Toru Yukiyo

Chng 2
1. Cc nh trng thng xem xt li ch ca TMQT trn kha cnh no? - Coi s phn vinh ca 1 nc c o bng lng ti sn m nc ct gi m tin l i biu duy nht ca ca ci v ch c hot ng ngoi thng mi l ngun gc tht s ca ca ci: Ni
thng l mt h thng ng dn, ngoi thng l my bm, mun tng ca ci phi c ngoi thng dn ca ci qua ni thng

nh gi cao vai tr ca tin t - Li nhun thng nghip l KQ ca s trao i k ngang gi, l s la gt ging nh chin tranh. Trao i phi c 1 bn thua
bn kia c, dn tc ny lm giu bng cch hy sinh li ch ca dn tc khc.

- Khuyn khch XK, c bit l cc hng ho c gi tr cao, hn ch NK; dnh u tin cho NK nguyn liu so vs thnh phm.
Khuyn khch ch hng bng tu ca nc mnh. Bun bn c thc hin bi cc cty c quyn ca NN.

L thuyt ny c vn dng trong hon cnh no? - Nng lc SX trong nc vt qu mc cu - Quc gia gp kh khn trong vic cn bng thanh ton vs nc ngoi - Quc gia mong mun tch lu ngoi t d phng bt trc trong tng lai 2. Mt nc c li th tuyt i mi c c li ch trong bun bn quc t /S? - Sai.
Mt quc gia c th c li th trong vic SX ra hu ht cc SP hay mt QG k c SP no c li th tuyt i SX.

- Nu cn c vo li th tuyt i th ch gii thik c 1 phn nh TMQT hin nay. N gii thik c qhe TM gia cc nc ang pht trin vs cc nc pht trin nhng li k gii thik c qhe TM gia cc nc pht trin vs nhau (m qhe ny chim phn ln trong TMQT)
Li th so snh l k cn v dn n li ch TM.

4. Li th so snh do u m c? LTSS xut pht t hiu qu SX tng i.

Toru Yukiyo 1

Toru Yukiyo

Li th so snh c th thay i c k? Nu c th thay i theo hng no? LTSS c th thay i rt nhanh chng v n ph thuc vo 4 yu t thng xuyn thay i:
RCA = (EXA/EA):(EXW /EW ) EXA : kim ngch XK SP X ca nc A EA : tng kim ngch XK ca nc A EXW : kim ngch XK SP X ca ton th gii EW : tng kim ngch XK ca ton th gii

Khi th trng xut khu c m rng, c hi tng li th so snh ca mt hng xut hin. Do , ton cu ho th trng to c hi rt ln cho gia tng li th so snh ca cc mt hng khi thc hin c vic xut khu ra th trng nc ngoi. Nhng mt hng c thng hiu mnh, ph hp vs th trg nc ngoi, c kh nng cnh tranh cao, c kh nng tng nhanh sn lng v kim ngch XK v theo LTSS s c xu hng c ci thin. 5. Nhng ng gp ca cc l thuyt c in v TMQT trong vic gii thik ngun gc li ch ca NT? - Ct t hn nhng truyn thng ch yu thi trung c, trc ht l truyn thng t nhin v nhng li gio hun, lun l c trch dn trong Kinh thnh. - L c s cc quc gia nh hng chuyn mn ho v trao i cc mt hng - Gii thik nguyn nhn cc nc tham gia vo TMQT v ci g quyt nh chng loi hng ho XNK. 6. Mt hn ch ca l thuyt c in v TMQT a/ Trng thng:
t tnh l lun, thng c nu ln di hnh thc nhng li khuyn thc tin v CSTM. Thng mang nng tnh kinh nghim.

- Coi vng bc nh l hnh thc ca ci duy nht ca cc quc gia, gn mc cung tin t so vs s thnh vng ca quc gia, coi thng mi l 1 tr chi c tng li ch bng 0 l sai lm. - Cha gii thik c c cu hng ho trong TMQT, cha thy c tnh hiu qu v li ch t qu trnh chuy mn ho SX v trao i, cha nhn thc c rng cc KL ca h ch ng trong 1 s trg hp nht nh ch k phi cho mi trg hp.
Toru Yukiyo 2

Toru Yukiyo

b/ Li th tuyt i K gii thik c trg hp ti sao thg mi vn c th din ra khi 1 quc gia c li th tuyt i (or bt li tuyt i) v tt c cc mt hng. c/ Li th so snh D on 1 mc chuyn mn ho hon ton, ngha l mi nc s tp trung vo 1 mt hng m mnh c li th. Nhng thc t, mi nc SX nhiu mt hng, trong c c nhng mt hng cnh tranh vs hng NK. 7. ND c bn ca l thuyt vng i quc t ca SP
Thc cht l s m rng l thuyt k/c cng ngh

- Khi SP mi c gii thiu (ti t0): SX v tiu th cn mang tnh cha chc chn v ph thuc nhiu vo ngun cung cp nhn cng lnh ngh v k/c gn gi vs th trg -> SP c SX vs chi ph cao v XK (ti t1) bi cc nc ln v giu c (nh M) - Khi SP tr nn chn mui, cng ngh SX dn tr nn chun ho, c pht trin rng ri: Th trg tiu th m rng to k cho vic t chc SX trn quy m ln vs chi ph thp -> Cc quc gia di do tg i v vn bt chc cng ngh SX -> li th so snh chuyn t nc pht minh sang cc nc ny -> Nc pht minh tr thnh nc NK (ti t3) - Khi cng ngh tr nn hon ton chun ho, qu trnh c th chia ra thnh nhiu cng on khc nhau v tg i n gin -> li th so snh chuyn ti cc nc ang pht trin, ni c lc lng l di do v mc lg thp -> nhng nc ny tr thnh nc xk rng (ti t4) 8. L thuyt li th cnh tranh quc gia Li th cnh tranh quc gia c th hin s lin kt ca 4 nhm yu t -> m hnh kim cng. Cc yu t (1), (2), (3), (4) tc ng qua li ln nhau v hnh thnh nn kh nng cnh tranh quc gia. Ngoi ra cn 2 yu t khc l chinh sch ca CP v c hi c th tc ng n 4 yu t c bn trn.

Toru Yukiyo 3

Toru Yukiyo

Chnh ph

Chin lc, c cu, v mi trg cnh tranh ca cc ngnh (4)

iu kin cc yu t sn xut (1)

iu kin v cu (2)

Cc ngnh cng nghip h tr v c lin quan (3)

26

C hi

9. Trnh by nhng li ch m NT mang li a/ Vi quc gia - Dn ti s tng ln ca nhng loi hng ho c th tiu dng c trong nn KT bng 2 cch: o Cho php khi lng hng TD # vs s hng SX ra. o Cho php 1 s thay i c li ch ph hp vs cc c im ca SX.
a dng ho SP (nhm phn tn ri ro) t c hiu qu KT nh quy m (li ch hiu qu t vic tng quy m) Li ch thc y cnh tranh (gim ngun li th trg ca cc cty trong nc) Hp l ho SX, phn phi (loi b cc cty km hiu qu) Tng tc , phong ph v SP c li cho ng TD & SX

b/ Vi cc doanh nghip - ng lc XK ca DN:

o o o o o S dng kh nng d tha Gim chi ph Li ch nhiu hn Phn tn cc ri ro C hi NK Toru Yukiyo 4

Toru Yukiyo

- ng lc NK: c c ngun cung cp r, c thm nhiu mt hng, gim

ri ro

10. Li ch do NT mang li bt ngun t u?

Nghin cu ngun gc ca NT tr li 2 cu hi: o Ti sao cc nc tham gia vo TMQT o Ci j quyt nh chng loi hng ho XNK

- S khc nhau gia cc vng trn TG v kh hu, k t nhin v cc ngun lc # s xut hin li th so snh, buc cc quc gia phi chuyn mn ho v coi NT nh 1 phng php SX gin tip - S gim chi ph SX ca 1 nc do tin hnh chuyn mn ho
Trc kia, ngun gc 1 quan trng hn nhng hin nay ngun gc 2 quan trng hn.

