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153
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
CHNG 05
NGCKHNGNGB3PHA
5.1.TNG QUAN V T TRNG TRONG MACH T CUA NG C IN :
Mch t ca ng c cm ng hay ng c khng ng b 3 pha gm hai thnh phn:
Stator : phn ng yn khng quay.
Rotor: phn quay ca ng c.
Khi cho dng in qua cc b dy qun trn stator to thnh h thng ng sc t trng
hay t thng trong mch t. H thng ng sc t trng tha cc qui lut sau dy:
ng sc t trng lun c hng v khp kn trn mch t .
ng sc t i theo ng ngn nht c t tr nh nht v tp trung mnh nht
trong vt liu dn t.
Mt h thng ng sc t khp kn c gi l mi ng sc.
S mi ng sc bng vi s cc t hnh thnh trong ng c
S cc t ca ng
c (k hiu l 2p), lun lun
l s chn. Cc cc t i
tnh lun lun xp lin tip
xen k nhau trong khng
gian ca rotor v stator.
Trong hnh 5.1 trnh by
phn b ng sc t
trng dng tng qut.trn
mch t ca ng cvi
cc trng hp 2p =2 cc
v 2p =4 cc.
8006 606 T0
T0
Th0h
T0
Th0h
8TkT0
8TkT0
ROTOR ROTOR
606 T0 8k6
606 T0 hkM M0 hhh Zp = Z M0 hhh Zp = 4
8k6
8k6
hkM hkM
HNH 5.1: Phn b ng sc t trng trong mch t
8TkT0
kY 0kh 8TkT0 606 T0 8k6
606 T0 hkM
T0 Th0h
T0h Thh hhh h06
HNH 5.2: Phn b ng sc t trng trong mch t startor ng c 2p =2 cc.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
154
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Trong hnh 5.2, ta c th hnh dung r rng hn dng ng sc t trng (hay t thng)
qua mch t ca mch t ng c c 2p =2. T thng to ra trong mch t l do cc cun dy
qun trn stator khi cho dng in i qua. Quan st h thng ng sc hnh thnh trn mch t
ta rt ra cc nhn xt nh sau:
Ti mt cc t c ng sc i hng ra l mt cc t Bc
Ti mt cc t c ng sc i hng vo l mt cc t Nam.
ng sc t trng tp trung mnh nht ngay gia mt cc t.
ng thng ni lin tm ca cc mt cc t (trong kt cu 2p =2) gi l trc cc t.
ng thng vung gc vi trc cc t gi l ng trung tnh hnh hc.
5.1.1.PHN B T TRNG TRONG KHNG GIAN :
Mun hiu r phn b t thng trong khang khe h khng kh gia rotor v stator, ta
c th khai trin kt cu trong hnh 5.2 t dng khng gian a v dng khai trin trong mt phng
xem hnh 5.3. Theo in t hc, ti nhng v tr no ng sc tp trung dy c, mt
ng sc t trng phn b tng cao, t cm B c gi tr cao. Ngc li ti cc v tr no
NG SC T TRNG PHN B THA THT, t cm B c gi tr thp. Tng t, ti cc v tr
khng c ng sc t i qua, t cm c gi tr l B = 0 .
Tuy nhin phn bit tnh cht ca cc cc t Bc v Nam trn kt cu mch t, ta c
th qui c nh sau :
Ti cc Bc qui c gi tr B > 0 .
Ti cc Nam qui c gi tr B < 0.
HNH 5.3: Phn b t trngmt cp cc t theo v tr khng gian, dng khai trin trn mt phng.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
155
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Trong hnh 5.3, trnh by th (hay ng biu din) m t gi tr tc thi ca t cm B
ti tng v tr khng gian trn mt cp cc t. Ty thuc vo s phn b ca h thng ng sc,
gi tr B thay i theo tng v tr.
Trong thit k my
in, ngi ta thng tnh
tan rng ca mi bc
cc theo khang h khng
kh gia rotor v stator c
c phn b t thng (hay
t cm) theo dng sin trong
khng gian. Biu thc m t,
phn b t cm theo dng sin
trong khng gian c trnh
by theo quan h (5.1) vi v
tr trc ta chun v phn
b t cm dng sin trnh by
theo hnh 5.4 .
m
.x
8 8 .ros
| |
t
=
|
t
\ .
(5.1)
Trong :
B
m
: bin cc i ca t cm B.
t : bc cc t, hay khang m rng ca mt cc t (tng ng phm vi gc in
180
o
theo v tr khng gian)
x : l ta ca v tr kho st trong khng gian.
5.1.2. T TRNG P MCH :
Theo ni dung phn tch trong mc 5.1.1,ta ch cc trng hp sau:
Khi cp dng mt chiu vo dy qun stator, phn b t cm ti khe h khng kh
(gia rotor v stator ) c dng sin trong v tr khng gian tng ng vi ln ca gi tr dng
in c cp vqo dy qun. iu cn nh l: phn b t cm trong khng gian khng ph
thuc bin s thi gian t m ch ph thuc vo bin s v tr x.
Khi cp dng in xoay chiu hnh sin vo dy qun stator, gi tr dng tc thi hnh
sin thay i theo tng thi im kho st (bin dng in bin thin theo bin s thi gian).
Phn b t cm trong khng gian c bin thay i theo tng thi im kho st, nhng
vn phi m bo qui tc phn b sin theo v tr khng gian. Gi s , biu thc tc thi ca
dng in c dng sau :
( ) ( )
m
I I I .sIn I = e (5.2)
V bin ca t cm B cng nh t thng u t l thun vi dng in i, nn bin B
m
trong (5.1) thay i theo thi gian t (ph thuc tng thi im kho st) . Chng ta c th vit
li biu thc phn b t cm B theo v tr v theo tng thi im kho st nh trong (5.3).
( ) ( )
m
.x
8 I,x 8 .sIn I .ros
| |
t
= e
|
t
\ .
(5.3)
Tm li khi cp dng hnh sin vo dy qun stator, t trng nhn c ti khe h khng
kh l hm theo hai bin s x (v tr khng gian) v t (bin s thi gian) . Ni cch khc, phn b t
cm ti khe h khng kh c dng sin trong khng gian v bin bin thin theo qui lut sin i
vi thi gian . T trng phn b theo qui lut trn c gi l t trng p mch.
B
x
Bm
khoang mo rong moI rur Iu
t
x
m
.x
8 8 . ros
| | t
=
|
t
\ .
HNH 5.4: Phn b t cm dng sin trong khng gian
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
hiu r hn tnh cht v ngha hnh hc ca t trng p mch, chng ta kho st
hnh 5.5, trong ta ln lt thay i cc thng s ca quan h (5.3) theo tng thi im ; v v
dng phn b ca t cm B theo v tr khng gian (theo bin x). Cc thi im kho st c
chn trc v tnh tan nh sau y :
Khi I e = 0 ,
( )
m
.
8 8 .sIn .ros
| |
t
= =
|
t
\ .
0
0 0 (ng 1 hnh 5.5)
Khi I
t
e =
6
,
m
m
8
.x .x
8 8 .sIn .ros .ros
| |
| | | | | |
t t t
= = |
| | |
|
t t
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
6 2
(ng 2 hnh 5.5).
Khi I
t
e =
4
,
m
m
8
.x .x
8 8 .sIn .ros .ros
| |
| | | | | |
t t t
= = |
| | |
|
t t
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
4
2
(ng 3 hnh 5.5).
Khi I
t
e =
3
,
m
m
8
.x .x
8 8 .sIn .ros .ros
| |
| | | | | |
t t t
|
= =
| | |
| t t
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
3
3 2
(ng 4 hnh 5.5).
Khi I
t
e =
2
,
m m
.x .x
8 8 .sIn .ros 8 .ros
| | | | | |
t t t
= =
| | |
t t
\ . \ . \ .
2
(ng 5 hnh 5.5).
Khi I e = t ,
( )
m
.x
8 8 .sIn .ros
| |
t
= t =
|
t
\ .
0 (ng 1 hnh 5.5).
Khi I
t
e =
3
2
,
m m
.x .x
8 8 .sIn .ros 8 .ros
| | | | | |
t t t
= =
| | |
t t
\ . \ . \ .
3
2
(ng 6 hnh 3.5).
0 0.52 1.04 1.56 2.08 2.6 3.12 3.64 4.16 4.68 5.2 5.72 6.24 6.76
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
VI TRI X
T
U
C
A
M
B
HNH 5.5: Cc ng biu din bin t cm B (phn b t trng) theo v tr khng gian, khi thi
gian thay i. (Hnh v m t bin i ca phn b t cm khi thi gian et bin i )
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Khi kho st ng biu din phn b t trng trong khng gian ti nhiu thi im lin
tip, chng ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
Ti cc v tr khng gian c t trng t bin cc i, khi thi gian bin i bin
ca cc v tr ny lc no cng cc i .
