Chng 3: khng gian vect

I: Khi nim Khng gian vect

1. nh ngha: Ta ni tp hp V l mt khng gian vect trn trng K, hay
mt khng gian vect, nu V c trang b mt php ton i s (gi l php
cng), k hiu (+) v mt php nhn v hng, k hiu (.) tha mn cc iu
kin sau:
1. Tnh giao hon ca php cng: ( x, y ) V 2 , x + y = y + x ;
2. Tnh kt hp ca php cng: ( x, y, z ) V 3 , ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) ;
3. Tn ti trong V mt phn t khng, k hiu l 0 tha mn:
x V , x + 0 = x;

4. x V , tn ti mt phn t i, k hiu l x tha mn: x + ( x) = 0;

5. ( x, y ) V 2 , K , ( x + y ) = x + y;
2
6. x V , ( , ) K , ( + ) x = x + x;
2
7. x V , ( , ) K , ( ) x = ( x);

8. x V ,1x = x.
2: Khng gian vect con
1. nh ngha:
Cho V l mt K-khng gian vect v W l mt tp con khc rng ca V.
Khi W c gi l mt khng gian vect con ca V nu W l mt Kkhng gian vect ng vi nhng php ton (+) v (.) ca V khi ta hn ch
chng ln W.
2. nh l:
Tp con W ca khng gian vect V l mt khng gian con ca V khi
v ch khi cc iu kin sau y c tha:
i) x, y W 2 , x + y W ;
ii) K , x W , x W .
Nhn xt: Hai iu kin i) v ii) trn c th c thay th bng iu kin
sau: , ( x, y ) W 2 , x + y W .
chng minh mt tp hp khc rng l khng gian vector th c hai cch
hoc chng minh tp hp ny vi hai php ton cng v nhn v hng tha
cc tin ca khng gian vector; hoc chng minh rng tp hp l
khng gian vector con ca mt khng vector khc.
II: S c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn tnh

1. T hp tuyn tnh:
1.1 nh ngha: Cho V l mt khng gian vect trn trng K v v1 , v2 ,..., vn l
cc phn t ca V. Ta ni vect v l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect
v1 , v2 ,..., vn nu tn ti cc v hng 1 , 2 ,..., n K sao cho
v = 1v1 + 2 v2 + ... + n vn .
2. H vector c lp tuyn tnh H vector ph thuc tuyn tnh:
2.1 nh ngha: H cc vect v1 , v2 ,..., vn ca khng gian vect V trn
trng K c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh nu tn ti cc v hng
1 , 2 ,..., n K khng phi tt c u bng 0 sao cho: 1v1 + 2v2 + ... + n vn = 0 .
H vect khng ph thuc tuyn tnh c gi l h c lp tuyn tnh.
V d: Trong R4 cho h vect 1 = (1, 0,1,1); 2 = (0,1, 2,3); 3 = (1, 2,3, 4) . H
trn c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?
Gii:
Xt h phng trnh vect:
x1 + x3 = 0
x + 2x = 0
2
3
x11 + x2 2 + x3 3 = 0
.
x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 0
x1 + 3 x2 + 3 x3 = 0
1

0
Ta c ma trn cc h s ca h trn l A =
1

0
1
2
3

2
v rankA = 3, nn h
3

phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht (0, 0, 0). Do , h cc vect trn c
lp tuyn tnh.
III.BI TON I C S
3.1:v d:
1) Trong R3 , cho c s B vi cc vect u1 , u2 , u3 ln lt c ta sau:
u1 = (1,1, 0); u2 = (1, 0,1); u3 = (0,1,1) .
1. Hy lp ma trn v cng thc i t c s chnh tc C sang c
s B.
2. Tm ta ca u = (5, 4, 3) R3 trong c s B.
3. Tm vect v R3 , bit ta ca vect v trong c s B l
v[ B ] = (1, 2,3) .
Gii:

1) Ta c c s chnh tc C ca R3 l c s gm cc vect
e1 = (1, 0, 0); e2 = (0,1, 0); e3 = (0, 0,1) . Khi ,
[u1 ][C ]