11. c im ca NT trong 1 nn KT m c quy m nh

Hu nh k nh hng j ti gi c TG v phi chp nhn gi c th trg TG, kh nng cung cp hng ho ra th trg TG v NK hng ho cn thit l k ng k.

Nu mi yu t # cn bng, th s thay i v cung v cu s dn ti s thay i v s hng XK v NK hn l thay i v gi trong nc: Nu mt bng gi qte, lng hng cu vt qu lng hng
cung trong nc, loi hng s c NK; nu lng hng cung vt qu lng hng cu trong nc mc gi ny hng s c XK.

12. Ti sao cc DN tham gia hot ng TMQT? - ng lc XK ca DN:

S dng kh nng d tha Gim chi ph Li ch nhiu hn Phn tn cc ri ro C hi NK ng lc NK: c c ngun cung cp r, c thm nhiu mt hng, gim ri ro o o o o o

Chng 3
1. Phn bit chc nng ca NT vs t cch l 1 ngnh KT vs t cch l 1 khu ca qu trnh ti SX XH Chc nng ca NT mang tnh khch quan: NT thc hin chc nng lu thng hh gia trong nc vs nc ngoi.
Toru Yukiyo 5

Toru Yukiyo

1 ngnh KT T chc ch yu qu trnh lu thng hh vs bn ngoi, thng qua mua bn ni lin 1 cch hu c theo k hoch gia th trg trong nc vs th trg nc ngoi, tho mn nhu cu SX ca nd v hh theo s lng, cht lng, mt hng, a im v time ph hp vs chi ph t nht

1 khu ca qu trnh ti SX XH - To vn cho qu trnh m rng vn u t trong nc - Chuyn ho gi tr s dng lm thay i c cu vt cht ca tng SP XH v thu nhp quc dn c SX trong nc v thch ng chng vs nhu cu ca tiu dng v tch lu - Gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca nn KT bng vic to mi trg thun li cho SX, KD

2. Nhng cn c xc nh n/v ca NT - Chc nng ca NT: Chc nng lu thng i ngoi -> n/v ca NT
phi xoay quanh vic phc v cho yu cu pht trin KT trong nc.

- c im KT-XH c bn ca nc ta: +) c im chung: o Nc ta ang trong qu trnh t 1 nn SX nh ph bin i ln CNXH -> kh khn trong tham gia phn cng l qte, nh
hng n cung, cu hh + tnh cp thit, tt yu ca m rng NT v tham gia th trg TG to tin cho pht trin SX hh nc ta

o 1 nn KT c nhiu thnh phn tham gia (quc doanh, t nhn) v hp tc gia cc thnh phn -> s cnh
tranh + hp tc trn th trg trong v ngoi nc -> i hi c hnh thc t chc qun l v chnh sch phfu hp vs s pht trin ca cc mi qhe

+) c im KT XH:
Thnh tu: o Nn KT t tc c tng trg kh cao, nm sau cao hn nm trc o C cu KT c bc chuyn dch theo hg CNH, HH o Huy ng ngun lc, nht l ngun lc trong dn tng nhanh o KT v m c bn n nh, cc cn i KT ch yu c bn p ng c yu cu tng trg ca nn KT o Hot ng ngoi giao, KTN, hi nhp KTQT c bc tin quan trng o Cht lg ngun nhn lc c bc chuyn bin; KHCN c tin b o Lnh vc VH-XH, nht l xo i gim ngho o Chnh tr - XH n nh, quc phng an ninh c cng c Yu km: Toru Yukiyo 6

Toru Yukiyo o Nhp tng trg KT cn di mc kh nng pht trin ca t nc; cht lng pht trin cn thp; nng lc cnh tranh ca nn KT cn yu o Chuyn dch c cu KT cha ng u v cha pht huy th mnh trong tng ngnh, tng vng, tng SP. C cu DV cha c s chuyn dch ng k, tc tng trg cha cao. o Th ch KT th trg nh hng XHCN cha c c th ho v hon thin. o Mt s cn i v m cha tht vng chc o Hi nhp KTQT v hot ng KTN cn nhiu hn ch o C ch, chnh sch v VH, XH chm c c th ho, nhiu v XH bc xc chm c khc ph v y li.

- Bi cnh qte: o CM KHCN, c bit l CNTT tip tc pht trin nhy vt,
thc y s hnh thnh nn KT tri thc v lm bin i su sc cc lnh vc ca i sng XH. o Ton cu ho KT l xu th khch quan, ngy cng li cun thm nhiu nc v m rng ra hu ht cc lnh vc, lm tng sc p cnh tranh v tc ng qua li gia cc nn KT. o Hi nhp vo KT khu vc v TG l cn thit tt yu i vs mi quc gia trong c VN nu nh k mun b gt ra ngoi l ca s pht trin

o Chu Thi Bnh Dng tip tc l khu vc pht trin nng ng, trong TrQ c vai tr ngy cng ln. o Xu hng t do ho TM song phng v khu vc ang din ra mnh m, c bit l khu vc CA-TBD. - Nhim v, mc tiu trong thi k k hoch: Mc tiu v phng hng tng qut ca 5 nm 2011-2015 m H CSVN ln th XI xc nh l: Tip tc nng cao nng lc lnh o v sc chin u ca ng; y mnh ton din cng cuc i mi; xy dng h thng chnh tr trong sch, vng mnh; pht huy dn ch v sc mnh i on kt ton dn tc; pht trin kinh t nhanh, bn vng; nng cao i sng vt cht, tinh thn ca nhn dn; gi vng n nh chnh tr - x hi; tng cng hot ng i ngoi; bo v vng chc c lp, ch quyn, thng nht, ton vn lnh th; to nn tng n nm 2020 nc ta c bn tr thnh nc cng nghip theo hng hin i. 3. Cc nhim v ca h NT VN hin nay: - Nng cao hiu qu KD, thc y qu trnh cng nghip ho t nc.
o Tnh ton k l li, gim chi ph, nng cao chp lng SP, thay i c ch qun l KT trong nc, tho g nhng rng buc, cn tr h Toru Yukiyo 7

Toru Yukiyo NT ni ring, hot ng KD trog c ch th trg ni chung -> KD hiu qu o Tm kim nhng u vo mi cho cng nghip v tiu th nhng SP ca cng nghip lm ra. o NT c s dng nh 1 cng c thc y qu trnh lin kt KT trong nc v gia trong nc vs nc ngoi. -

Gp phn gii quyt nhng v KT-XH quan trng ca t nc: vn, vic lm, cng ngh, s dng ti nguyn c hiu qu -> to
cho nc mnh 1 li th so snh trong phn cng l qte

m bo s thng nht gia KT v chnh tr trong h NT: hp

tc lm n cng c li vs nc ngoi, chnh sch v cc h NT trong thc tin phi vn ng cng chiu vs chnh sch i ngoi ca NN VN.

4. NT ng gp ntn trong v gii quyt vn v CN trong qu trnh pht trin KT

I.2.2.b trang 101 -> 106

Cu 13 tp foto - Vn: Xem xtCNH - CN: Ngoi vic khuyn khchpht trin CN 5. NT ng gp ntn trong v gii quyt vic lm v s dng ti nguyn c hiu qu trong qu trnh pht trin KT?
I.2.2.b trang 101 -> 106

Cu 13 tp foto - Vic lm: nc ta... hin nay + Mi qhechm li - Ti nguyn: Trong k KT ch bin 6. NT ng gp vo vic nng cao hiu qu KT thc y qu trnh CNH t nc ntn?
I.2.2.a trang 100 -> 101

- Tnh ton k l li, gim chi ph, nng cao chp lng SP, thay i c ch qun l KT trong nc, tho g nhng rng buc, cn tr h NT ni ring, hot ng KD trog c ch th trg ni chung -> KD hiu qu - Tm kim nhng u vo mi cho cng nghip v tiu th nhng SP ca cng nghip lm ra. - NT c s dng nh 1 cng c thc y qu trnh lin kt KT trong nc v gia trong nc vs nc ngoi.