Tng t, ti cc v tr khng gian t trng t bin trit tiu, khi thi gian bin
i bin cc v tr ny lc no cng trit tiu.
Nh vy, t trng p mch c xem tng ng vi hin tng sng dng
ca tng hp sng c hc hay giao thoa sng c.
Cc v tr khng gian tng ng vi bin t cm B = 0, tng ng nt dao ng
ca sng dng, cc v tr ny c gi l trung tnh ca cc t.
Cc v tr khng gian tng ng vi bin t cm t cc i, tng ng bng dao
ng ca sng dng, cc v tr ny ang ngay chnh tm cc mt cc cc t ca ng c.
Tm li, trn stator ng c, khi cho dng in xoay chiu i qua dy qun s hnh
thnh t trng p mch trong khang h khng kh gia rotor v stator.
5.2.CU TAO CUA NG C KHNG NG B (NG C CAM NG) :
ng c khng ng b (hay cm ng) gm c hai thnh phn chnh:
STATOR: phn ng
yn ca ng c, c to thnh
t nhiu l thp k thut in
ghp li thnh hnh tr vnh khn.
Cc l thp to thnh stator,
c dp cc rnh phn b u
theo vng trn trong ca stator.
Trong cc rnh ngi ta lt cch
in trc khi lp t cc b dy
qun vo rnh stator. Trong hnh
5.6 trnh by kt cu li thp
stator ng c 3 pha cng sut
ln ang c lm v sinh rnh
trc khi b tr dy qun .
Hnh 5.7 trnh by mt mu stator ang c qun dy
v hnh 5.8 trnh by b dy qun han chnh. Vi ng c
khng ng b 3 pha, trn stator b tr 3 b dy qun c
lp nhau tun theo mt s qui lut nh trc hnh thnh
t trng quay trn ti khe h khng kh stator v rotor.
ROTOR: l phn quay ca ng c. Vi ng c
cm ng, rotor thng c ch to theo mt trong hai
dng: rotor lng sc (hnh 5.9 v 5.10) v rotor dy qun
(hnh 5.11 v 5.12). Vi yu cu vn hnh bnh thng,
ng c thng c dng rotor lng sc, trong trng hp
cn iu chnh thay i tc ng c ta mi ng c
rotor dy qun. Rotor lng sc gm cc thanh ng hay
nhm, c c xuyn qua cc rnh ca rotor, cc thanh
ny c hn ni tt bi hai vnh ngn mch hai u
rotor.
HNH 5.6: li thp stator ng c cm ng 3 pha( cng sut ln )
HNH 5.7: Dy qun stator
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
HNH 5.8: Dy qun stator sau khi qun han chnh.
HNH 5.9: Rotor lng sc.
Trn cc vnh ngn mch ngi ta
thng c thm cc cnh khuy
trn gi , gii nhit cho ng c trong
qu trnh vn hnh. Ngai ra chng ta
c th li dng cc cnh khuy ny
thm cc i trng cn bng ng
cho rotor trong qu trnh quay.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
159
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
HNH 5.10: Rotor ang c gia cng tin lng b mt sau ghi p trc vo rotor.
HNH 5.12: Rotor dy qun cng sut nh vi vnh trt
HNH 5.11: Rotor dy qun cng sut
ln sau khi gia cng qun dy.
Vi rotor dy qun, ngui ta qun
dy trn cc rnh rotor, dy qun
bao gm 3 b dy 3 pha c lp
nhau (b tr tng t nh dy
qun trn stator. Dy qun trn
rotor c u thnh hnh Y, tan
b 3 u dy ra ca dy qun rotor
c ni n 3 vnh trt b tr
trn trc ca rotor. Khi vn hnh
ng c, ta phi dng 3 chi than
ni tt 3 vnh trt ny vi nhau,
hay ni 3 vnh trt ny n 3 u
ca b bin tr u Y b tr bn ngai.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
5.3.KHAI NIM V T TRNG QUAY TRON:
hnh dung v hiu c t trng quay, xem hnh
5.14; vi thanh nam chm vnh cu hnh ch U c t trn
trc thng ng. Khi ch n khong khng gian gia hai
cc Bc Nam ca nam chm, chng ta biu din hng ca
ng sc t trng trong khng gian ny bng vector cm
ng t B. Khi quay trn u thanh nam chm quanh trc,
vector B cng quay trn u cng chiu quay v cng tc
vi trc quay.
Hnh nh ca vector B quay trn trong khng gian cho
ta hnh tng n gin ca mt t trng quay trn.
Mun hnh thnh t trng quay trn trong ng c
khng ng b ba pha, ta cn cc iu kin sau :
Trn stator b tr 3 b dy qun c lp.
Ba b dy c lp t lch v tr khng gian tng
i 120
o
Cp cc dng in xoay chiu lch pha thi gian
tng i 120
o
vo 3 b dy
iu kin b tr lch v tr khng gian ca cc b dy
qun c thc hin trong qu trnh ch to, khi qun dy stator. Vi ba b dy qun c
ch to ging ht nhau v s liu, ta xem ba b dy l ti 3 pha cn bng .
Mun to dng in hnh sin lch pha thi gian tng i 120
o
qua ba b dy, chng ta ch cn
u 3 b dy theo dng hnh Y hay A ; sau cp ngun ba pha vo h thng dy qun sau khi
c u ni.
HNH 5.14: Hnh nh t trng
quay trn khi quay thanh nam
chm vnh cu quanh trc ng.
HNH 5.13: cu to ng c khng ng b 3 pha, rotor lng sc.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
p dng kt qu va kho st trong mc 5.2; ta c nhn xt nh sau:
T trng to bi mi pha dy qun l t trng p mch.
Do v tr b tr trong khng gian v dng in qua cc b dy lch pha thi gian vi
nhau, ti thi im kho st bt k nu t trng to bi mt trong ba b dy c gi tr cc i,
th cc t trng hnh thnh trong hai b dy cn li khng t gi tr cc i.
T trng tng hp t ba t trng p mch (to bi ba b dy qun) l t
trng quay trn.
Chng ta kho st t trng tng hp theo mt trong hai phng php sau:
PHNG PHP 1: p dng phng php tan hc tng hp cc t trng p mch tm ra
biu thc cho t trng tng hp, v chng minh t trng tng c dng quay trn. Sau v
dng t trng tng hp khi thi gian thay i.
PHNG PHP 2: p dng phng php tng hp vector xc nh t trng tng ti cc thi
im lin tip.
5.3.1 PHNG PHP 1 : (P DNG GII TCH KHO ST T TRNG QUAY)
Trong hnh 5.15 ba b dy stator lch v tr khng
gian 120
0
; cc b dy c u Y v cp ngun p ba
pha th t thun v dy qun. Vi h thng ngun ba
pha th t thun cc biu thc tc thi ca dng in
qua mi b dy qun l :
( )
( )
( )
k m
0
8 m
0
6 m
I I I .sIn( I)
I I I .sIn( I )
I I I .sIn( I )
= e
= e
= e
120
240
(5.4)
Chn trc v tr khng gian chun l trc ca b
dy AX , t trng p mch to nn do b dy ny
khi c dng i
A
i qua l:
( ) ( )
k m
.x
8 I,x 8 .sIn I .ros
| |
t
= e
|
t
\ .
(5.5)
i vi b dy BY,do b tr lch khng gian so vi
b dy AX mt gc l 120
o
, ng thi cho dng in i
B
i qua, t trng p mch c dng sau:
( )
( )
o o
8 m
.x
8 I,x 8 .sIn I .ros
| |
t
= e
|
t
\ .
120 120 (5.6)
Xt tng t cho b dy CZ, ta nhn c t trng p mch do b dy ny to ra ( khi
cho dng i
C
i qua):
( )
( )
o o
6 m
.x
8 I,x 8 .sIn I .ros
| |
t
= e
|
t
\ .
240 240 (5.7)
Gi B l t trng tng hp t cc t trng p mch thnh phn :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k 8 6
8 I,x 8 I,x 8 I,x 8 I,x = + + (5.8)
Mun xc nh biu thc gii tch ca B ta p dng cng thc bin i lng gic c bn
sInp.rosq sIn(p q) sIn(p q)
(
= + +
1
2
bin i cc quan h (5.5); (5.6) v (5.7) ri tng hp.