1
1
0

= 1 ;[u2 ][ C ] = 0 ;[u3 ][C ] = 1 . Do , ma trn i t c s chnh tc

0
1
1

C sang c s B l
1 1 0
P = 1 0 1
0 1 1

2) Gi s [u ][ B ]

x1
= x2 , khi p dng cng thc i ta ca mt vect
x3

ta c:
5 = x1 + x2
x1 = 3
5 1 1 0 x1
4 = 1 0 1 x 4 = x + x x = 2

2
. Vy [u ][ B ] = (3, 2,1) .
1
3

2

3 0 1 1 x3
x3 = 1
3 = x2 + x3

3) Gi ta ca v trong c s chnh tc V l ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ta c
x1 1 1 0 1
x = 1 0 1 2
2
. Vy
x3 0 1 1 3

x1 = 3

x2 = 4 hay v= (3, 4, 5) R3
x = 5
3

IV: BI TP
Bi 1:
Trong R3 cho h 3 vect B = {u1 = (1,1, 0); u2 = (1, 0,1); u3 = (0,1,1)} .
a) Chng minh rng B l mt c s ca R3
b) Tm ta ca cc vect e1 (1, 0, 0); e2 (0,1, 0); e3 = (0, 0,1); u = (3, 4,5) trong
c s B.
Gii:
a, V B l h gm 3 vect trong khng gian hu hn chiu R3 , nn
chng minh B l c s ca R3 ta ch cn chng minh B l h c lp tuyn
tnh.
chng minh iu ny ta c th xy dng ma trn A c cc dng l cc
vect u1 , u2 , u3 , sau chng minh rankA = 3 hay det A 0 .

1 1 0
Ta c, det A = 1 0 1 = 2 0 .
0 1 1

Vy h cc vect u1 , u2 , u3 l h c lp tuyn tnh nn l c s ca R3 .

b) Xt mt vect ty a=(a1,a2,a3) R3 gi s

a[ B ] = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) , khi

a1
1
1
0
a = x1u1 + x2u2 + x3u3 a2 = x1 1 + x2 0 + x3 1
a3
0
1
1
1

x
=
1 2 (a1 + a2 a3 )

x2 = (a1 a2 + a3 )
2

x
=
3 2 ( a1 + a2 + a3 )

a1 x1 + x2
a = x + x
2 1 3
a3 x2 + x3

x1 + x2 = a1

x1 + x3 = a2
x + x = a
2 3 3

Vy vi mi vect ty a=(a1,a2,a3) R3 , th ta c

1
1
1

a[ B ] = (a1 + a2 a3 ), (a1 a2 + a3 ), ( a1 + a2 + a3 ) .
2
2
2

Ln lt cho a bng e1 , e2 , e3 , u ta c ta ca cc vect

e1 , e2 , e3 , u trong c s B ln lt l:
1 1 1
e1 = , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
e2 = , ,
2 2 2

1 1 1
e3 = , ,
2 2 2
u = (1, 2, 3)
Bi 2) Trong R3 cho 2 c s

B (1 , 2 , 3 ) v B '( 1 , 2 , 3 ) nh sau:

 1 = (1,1,1); 2 = ( 1,2,1); 3 = (1,3,2)

1 = (1,0,1); 2 = (1,1,0); 3 = (0,1,1)
1) Tm ma trn chuyn t c s B sang c s B.
2) Vit cng thc tnh ta ca vect x trong c s B theo ta ca x
trong c s B.
Gii:
a,

Gi s

1 = a11 + a2 2 + a3 3 (1)
2 = b11 + b2 2 + b3 3 (2) . Khi , ma trn chuyn c
3 = c11 + c2 2 + c3 3 (3)

s B sang c s B c dng:

CB B '

a1
= a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

c1
c2 . tm ai , bi , ci
c3

ta phi gii cc

phng trnh vect (1), (2), (3).

Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi h

a1 a2 + a3 = 1

a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 = 0
a + a + 2a = 1
3
1 2

Phng trnh (2) tng ng vi h

b1 b2 + b3 = 1

b1 + 2b2 + 3b3 = 1
b + b + 2b = 0
3
1 2

Phng trnh (3) tng ng vi h

c1 c2 + c3 = 0

c1 + 2c2 + 3c3 = 1
c + c + 2c = 1
3
1 2

Ta dng phng php Gauss gii cc h phng trnh trn, lp cc ma

trn h s m rng:

1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0

d2 d2 d1
d 2 d2 d3
1
2
3
0
1
1

0
3
2

1
0
1

d3 d3 d1

1 1 2 1 0 1
0 2 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

d3 d3 2d2 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 2 3 1

a3 = 2;

Vy vi h (1) ta c a2 = 1 a3 = 1;
a = a a + 1= 4
1 2 3
b3 = 3;

H (2) ta c b2 = 1 b3 = 2;
b = b b + 1= 4
1 2 3
H (3) ta c

c3 = 1;

c2 = c3 = 1;
c = c c = 2
1 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 0

0
1
1

1
1
0

0 2 1 0 1 1

 4 4 2

Vy ma trn i c s B sang c s B l CB B ' = 1 2 1 .