Toru Yukiyo 8

Toru Yukiyo

7. Tnh chnh tr trong h NT c ngha l g? - L s tnh ton 1 cch ton din cc yu t hnh thnh v xu hng pht trin nn KT nc ta, tnh hnh chnh tr trong nc v qte, s tin b KHKT, tnh hnh KT v th trg hh TG, cc chnh sch KT v CSTM ca cc bn hng. - L tun theo s qun l thng nht ca NN v cc h NT. Ti sao phi m bo s thng nht gia KT v chnh tr trong h NT? - TG v nn KT TG l 1 th thng nht, trong cc QG giu v ngho phi da vo nhau pht trin c v chtr ln KT - i vs 1 QG: o S pht trin KT, sc mnh KT l v ct li ca s vn ng v chtr, an ninh quc gia. Pht trin KT, n nh v ci thin i sng nd l k quan trng nht ca n nh chtr. o n nh chtr l 1 k bun bn hp tc u t. pcm. 8. Ni rng: K c NT th k tn ti cc qhe KTN c ng k? Sai. KTN ch yu bao gm cc hot ng ngoi thng (xut nhp khu), hp tc quc t v u t v lao ng, du lch quc t v cc dch v thu ngoi t khc. 9. Mi qhe gia pht trin KT trong nc v m rng qhe KT vs bn ngoi? NT c qhe qua li rt mt thit vs cc lnh vc ca nn KTQD. - NT & SX: NT ra i l KQ ca SX pht trin, ng thi NT li l 1 tin cho s pht trin ca SX. - NT & TD: o NT NK nhng TLSX cn thit phc v cho vic SX hh TD trong nc o NT trc tip NK hh TD m trong nc cha SX c hoc SX cha . o Cc mi qhe cn c th pht trin 1 cch gin tip thng qua nhu cu v cc hng TD tg ng vs thu nhp hin c. - NT vs vic thu ht vn u t nc ngoi & u t ra nc ngoi: o Thu ht vn u t nc ngoi c th dn n hn ch or thc y NT.
Toru Yukiyo 9

Toru Yukiyo

o u t ra nc ngoi thc hin 2 mc ch: m rng th trg bng cch bn hng nc ngoi & t c vic cung cp cc ngun lc. 10. Ni SX quyt nh s pht trin ca NT c ng k? Gii thik mi qhe ny trong k nc ta? - ng. - Cu 15 tp foto 11. NT c tc ng n vic m rng kh nng TD ni a ntn?
II.2 trang 112

Cu 16 tp foto 12. Mi qhe gia NT v thu ht vn u t nc ngoi?

II.3 trang 114

Cu 17 tp foto

Chng 4
1 + 2 + 5. Hiu qu KT NT l j?
Quan nim ph bin cho rng, dng khi qut nht, hiu qu KT NT l

KQ ca qu trnh SX trong nc, n c biu hiu mi tg quan gia KQ thu c v chi ph b ra. Trong thc tin cng c ng cho rng hiu qu KT NT thc cht l li nhun v a dng gi tr s dng. Xt v mt l lun, ND c bn ca hiu qu KT NT l gp phn thc y tng nhanh nng sut l XH, ngha l s tit kim l XH v tng thu nhp quc dn c th s dng, qua to thm ngun tch lu cho SX v nng cao mc sng trong nc. Cch tnh hiu qu v mt ti chnh ca XK + NK? VD? Hiu qu ti chnh l hiu qu KT c biu hin thng qua ng tin.
Mun tnh chnh xc hiu qu ti chnh ca h XNK, phi tnh nhng chi ph to nn CPXK v CPNK .

a/ nh gi cc t l sinh li T sut ngoi t XK l i lng so snh gia khon thu ngoi t do XK (DTXK) em li vs s chi ph bn t phi chi ra (CPXK) c
Toru Yukiyo 10

Toru Yukiyo

c s ngoi t . Nu t k hiu RXK cho t sut ngoi t XK ta c :

R XK =

DTXK (bng ngoi t) CPXK (bng ni t)

VD : Cty XNK C trong nm 2005 tng doanh thu XK thu c l 8.95 triu USD. Tng chi ph u vo lin quan n mua bn s SP XK trn y l 104.74 triu VN T sut ngoi t ca vic XK l :
RXK
8.95 trieu USD 1 USD 104.74 trieu VN 11.702 VN

c c 1 USD khi XK, cty phi chi ra 11.702 VN. T sut ngoi t NK l i lng so snh gia khon thu (tnh bng bn t) do NK (DTNK) em li vs s chi ph u vo (tnh bng ngoi t) phi b ra mua bn hng NK (CPNK). Nu t k hiu RNK cho t sut ngoi t NK ta c :

RNK

DTNK (bang noi te) CPNK (bang ngoai te)

b/ Li nhun & t sut li nhun - dng s tuyt i -> th hin bng li nhun : P = D CP P : tng li nhun thu c D : doanh thu tiu th SP (hoc thc hin DV) CP : chi ph phi b ra trong qu trnh SX, KD (gi thnh ca SP, thu cc loi...) - dng tng i -> th hin bng t sut li nhun : o Theo gi thnh -> phn nh mc li nhun thu c t 1 v chi ph
cho h XK, NK (hiu qu ca 1 v CP)

PZ

P Z

Pz : t sut li nhun theo gi thnh Z : gi thnh ca SP o Theo vn KD (h s sinh li ca vn) -> phn nh mc li
nhun thu c t 1 v vn KD (hiu qu s dng vn KD)

Toru Yukiyo 11

Toru Yukiyo

Pv

P Vcd Vld

Pv : t sut li nhun tnh theo vn Vcd : gi tr cn li bnh qun ca ti sn c nh trong k Vld : s d vn lu ng bnh quan trong k o Theo doanh thu -> phn nh mc li nhun thu c t 1 v
doanh thu tiu th SP XK or NK

Pdt

P D

Pdt : t sut li nhun tnh theo doanh thu D : doanh thu t tiu th SP 3. Phn bit li nhun ti chnh v li nhun KT Li nhun ti chnh Li nhun KT tnh c li nhun KD ch tiu tnh ton hiu qu KT thc quan trng nht ca hiu qu ti th ca cc h NT, cng nh ca DN cn phi tnh chnh, ng ta s dng s liu do hch ton k ton cung cp Li nhun KT = Tng doanh thu Li nhun ti chnh = Tng Tng chi ph KT doanh thu Tng chi ph ti hay chnh Li nhun KT = Li nhun k ton Chi ph c hi v cc chi ph khc
Tng chi ph ti chnh : s tin DN b ra SX or mua hng v tiu th + thu Chi ph KT : gi tr ca ton b cc ngun ti nguyn trong KD SX, cung ng, tiu th hh, DV.