HNH 5.15
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Ta c kt qu sau:
( )
k m
.x .x
8 I,x .8 sIn( I ) sIn( I )
(
t t
= e + + e
(
t t
1
2
(5.9)
( )
o
8 m
.x .x
8 I,x .8 sIn( I ) sIn( I )
(
t t
= e + + e
(
t t
1
240
2
(5.10)
( )
o
6 m
.x .x
8 I,x .8 sIn( I ) sIn( I )
(
t t
= e + + e
(
t t
1
480
2
(5.11)
Cn ch tnh cht sau:
o o
.x .x .x
sIn I sIn I sIn I
| | | | | |
t t t
e + + e + + e + =
| | |
t t t
\ . \ . \ .
240 480 0 (5.12)
Phi hp (5.9); (5.10) v (5.11) suy ra biu thc gii tch ca t trng tng hp, ta c:
( )
m
.8
.x
8 I,x .sIn I
| |
t
= e
|
t
\ .
3
2
(5.13)
Mun nhn thy
c t trng tng
B(t,x) l t trng
quay trn trong khng
gian, ta chn trc
thi im et ri v
quan h B theo v tr
x ; thc hin lp li vi
nhiu thi im lin
tip nhau, ta s thy
c ng sin ca
t trng di chuyn
theo phng ca v
tr x.
Cc thi im
c chn la v
ng phn b t
trng tng nh sau:
I e = 0 ;
m
.8
.x
8 sIn
| |
| |
t
= |
|
|
t
\ .
\ .
3
2
I
t
e =
6
;
m
.8
.x
8 sIn
| |
| |
t t
= |
|
|
t
\ .
\ .
3
2 6
I
t
e =
4
;
m
.8
.x
8 sIn
| |
| |
t t
= |
|
|
t
\ .
\ .
3
2 4
I
t
e =
3
;
m
.8
.x
8 sIn
| |
| |
t t
= |
|
|
t
\ .
\ .
3
2 3
I
t
e =
2
;
m
.8
.x
8 sIn
| |
| |
t t
= |
|
|
t
\ .
\ .
3
2 2
Trong hnh 5.16 trnh by dng ca t trng tng di chuyn theo khng gian khi v ti cc
thi im lin tip nhau. trc hanh biu din v tr khng gian ti khe h khng kh gia stator v
rotor ng c .
0 0.5231.0461.5692.0922.6153.1383.6614.1844.707 5.235.7536.2766.799
-1.5
-1.4
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Vi tri x
g
I e = 0
I
t
e =
6
I
t
e =
4
I
t
e =
3
I
t
e =
2
HINH 5.16: th m t t trng hnh sin ang chuyn ng
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
163
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
T trng tng phn b theo dng sin trong khng gian .
Khi thi gian thay i, t trng sin ny di chuyn theo hng trc x (trn hnh v di
chuyn t tri sang phi).
Tm li, t trng tng di chuyn trong khng gian theo hng trc v tr x. Nu trc v tr
c un cong thnh hnh trn (theo khng gian ca khe h khng kh thc s gia rotor v
stator) t trng ny s di chuyn dc theo chu vi trong ca stator. Chuyn ng ny chng
t t trng tng hp l dng t trng quay trn bn trong ng c.
TM LI :
Trong stator ng c 3 pha, khi lp t 3 b dy qun c lp tha cc qui tc: lch v tr
khng gian 120
o
, v dng in qua cc b dy ny lch pha thi gian 120
o
; ta c kt lun nh sau:
T trng to bi mi b dy l dng t trng p mch.
T trng tng to bi 3 t trng p mch thnh phn (t 3 b dy qun) l t trng
quay trn.
Bin t trng tng bng
| |
|
\ .
3
2
ln bin ca t trng thnh phn
5.3.2 PHNG PHP 2 : (TNG HP VECTOR)
Mun kho st
s hnh thnh t
trng quay; da vo
gi tr tc thi ca
dng 3 pha qua 3 b
dy qun, suy ra cc
vector t trng B to
bi mi b dy ti
tng thi im ; sau
cng tng hp cc
vector t trng B
thnh phn c
c vector t
trng tng to ti
thi im kho st.
Thc hin li phng
php trn ti vi thi
im lin tip; ta c
th thy c hnh
nh t trng tng l
t trng quay.
Trn hnh 5.17, ta c th biu din cc dng 3 pha tc thi qua dy qun, chng ta kho
st gi tr tc thi ca cc dng in i
A
, i
B
, i
C
ti 6 thi im; ta c bng gi tr sau:
I e t/6 t/2 5t/6 7t/6 3t/2 11t/6
i
A
0,5 I
m
I
m
0,5 I
m
-0,5 I
m
- I
m
-0,5 I
m
i
B
- I
m
-0,5 I
m
0,5 I
m
I
m
0,5 I
m
-0,5 I
m
i
C
0,5 I
m
-0,5 I
m
- I
m
-0,5 I
m
0,5 I
m
I
m
Cc gi tr t trng p mch (to ra do cc b dy) t l thun vi gi tr dng in qua
dy qun, da vo bng gi tr tc thi ca dng in 3 pha ta c th biu din cc vector t cm
(c trng cho t trng) to ra ti tng thi im. p dng php tng hp vector suy ra vector t
trng tng, xem hnh 5.18 v 5.19 sau y:
I
| | t
e =
|
\ .
1
6
I
| | t
e =
|
\ .
2
2
I
| | t
e =
|
\ .
3
5
6
I
| | t
e =
|
\ .
4
7
6
I
| | t
e =
|
\ .
5
3
2
I
| | t
e =
|
\ .
6
11
6
HINH 5.17: th dng tc thi ca ngun 3 pha theo thi gian.
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HINH 5.18: Kho st t trng quay ti cc thi im: I
| |
t
e =
|
\ .
6
, I
| |
t
e =
|
\ .
3
6
, I
| |
t
e =
|
\ .
5
6
B
i A = 0.5I m
i B = 0,5.I m
BA
BB
BC
i C = - I m
A
B
C
BA
BC
B
BB
A
C
A
B
i A = I m
i B = - 0,5.I m
BA
BB
BC
i C = - 0,5.I m
BA
BC BB
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
i A = 0,5 I m
i C = 0,5 I m
i B = - I m
BA
BB
BC
BA
BC
BB
B
T0 T00h T0h TkI L06
2
t
e = t
T0 T00h T0h TkI L06
6
t
e = t
T0 T00h T0h TkI L06
6
5t
e = t
T0 T00h
T0h
T0 T00h
T0h
T0 T00h
T0h
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HINH 5.19: Kho st t trng quay ti cc thi im: I
| |
t
e =
|
\ .
7
6
, I
| |
t
e =
|
\ .
9
6
, I
| |
t
e =
|
\ .
11
6
A
B
C
A
B
C
i A = - 0,5 I m
i C = - 0,5 I m
i B = I m
BA
BB
BC
BA
BC
BB
B
B
C
i A = - 0,5I m
i B = - 0,5.I m
BA
BB
BC
BA
BC
B
i C = I m
A
B
C
A
BB
A
B
C
i A = -I m
i B = 0,5.I m
BA
BB
BC
BA
BC
BB
B
i C = 0,5.I m
A
B
C
T0 T00h T0h TkI L06
6
7t
e = t
T0 T00h T0h TkI L06
2
3t
e = t
T0 T00h T0h TkI L06
6
11t
e = t
T0 T00h
T0h
T0 T00h
T0h
T0 T00h
T0h
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5.3.3 C IM CA T TRNG QUAY :
5.3.3.1. VN TC CA T TRNG QUAY :
Vn tc ca t trng quay c k hiu l n
1
hay n
db
, cn c gi l vn tc ng b.
Vn tc ny ph thuc :
Tn s f ca ngun in cp vo dy qun stator.
S i cc (p) ca ng c.
Vi cc phng php trnh by trong cc mc 5.3.1 v 5.3.2 v phng thc hnh thnh t
trng quay chng ta rt ra cc nhn xt nh sau i vi my in ch c 2p =2 cc:
Vi cc dng sin 3 pha cp vo cc b dy qun theo (5.4), gi tr e trong cc biu thc
ca cc dng in l tn s gc. Gi tr ny quan h vi tn s ngun in theo quan h:
.I e = t 2 (5.14)
Vi biu thc (5.13) cho thy t cm tng hp B l hm iu ha theo thi gian t, nh vy
vector c trng cho t cm tng hp l vector phase quay nhn gi tr e lm vn tc gc. Nh vy
gi tr ny c quan h vi vn tc t t trng n
1
theo quan h sau:
.n e = t
1
2 (5.15)
T (5.14) v (5.15) ta suy ra vi my in c 2p =2 cc quan h gia tn s ngun in
cung cp vi s cc 2p tha quan h sau:
I n =
1
(5.16)
Ni theo cch khc, khi dng in sin hon tt mt chu k th t trng quay qut qua
ng mt khong bng 2 cc t ca my in.