2 3 1
b) Gi s [ x][ B ] = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) v [ x][ B '] = ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) . Khi , cng thc tnh ta
ca x trong c s B theo ta ca x trong c s B l:

x1 4 4 2 y1
x = 1 2 1 y
2
2
x3 2 3 1 y3

x1 = 4 y1 4 y2 + 2 y3

x2 = y1 2 y2 + y3
x = 2 y + 3y y
1
2
3
3

BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: Xt xem cc h vect sau c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn
tnh

a) {u1 = (1,0,1); u2 = (1, 2,3); u3 = (10,11,12); u4 = (4,5,6)};

b) {u1 = (1,0,1); u2 = (1,2,3); u3 = (2, 2,4)};
c) {u1 = (1,0,1); u2 = (1, 2,3); u3 = (2, 2,5)};
d ) {u1 = (1,0,1); u2 = (1, 2,3)}.
e){u1 = (1, 2,3, 4); u2 = (3,3, 5,1); u3 = (3,0,3, 10)};
Bi 2: Trong R3 [ x ] (khng gian cc a thc h s thc bc khng qu 3),
xt cc h vect sau c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?

a) {u1 = x 3 2 x + 3; u2 = x 2 + 1};
b) {u1 = x3 2 x + 3; u2 = x 2 + 1; u3 = 2 x 3 + x 2 4 x + 10};
c) {u1 = x 3 2 x + 3; u2 = x 2 + 2 x 1; u3 = x 3 + x 2 + 2};
d ) {u1 = x 3 ; u2 = 2 x 2 ; u3 = 3x; u4 = 2 x 2 + 3x; u5 = 1}.

Bi 3: Trong khng gian vect V cho 3 vect x, y, z. Chng minh rng

{x+y, y+z, z+x} c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi {x, y, z} c lp tuyn
tnh.
Bi 4:Trong R3 chng minh B = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) l c s v tm ta ca u
i vi B trong cc trng hp sau:

a) u1 = (1,1,1); u2 = (1,1,2); u3 = (1,2,3); u = (6,9,14);

b) u1 = (2,1, 3); u2 = (3,2, 5); u3 = (1, 1,1); u = (6,2, 7);
c) u1 = (1, 1,0); u2 = (1,0, 1); u3 = (2,0,0); u = ( 3,1, 2);
Bi 5: Trong R3 cho hai h vect

B = {(1,1,1);(1,1,2);(1,2,3)} v B =

{(2,1,-1); (3,2,-5); (1,-1,m)}.

a) Chng minh rng B l mt c s ca R3.
b) Tm m B l mt c s cA R3.
c) Trong trng hp B l c s ca R3 hy tm ma trn chuyn c s
t B sang B v tm ta ca vect u = (1, 0, 0) trong hai c s
.
Bi 6: Trong R3 cho hai h vect

B = {(1,1, 1);(1,0,1);(0,1,1)} v

B = {(0,0,1); (1, -1, 0);(1,1,1)}.

a) Chng minh rng B v B l cc c s ca R3.Tm ma trn chuyn
c s t B sang B v t B sang B.
Tm ta ca vect x = (1, -1, 1) trong hai c s
Bi 7: Trong R3, cho cc vect

u1 = (2,1, 1); u2 = (2, 1,2); u3 = (3,0,1); v1 = ( 3,1,2); v2 = (1, 2,5); v3 = (2,4,1)

a) Chng minh rng
b) Tm

[u]B ' ; v; [w]

B = (u1 , u2 , u3 ); B ' = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) l cc c s ca R3.

4
7

[v ]B = 5 v [ w]B ' =
8
nu
bit
u
=
(1,
2,
3),

6
9

Bi 8:cc tp sau y l c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh:

2

1, u1 =(1,2) v u2 =(-3,-6) trong R ?

2,u1 =(2,3) , u2 =(-5,8) ,u3 =(6,1) trong R ?

2

3,u1 =2+3x-x v u2=6+9x-3x trong R ?

3

Bi 9: xt trong R hai c s B={u1 ,u2 ,u3 } , B={v1 ,v2 ,v3 }trong :

u1 =(-3,0,-3),

u2 =(-3,2,1),

u3=(1,6,-1)

v1 =(-6,-6,0),

v2=(-2,-6,4),

v3=(-2,-3,7)

1, hy tm ma trn chuyn c s t B sang B

2,tnh ma trn ta [w]B ca w =(-5,8,-5) v tnh [w]B
3,tnh trc tip [w]B v kim tra kt qu trn
Bi 10: lm li bi tp 9 vi
u1 =(2,1,1), u2=(2,-1,-1), u3 =(1,2,1)
v1=(3,1,-5), v2=(1,1,-3), v3=(-1,0,2)