4. Mi qhe gia hiu qu KT c bit vs hiu qu KT-XH ca hiu qu KT NT ?

Hiu qu KT c bit l hiu qu KT thu c t hot ng NT ca tng DN, ca tng thng v, mt hng XK, NK. Biu hin chung ca hiu qu c bit l doanh li m mi DN t c. Hiu qu KT-XH m NT em li cho nn KTQD l s ng gp ca h NT vo vic pht trin XS, i mi c cu KT, tng nng sut l XH, tch lu ngoi t, tng thu cho ngn sch, gii quyt vic lm, ci thin i sng nd. Toru Yukiyo 12

Toru Yukiyo

- Hiu qu KT c bit v hiu qu KT-XH c mi qhe nhn qu v tc ng qua li vs nhau. o Hiu qu KTQD ch c th t c trn c s h c hiu qu ca cc DN NT. o Hiu qu KT-XH l tin v k cho DN KD c hiu qu. - DN quan tm n hiu qu KT-XH chung ca nn KTQD, NN cn c cc chnh sch m bo kt hp hi ho li ch ca DN & c nhn ng l. 6. S ging v khc nhau gia hiu qu KT & hiu qu KT-XH ca h NT? VD? Hiu qu KT Hiu qu KT-XH L 1 dng hiu qu KT NT, l c s X cc ch tiu v mc hiu qu v X nhng bin php nng cao hiu qu KT NT Hiu qu KT-XH m NT em Hiu qu KT c bit l hiu li cho nn KTQD l s ng qu KT thu c t hot ng gp ca h NT vo vic pht NT ca tng DN, ca tng trin XS, i mi c cu KT, thng v, mt hng XK, NK. tng nng sut l XH, tch lu Biu hin chung ca hiu qu ngoi t, tng thu cho ngn c bit l doanh li m mi DN sch, gii quyt vic lm, ci t c. thin i sng nd.

VD: (Short time) DN XNK b l nhng nn KT vn thu c hiu qu. 7. Phng php X 1 s ch tiu hiu qu KT-XH ca h NT ? a/ X gi tr hh gia tng
Gi tr hh (gi tr gia tng) ca 1 h KD gm: gi tr gia tng trc tip & gi tr gia tng gin tip. Gi tr gia tng trc tip: gi tr do chnh h KD to nn. Gi tr gia tng gin tip: nhng gi tr gia tng thu c t cc h KD # or h KT # do nh hng lan truyn m h KD NT ang xem xt sinh ra.

Gi tr hh gia tng = li rng + lng + thu - tr ga, b gi trc tip

Gi tr gia tng c X cho tng nm or tng thi k.

b/ Hiu qu KT ca vn:

Hv

Gia tr gia tang Von kinh doanh bnh quan trong nam
Toru Yukiyo 13

Toru Yukiyo

Hv: ch tiu hiu qu KT ca vn th hin lng gi tr gia tng tnh trn 1 ng vn ch tiu ny dng so snh hiu qu KT ca cc phng n or ca thi k KD, u t c/ Tng thu & tit kim ngoi t - Tng thu ngoi t: Tng thu ngoi t = Thu ngoi t do XK - Chi ph ngoi t cho NK - Tit kim ngoi t
Vic tnh ton da trn gi thit: + DN use SP trong nc thay cho NK SX hh p ng nhu cu trong nc, or XK. + SP no k th SX trong nc c or SX k c hiu qu mi NK.

Tit kim ngoi t = Chi ph ngoi t nu NK Chi ph ngoi t cn NK - T gi hi oi thc t ca phng n: nh gi mc tit kim or tng thu ngoi t.

Rt

Hc Ht

Rt: t gi thc t ca p/a Hc: hin gi chi ph ca p/a tnh bng ngoi t Ht: hin gi tng thu ngoi t, tnh bng ngoi t so snh

d/ Mc ng gp cho ngn sch NN Mc ong gop vao ngan sach Ty le Tong von bnh quan e/ Cc ch tiu #:
Thu ht vn l mi vo h SX KD XNK Gp phn pht trin KT a phng & cc ngnh # Tho mn nhu cu ca nd nh hng ca p/a KD n mi trg

Chng 5 + 6
C th b nhng phi nm vng c h NT trong nhng nm gn y: quy m, tng trng kim ngch, c cu mt hng, c cu th trg, cc ch trg nh hng ln i vs h NT

Toru Yukiyo 14

Toru Yukiyo

Chng 7
1 + 3 + 4. Cc chin lc pht trin NT ch yu? u, nhc im ca cc chin lc trong thc tin? - Chin lc XK SP th: ND: o Trnh sx thp, tch ly ni b km o Cc nc ang PT, sau CTTG II o Da vo ti nguyn sn c SX, XK to tch ly ban u o Thu ht FDI khai thc, thm d, ch bin o M ca th trng va phi u im: o To tch ly ban u: FDI, XK o XD mt s ngnh CN thm d, khai thc, ch bin o KT pht trin theo chiu rng o Gii quyt cng n vic lm o To i ng CN lnh ngh Nhc im: o Cung cu khng n nh: cu tng chm o Gi sp th gim, gi tr gia tng thp o Thu nhp khng n nh o KT pht trin chm o Cn cn TM thm ht o Cn nhiu nng lng o Mi trng - Chin lc SX thay th NK ND: o u tin M La tinh chu , chu Phi -> thp k 60 tr thnh chin lc pht trin KT ch o o X s lg v chng loi hh phi NK trong 1 nm o Lp p/a t chc SX p ng i b phn nhu cu v hh v DV cho th trg ni a o m bo cho cc nh SX trog nc c th lm ch c k thut SX or cc nh u t nc ngoi cung cp CN, vn & qun l hng vo vic cung cp cho th trg ni a l chnh
Toru Yukiyo 15

Toru Yukiyo

o Lp cc hng ro bo h h tr cho SX trong nc, nhm khuyn khch cc nh u t trong nhng ngnh CN l mc tiu pht trin
Cc bin php thay th: thu quan bo h, hn ngch NK, t gi cao qu mc.

u im: o em li s m mang nht nh cc c s SX o Kinh t pht trin cn i, rng o To cng n vic lm o Hn ch tc ng t bn ngoi Nhc im: o Khng coi trng NT & QHKTN khc o KT pht trin chm, bt n nh, nguy c tt hu cao o Thm ht cn cn TM thiu ngoi t o Cnh tranh yu km nng ng - Chin lc SX hng v XK: ND: o Use rng ri M Latinh t 1950s -> ng Bc & ng Nam t 1960s -> ng Nam , in hnh l thnh cng ca
4 con rng chu

o Khuyn khch u t trong v ngoi nc kh nng CT XK cao o Khuyn khch m rng XK o Nng , h tr SX hng XK o To mi trng u t thun li o M ca th trng u im: o Nn KT nhiu nc ang pht trin t tc tng trg cao, 1 s ngnh CN (ch yu l c ngnh ch bin XK) t trnh k thut tin tin, c kh nng cnh tranh trn th trg TG. NT tr thnh u tu ca nn KT o Tn dng c nhng li th t th trg TG v vn, CN & kinh nghim t qun l t nhng nc tin tin. Nhc im: o Do tp trung ht kh nng cho XK v cc ngnh c lin quan nn mt cn i trm trng gia cc ngnh XK & k XK o Do t ch ti cc ngnh CN thit yu nht -> nn KT gn cht vo th trg bn ngoi & d b tc ng bi nhng s bin i thng trm ca th trg cc nc ln.
Toru Yukiyo 16

Toru Yukiyo

5. Cn c chn la chin lc pht trin NT? - Cn c vo ngun lc -> da vo ni lc or ngoi lc or both - Cn c vo m hnh c cu KT -> chin lc la chn cc ngnh then
cht; chin lc pht trin ngnh mang li hiu qu nhanh nht, nhiu nht; chin lc thay th NK; chin lc howngs v XK; chin lc pht trin tng hp v cn i (pht trin ton din); chin lc hn hp

- Ch chnh tr - XH & con g pht trin - HCLS & trnh pht trin tng giai on ca t nc, gn vs cc yu cu thc hin cc n/v t ra trong giai on Khi m rng bun bn vs nc ngoi cn qun trit nhng quan im j? - M rng h NT -> dn giu, nc mnh, XH cng bng, dn ch, vn minh trn nn tng: gi vng c lp ch quyn & an ninh quc gia, m bo s pht trin ca t nc theo nh hng XHCN, m rng qhe KT trn c s bnh ng, cng c li, k can thip vo cng vic ni b ca nhau - Khc phc tnh cht khp kn ca nn KT, chru ng hi nhp KT qte, thc hin a dng ho, a phng ho qhe TM - M rng s tham gia ca cc DN thuc mi thnh phn KT vo h NT di s qun l thng nht ca NN - Coi trng hiu qu KT-XH trong h NT V sao? II.3 trang 255