T suy ra vi my c 2p =4 cc, mun t trng quay qut qua trn vn khng gian
tng ng vi 4 cc ta cn 2 chu k ca dng in hnh sin cp t ngun. Mt cch tng qut vi
my in c 2p cc quan h gia tn s ngun in vi vn tc t trng quay tha quan h sau:
I p.n =
1
(5.17)
Trong , p l s i cc t; I ht
( (
=
v
vong
n
s
(
(
=
(
1
. Nu i n v o ca vn tc
vong
n
phuI
(
(
=
(
1
ta ghi li nh sau:
p.n
I =
1
60
(5.18)
5.3.3.2. CHIU QUAY CA T TRNG :
Chiu quay ca t trng ph thuc vo th t pha ca dng in cp vo dy qun
stator. Kho st trn hnh 5.18 v 5.19 ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
Hng ca vector t trng tng B lun lun cng hng vi vector t trng to bi
b dy qun no ang cho dng in c gi tr cc i (+I
m
) hay gi tr cc tiu (I
m
) qua n .
Trong hnh 5.18 i dc theo chu vi ca stator ; cc dng in qua cc b dy c bin
cc i (+I
m
) ln lt theo th t A,B,C ; chiu ca t trng quay hnh thnh qut qua cc b
dy theo th t tng ng A, B, C.
Khi han v hai trong ba pha ngun cp vo dy qun stator, th t ca h thng thay
i, nn chiu quay ca t trng s o hng ngc li.
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5.4. NGUYN LY HOAT NG CUA NG C KHNG NG B :
5.4.1. CC NH LUT IN T P DNG KHI KHO ST NGUYN L HOT NG:
Nguyn tc hat ng ca ng c khng ng b c gii thch da trn cc nh lut
in t hc c bn sau y:
nh lut cm ng in t kho st hin tng hnh thnh sc in ng trong thanh
dn di chuyn ct ng sc t trng.
nh lut Laplace kho st lc in t tc ng ln thanh dn ang mang dng in v
t trong t trng.
5.4.1.1. NH LUT CM NG IN T:
Trong hnh 5.20,
b tr hai thanh dn
song song nhau, cch
nhau khang cch l .
t thanh dn th ba
vung gc vi hai thanh
dn trn. Tan b h
thng thanh dn c
t trong t trng u,
cc ng sc t c
hng vung gc vi
mt phng to bi cc
thanh dn.
Tc ng bng ngai lc ko thanh dn th ba ny di chuyn thng u vi vn tc l
v . Gi s ti thi im ban u t
1
=0 t thng xuyn qua din tch gii hn bi cc thanh dn l
u
1
; sau khang khang thi gian dt, ti thi im t
2
=dt, thanh dn di chuyn n v tr khc. Ti
y ta c t thng xuyn qua tit din mi l u
2
.
p dng cng thc Faraday, sc in ng cm ng trn thanh dn i ng tha quan h:
( )
8. 8 8
d
a
dI dI dI
u u
u
= = =
2 1
2 1
(5.19)
8.d8 dx
a 8.I 8.I.v
dI dI
| |
= = =
|
\ .
(5.20)
Du (-) trong biu thc (5.20) th hin tnh i khng ca
sc in ng sinh ra; khi vn tc di lm tng t thng xuyn
qua tit din, sc in ng hnh thnh c khuynh hng lm
gim t thng xuyn qua tit din.
Hng ca sc in ng e sinh ra ph thuc vo hng
ca8
v vn tc v
, xc nh hng ca a
ta p dng qui tc
sau: (v
, B
, a
v du ()
v tr gc vector a
= =
1 2 2
1
1
1 (5.23)
Hay
n n .( s) =
2 1
1 (5.24)
TH D 5.1:
ng c khng ng b ba pha 2p = 4 cc, c cp ngun xoay chiu 3 pha c tn s l
f = 50Hz. Bng l lch ca ng c c ghi tc nh mc l 1425 vng/pht . Xc nh :
a./ Tc ca t trng quay.
b./ trt ca ng c ti ti nh mc.
GII
TC CA T TRNG QUAY:
p dng cng thc (3.15) ta suy ra tc ng b hay tc t trng quay:
.I .
n |vonglphuI]
p
= = = =
1
60 60 50 3000
1500
2 2
TRT CA NG C:
Vn tc ca t trng quay : n
1
= 1500 vng/pht.
Vn tc ca rotor ti lc ti nh mc : n
2
= 1425 vng/pht.
trt s ca ng c :
n n n
s ,
n n
= = = = = =
1 2 2
1 1
1425 1500 1425 75
1 1 0 05
1500 1500 1500
5.5. CAC PHNG TRINH CUA NG C KHNG NG B:
5.5.1. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P STATOR:
Vi ba b dy qun stator c ch to cng s liu v hon ton ging nhau, ta ni dy
qun ba pha cn bng. Dy qun stator c th u theo dng Y hay A ty theo p hiu dng nh
mc cho php t ngang qua hai u mi pha dy qun. Khi cp ngun p 3 pha cn bng vo
dy qun stator, mch in stator l mch 3 pha cn bng, do ta ch kho st trn 1 pha tng
ng . Gi :
V
1
: p pha hiu dng cp vo mi pha dy qun pha stator.
f
1
: tn s ngun in cp vo dy qun stator.
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Tng t nh my bin p, dy qun stator xem l dy qun s cp, khi cp dng hnh
sin qua dy qun stator mi pha dy qun to thnh t thng p mch vi bin l
m
u . T
thng ny bin thin theo thi gian nn hnh thnh cc sc in ng cm ng trn mi pha dy
qun . Sc in ng cm ng hiu dng trn mi pha dy qun xc nh theo quan h sau:
dq m
E , .I .h .k . = u
1 1 1 1
4 44 (5.25)
Trong :
N
1
: tng s vng mt pha dy qun stator.
K
dq1
: h s dy qun mt pha stator, tnh n s phn b dy qun trn mt cp cc t
Trn dy qun stator ,
chng ta cn n cc
thnh phn :
in tr ni R
1
ca
mi pha dy qun .
Thnh phn in
khng tn t c trng cho t
thng tn ( thnh phn t thng
to nn do dy qun stator,
khp kn mch trn dy qun
stator nhng khng mc vng
qua rotor) . Cc thnh phn t
thng tn trong my in quay
gm c t thng tn trong rnh
v t thng tn tp (hnh 5.25).
Gi x
t1
l thnh phn in khng tn t mi pha dy qun stator. Phng trnh cn bng
p vit cho mt pha dy qun pha stator c vit nh sau:
I
V E ( |.X ). I
- - -
+ = +
1 1 1
1 1
(5.26)
Phng trnh ny ng cho trng hp ng c vn hnh ch khng ti cng nh
khi ng c mang ti . Khi ti trn trc ng c thay i, dng in I
1
thay i gi tr tng ng.
5.5.2. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P ROTOR:
Khi kho st phng trnh cn bng p pha rotor, ta chia ra cc trng hp sau :
Trng hp rotor ng yn khng quay.
Trng hp rotor quay.
Trong mi trng hp iu quan trng cn ch : s thay i f
2
:
tn s dng in rotor v
cc thng s mch pha rotor.
5.5.2.1. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P ROTOR (LC ROTOR NG YN):
Khi rotor ng yn, t trng quay qut qua dy qun rotor hnh thnh sc in ng
cm ng E
2
trn mi pha dy qun rotor. Sc in ng rotor ny cng tn s vi sc in ng
pha stator:
dq m
E , .I .h .k . (oIor dung yan) = u
2 2 2 2
4 44 (5.27)
I I (oIor dung yan) =
2 1
(5.28)
N
2
: tng s vng mt pha dy qun rotor.
K
dq2
: h s dy qun ca mt pha rotor. .
