DWDM (DENSEWAVELENGTHDIVISION MULTIPLEXING) )

Presentedby: UsmanTariq MPPLTransmission

MULTIPLEXING
Frequency F Division Di i i Time Ti Di Division ii

Multiplexing
t t4 Time t3 User1 User2 User3 t2 t1 User4 f Freque ency

Multiplexing

User1

User2

User3

User4

User1

f1

f2

f3

f4

t1

t2

Frequency

t3 t4 Time

WHITELIGHT

WDM(WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing)
Multipleopticalsignalsmultiplexedonasinglefibercableby

using i different diff wavelengths l h (s) )

susedin1550nm 550 ba band, d,200GHz 00G c channel a e spacing spac gbet between ee

adjacents(1.6nmspacingbetweens).

WDM(WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing)
WDMexhaustedintermsof

capacityduetoincreasing demandsindata/voicetraffic.
NewSolutionsdesigned g inorder

toaddresscapacityissues.

WHATISDWDM?
DenseWavelengthDivisionMultiplexing, ultiplexing thenextstage

ofWDMischaracterizedbynarrowerchannelspacing thanCoarseWDM (CWDM)

ChannelSpacing<200GHzinadjacents(within1550nm

) band).
0.8nmspacingbetweenadjacents. HighcapacitythanWDMalongwithmuchbetter

performanceonopticallevel.

WHYDWDMbutnotCWDM?
CoarseWavelengthDivisionMultiplexing:
Usessintherange1270nm 1610nm(with20nmchannelspacing), Mostofthesinthisrangesufferhighattenuation/lossesonoptical

fibers.

DenseWavelengthDivisionMultiplexing:
UsessintheCBand(1530nm 1565nm)orintheLBand(1565nm

1625nm)at0.8nm 0 8nmchannelspacing
Deliveringmorethantwicethecapacity,comparedtoCWDM.

WHYDWDMbutnotCWDM?

WHYDWDMbutnotCWDM?
Erbium bi Doped dFiber ib Amplifiers lifi (EDFA)could ldnot tbe b used d

inCWDM.
Hence,DWDMwaspreferredoverCWDMforLong

DistanceOpticalFibercommunications.

TRANSMISSIONWINDOWS
Optical O i lfib fibersarenotsuitable i bl for f transmission i i

atallwavelengthsbutonlyincertain Transmission Transmissionwindows windows.

Rangesofwavelengthsatwhichanoptical

fiberdeliversbestQoS(QualityofService).

TRANSMISSIONWINDOWS
Three Th standard t d dTransmission T i i windows. i d Transmissionwindowswitheachwindowcenteredon

typicaloperating:
Window 800nm 900nm 1260 6 nm 1360 6 nm 1500 nm 1600nm

OperatingWavelength 850nm 1310nm 1550nm

TRANSMISSIONWINDOWS

TRANSMISSIONWINDOWS
ITUTGrid: G id

Usedtodenoteallowedcentralfrequenciesthat

maybeusedforDWDMapplications applications.(ITUT RecommendationG.694.1)

Relativecentralfrequency=193.1THz

TRANSMISSIONWINDOWS
ITUTW Wavelength l hPlan: Pl
Band Description WavelengthRange

OBand EBand SBand CBand LBand UBand

Original Extended Short Conventional Long Ultra longWavelengths

1260to1360nm 1360to1460nm 1460to1530nm 1530to 1565nm 1565to 1625nm 1625to1675nm

TRANSMISSIONWINDOWS

GENERALARCHITECTUREOFDWDMSYSTEM

Client#1

Client#1

Filte er/DEMUX

Client#2

Filter/MU UX

Client#2

Clientn

Clientn

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY
Filter: Filt ADevice D i that th ttransmits t it selective l ti diff different t

wavelengthsoflight.(selectivecolorsarepassedwhile othersareblocked)
LongPassFilters ShortPassFilters BandPassFilters

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY Long PassFilters:

Blocksshorters &transmits(passes)longers. Usuallypossesasharpslope(Instantblockingofsoutofrange) Usedforultraviolet,visible,orinfraredregionapplications.

Transmission(%)

Wavelength(nm)

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY Short PassFilters:

Blockslongers &transmits(passes)shorters. Usedforultravioletandvisibleregionapplications.

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY Band PassFilters:

micrometers).

Transmitacertainwavelengthband,andblockothers(nanometers AremadebycombiningLPandSPfilters.