Chng 8
1. C ch qun l XNK l j? C ch qun l XNK l cc phng thc m qua , NN tc ng c nh hng theo nhng k nht nh m c i tng (ch th & khch th) tham gia h XNK nhm m bo cho s t vn ng ca cc h XNK hng n cc mc tiu KT-XH nh ca NN. ND ca c ch qun l XNK VN hin nay? VN ch trg XD nn KT th trg theo nh hng XHCN -> ch ch qun l XNK phi tun th theo cc quy lut ca KTTT c s qun l thng nht ca NN. - Ch th iu chnh: CQ lut php, hnh php t TW a phng
Toru Yukiyo 17

Toru Yukiyo

- i tng iu chnh: Cc DN SX, KD XNK & hh - DV XNK - Cng c iu chnh :

C/S Thng mi C/S Nhp khu C/S Thu quan C/S phi TQ nh lng.(5) Mc thu sut (1). Mt hng chu thu (2) Cch tnh thu (3) Thi gian np thu. (4) Tng ng TQ (6) Lin quan n doanh nghip.(7) Bin php k thut (8) Bo h tm thi (9) Bin php tichnh (10) Cc bin php khc (11) C/S Xut khu C/S Khuyn khch XK C/S chuyn dch c cu XK C/S th trng XK C/S qun l XK C/S TQ 1 2 3 4 C/S phi TQ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

C/S h tr XK B/P to ngun hng B/P ti chnh B/P th ch xc tin XK

2. Ti sao cn c c ch qun l XNK? - Mt tri ca quy lut KT khch quan - Mt tri ca hi nhp KTQT - Thit lp mi trng KD chung - Gii quyt cc mi quan h vt qu tm ca cc DN Nguyn tc vn hnh ca c ch qun l XNK? - Ph hp vi cc quy lut KT khch quan
Toru Yukiyo 18

Toru Yukiyo

- Tp trung dn ch trong qun l - Thc hin mc tiu HQ KT XH - Kt hp hi ha li ch: dn tc, i tc bn hng 3. Vai tr ca c ch qun l XNK VN hin nay? - Ph hp vi cc quy lut KT khch quan - Tp trung dn ch trong qun l - Thc hin mc tiu hiu qu KT XH - Kt hp hi ha li ch: dn tc, i tc bn hng Phng hng hon thin? - R sot, ph hp ha, hi ha ha h thng lut QG - XD h thng TC HH-DV XNK ph hp - CS nhiu TP - Ci cch hnh chnh trong lnh vc TM - Tip cn phng thc KD mi - iu hnh t gi, li sut linh hot - Thay i cn bn phng thc QL NK - Sp xp li DN, ngnh KD - o to CB QL, qun tr DN, KD gii.

Chng 9
1. Nu vai tr ca NK i vs nn KT? - L 1 h quan trng ca TMQT. - Tc ng 1 cch trc tip v quyt nh n SX & i sng trong nc. Th no l NK b sung, NK thay th? - NK b sung: b sung cc hh m trong nc k SX c or SX k p ng nhu cu. - NK thay th: NK nhng hh m SX trong nc s k c li bng NK VD? - NK b sung: xng, i mch - NK thay th: du th, thc n chn nui

Toru Yukiyo 19

Toru Yukiyo

Trong k nc ta hin nay, NK b sung hay NK thay th quan trng hn? kin ch quan ca mnh: NK b sung 2. Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca chnh sch XNK? - S dng vn NK tit kim, hp k em li hiu qu KT cao
o X mt hng NK ph hp vs k hoch pht trin KT-XH, KH-KT ca t nc o Use vn tit kim, dnh ngoi t nhp vt t cho SX & i sng, khuyn khch SX trong nc thay th hng NK o Nghin cu th trg NK c hh ng chng loi, s lng, kp time, gi c ph hp, nhanh chng pht huy tc dng, y mnh SX v nng cao i sng nd

- NK thit b k thut tin tin hin i, ph hp vs k ca VN

o NK chn lc, trnh nhp nhng loi cng ngh lc hu cc nc ang tm cch thi ra o Trnh tnh trng NK thit b k thut v chm a vo SX lu pht huy tc dng, mang nng t/c trng by, ph trg, use k ht cng sut

- Bo v & thc y SX trong nc pht trin, tng nhanh XK

o Tnh ton & tranh th cc li th ca nc ta trong tng thi k m mang SX va p ng nhu cu TD ni a v s lg & cht lg, va to c ngun hng XK m rng th trg ra nc ngoi o Nhng k nn bo h SX ni a vs bt c gi no.

3. Ti sao li a ra nguyn tc S dng vn NK vs tinh thn tit kim & em li hiu qu KT cao? - C ch th trg -> mua bn vs cc nc tnh theo thi gi qte & thanh ton = ngoi t t do chuyn i -> k cn n` c hi cho cc khon vay nhp siu, k cn rng buc theo Ngh nh th -> hp ng NK phi da trn li ch & hiu qu quyt nh - Nhu cu NK CNH & pht trin KT ln, vn NK li co hp Tit kim & hiu qu l v c bn ca 1 quc gia, 1 DN. ND thc hin nguyn tc tit kim ny? - X mt hng NK ph hp vs k hoch pht trin KT-XH, KHKT ca t nc - Use vn tit kim, dnh ngoi t nhp vt t cho SX & i sng, khuyn khch SX trong nc thay th hng NK

Toru Yukiyo 20

Toru Yukiyo

- Nghin cu th trg NK c hh ng chng loi, s lng, kp time, gi c ph hp, nhanh chng pht huy tc dng, y mnh SX v nng cao i sng nd 5. Nhng cng c qun l NK ch yu VN? - Thu quan ( Tariff) - Hng ro phi thu quan (NTM) o Hn ch nh lng
Cm NK Hn ngch NK (hn ngch thu quan) (Tariff quotas) (Hn ngch quc gia, Hn ngch khu vc, Hn ngch ton cu) Giy php NK hh (Giy php t ng, Giy php k t ng)

o Tng ng thu quan (Para-tariff measures)

X tr gi hi quan (Tr gi giao dch, Tr gi giao dch ca hng ging ht, Tr gi giao dch ca hng tng t, Tr ga khu tr/suy din, Tr gi tnh ton, Phng php d phng) nh gi (Gi trn, Gi sn) Bin ph (Variable charges) Ph thu (Sur charges) o Quyn kinh doanh ca cc DN (Quyn KD NK, u mi NK)

o Hng ro k thut
Cc quy nh tiu chun k thut Kim dch ng, thc vt Cc yu cu v nhn mc hh Cc quy nh v mi trg Yu cu v t l ni a ho Yu cu t l XK bt buc Yu cu phi gn vs pht trin ngun nguyn liu trong nc DV phn phi DV ti chnh, ngn hng t cc NK Hng i hng Th tc hi quan Mua sm ca CP Qui tc xut s Thu chng ph gi Thu chng tr cp Thu chng phn bit i x

o Lin quan n u t nc ngoi

o Qun l iu tit NK thng qua cc h DV o Cc bin php qun l hnh chnh

o Bo v TM tm thi

Cng c no quan trng nht? V sao?

Toru Yukiyo 21

Toru Yukiyo

Hng ro k thut (TBT) To nhng ro cn k thut cn thit trong bi cnh chng lm pht v kim ch nhp siu hin nay. Nhng bin php hn ch nhp siu m ng chm n cc cam kt song phng, a phng hay WTO th lp tc cc nc s cho kin phn i ngay. Cn TBT l nhng ro cn k thut linh hot khng tri vi cc nguyn tc, cam kt quc t. Cc bin php ny th gii cho php v nhiu nc lm t lu. V vy, quan trng nht l xy dng hng ro k thut v qun l cho tt. 6. Thu NK: K/n: Thu NK l 1 loi thu gin thu nh vo hng mu dch, phi mu dch c php NK khi i qua khu vc hi quan ca 1 nc.
Hoc hiu theo gc KT n thun: l 1 khon tin m i tng np thu phi np cho cq hi quan nc c hh i qua khu vc hi quan ca nc .