Tu Ihong Ian ranh sIaIor Tu Ihong Ian Iap sIaIor Tu Ihong rhnh
Tu Ihong Ian ranh roIor Tu Ihong Ian Iap roIor
STATOR
ROTOR
HINH 5.25: Phn b t thng tn trong rnh stator v rotor
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V rotor thuc dng ngn mch, phng trnh cn bng p mi pha pha rotor lc ng
yn c dng sau:
I
E ( |.X ). I (oIor dung yan)
- -
= +
2 2
2 2
(5.29)
Trong :
R
2
: in tr ni ca mi pha dy qun rotor
X
t2
: in khng tn t mi pha pha rotor
5.5.2.2. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P ROTOR ( LC ROTOR QUAY):
Khi rotor quay vi tc quay l n
2
trong khi t trng quay c tc l n
1
> n
2
, tc
quay tng i gia t trng quay v rotor l sn
1
= (n
1
n
2
). V tn s dng in pha rotor t l
thun vi tc qut ca t trng quay ln thanh dn rotor ,ta c nhn xt nh sau
TRNG THI TC T TRNG QUAY SO VI ROTOR TN S ROTOR
Rotor ng yn n
1
f
2
= f
1
Rotor quay s.n
1
f
2
Tn s pha rotor lc ang quay c xc nh nh sau:
s.n .I
I s.I
n
= =
1 1
2 1
1
Tm li :
I s.I (khI roIor dang quay) =
2 1
(5.30)
Khi ti trn trc ng c thay i lm thay i tc quay ca ng c, do tn s pha
rotor lun thay i theo tc quay ca rotor. Cc phn t mch pha rotor c lin quan n tn
s u thay i.
in khng tn t, sc in ng cm ng pha rotor thay i theo gi tr tn s f
2
khi rotor
thay i tc quay. Gi :
E
2s
: sc in ng pha rotor (khi rotor quay).
X
t2s
: in khng tn t pha rotor lc rotor ang quay.
TRNG THI SC IN NG CM NG ROTOR IN KHNG TN T ROTOR
Rotor ng yn
dq m
E , .I .h .k . = u
2 1 2 2
4 44
I I
X .I .L = t
2 1 2
2
Rotor quay
8 dq m
E , .I .h .k . = u
2 2 2 2
4 44
I s I
X .I .L = t
2 2 2
2
Suy ra:
s
E I s.I
s
E I I
= = =
2 2 1
2 1 1
s
E s.E =
2 2
(5.31)
Tng t ta suy ra :
I s I
I I
X .I .L s.I
s
X .I .L I
t
= = =
t
2 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
2
2
I s I
X s.X =
2 2
(5.32)
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Phng trnh cn bng p pha rotor (khi rotor ang quay):
s
I s Z
E ( |.X ). I (oIor dang quay, Ian so I )
- -
= +
2 2
2 2
(5.33)
TH D 5.2:
Vi ng c trong th d 5.1, xc nh tn s pha rotor khi ng c ang ti nh mc.
GII
Vi h s trt ca ng c ti lc mang ti nh mc l s = 0,05 ; p dng quan h
(5.30) suy ra tn s pha rotor lc ti nh mc l
I s.I (khI roIor dang quay) =
2 1
I , , ht = - =
2
0 05 50 2 5
5.5.3. PHNG TRNH CN BNG DNG IN :
5.5.3.1.TC T TRNG QUAY STATOR V T TRNG QUAY ROTOR KHI NG C QUAY:
Khi b tr trn stator dy qun ba pha v cp dng in 3 pha c tn s f
1
vo dy qun,
t trng quay c tc quay l
I
n
p
| |
= |
|
\ .
1
1
60
. Di tc dng ca t trng quay, rotor quay
theo cng chiu vi t trng quay, tc quay ca rotor l n
2
= n
1
(1s ) ; tn s dng in
trong rotor l I s.I =
2 1
.
Vi ng c rotor lng sc (dng rotor c dy qun nhiu pha) ; khi c dng cm ng
qua dy qun rotor, trn rotor cng hnh thnh t trng quay trn vi vn tc quay l n
r
. Vn
tc ca t trng quay to bi rotor t l thun vi tn s rotor v t l nghch vi s i
cc to bi dy qun trn rotor. p dng quan h (3.15) ta suy ra tc quay ca t trng quay
hnh thnh trn rotor.
r
r
.I .s.I I
n s.
p p p
n s.n
= = =
=
2 1 1
1
60 60 60
(5.34)
Khi rotor ang quay vi vn tc l n
2
v mang theo t trng quay to bi rotor c
vn tc l n
r
ny , suy ra vn tc ca t trng quay to bi dy qun rotor so tng i vi
tc t trng quay to bi dy qun stator l (n
2
+ n
r
). Suy ra:
r
r
n n n .( s) s.n
n n n
+ = +
+ =
2 1 1
2 1
1
(5.35)
Tm li :
Vn tc ca t trng quay (to bi dy qun stator) v tc ca t trng quay
(to bi dy qun rotor) bng nhau
5.5.3.2.PHNG TRNH CN BNG DNG (KHI NG C ANG QUAY):
L lun tng t nh khi kho st nguyn l ca my bin p; t trng (hay t thng)
quay stator c to bi sc t ng stator khi c dng 3 pha qua cc pha dy qun stator .Khi
rotor mang ti, dng in qua dy qun rotor hnh thnh sc t ng rotor c tnhcht i khng
vi sc t ng stator. Hin tng i khng ny s cn bng v m bo sc t ng tng lun
lun khng i v bng vi sc t ng hnh thnh do dy qun stator lc khng ti.
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Gi:
N
1
k
dq1
.I
1
: sc t ng to bi mt pha dy qun stator (khi ng c mang ti).
N
2
k
dq2
.I
2
: sc t ng to bi mt pha dy qun rotor (khi mang ti).
N
1
k
dq1
.I
10
: sc t ng to bi mt pha dy qun stator (khi khng ti).
Ta c :
dq dq dq
h .k . I h .k . I h .k . I
- - -
+ =
1 2 10
1 1 2 2 1 1
(5.36)
5.6.MACH IN TNG NG CUA NG C KHNG NG B:
Thc hin qu
trnh kho st tng t
nh thc hin khi kho
st mch tng ng
ca my bin p. Mch
tng ng 1 pha khi
ng c ang quay tha
phng trnh cn bng p
(5.26) v khi c ch
n tn hao li thp do
dng xay v chu trnh
t tr to ra c trnh
by trong hnh 5.26.
Hnh 5.27 trnh by
mch tng ng 1 pha
ca ng c khi rotor
ng yn. Ti trng thi
ny tn s pha rotor v
stator bng nhau. Trong
thc t trng thi ny xy
ra ti thi im ng c
khi ng hay khi rotor
mang ti c momen ti
qu ln so vi momen ra
trn trc ng c lm
rotor b ghm ng yn
khng quay.
Mun qui i mch rotor v pha stator n gin i tc ng ca t trng quay ln
rotor tng t nh mch qui i thc hin cho my bin p, ta cn thc hin 2 lt qui i.
Qui i mch rotor t tn s f
2
sang tn s f
1
, (ni cch khc l qui i cc thng s
mch rotor lc ang quay thnh cc thng s khc tng ng nh lc rotor ng yn).
Khi qui i mch rotor sang tn s f
1
, chng ta qui i rotor v stator.
5.6.1. QUI I MCH ROTOR T TN S f
2
SANG TN S f
1
:
Phng trnh cn bng p pha rotor lc ang quay ng vi tn s f
2
tha quan h (5.33).
s
I s Z
E ( |.X ). I (oIor dang quay, Ian so Ia I )
- -
= +
2 2
2 2
Thay cc quan h (5.31) , (5.32) vo quan h (5.33) ta suy ra :
I
s.E ( |.s.X ). I
- -
= +
2 2
2 2
(5.37)
|
+
-
-
+
+
-
TU TU0h 0kY
Mk6h 8TkT0 Tkh 80 I1 Mk6h 0T0 Tkh 80 IZ
V
-
1
I
-
1
E
-
1
s
E
-
2
I
-
2
1
2 I
|.X
1 I s
|.X
2
6
m
|.X
I
-
10
6
I
-
m
I
-
0T0 0kY
n
s
=
=
2
0
1
HINH 5.26: Mch tng ng 1 pha lc rotor ang quay.
|
+
-
-
+
+
-
TU TU0h 0kY
Mk6h 8TkT0 Tkh 80 I1 Mk6h 0T0 Tkh 80 I1
V
-
1
I
-
1
E
-
1
E
-
2
I
-
2
1
2 I
|.X
1 I
|.X
2
6
m
|.X
I
-
10
6
I
-
m
I
-
0T0 Uh YEh
n
s
=
=
2
0
1
HINH 5.27: Mch tng ng 1 pha lc rotor ng yn.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
174
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Chia hai v quan h (5.37) cho s, ta c:
I
E ( |.X ). I
s
- -
= +
2
2 2
2
(5.38)
T quan h
(5.38) cho thy cc
thng s mch rotor
c qui i v
tn s f
1
, mch in
tng ng ca
ng c lc ny
c trnh by trong
hnh 5.28.