Transmission(%)

Wavelength l h(nm) ( ) (a)

Wavelength l h(nm) ( ) (b)

Wavelength l h(nm) ( ) (c)

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY
Transponder T d :Bidirectional Bidi ti lnetwork t kinterface, i t f between b t a

clientinterfaceandalineinterface.
Performs3Rprocessontheincomingclientsignal

(VendorSpecific)
Grey(SDH/SONET)toColoredInterfaceMappingandvice

versa. versa
GBEtoColoredInterfaceMappingandviceversa. versa

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY Amplifiers andRegeneration:AmplifiersandRegenerators

amplify lif the h signal i lpower.However, H b both harediff differentprocesses:
Amplifier Increasestheopticalpowerofsignal Regenerator Newsignalisgenerated

Itisanallopticalprocessi.e.opticalsignal ItisanOpticalElectricalOpticalprocess isnotconvertedtoelectrical commonlycalledas3Rprocess: 1)ReAmplificationOptical 2)ReshapingElectrical 3)Retiming Electrical Multiplexedsignalscanbeamplified Operatesonsinglechannelofdata together Noupgrades pg required q withfrequency q y High g frequency q yupgrades pg requires q upgrade regeneratorupgrades

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY
AMPLIFICATION REGENERATION

Amplifier

Attenuated Optical Signal

Amplified Optical Signal

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY
T Types of fOptical O ti lA Amplifiers: lifi
EDFA(ErbiumDopedFiberAmplifiers) RamanAmplifiers

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY
Erbium E bi D Doped dFib FiberA Amplifiers: lifi
useanopticalfiber doped withtherareelementErbium,along

withahighpowerlaserasagainmediumtoamplifyoptical signals. l
AttenuatedSignalfedintodopedfiberalongwithhighpower

externalpumplaserofdifferentwavelength.
Pump P laser l excites i Erbium E bi atomstohigh hi henergylevels. l l ExcitedErbiumatomsg giveup psomeenergy gytolowerenergy gy

informationsignal.

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY
AMPLIFICATIONINANEDFA

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY RAMAN Amplifiers:

Utilizethemaintransmissionfiberforsignalamplification. WorksontheprincipleofStimulatedRamanScattering(SRS), (SRS) anenergy

scatteringprocessinherenttotheopticalfiber.
Transferofpowerfromahighfrequencypumpsignal(lower)tolower

frequencyinformationsignal(higher),duetoinelasticcollisionsinthe fibermedium.

HighEnergypumplasertravelsinadirectionoppositetothetrafficsignal.

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY Occurs attheendofanopticalspan.(attheRxendofgenerally

l longer spansthan h usual, l >120km) 120k )

Transmit i Si Signal l
PUMP

Coupler p

ReceiveSignal

TransmissionFiber

PUMP LASER

OPTICALHARDWARE& FUNCTIONALITY Dispersion CompensationModules:areusedtoovercomethe

effectsontheinformationsignalduetodispersion (Chromatic/PMD)occurringwithintheopticalfiber.

LargespoolofDispersionShiftedFiber Information I f ti signal i lis i coupled l dinto i t the th DSF, DSF followed f ll db byasignal i l

amplification.

TransmissionFiber
InformationSignal Signalwith chromaticdispersion

DispersionShiftedFiber
RecoveredSignal

DEFECTSINDWDMTRANSMISSION
ATTENUATION:
powerloss/reductioninsignalpoweroccurringwithinanOpticalFiber. AffectsSystemperformancealongwithsystemcapacity/efficiency. ExistsmoreinMultimodefibers,comparedtosinglemodefibers. Canalsoexistasaresultofphysicaldamagetofibertransmissionmedia. Rectification:isdonebyusingAmplifiers,alongwithregularmaintenance

oftransmissionmedia.