Mc ch: - Gp phn vo vic pht trin v bo h SX - Hng dn TD trong nc - Gp phn to ngun thu cho ngn sch - Gp phn thc hin chnh sch mt hng; chnh sch mt hng; chnh sch thanh ton & cam kt qte - L cng c iu tit qhe i ngoi ca 1 quc gia 8. Cc loi thu sut trong biu thu NK ca VN? - Thu sut thng thng: c p dng vs hh NK c xut x t nc k c
tho thun v i x Ti hu quc (MFN) trong qhe vs VN. Thu sut thng thg c p dng thng nht >50% so vs thu sut u i. Thu sut u i: c p dng cho hh NK c xut x t nc or khi nc c tho thun MFN trong qhe TM vs VN Thu sut u i c bit: c p dng cho hh NK c xut x t nc or khi nc m VN & h c tho thun c bit v thu NK theo th ch khu vc TM t do, lin minh thu quan or to thun li cho giao lu TM bin gii.

Toru Yukiyo 22

Toru Yukiyo

7. Phn tch li ch v chi ph ca thu quan?

- Q4 > Q3 => Hn ch tiu dng - Q2 > Q1 => Kch thch SX trong nc. -Q2Q3 < Q1Q4 => Hn ch NK.

?? Pd Pw O
1

??

-Li ch & Chi ph: D Q SX = + 1 TD = - ( 1+2+3+4) CP = + 3 XH = - (2+4) => gy ra tn tht cho ton XH

Q1 Q2

Q3 Q4

9. Th no l bo h danh ngha ca thu quan (NPR)? VD: tr 293 -> 296 2 loi NPR: - T sut bo h danh ngha thu quan: cho bit s bo h gi tr danh ngha l ntn nu k c hn ch v s lng, k c bun lu v nhng nhn t khc c th lm cho thu NK tr nn mo m (tha or thiu) - T sut bo h danh ngha thc: chnh lch tnh bng % m ng SX ni a nhn c (Pd) v gi qte (Pw), chu tc ng ca tt c cc
nhn th: hng ro thu quan, phi thu quan, bun lu

Cng thc tnh? - Ch tiu bo h danh ngha thu quan:

Toru Yukiyo 23

Toru Yukiyo

1.

Btq
Btq

Pw (1 t) 1 Pw
Pw t.Pg Pw 1

2.

Pg: gi c ghi trong biu gi tnh thu ca m nh tid: thu gin thu cc SP ni a tim: thu gin thu cc SP NK t: t sut theo gi tr hh ca ton b cc thu NK

3.

Btq

(1 t).(1 t m ) 1 (1 t id )

- Ch tiu bo h thc s thu quan

Pd Btt 1 Pw

Pd: gi bn thc s trn th trng ni a Pw: gi th gii

10. Th no l bo h thc s ca thu quan (EPR)? L s bin i % ca gi tr gia tng vo gi ni a so vs gi tr y c tnh theo gi qte. VD: tr298 -> 300 Cng thc tnh?

Vd Vn Bet Vn
t n t i .i V

Bet

Vd: gi tr gia tng theo gi trong nc khi c cc chnh sch NT (chnh sch thu quan) Vn: gi tr gia tng theo gi qte Vd = Pd Pd Pd = Pw(1+tn) Cd= Cw(1+ti) Vw= Pw - Cw tn: thu sut nh trn thnh phm ti: thu sut nh vo u vo NK i: t l tr gi u vo trn tr gi thnh phm (theo gi QT) V: t l tr gi gia tng trong khi ch bin
Toru Yukiyo 24

Toru Yukiyo

11. u, nhc im ca bin php phi thu quan? u im: - Phong ph v hnh thc: n` bin php phi thu quan # nhau c th p ng cng 1 mc tiu, p dng cho cng 1 mt hng p ng nhiu mc tiu: 1 NTM c th ng thi p ng n` mc tiu vs hiu qu cao

- N` NTM cha b cam kt rng buc ct gim or loi b Nhc im: - K r rng & kh d on - Kh khn, tn km trong qun l - K tng thu ngn sch - Gy bt bnh ng, thm ch c quyn 1 s DN - Lm tn hiu th trg km trung thc Xu hng p dng? Chuyn t cc bin php mang tnh hn ch nh lng trc tip sang cc bin php tinh vi hn nh thu chng ph gi, thu i khng, tiu chun k thut, cc quy nh v nhn mc, cc tiu chun v mi trg. 12. u, nhc im ca bin php thu quan? Thu quan: u im: - Bo h hng ha trong nc v thu nhp cho nh nc. Nhc im: - Lm tng gi trn th trg ni a Xu hng p dng? Thu nh vo hng NK phi c gim dn, vic nh thu phi m bo r rng, minh bch k gy cn tr cho t do bun bn. Quan im ca WTO v cc bin php thu quan & phi thu quan? - Thu quan: vn tha nhn cho php cc nc use thu quan bo h SX trong nc nhng phi rng buc v cam kt mc thu tin ti dn dn d b hon ton. - Phi thu quan: Cc bin php ny d lm ny sinh t nhng nhiu,
tham nhng, lm dng quyn hn, bp mo thng mi, gy kh khn cho doanh nghip, lm cho thng mi thiu lnh mnh, thiu minh

Toru Yukiyo 25

Toru Yukiyo bch, cn tr t do thng mi. Do , WTO ch trng cc

bin php ny s b buc phi loi b hoc chm dt. c th thc hin c mc tiu ny, cc hip nh ca WTO yu cu chnh ph cc nc thnh vin phi cng b tht r rng, cng khai ("minh bch") cc c ch, chnh sch, bin php qun l thng mi ca mnh. ng thi, WTO c c ch gim st chnh sch thng mi ca cc nc thnh vin thng qua C ch r sot chnh sch thng mi. 13. Cc bin php qun l NK mang tnh nh lng? u, nhc im? Quan im ca WTO v vic p dng cc bin php ny? Thc tin p dng VN? - Cm NK: o u im: m bo an ninh quc gia, trt t an ton XH; Bo h 1 s ngnh SX trong nc & quyn li ca ng TD. o Nhc im: Gy hn ch ln nht i vs TMQT o WTO: k c use tr: Cn thit m bo an ninh quc gia Cn thit bo v o c XH Cn thit bo v co ng, ng vt, thc vt Lin quan ti NK or XK vng & bc Cn thit bo v cc ti sn quc gia v ngh thut, LS or kho c Cn thit bo v cc ti nguyn thin nhin khan him -> k: phi c thc hin km theo vic hn ch SX or TD ni a lin quan n chng o VN: Ti iu 5 ngh nh s 12/2006/N-CP quy nh: Ban hnh km Ngh nh ny Danh mc hng ho cm XK, cm NK Vic iu chnh Danh mc hng ho cm XK, cm NK do Chnh ph quyt nh trn c s ngh ca B trng B Thng mi. Trong trng hp cn thit, vic XK, NK hng ho thuc Danh mc cm XNK do Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh. Cc hh cm NK VN:
V kh n dc; vt liu n; trang thit b qun s. Pho cc loi; cc thit b gy nhiu my o tc . Toru Yukiyo 26

Toru Yukiyo Hng tiu dng qua s dng. Cc loi vn ho phm cm ph bin v lu hnh ti Vit Nam Phng tin vn ti tay li bn phi Vt t, phng tin qua s dng Ph liu, ph thi, thit b lm lnh s dng C.F.C Sn phm, vt liu cha aming thuc nhm am fibole Ho cht c