5.6.2. QUI I MCH ROTOR V STATOR :
Sau khi qui i mch rotor t tn s f
2
sang tn s f
1
, mun qui i mch rotor v pha
stator, ta cn c vo cc phng trnh cn bng p v dng (5.25), (5.27) v (5.38). Phng
php v c s qui i thc hin tng t nh trnh by trong bi my bin p.
Cn c vo cc biu thc sc in ng hiu dng ca mi pha dy qun pha stator v
rotor suy ra t s bin i K
bd
nh sau :
dq m dq
bd
dq m dq
, .I .h .k . h .k
E
k
E , .I .h .k . h .k
u
= = =
u
1 1 1 1 1
1
2 1 2 2 2 2
4 44
4 44
(5.39)
T (5.36) suy ra :
dq
dq
h .k
I . I I
h .k
- - - | |
|
+ =
|
\ .
2 2
1 2 10
1 1
t :
dq
dq bd
h .k
I
I' . I
h .k k
-
- - | |
|
= =
|
\ .
2 2 2
2
2
1 1
(5.40)
t :
bd
E' k .E
- -
=
2 2 (5.41)
T quan h (5.38), nhn 2 v cho K
bd
suy ra :
ba ba I
k .E k .( |.X ). I
s
- -
= +
2
2 2
2
( )
ba ba I
ba
I'
k .E k .( |.X ).
s k
-
-
= +
2
2 2
2
2
(5.42)
|
+
-
-
+
+
-
TU TU0h 0kY
Mk6h 8TkT0 Tkh 80 I1 Mk6h 0T0 Tkh 80 I1
V
-
1
I
-
1
E
-
1
E
-
2
I
-
2
8
| |
|
|
\ .
2
I
|.X
1 I
|.X
2
6
m
|.X
I
-
10
6
I
-
m
I
-
0T0 0kY
n
s
=
=
2
0
1
HINH 5.28: Mch tng ng 1 pha lc rotor quay v tn s rotor qui v f
1
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
175
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
t
'
bd
(k ) . =
2
2 2
(5.43)
'
I bd I
X (k ) .X =
2
2 2
(5.43)
Cc quan h (5.40) v (5.42) c vit li nh sau:
'
'
I
= +
|
\ .
2
2 2
1
(5.55)
Trong (5.55), cc thnh phn phn tch mang ngha nh sau :
R
2
: in tr dy
qun rotor qui v stator.
s
.'
s
| |
|
\ .
2
1
: c
trng cho c nng hu ch
trn trc ca ng c.
Mch tng ng hnh
5.29 c v li theo hnh
5.30
+
-
-
+ +
-
V
-
1
I
-
1
E
-
1 E'
-
2
I'
-
2
1
'
8
| |
|
|
\ .
2
I
|.X
1 I
|.X'
2
6
m
|.X
I
-
10
6
I
-
m
I
-
HINH 5.29: Mch tng ng chnh xc 1 pha qui i rotor v stator
+
-
-
+ +
-
V
-
1
I
-
1
E
-
1 E'
-
2
I'
-
2
1
'
2
I
|.X
1 I
|.X'
2
6
m
|.X
I
-
10
6
I
-
m
I
-
s
.'
s
| |
|
\ .
2
1
HINH 5.30: Mch tng ng chnh xc 1 pha qui i rotor v stator
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
176
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
5.7. GIAN PHN B NNG LNG HIU SUT CUA NG C:
T mch in tng ng trong hnh 5.30 suy ra cc thnh phn cng sut t dng nng
lng cp vo ng c nh sau:
CNG SUT IN CUNG CP VO NG C (THNG QUA DY QUN STATOR):
F .V .I .ros =
1 1 1 1
3 (5.56)
Trong :
V
1
: in p pha cp vo mi pha dy qun stator.
I
1
: dng qua mi pha dy qun stator.
cos
1
: h s cng sut mi pha dy qun stator.
TN HAO THP
Ih 6 6
F . .I =
2
3 (5.57)
TN HAO TRN DY QUN STATOR (TN HAO NG STATOR):
|
F . .I =
2
1 1 1
3 (5.58)
CNG SUT IN T CHUYN T STATOR SANG ROTOR:
dIan Iu Ih |
'
dIan Iu
F F (F F )
r r
F . .I' . .I
s s
= +
| |
| |
|
= = |
|
|
\ .
\ .
1 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3
(5.59)
TN HAO TRN DY QUN ROTOR (TN HAO NG ROTOR):
|
F .' .I' . .I = =
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 (5.60)
CNG SUT C TRN TRC CA NG C (CHA TR I TN HAO MA ST C QUT GI)
ro
s s
F .' . .I' . . .I
s s
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
3 3 (5.61)
CNG SUT C RA TRN TRC NG C (TR TN HAO MA ST C QUT GI)
Trong trng hp c tnh n tn hao ma st c kh do bi, qut gi .. cng sut ra thc
s trn trc ca ng c l P
2
, ta c:
ro ma saI ro
F F F =
2
(5.62)
60h 80kT IEh
F1
6kF Vk0 8TkT0
60h 80kT 60 k
FZ
(k T0 Mk 8kT 60)
T0h hk0 ThEF
FIh
T0h hk0 0h 8TkT0
F|1
60h 80kT IEh T0
FdI
60h 80kT 60
Fro
T0h hk0 Mk 8kT 60
Fmq
T0h hk0 0h 0T0
F|Z
STATOR ROTOR
P1
Pmq
P2
HINH 5.31: Gin phn b nng lng trong ng c khng ng b.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
177
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Hiu sut ca ng c khng ng b c xc nh theo quan h sau :
Ih | | mq
F F
F
F (F F F F )
q = =
+ + + +
2 2
1
2 1 2
(5.63)
Khi kho st phn b nng lng pha rotor ta cn ch thm cc mi quan h gia 3
thnh phn cng sut : P
in t
, P
j2
v P
c
. T (5.59), (5.60) v (5.61) suy ra cc quan h sau:
dIanIu | ro
F F F = +
2
(5.64)
| dIan Iu
F s.F =
2
(5.65)
ro dIanIu
F ( s).F = 1 (5.66)
TH D 5.3:
Cho ng c khng ng b ba pha: 100HP c 2p = 4 cc, tn s ngun in cp vo
ng c l f = 50Hz, tc nh mc 1445 vng/pht. Cho 1HP ~ 750W , bit tn hao ma st c
l 900 W, tn hao thp 4200 W, tn hao ng stator l 2700 W ; xc nh hiu sut ca ng c,.
GII
p dng cc quan h trnh by trong gin phn b nng lng, ln lt xc nh
cc thnh phn cng sut ca ng c ti ti nh mc l :
Cng sut c hu ch trn trc ca ng c ( tr i ma st c ):
F . . W = =
2
100 750 75 000
Cng sut c :
ro ma saI ro
F F F . . W = + = + =
2
75 000 900 75 900
Tc ng b ca ng c:
I
.
n vong l phuI
p
(
= = =
1
1
60
60 50
1500
2
trt ca ng c, lc mang ti ng nh mc:
n
s ,
n
| |
| |
= = = |
|
|
\ .
\ .
2
1
1445
1 1 0 03667
1500
Cng sut in t chuyn t stator sang rotor :
ro
dIanIu
F
.
F . , W
(1s) .
= = =
75 900
78 788 93
1 0 03667
Cng sut in cp vo ng c :
dIanIu | Ihap
F F F F . , . .
F . , W
= + + = + +
=
1 1
1
78 788 93 2 700 4 200
85 688 93
Hiu sut ca ng c :
F
.
, , %
F . ,
q = = = =
2
1
75 000
0 87525 87 53
85 688 93
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
178
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
5.8. C TINH C CUA NG C KHNG NG B:
5.8.1. BIU THC TNG QUT CA MOMEN:
Momen c th hiu l nng lng cp cho mt vt vt thc hin chuyn ng quay
quanh mt trc mt gc bng 1 rad.
Vi ng c in, gi P
2
l cng sut c cp n trc ca ng c ang quay vi vn tc
l n
2
; M l momen c trn trc ca ng c v O
2
l vn tc quay gc; ta c nh ngha ca
momen nh sau:
F F
M
.n
= =
O t
2 2
2 2
2
(5.67)
Trong n v ca cc i lng l: F W
( (
=
2
;
vong
n
s
(
(
=
(
2
; M hm
( (
=
.
