in a !onitor signal and no tas$ is waiting on the condition variable" the signal is lost# So this allows easier progra! design# Ghereas in se!aphores" every operation affects the value of the se!aphore" so the wait and signal operations should be perfectly balanced in the progra!#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 2*. +n the context of memory management% what are placement and replacement algorithms? 7lace!ent algorith!s deter!ine where in available real:!e!ory to load a progra!# Co!!on !ethods are first:fit" ne6t:fit" best:fit# )eplace!ent algorith!s are used when !e!ory is full" and one process ,or part of a process- needs to be swapped out to acco!!odate a new progra!# The replace!ent algorith! deter!ines which are the partitions to be swapped out# 2-. +n loading programs into memory% what is the difference .etween load3time dynamic lin'ing and run3time dynamic lin'ing? For load:ti!e dyna!ic lin$ing8 2oad !odule to be loaded is read into !e!ory# Any reference to a target e6ternal !odule causes that !odule to be loaded and the references are updated to a relative address fro! the start base address of the application !odule# Gith run:ti!e dyna!ic loading8 So!e of the lin$ing is postponed until actual reference during e6ecution# Then the correct !odule is loaded and lin$ed# 20. What are demand3 and pre3paging? Gith de!and paging" a page is brought into !e!ory only when a location on that page is actually referenced during e6ecution# Gith pre:paging" pages other than the one de!anded by a page fault are brought in# The selection of such pages is done based on co!!on access patterns" especially for secondary !e!ory devices# 25. >aging a memory management function% while multiprogramming a processor management function% are the two interdependent? Jes# 27. What is page canni.aliCing? 7age swapping or page replace!ents are called page cannibali ing# 2?. What has triggered the need for multitas'ing in >,s? Increased speed and !e!ory capacity of !icroprocessors together with the support fir virtual !e!ory and (rowth of client server co!puting 3@. What are the four layers that Windows &D have in order to achieve independence? .ardware abstraction layer _ernel Subsyste!s Syste! Services# 31. What is $#>? To achieve !a6i!u! efficiency and reliability a !ode of operation $nown as sy!!etric !ultiprocessing is used# In essence" with S&7 any process or threads can be assigned to any processor#
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Technical Aptitude Questions 32. What are the 'ey o.ject oriented concepts used .y Windows &D? 5ncapsulation %b>ect class and instance 33. +s Windows &D a full .lown o.ject oriented operating system? =ive reasons. 'o Gindows 'T is not so" because its not i!ple!ented in ob>ect oriented language and the data structures reside within one e6ecutive co!ponent and are not represented as ob>ects and it does not support ob>ect oriented capabilities # 3*. What is a draw.ac' of #BD? It does not have the features li$e ability to support !ultiple processors virtual storage source level debugging 3-. What is process spawning? Ghen the %S at the e6plicit re0uest of another process creates a process" this action is called process spawning# 30. )ow many jo.s can .e run concurrently on #BD? ?@ >obs 35. List out some reasons for process termination. 'or!al co!pletion Ti!e li!it e6ceeded &e!ory unavailable *ounds violation 7rotection error Arith!etic error Ti!e overrun IM% failure Invalid instruction 7rivileged instruction Data !isuse %perator or %S intervention 7arent ter!ination# 37. What are the reasons for process suspension? swapping interactive user re0uest ti!ing parent process re0uest 3?. What is process migration? It is the transfer of sufficient a!ount of the state of process fro! one !achine to ?HB
Technical Aptitude Questions the target !achine *@. What is mutant? In Gindows 'T a !utant provides $ernel !ode or user !ode !utual e6clusion with the notion of ownership# *1. What is an idle thread? The special thread a dispatcher will e6ecute when no ready thread is found# *2. What is <t!is'? It is a fault tolerance dis$ driver for Gindows 'T# *3. Ghat are the possible threads a thread can have` )eady Standby )unning Gaiting Transition Ter!inated# **. What are rings in Windows &D? Gindows 'T uses protection !echanis! called rings provides by the process to i!ple!ent separation between the user !ode and $ernel !ode# *-. What is 1xecutive in Windows &D? In Gindows 'T" e6ecutive refers to the operating syste! code that runs in $ernel !ode# *0. What are the su.3components of +GE manager in Windows &D? 'etwor$ redirectorM Server Cache !anager# File syste!s 'etwor$ driver Device driver *5. What are !!'s? &ame an operating system that includes this feature. DD$s are device driver $its" which are e0uivalent to SD_s for writing device drivers# Gindows 'T includes DD$s# *7. What level of security does Windows &D meets? C2 level security#
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