Bi b bin php cm nhp khu thuc l iu v x g vi iu kin l vic nhp khu ch c thc hin bi mt doanh nghip duy nht l VINATABA v phi c B Cng Thng cp giy php nhp khu t ng; Bi b bin php cm nhp khu i vi khu t c khng qu 5 nm s dng (vic nhp khu khng cn giy php ca B Cng Thng, ch lm th tc trc tip ti hi quan ca khu); - Hn ngch NK (hn ngch thu quan) (Tariff quotas) (Hn ngch quc
gia, Hn ngch khu vc, Hn ngch ton cu)

o u im: Bo h SX trong nc; S dng c hiu qu qu ngoi t; Thc hin cam kt ca CP vs nc ngoi o Nhc im: S mt mt (chi ph) ca 1 hn ngch thc t c th cao hn loi thu quan tng ng; C th bin 1 DN trong nc thnh k c quyn; qui nh hn ngch c th
gy ra cc vn tim nng, l c ch phn b hn ngch: mi ngi iu hiu rng giy php s khng cp khng cho mt ai, ty thuc vo chi ph lobby (chi ph c c giy php) -> iu ny c th gia tng chi ph x hi, chi ph khng ch do sn xut qu mc, tiu dng di mc, m cn pht sinh chi ph lobby.

o WTO: k c use tr: Hn ch tm thi ngn nga, khc phc s khan him trm trng v lng thc, thc phm or cc SP thit yu # Bo v tnh hnh ti chnh i ngoi & cn cn thanh ton ca nc mnh. Khi s thm ht nghim trng v d tr tin t, or c s d tr qu t, cn thit phi nng mc d tr ln 1 nc hp l.
Bo v o c XH Bo v sc kho con ng Bo v ng thc vt qu him XNK vng bc Toru Yukiyo 27

Toru Yukiyo Ti sn quc gia lin quan n VHNT, LS, kho c, ti nguyn thin nhin khan him

Cc nc ang pht trin c th p dng hn ch s lng trong chg trnh tr gip ca CP v y mnh pht trin KT, or hn ch bo v cho 1 s ngnh CN o VN: Bi b hn ngch xut khu hng dt may k t thi im gia nhp; Bi b tt c cc bin php hn ngch nhp khu tr hn ngch thu quan i vi thuc l nguyn liu, trng gia cm, ng th v ng tinh luyn, mui - Giy php NK hh (Giy php t ng, Giy php k t ng) o u im: Qun l c lng hh xut i, nhp v phc v cho cng tc thng k lp k hoch; Chng cc hin tng gian ln TM, bun lu; Gp phn bo v c th trg & SX ni a; Thc hin cc cam kt nc ngoi o Nhc im: Th tc cp php chm tr, khng minh bch, khng r rng, pht sinh cc chi ph khng cn thit o WTO: Tha nhn cc thnh vin c th s dng bin php cp GP Khng c gy ra cn tr khng cn thit i vi lu thng TMQT Quy nh chi tit trong Hip nh v Th tc cp giy php NK (ILP Import licensing procedure Agreement) o VN: Giy php khng t ng: hng cn kim sot NK theo iu c quc t, Hip nh m VN k kt; sng n th thao; Giy php t ng: do B TM cng b cho tng thi k, vd: xe my c dung tch t 175 cm3 tr ln t vi k ngi iu khin xe phi c cp bng li theo quy nh ca B Giao thng Vn ti

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Toru Yukiyo

14. S ging & khc nhau gia thu & hn ngch Thu Hn ngch Bo h, lm tng gi trn th trng ni a, hn ch NK - Km minh bch - Minh bch hn - Tht thu ngn sch - Tng thu ngn sch - Bo h trc tip - Bo h gin tip - Tn tht rng XH ln hn - Tn tht rng XH nh hn - Gy c quyn - Cng bng - Bp mo tn hiu th trng - Mc bo h mnh, nhanh hn 15. Phn bit cc bin php bo h TM tm thi? Xu hng p dng cc bin php ny? Thu chng ph gi HH NK c gi < gi hh thng thng do c bn ph gi -> Thu c tnh theo mc chnh lch cao nht gia gi thng thg & gi NK ca hh Thu chng tr cp HH NK c gi < gi hh thng thng do c tr cp ca nc XK -> Thu da trn c s chnh lch gia mc tr cp & ph np n xin tr cp Thu chng phn bit i x HH NK c xut x t nc m c s phn bit i x v thu NK hoc c bin php phn bit i x khc theo quy nh ca php lut v i x ti hu quc v i x quc gia trong TMQT

VN: cha bao h p dng WTO: k c lm dng v mc ch bo h

BONUS:

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Toru Yukiyo

S phn tch li ch v chi ph ca hn ngch S

P S
Tin thu hn ngch Tht thu NS

Phn tch: - Q4 > Q3 => Hn ch tiu dng - Q2 > Q1 => Kch thch SX trong nc. -Q2Q3 < Q1Q4 => Hn ch NK. -Li ch & Chi ph: D Q SX = + 1 TD = - ( 1+2+3+4) CP = 0 XH = - (2+4) => gy ra tn tht cho ton XH

Tht thu NS

Pd Pt Pw O
1 2 3 4

Q1 Q2

Q3 Q4

Chng 10
1. Phn tch vai tr ca XK trong vic lm chuyn dch c cu KT, thc y SX pht trin? Cu 37.2 tp foto 2. Ti sao ni XK to ngun vn ch yu cho NK, phc v CNH, HH t nc? - CNH cn vn. Vn c th c t: u t nc ngoi; Vay n, vin tr; Thu t h du lch, DV; XK sc l... nhng cc ngun vn nh u t nc ngoi, vay n & vin tr phi tr -> ngun vn quan trng nht NK, CNH, HH t nc l XK. XK quyt nh quy m & tc tng ca NK. - C hi u t & vay n ca nc ngoi & cc t chc qte ch thun li khi cc ch u t & ng cho vay thy kh nng XK ngun vn ch yu tr n - tr thnh hin thc.

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Toru Yukiyo

3. y mnh & khuyn khch XK, cc quc gia thng p dng bin php j? Trong k ca VN hin nay th bin php no quan trng nht? - Cc bin php to ngun hng & ci bin c cu XK o XD cc mt hng XK ch lc o Gia cng XK o Cc bin php u t lin quan n t chc ngun hng, ci bin c cu XK o XD khu KT m (cc khu bo thu, cng t do, khu mu dch t do, khu ch xut, khu CN, thnh ph m, tam gic pht trin or nh - t pht trin) - Cc bin php, chnh sch ti chnh nhm khuyn khch SX & thc y XK: o Tn dng XK (NN bo lnh tn dng XK, bo him tn dng, NN cp tn dng XK) o Tr cp XK (tr cp trc tip/gin tip) o Chnh sch t gi hi oi o Thu XK & cc u i v thu - Cc bin php v th ch & xc tin XK 4. K/n, k ca 1 mt hng XK ch lc? - Hng ch lc l nhng hh c k SX trong nc vs hiu qu KT cao hn nhng hh #; c th trg tiu th tng i n nh, chim t trng cao trong tng kim ngch XK ca 1 quc gia. - Mt mt hng ch lc ra i cn t nht 3 c im c bn: o C th trg tg i n nh & lun cnh tranh c trn th trg o C ngun lc t chc SX & SX vs chi ph thp thu c li trong bun bn o C khi lg kim ngch ln trong tng kim ngch XK ca t nc Thc t XD cc mt hng XK ch lc VN? - Bt u 1995 - 20 mt hng XK ch lc - 2010 18 mt hng KN trn 1 t 76% tng KNXK - Tng KN 20 mt hng XK ch lc 85% tng KN XK