DEFECTSINDWDMTRANSMISSION
ATTENUATION IN AN OPTICAL FIBER

DEFECTSINDWDMTRANSMISSION
CHROMATICDISPERSION:
phenomenonofdifferentwavelengthstravellingatdifferent

velocitiesinsidethefiber,arrivingatdifferenttimesatthe Receiver. Receiver

Resultsinthespreadingofsignalpulse,sinceeach behaves

differentlyinsideglassfibers fibers.
SpreadingofpulsesleadstoISI (intersymbolinterference),where

bits(1s bit (1 and d0s) 0 )aremoredifficult diffi ltto t distinguish di ti i hfrom f each hother th at t Receiverend.
CanberectifiedbyusingDCM

DEFECTSINDWDMTRANSMISSION
CHROMATIC DISPERSION

DEFECTSINDWDMTRANSMISSION
POLARIZATIONMODEDISPERSION:

Broadeningofapulseduetothetimedelay(in picoseconds)ofoneofthetwopulsecomponents ofanEMWave. Innormalopticalfibertransmission,thepulse componentsareperpendiculartoeachother. FiberIrregularitiescauseobstaclesinthepathof eitherofpulsecomponent,therebycausingdelay intransmission transmission.Hence Hence,pulsespreadingtakes place. CanbeRectifiedbyusingPMDC

DEFECTSINDWDMTRANSMISSION
PolarizationModeDispersion

DESIGNINGOFLONGHAUL NETWORKS
PrerequisitesfordesigninganOpticalNetwork:
1. Attenuationandpowerbudget

OutputandInputofTransponders, Insertionlossofpassivecomponents Fiberattenuation Amplifier(EDFA&Raman)inputrange/gain/output

2. OSNRcalculation

Calc lationToolandTranspondersReceiving Calculation Recei ingTolerance

3. DispersionLosses

ChromaticDispersion/Polarization Dispersion/Polari ationModeDispersion

DESIGNINGOFLONGHAUL NETWORKS
P requisites Pre i it for f designing d i i anOptical O ti lNetwork N t k(continued): ( ti d)
4. Nonlinearity

Choiceoftranspondertype Lowdowninputpowertofiber Widenchannelspacing UsingaREG(Regenerator)station

DESIGNINGOFLONGHAUL NETWORKS
Pl Planning/Implementation i /I l t ti of fDWDMNetworks: N t k
1. SystemCapacity:

Initial/FinalRequiredcapacity. Maximumcapacityachievableinfuturewithouttrafficloss.

2. ServiceRequirement:

Dependsuponnetworkcapacity. Dependsuponnatureofservicestobeutilizedonthenetwork. network

3. FiberType:

G 652 G G.652, G.653 653(DSF) (DSF),G G.655 655(NZDSF)

DESIGNINGOFLONGHAUL NETWORKS
Planning/ImplementationofDWDMNetworks(continued):
4. FiberLength(ForEachSpanalongwithattenuation

principle)

Sitelocations/Sitemaps Fixed/Variableattenuatorsarechosenbaseduponspanlength,fibernature&Fiber losses. losses

5. SiteType(OLA/OADM):

Networkusagebyaparticularuserpopulation

6. OtherRequirements

Geographicalsecurityclearances(incaseoftribalareas) Vendor/Operatoravailability.

DESIGNINGOFLONGHAUL NETWORKS
COMISSIONINGOFDWDMNETWORKS: NETWORKS
istheconfiguration/setupofnodesw.r.tnetwork

architecture/setup.
DifferentforTSites,OADM&OLAsites. Propercheckshouldbedoneaftercommissioning. Recommissioningincaseofanyarchitecturalchangesinnetwork.

DESIGNINGOFLONGHAUL NETWORKS
OPTIMIZATIONOFDWDMNETWORKS:

PoweradjustmentschemeforDWDMnetworks. SignalpowerlevelsofBoosterAmplifiersaresubjecttodeterioratefromthe originalsetup. Requiredonquarterlybasis. Ensuressmoothnetworkoperation, operation withgoodsignalquality. quality Ensuresabettersystemperformancewithgoodefficiencyandanoverallbetter systemlife. life

DWDM&SDH
INTERCONNECTIVITYbetween b t SDH&DWDM: DWDM
DWDMTransponderInterface,whichacceptsdifferentdata

rates/streams t /t and dperforms f Client Cli t Li Line conversion. i

SomeSDHinterfacesmayskiptransponderplatform&directlybe

interconnectedtoDWDMFilter/MUX(dependinguponvendor specifictechnology)

DWDM&SDH
SDH

DWDM

SeparateInterfaceforeachdata rate. MultiplexingStages. NeedsmoreReg generation. WorksspecificallyonTDMData.

SingleInterfacecarryingmultiple dataratesonmedia. OnlyOneMultiplexerperline direction. LessReGenerationrequireddue tohighpoweramplification. Caninterconnectmultipledifferent datastreams(SDH/SONET/GBE etc)viaitsTransponderinterface& transportoverlongdistances efficiently ffi i tl

THANKYOU