Trong trng hp n v o ca
vong
n
phuI
(
(
=
(
2
quan h (5.67) c vit li nh sau:
.F F
M , .
.n n
= =
t
2 2
2 2
60
9 55
2
(5.68)
TH D 5.4:
Vi ng c khng ng b ba pha: 100HP c tc nh mc 1445 vng/pht v
1 HP = 746W ; ti lc ti nh mc momen nh mc trn trc ng c l:
M , . hm
-
= ~
100 746
9 55 493
1445
5.8.2. MOMEN CA NG C KHNG NG B :
Khi xem nh tn hao ma st c khng ng k, Momen c ra trn trc ng c c
xc nh theo quan h sau y :
ro
s
' . .I'
F s
M , . , .
n n
| |
|
\ .
= =
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
3
9 55 9 55 (5.69)
Ta vit li nh sau:
ro
F '
s
M , . , . .I' .
n s n
| | | |
= = | |
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
9 55 9 55 3 (5.70)
Theo nh ngha ca h s trt ta c:
n
s
n
=
2
1
1 Hay:
s
n n
=
2 1
1 1
(5.71)
Th quan h (5.71) vo (5.70), suy ra:
dIan Iu
ro
'
.I'
F
s F
M , . , . , .
n n n
| |
|
|
\ .
= = =
2 2
2
2
2 1 1
3
9 55 9 55 9 55 (5.71)
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
179
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
Tm li
dIanIu
ro
F
F
, . ,
n n
=
2 1
9 55 9 55 (5.72)
Nu t Momemen in t tha quan h sau:
dIan Iu
dIan Iu
'
.I'
F
s
M , . , .
n n
| |
|
|
\ .
= =
2 2
2
1 1
3
9 55 9 55 (5.73)
T cc quan h (5.69), (5.72) v (5.73) suy ra M
2
= M
in t
khi tn hao ma st c khng
ng k. Mt trong cc nguyn nhn dng gii thch l do cn xy dng quan h (5.73) c
trnh by sau y.
Ti lc ng c khi ng (hay m my) ta c tc ng c n
2
= 0 ; nn h s trt
lc m my l s = 1. Khi th cc gi tr ny vo quan h (5.69) ta khng th xc nh c gi
tr ca momen lc khi ng v quan h ny c dng v nh
| |
|
\ .
0
0
.
Do quan h (5.73) tm c ta xc nh c gi tr momen m my da vo biu
thc ca momen in t.
5.8.3. BIU THC TNH GN NG CA MOMEN IN T :
Vi quan h (5.73) khi
cn xc nh momen in t ti
mt im lm vic ca ng c
ti mt tc nh trc hay ti
trt vit trc, ta da vo
mch tng ng theo hnh
5.29 hay 5.30.
Tuy nhin trong mt s
trng hp cn xc nh nh
tnh c tnh ca ng c ta c
th p dng mch tng ng
1 pha dng gn ng qui i
rotor v stator theo hnh 5.31 vi
cc gi thit sau:
Xem nh Tn hao thp c lp vi ti c ko trn trc ng c.
Xem nh Tn hao thp ch ph thuc in p ngun cp vo ng c.
Tng t nh trng hp my bin p, ta t cc i lng sau:
n
' = +
1 2
(5.74)
n I I
X X X' = +
1 2
(5.75)
n n n
Z X = +
2 2
(5.76)
R
n
: thnhh phn in tr ngn mch ; X
n
: thnhh phn in khng ngn mch v
Z
n
: tng tr ngn mch ca mch tng ng 1 pha.
+
-
V
-
1
I
-
1
I'
-
2
1
'
8
| |
|
|
\ .
2
I
|.X
1
I
|.X'
2
6
m
|.X
I
-
10
6
I
-
m
I
-
HINH 5.31: Mch tng ng 1 pha dng gn ng .
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
180
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
T mch tng ng hnh 5.31, suy ra :
n
V
I'
'
X
s
=
| |
+ + |
|
\ .
1
2
2
2 2
1
(5.77)
Biu thc xc nh momen in t xc nh nh sau :
dIan Iu
n
'
s , . .V
M .
n
'
X
s
| |
|
| | |
\ .
|
=
|
| |
\ .
+ + |
|
\ .
2
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
9 55 3
(5.78)
5.8.4. C TNH C CA NG C KHNG NG B :
c tnh c ca ng c l th hay ng biu din trnh by quan h gia momen
theo tc quay.
i vi ng c khng ng b v trt s ph thuc vo tc quay n
2
ca rotor,
nn c th xem c tnh c l quan h gia hm momen quay theo bin s trt s .
Khi xem cc thng s ca cc phn t trong mch tng ng ca ng c l hng
s; p pha ngun V
1
cp vo stator khng thay i gi tr ; ta kho st hm momen in t theo
trt s t suy ra th ca c tnh c.
MIN XC NH
Khi rotor ng yn , ti thi im ng c bt u khi ng , ta c n
2
= 0 , suy ra s = 1 .
Khi rotor quay khng ti, tc quay xp x tc t trng quay n
2
~ n
1
, gi tr ca s 0.
Min xc nh ca s e (0,1] .
O HM
Hm momen in t theo trt s c dng
u
v
| |
|
\ .
, vi
'
u
s
=
2
;
n
'
v X
s
| |
= + + |
|
\ .
2
2 2
1
Suy ra :
dI
dM
vu' uv '
ds
v
2
. Ta ch cn quan tm n t s ca o hm, ta c:
n
' ' ' ' '
vu' uv ' X .
s s s
s s
(
( | | | | | | | | | |
(
= + + + ( | | | | |
( | | | | |
(
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
(
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2
n
' ' ' '
vu' uv ' X .
s s s
s
(
| | | | | | | |
(
= + + + | | | |
( | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
(
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2
2
n
' '
vu' uv ' X
s
s
(
| | | |
(
= + | |
( | |
\ . \ .
(
2
2 2 2 2
1
2
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
181
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
o hm
dI
dM
vu' uv '
ds
v
=
2
0 khi
n
'
X
s
(
| |
(
+ = |
( |
\ .
(
2
2 2 2
1
0. Suy ra , momen t cc tr khi
Ih
n
'
s
X
=
+
2
2 2
1
(5.79)
Gi tr trt lc momen t cc tr c gi l trt ti hn.
Xt du o hm, suy ra im cc tr l cc i . Gi tr cc i ca momen c xc
nh nh sau:
max
n
, . .V
M .
n
X
| |
|
=
| | |
+ +
\ .
|
\ .
2
1
2 2
1
1 1
9 55 3
1
2
(5.80)
T quan h
(5.78) thay th gi tr
trt s = 1 suy ra gi tr
ca momen ti lc n
2
= 0
y chnh l gi tr ca
momen ng c lc khi
ng.
Momen khi
ng hay momen m
my M
mm
xc nh theo
quan h (5.81).
mm
n n
, . .V '
M .
n
X
| |
|
=
|
+
\ .
2
1 2
2 2
1
9 55 3
(5.81)
TH D 5.5:
Cho mt ng c khng ng b 3 pha , rotor lng sc ca nh sn xut CROMPTON
GREAVES (Anh quc) loi TEFC; cch in cp F c cc thng s sau:
Cng sut nh mc ca ng c: P
m
= 55 KW.
p dy nh mc: V
m
= 660V / 380V Y/A. (Tn s ngun in f = 50 Hz ).
Tc nh mc ca ng c : n
m
= 980 vng/pht.
Hiu sut nh mc l : q
m
= 93,5%.
H s cng sut lc ti nh mc: cos
m
= 0,86.
Bi s dng in m my ca ng c l m
I
= 6.
Khi cp ngun p 3 pha 380V (p dy) vo ng c, lc mang ti nh mc xc nh:
M max
M mm
s th
s
0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
M
HINH 5.32: c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
182
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
1./ Tn s ca rotor .
2./ Dng in nh mc cp vo stator ng c .
3./ Cng sut in t khi bit tn hao ma st c, qut gi chim 15% tng tn hao ca
ng c ; tn hao thp chim 25% tng tn hao.
4./ Tn hao ng rotor v stator suy ra in tr mi pha dy qun stator.
GAI:
1. TN S CA ROTOR KHI TI NH MC:
ng c c tc nh mc n
m
= 980 vng/pht ; khi vn hnh ti tn s f = 50Hz ; suy ra
s cc ng c l 2p = 6 cc v tc ng b l n
1
= 1000 vng/pht.