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Toru Yukiyo

5. K/n ca gia cng XK? Tc dng ca gia cng XK? - Gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nd, gp phn tng thu nhp quc dn & c bit tng ngun thu ngoi t - Thc y cc c s SX trong nc, nhanh chng thch ng vs i hi ca th trg TG, gp phn ci tin cc quy trnh SX trong nc theo kp trnh qte - To k thm nhp th trg cc nc trnh nhng bin php hn ch NK do cc nc ra - Khc phc kh khn do thiu nguyn liu SX cc mt hng XK, c bit l trong ngnh CN nh, tranh th vn & k thut nc ngoi. Cc hnh thc gia cng XK hin nay cc DN VN ang p dng? GC ch ng, SP CN GC b ng, SP NN GC ch ng, SP NN
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Toru Yukiyo

GC b ng, SP CN

6. S ging & khc nhau gia KCX, KCN & c khu KT ? Khu ch xut L 1 khu CN tp trung cc DN ch xut chuyn SX hng XK, thc hin cc DV phc v cho SX hng XK v h XK, c ranh gii a l X, khng c dn c sinh sng; do CP or Th tng CP quyt nh thnh lp. Khu CN L khu tp trung cc DN CN k thut cao & cc v h phc v cho pht trin cng ngh cao gm : nghin cu pht trin KH-CN, o to & cc DV c lin quan, c ranh gii a l X, k c dn c sinh sng do CP or Th tng CP quyt nh thnh lp c khu KT L cc khu vc a l c p dng nhng chnh sch KT c bit. y l 1 loi hnh ring ca khu KT t do c t chc theo hnh thc cao nht & y nh 1 XH thu nh.

K/n

chuyn SX hng XK, thc hin DV cho SX hng XK v h XK mc tiu thu ht cc v SX SP XK

VN

chuyn SX hng CN v thc hin cc DV cho SX CN KCN thu ht tt c cc ngnh ngh CN, k c cc ngnh SX hng XK v tiu th trong nc. KCX ch lin kt ci cc cty 100% vn cc cty c vn nc trong nc c th c ngoi. vo KCN HH, DV khi vo khu cc cty SX trong KCN ny phi lm th tc s c hng 1s hi quan nh hng XK u i nht nh. Trong c bit u i vi nhng hng SX hng XK 2 khu: Tn Thun, Linh >240 khu : HN, HP, KT m Chu Lai Trung Nam nh, Thi Nguyn,...

Xu th pht trin ca 2 hnh thc ny? Khu CX k cn l m hnh pht trin hp l na. Khu CN ngy cng nhiu.
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Toru Yukiyo

Vai tr ca KCX, KCN & c khu KT i vs pht trin NT? - y mnh pht trin KTXH - Thc y qu trnh CNH, HH t nc, trong u tin y mnh XK - L ca ng thc y mi giao lu qte thc y hi nhp KT qte 7. ND ca cc bin php NN cp & bo lnh tn dng XK? - NN bo lnh tn dng XK o NN bo lnh trc NH cho nh XK vay vn, nu c ri ro j NN chu o NN bo lnh trc khon tn dng m nh XK thc hin cp cho nh NK, nu b mt vn NN b (thng l: 60-70%) - Bo him tn dng: Nu c ri ro, cq bo him n b theo mc ph bo him m DN mua - NN cp tn dng XK: o NN cp tn dng cho nc ngoi: cho nc ngoi vay vs li sut u i s dng s tin mua hng ca nc cho vay, ngun vn t ngn sch NN, thg km theo cc k KT v chtri c li cho nc cho vay o NN cp tn dng cho DN XK trong nc: Tn dng trc khi giao hng: thg cp tn dng theo li sut u i, thp hn li sut TM ng XK c th bn c gi thp c sc cnh tranh th trg nc ngoi Tn dng XK sau khi giao hng: l loi tn dng do NH cp di hnh thc mua (chit khu) hi phiu XK or bng cch tm ng theo cc chng t hh. Gip ng XK thc hin c chg trnh XK, gim chi ph v vn cho hng XK, gim gi thnh XK

8. Tr cp XK: K/n? Tr cp xut khu l nhng khon h tr ca Chnh ph ( hoc mt c quan cng cng) cho cc khon thu hay gi c trc tip hoc gin tip c tc ng lm tng xut khu mt sn phm xut khu. Cc hnh thc? - Tr cp trc tip: thng XK, tr gi, min gim thu - Tr cp gin tip: h tr XTTM, PT KHCN, ngun nhn lc
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Toru Yukiyo

Tc dng? - Tch cc: o L 1 cng c y mnh XK o Gp phn pht trin CN ni a & thc y XK o Gp phn iu chnh c cu ngnh, c cu vng KT o Kch thch lan truyn hiu ng tch cc & khc phc hiu ng tiu cc o c s dng nh 1 cng c mc c trong m phn qte - Tiu cc: o Bp mo s cnh tranh t nhin trong mi trng thng mi t do. o Chi ph c hi ca tr cp rt ln, v, xt v di hn tr cp c th cn tr s pht trin ca chnh ngnh c tr cp. o Khng hiu qu v mt ti chnh ngn sch. o Xc sut chn sai i tng tr cp kh cao. o Dn n hnh ng tr a. Xu hng p dng? - Vn c use rng ri, nht l tr cp cho nhng SP nng nghip. - Tr cp XK trc tip c xu hng b thu hp do s u tranh gia CP c qhe bun bn vs nhau. - Tr cp gin tip ngy cng tng & thg c che giu Quan im ca WTO v bin php ny? K khuyn khch nhng cng k hon ton cm. - Tr cp sn phm cng nghip - Hip nh SCM ( Subsidy and
Countervailing Measures)

o Tr cp n (Red Light Subsidies): b cm: TC XK, TC thay th NK o Tr cp n vng ( Yeallow Light Subsidies): ch dnh cho tng DN c th: c th use nhng c th b kin o Tr cp n xanh ( Green Light Subsidies): c php p dng, min khiu kin - Tr cp sn phm nng nghip - Hip nh AoA (Agreement on Agriculture) o Tr cp xut khu: 6 hnh thc nhng phi cam kt ct gim c v s lg & gi tr
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Toru Yukiyo

o H tr trong nc H tr hp mu h phch ( Ember box subsidies): c th use nhng phi a ra tng mc trn h tr nhng phi cam kt gim H tr hp mu xanh da tri ( Blue box subsidies): c th use & c min ct gim nhng phi thm nhng k hn ch H tr hp mu xanh l cy ( Green box subsidies): c use & min cam kt ct gim 10. Ph gi hi oi? L vic mt quc gia nh st gi tr ng tin ca mnh so vi cc ng ngoi t. S ging & khc nhau so vs ph gi hh? Ph gi hh Ph gi hi oi Nhm loi b i th cnh tranh or tng thm th phn Ch tc ng n XNK Tc ng n nhng yu t khc Li nhun do chnh bn DN li dng tnh th kim li thn DN to ra. nhun Hnh ng ny s b kin Khng b kin H gi nhiu hn H gi t hn Khng c li nhun C li nhun p dng cho 1 s th trng nht p dng vi tt c cc th trng nh p dng vi 1 s mt hng nht p dng vi tt c cc mt hng nh

Tc dng ca 2 bin php ny i vs h NT? - Ph gi hi oi : Tc ng trong ngn hn: XK Tng Gim x x x NK Iout Iin x x Tout Tin x

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Toru Yukiyo

Tc ng trong di hn: Trong di hn tc ng ca ph gi hi oi c chiu hng ngc vi trong ngn hn. 9. V s ft li ch & chi ph ca tr gi XK ?

S phn t tch l li ch v v chi ph ph ca tr tr gi gi xu xut kh khu

- Q1<Q2 - Q4>Q3 S Pd Pw Pe 1 2 3 E 4 - Q1Q4 > Q2Q3 - li ch v chi ph + SX = + (1+2+3) D Q4 Q + TD = - (1+2) + CP = - (1+2+3+4) O Q1 Q2 Qe Q3 XH = - ( 2+4)

K/n t gi hi oi? T gi hi oi l gi c ti ngoi hi c mua & bn. Trong 2 loi t gi hi oi (t gi thc t & t gi chnh thc), loi no c nh hng n` i vs h XK?

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