H s trt nh mc ca ng c l :
dm
n n
s ,
n
= = =
1
1
1000 980
0 02
1000
Tn s dng in rotor lc ti nh mc l :
I s.I , . ht = = =
2 1
0 02 50 1
2. DNG IN NH MC NG C:
Dng nh mc t ngun cp vo ng c lc ti nh mc c xc nh theo quan h sau
(khi cp ngun p 3 pha vi p dy l 380V vo dy qun stator ang u theo s A).
dm
dmday
dm dm dm
F
I , k
V . .ros , ,
= = =
q - - -
55000
103 92
3 3 380 0 935 0 86
Dng pha nh mc qua mi b dy qun lc ti nh mc l:
dm
dmpha
I
,
I , k = = = ~
103 92
59 99 60
3 3
3. CNG SUT IN T CHUYN T STATOR SANG ROTOR:
Tng tn hao ca ng c:
dm
dIan dm dm dm
F
Tonhao F F F F
Tonhao , W
,
| |
= = =
|
q q
\ .
| |
= - =
|
\ .
1
1
1
55000 1 3823 53
0 935
T iu kin, tng tn hao ma st c, qut gi chim 15% gi tr tng tn hao, suy ra:
( )
mq
F % Tonhao , , , W = - = - =
15 0 15 3823 53 573 53
Cng sut c (khi cha tr i ma st c):
ro dm mq
F F F , , W = + = + = 55000 573 53 55573 53
Ti ti nh mc, ta c h s trt s =0,02 ; t suy ra cng sut in t cp vo rotor:
( ) ( )
ro
dI
F
,
F , W
s ,
= = = ~
55573 53
56707 68 56708
1 1 0 02
Vday = 380 V
Iday
Ipha
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
4. TN HAO TRN DY QUN TI TI NH MC IN TR PHA DY QUN STATOR:
Ti ti nh mc ng vi h s trt nh mc s
m
= 0,02; ta c th xc nh tn hao trn
dy qun rotor theo mt trong cc quan h sau:
( )
ro
| dI
s.F
F s.F
s
= =
2
1
|
F , , , W = - =
2
0 02 56707 68 1134 15
V tn hao thp chim 25% tng tn hao, ta suy ra :
( )
Ihap
F % Tonhao , , , W = - = - = ~
1 2
1 2
1
3823 53 955 88 1124 15 573 53 1169 97 1170
in tr trn mt pha dy qun stator:
|
dmpha
F
,
.I .
= = = O
1
1
2 2
1170
0 1083
3 3 60
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
184
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
BI TP CHNG 5
BI TP 5.1
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha : 25 hp, 6 cc, 60 Hz c rotor dy qun; in tr v in
khng tng ng 1 pha l : R
2
= 0,1 /pha ; X
t2
= 0,54 /pha. in p o trn mi pha rotor khi
rotor b chn l E
2
= 150 V.
Khi ng c vn hnh, nu rotor quay vi tc l 1164 vng/pht, xc nh:
a./ Tc ng b (tc n
1
ca t trng quay).
b./ H s trt.
c./ Tng tr pha rotor lc ang quay.
d./ Dng in rotor.
e./ Dng in qua dy qun rotor khi thay i ti trn trc c h s trt s = 1,24 %
f./ Tc ng c khi t iu kin theo cu e.
P S: a./ 1200 vng/pht b./ s = 0,03
c./
o
Z |.X ,
s
(
= + = Z O
2
2
3 38 9 20 d./ I
R
= I
2
= 44,42 A
e./
o
I I , k
- -
(
= = Z
2
18 6 3 83 f./ 1185 vng/pht
BI TP 5.2
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 25 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz; 460 V (p dy) c cng sut in
t cp vo rotor l 14,58 kW. Tn hao ng l 263 W, tn hao ma st c qut gi l 197 W.
Xc nh:
a./ Tc ng c.
b./ Cng sut c cp n ti.
c./ Momen c trn trc ng c.
P S: a./ 1767,6 vng/pht b./ 14317 W c./ 77,35 Nm
BI TP 5.3
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 100 hp; 6 cc ; 60 Hz ; 230 V (p dy) c hiu sut
l 91 % khi c cp dng dy hiu dng l 218 A . Cho tn hao li thp, tn hao ng stator v
tn hao ng rotor ln lt l : 1697 W ; 2803 W v 1549 W . Xc nh:
a./ Cng sut in cp vo ng c.
b./ Tng tn hao ca ng c.
c./ Cng sut in t.
d./ Tc ngc.
e./ H s cng sut ca ng c.
f./ Tn hao ma st c +qut gi.
g./ Momen c ra trn trc .
P S: a./ 81978 W b./ 7378 W c./ 77478 W
d./ 1176 vng/pht e./ HSCS = 0,83 f./ 1329 W g./ 605,8 Nm
BI TP 5.4
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 40 hp; 8 cc, 60 Hz, 2300 V (p dy) vn hnh 80 %
ti nh mc ti in p thp hn nh mc 6 %. Hiu sut v h s cng sut ca ng c trong
trng thi ny ln lt l 85% v 90%. Tn hao ma st c v qut gi l 1011 W , tn hao ng
rotor l 969 W, tn hao ng stator l 1559 W. Xc nh:
a./ Cng sut c trn trc.
b./ Tc ng c.
c./ Momen c ra
d. H s trt.
e./ Dng dy t ngun cp vo ng c.
f./ Tn hao thp.
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
185
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
BI TP 5.5
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 5 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz, 115 V (p dy) hot ng ti p
nh mc, tn s nh mc v h s ti l 125 % ; ng c c hiu sut l 85,4% . Tn hao ng
stator, tn hao ng rotor v tn hao thp ln lt l : 223,2 W ; 153 W v 114,8 W . Xc nh:
a./ Tc ng c.
b./ Momen ra trn trc.
c./ Momen sinh ra do ma st c, qut gi.
BI TP 5.6
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 50 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz, 230V (p dy) hot ng ti p
nh mc, tn s nh mc . ng c b qua ti khi tn s gim thp 5% v p ngun gim thp
7%. trnh tnh trng qu ti cng sut c trn trc gim cn 70% cng sut nh mc . Dng
dy ngun cp vo ng c lc ny l 100 A. Cc thnh phn tn hao trong trng thi hot ng
ny l; tn hao ng stator 1015 W ; tn hao ng rotor 696 W ; tn hao thp 522 W tn hao do
ma st c v qut gi l 667 W. Xc nh:
a./ Hiu sut ca ng c.
b./ Tc ng c.
c./ Momen c trn trc.
d./ H s cng sut.
BI TP 5.7
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 25 hp, 2 cc, 60 Hz, 230V (p dy) dng ko ti theo
yu cu momen khng i (momen l hng s khng ph thuc vo tc quay). ng c hot
ng ti p nh mc, tn s nh mc vi tc nh mc l 3575 vng/pht.
Xc nh cng sut c trn trc, tc quay v hiu sut nu tn s gim thp n 54 Hz.
H s cng sut v dng dy ngun trong iu kin mi l 0,89 v 55 A. Tn hao ng
stator, tn hao ng rotor v tn hao thp ln lt l: 992,7 W , 496 W v 546 W.
BI TP 5.8
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 15 hp, 6 cc, 60 Hz, 460V (p dy) dy qun stator
u Y, dng ko bm ly tm ti tc 1185 vng/pht. Tn hao ma st c v qut gi l 166 W.
Thng s mch tng ng 1 pha qui v stator l:
R
1
= 0,2 ; R
2
= 0,25 ; R
c
= 317
X
t1
= 1,2 ; X
t2
= 1,29 ; X
m
= 42
p dng mch tng ng dng chnh xc, xc nh:
a./ H s trt.
b./. Dng dy cp vo dy qun stator.
c./ Cng sut in v h s cng sut ca ng c.
d./ Tn hao ng stator, tn hao ng rotor.
e./ Cng sut in t.
f./ Cng sut c v momen c trn trc
g./ Hiu sut ca ng c.
P S: a./ 0,0125 b./ 15,11 A c./ 10,4 kW ; HSCS = 0,864
d./ 137 W, 121 W e./ 9655 W f./ 9368 W ; 75,5 Nm g./ 90%
BI TP 5.9
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 40 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz, 460V (p dy) c tc nh
mc l 1751 vng/pht . Thng s mch tng ng 1 pha qui v stator l:
R
1
= 0,102 ; R
2
= 0,153 ; R
c
= 102,2
X
t1
= 0,409 ; X
t2
= 0,613 ; X
m
= 7,665
Xc nh:
a./ Tc ti lc t momen cc i.
b./ Momen cc i v momen nh mc
P S: a./ 1532 vng/pht b./ 270,32 Nm ; 88,51 Nm
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5